Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Each of the terms the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” and similar terms used herein refer collectively to Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc., unless otherwise stated. The Company regularly uses its website to post information regarding its business and governance. The Company encourages investors to use http://www.simpsonmfg.com as a source of information about the Company. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report or other material we file with or furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), except as explicitly noted or as required by law. The following discussion and analysis provides information which management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of the Company’s consolidated financial condition and results of operations. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this report. “Strong-Tie” and our other trademarks appearing in this report are our property. CAUTIONARY NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, and future events or performance. Such statements are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “target,” “continue,” “predict,” “project,” “change,” “result,” “future,” “will,” “could,” “can,” “may,” “likely,” “potentially,” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are all statements other than those of historical fact and include, but are not limited to, statements about future financial and operating results, our plans, objectives, business outlook, priorities, expectations and intentions, expectations for sales and market growth, comparable sales, earnings and performance, stockholder value, capital expenditures, cash flows, the housing market, the home improvement industry, demand for services, share repurchases, our strategic initiatives, including the impact of these initiatives on our strategic and operational plans and financial results, and any statement of an assumption underlying any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and other factors that are difficult to predict and could cause our actual results to vary in material respects from what we have expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by our forward-looking statements include, the effect of tariffs and international trade policies on our business operations, the effects of inflation and labor and supply shortages on our operations, and the operations of our customers, suppliers, and business partners, and those factors discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended Dece mber 31, 2024. Additional risks include: the cyclicality and impact of general economic conditions; changing conditions in global markets including the impact of sanctions and tariffs, quotas and other trade actions and import restrictions; the impact of sales price increases of our products, the impact of pandemics, epidemics or other public health emergencies; volatile supply and demand conditions affecting prices and volumes in the markets for both our products and raw materials we purchase; the impact of foreign currency fluctuations; potential limitations on our ability to access capital resources and borrowings under our existing credit agreement; restrictions on our business and financial covenants under our credit agreement; reliance on employees subject to collective bargaining agreements; and our ability to repurchase shares of our common stock and the amounts and timing of repurchases, if any. We caution that you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and in our other reports filed with the SEC that advise of the risks and factors that may affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. 23 Overview We design, manufacture, and sell building construction products that are of high quality and performance, easy to use, and cost-effective for customers. We operate in three business segments determined by geographic region: North America, Europe, and Asia/Pacific. Within the North America segment, our sales efforts are aligned to customer market teams dedicated to serving the following markets: • Residential; • Commercial; • Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEM”); • National Retail; and • Component Manufacturers Our organic growth opportunities are focused on expanding our product lines with our current customers while also identifying new market share gain opportunities within our core product and market competencies. To grow in these markets, we aspire to be among the leaders in engineered, load-rated construction building products and systems as well as digital product offerings. We also aspire to leverage our engineering expertise, deep-rooted relationships with top builders, engineers, contractors, code officials, and distributors, along with our ongoing commitment to testing, research, and innovation. Importantly, we currently have existing products, testing results, distribution, and manufacturing capabilities to support our ambitions. This will ultimately be a function of expanding our sales and/or marketing functions to promote our products to different end users and distribution channels, expanding our customer base, and introducing new products in the future. Our commitment to continuous improvement has fostered our core Company ambitions, which we will pursue including: • Strengthen our values-based culture; • Be the partner of choice; • Be an innovative leader in the markets we operate; • Above market growth relative to U.S. housing starts (exceeding our historical average volume performance in North America of approximate ly 250 basis points above the housing starts market); • An operating income margin at or above 20%; and • Earnings per share growth exceeding net revenue growth Since announced in 2021, we have made great progress on our key growth initiatives. Examples include: • Added approximately $1.0 billion in revenue and $200.0 million in operating profit. • Realigned our sales team by end market, making our distribution process more efficient, and made significant investments in our field sales and engineering teams. • Made significant footprint investments in both production and warehouses. Our investment in our new Gallatin, Tennessee facility enables us to onshore additional fastener and anchor production, and the operation will in-source key manufacturing processes such as heat treating and coating of fasteners. Additional warehouse capabilities will also enhance next day delivery for our North American customers. • Invested significantly in digital solutions, combined with the other initiatives strengthened our business model, which drove hardware sales, created value for our customers and made us a partner of choice. • Strengthened our senior leadership team through a combination of internal development and external experts. As a result, we believe we are now in an even stronger market position in connectors with significant gains in both fasteners and anchors. In addition, due to our high service levels, increasingly diverse portfolio of products and software as well as our commitment to innovation and developing complete solutions for the markets we serve, we believe we can continue to achieve above market growth in the North America relative to U.S. housing starts for fiscal 2025 and beyond. These examples further emulate our Founder, Barclay Simpson’s, nine principles of doing business, and more specifically the focus and obsession on customers and users. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the recent tariff and trade policy actions have not had a significant impact on our results of operations; however, we have experienced increased foreign currency exchange rate volatility, which we attribute, in part, to the rapidly changing global trade environment. 24 As previously announced, we will increase prices as of June 2, 2025 on certain wood connectors, fasteners and mechanical anchors in the U.S. We believe North America net sales could increase in future periods even if demand does not increase. However, increased selling prices are expected to be offset by increased non-material costs including labor, energy, transportation, and equipment. In addition, the announced price increases will partly offset the increased costs related to recently announced tariffs that effect a portion of our fastener and anchors sales. Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP, w e use adjusted EBITDA as a non-GAAP financial measure in evaluating the ongoing operating performance of our business. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before income taxes, adjusted to exclude depreciation and amortization, integration, acquisition and restructuring costs, non-qualified deferred compensation adjustments, goodwill impairment, gain on bargain purchase, net loss or gain on disposal of assets, interest income or expense, and foreign exchange and other expense (income). This provides additional insight into the Company’s operating performance in light of the significant levels of growth investment we have made in our operations, the effect depreciation as well as acquisition and integration costs will have on our operating results. We believe this will also provide a better approximation of our cash flows compared to operating income. Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations Our business, financial condition, and results of operations depend in large part on the level of U.S. housing starts and residential construction activity. Overall housing starts decreased slightly under the trailing twelve months ending March 31, 2025, compared to the trailing twelve months ending March 31, 2024. Lower housing starts in the U.S. could result in lower demand, which would affect our sales and possibly operating profit. Unlike lumber or other products that have a more direct correlation to U.S. housing starts, our products are used to a greater extent in areas that are subject to natural forces, such as seismic or wind events. Our products are generally used in a sequential progression that follows the construction process. Residential and commercial construction begins with the foundation, followed by the wall and the roof systems, and then the installation of our products, which flow into a project or a house according to these schedules. We are closely monitoring the recent tariff and trade policy actions taken by the U.S. and foreign governments. As the situation continues to remain fluid due to the rapidly changing global trade environment, we are still evaluating the potential implications of these actions on our business. While we are largely domestically sourced, we continue to monitor macroeconomic trends such as the impact of inflation, the effects of recently implemented tariffs, and the potential imposition of modified or additional tariffs in markets where we and our supplier operate. As a result of the tariff’s announced by the U.S. presidential administration on April 2, 2025, and potential tariff modifications or the imposition of tariffs or export controls by other countries there is significant economic uncertainty. The extent and duration of tariffs and the resulting impact on macroeconomic conditions and on our business are uncertain and may depend on various factors beyond our control. We are closely monitoring the potential for the imposition of new or additional U.S. tariffs on imports, as well as potential retaliatory tariffs or other measures other countries may impose on U.S. imports, that may adversely affect the global economy. We are currently uncertain as to the ultimate impact these measure may have given the rapidly changing environment surrounding tariffs and other related political topics; however, if enacted as currently proposed, we expect that the proposed tariffs would primarily impact our North America segment as we procure fasteners and a small number of other products from countries that will be subjected to the these tariffs. Additionally, economic pressures on our customers, including the potential of higher inflation, fluctuations in consumer confidence, driven by economic concerns or price increases, such as those we recently announced, could reduce demand for our products and services negatively affecting our net sales and profitability in the future. In prior years, our sales were heavily seasonal with operating results varying from quarter to quarter depending on weather conditions that could delay construction starts. Our sales and income have historically been lower in the first and fourth quarters than in the second and third quarters of a fiscal year. Increased tariffs (as noted above), political uncertainty, and rising costs, can also have an effect on our gross and operating profits as well. D ue to efforts in diversifying our geographic footprint, product offerings, and changing our path to market in the U.S., sales from our product lines, customer base, and customer purchases are becoming less seasonal. Changes in raw material cost could impact the amount of inventory on-hand, and negatively affect our gross profit and operating margins depending on the timing of raw material purchases or how much sales prices can be increased to offset any increases in raw material costs. Changes in labor, freight and warehousing costs, could also negatively impact gross profit depending on timing and amount of sales price can be increased to offset the higher costs. Our operations also expose us to risks associated with pandemics, epidemics or other public health crises. 25 Business Segment Information Historically, our North America segment has generated more revenues from wood construction products compared to concrete construction products. North America net sales increased for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 compared to March 31, 2024, due to incremental sales from the Company's 2024 acquisitions and timing of volume discount estimates that negatively impacted 2024 net sales. The increases were partly offset by the negative effect of approximately $1.5 million in foreign currency translation. Our wood construction product net sales increase d 3.5% for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 compared to March 31, 2024 . Our concrete construction product sales increased 0.7% over the same periods. For 2025, U.S. housing starts could stay flat or increase in the low-single digit range from 2024 levels, with growth weighted towards the second half of the year. With the investments we have made, we believe we will be able to continue to grow net sales above the U.S. housing starts market, one of our ambitions. Operating income increased 5.4% to $104.2 million from $98.9 million. The increase was primarily due to higher gross profits, partially offset by higher operating expenses. The operating expense increases were driven by higher personnel costs and variable incentive compensation costs. For 2025, incremental investments in the current business will be limited until the U.S. housing market shows long-term improvement. During 2025, work continued on our Columbus, Ohio facility expansion as well as the construction our new Gallatin, Tennessee facility. We expect the expansion and operation of these facilities to be completed and commence in 2025. The expanded and new facilities are expected to improve our overall service, production efficiencies and safety in the workplace, as well as reduce our reliance on certain outsourced finished goods and component products and continue to ensure we have ample capacity to meet our customer needs. These investments reinforce our core business model differentiators to remain the partner of choice as we continue to produce products locally and ensure superior levels of customer service. Europe net sales decreased 5.1% for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 compared to March 31, 2024, primarily due the negative effect of approximately $4.0 million in foreign currency translation. Wood construction product sales decreased 4.6% for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 compared to March 31, 2024 and concrete construction product sales, which are mostly project based, decreased 7.3% for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 compared to March 31, 2024 . Gross profit decreased $3.8 million primarily due to higher factory and overhead, labor, as well as warehouse costs, partly offset by lower material costs. Operating income increased $1.1 million primarily due to a decrease in operating expenses including variable compensation costs.We currently anticipate Europe 2025 results to be impacted by economic headwinds but also believe in the long term potential given Europe's on-going housing shortage (with an increasing use of wood construction) and new environmental regulations for which we have products and solutions. Our Asia/Pacific segment has generated revenues from both wood and concrete construction products. We believe that the Asia/Pacific segment is not significant to our overall performance . Business Outlook Based on business trends and conditions, the Company's outlook for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2025, is as follows: ◦ Given the uncertainty regarding 2025 U.S. housing starts compared to prior year housing starts, consolidated operating margin is estimated to be in the range of 18.5% to 20.5% with the low end of the range based on flat to declining 2025 housing starts compared to prior year and price increases implemented in 2025. The operating margin range includes a projected benefit of between $10.0 million and $12.0 million from the sale of the existing Gallatin, Tennessee facility based on a contracted sales price of $19.1 million. ◦ The effective tax rate is estimated to be in the range of 25.5% to 26.5%, including both federal and state income tax rates as well as international income tax rates, and assuming no tax law changes are enacted. ◦ Capital expenditures are estimated to be approximately $150.0 million to $170.0 million, which includes $75.0 million for the Columbus, Ohio facility expansion and construction of the new Gallatin, Tennessee facility. Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended, 2025, Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Unless otherwise stated, the below results, when providing comparisons (which are generally indicated by words such as “increased,” “decreased,” “unchanged” or “compared to”), compare the results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 against the results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Unless otherwise stated, the 26 results announced below, when referencing “both quarters,” refer to the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the three months ended March 31, 2025. First Quarter 2025 Consolidated Financial Highlights The following table shows the change in the Company's results of operations from the three months ended March 31, 2024 to the three months ended March 31, 2025, and the increases or decreases for each category by segment: Three Months Ended Three Months Ended Increase (Decrease) in Operating Segment March 31, North Asia/ Admin & March 31, (in thousands) 2024 America Europe Pacific All Other 2025 Net sales $ 530,579 $ 13,950 $ (6,078) $ 444 $ — $ 538,895 Cost of sales 286,023 4,195 (2,288) (605) (470) 286,855 Gross profit 244,556 9,755 (3,790) 1,049 470 252,040 Research and development and other engineering expense 21,918 (2,286) 176 31 — 19,839 Selling expense 54,499 271 (644) 38 — 54,164 General and administrative expense 70,193 6,341 (2,420) 45 1,508 75,666 Total operating expenses 146,610 4,326 (2,888) 114 1,508 149,669 Acquisition and Integration related costs 2,046 — (1,981) — 62 127 Net gain on disposal of assets (198) 94 28 — 1 (75) Income from operations 96,098 5,335 1,051 935 (1,101) 102,319 Interest income (expense), net and other 351 (124) 232 321 323 1,103 Other & foreign exchange gain, net 1,969 (9,022) (1,605) 181 9,535 1,058 Income before income taxes 98,418 (3,811) (322) 1,437 8,757 104,480 Provision for income taxes 22,988 1,417 (1) 367 1,825 26,596 Net income $ 75,430 $ (5,228) $ (321) $ 1,070 $ 6,932 $ 77,884 Net sales increased 1.6% to $538.9 million from $530.6 million. As noted above, North America sales increased primarily due to incremental sales from the Company's 2024 acquisitions and timing of volume discount estimates that negatively impacted 2024 net sales. The increases were partly offset by the negative effect of foreign currency translation of approximately $1.5 million from North America and approximately $4.0 million from Europe. Wood construction product sales, including sales of connectors, truss plates, fastening systems, fasteners and shearwalls, represented approximately 85.3% and 85.1% of the Company's total sales in the first quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Concrete construction product sales, including sales of adhesives, chemicals, mechanical anchors, powder actuated tools and reinforcing fiber materials, represented 14.4% and 14.8% of the Company's total sales in the first quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Gross profi t increased 3.1% to $252.0 million from $244.6 million primarily due to timing of 2024 volume discount estimates, as noted above, partially offset by increase in higher factory and overhead, labor, as well as warehouse costs. As a result, consolidated gross margins were 46.8% compared to 46.1% last year. From a product perspective, gross margin remained relatively flat at approximately 46.0% for wood construction products and increased to 49.5% from 46.5% for concrete construction products, respectively. Research and development and engineering expense decreased 9.5% to $19.8 million from $21.9 million. Due to the reorganization of the Company’s digital solution efforts, related expenses previously classified as research and development and engineering during 2024 were classified as general administrative for the current year. For 2024, engineering costs related to the Company's digital efforts amounted to $2.5 million and were primarily comprised of personnel costs. Selling expense decreased 0.6% to $54.2 million from $54.5 million. Due to the reorganization of the Company’s digital solution efforts, related expenses previously classified as selling expense during 2024 were classified as general administrative for the current ye ar. For 2024, engineering costs related to the Company's digital efforts amounted to $1.5 million and were primarily comprised of personnel costs. 27 General and administrative expense increased 7.8% to $75.7 million from $70.2 million. Due to the reorganization of the Company’s digital solution efforts, related expenses previously classified as research and development and engineering as well as selling expense during 2024 were classified as general administrative for the current y ear. For 2024, engineering costs related to the Company's digital efforts amounted to $4.0 million and were primarily comprised of personnel costs. Our effective income tax rat e increased to 25.5% from 23.4% . Consolidated net income was $77.9 million compared to $75.4 million. Diluted earnings per share was $1.85 compared to $1.77. Adjusted E BITDA 1 of $121.8 million increased 3.8% compared to $117.3 million, primarily due to higher gross profits, as noted above. Net sales The following table shows net sales by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively: North Asia/ (in thousands) America Europe Pacific Total Three months ended March 31, 2024 $ 406,749 $ 119,938 $ 3,892 $ 530,579 March 31, 2025 420,699 113,860 4,336 538,895 Increase (decrease) $ 13,950 $ (6,078) $ 444 $ 8,316 Percentage increase (decrease) 3.4 % (5.1) % 11.4 % 1.6 % The following table shows segment net sales as percentages of total net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively: North America Europe Asia/ Pacific Total Percentage of total 2024 net sales 76.7 % 22.6 % 0.7 % 100.0 % Percentage of total 2025 net sales 78.1 % 21.1 % 0.8 % 100.0 % Gross profit The following table shows gross profit by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively: North Asia/ Admin & (in thousands) America Europe Pacific All Other Total Three months ended March 31, 2024 $200,537 $43,812 $676 $(469) $244,556 March 31, 2025 210,292 40,022 1,725 1 252,040 Increase (decrease) $9,755 $(3,790) $1,049 $470 $7,484 Percentage (decrease) 4.9 % (8.7) % * * 3.1 % * The statistic is not meaningful or material. 28 The following table shows gross margins by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively: North America Europe Asia/ Pacific Admin & All Other Total 2024 gross margin percentage 49.3 % 36.5 % 17.4 % * 46.1 % 2025 gross margin percentage 50.0 % 35.2 % 39.8 % * 46.8 % * The statistic is not meaningful or material. 1 Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ( “ GAAP ” ) net income see the schedule titled “ Reconciliation of Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA. ” North America • Net sales increased 3.4%, primarily due to incremental sales from the Company's 2024 acquisitions and timing of volume discount estimates that negatively impacted 2024 net sales. The increases were partly offset by the negative effect of approximately $1.5 million in foreign currency translation. • Gro ss margin increased to 50.0% from 49.3%, timing of 2024 volume discount estimates, as noted earlier. • Research, development and engineering expense decreased 11.5% d ue to the reorganization of the Company’s digital solution efforts related expenses, which were previously classified as research and development and engineering during 2024 and are classified as general administrative for the c urrent year. For 2024, engineering costs related to the Company's digital efforts amounted to $2.5 million and were primarily comprised of personnel costs. • Selling expense increased 0.7% d ue to the reorganization of the Company’s digital solution efforts related expenses, which were previously classified as selling expense during 2024 and are classified as general administrative for the current yea r. For 2024, engineering costs related to the Company's digital efforts amounted to $1.5 million and were primarily comprised of personnel costs. • General and administrative expense increased 15.4% d ue to the reorganization of the Company’s digital solution efforts related expenses which were previously classified as research and development and engineering and selling expense during 2024 and are classified as general administrative for the current yea r. For 2024, engineering costs related to the Company's digital efforts amounted to $4.0 million and were primarily comprised of personnel costs. • Income from operations increased by $5.3 million due to the factors discussed above. Europe • Net sales decreased 5.1%, primarily due to the negative effect of approximately $4.0 million in foreign currency translation. • Gross margin decreased to 35.2% from 36.5% primarily due to higher factory and overhead, labor, as well as warehouse costs, partly offset by lower material costs, as a percentage of net sales. • Income from operations increased by $1.0 million to $9.3 million from $8.3 million mainly due to a 8.6% decrease in operating expenses including variable compensation costs. Asia/Pacific • For information about the Company's Asia/Pacific segment, please refer to the tables above setting forth changes in our operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. 29 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures (In thousands) (Unaudited) A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, is set forth below. Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 2024 Net Income $ 77,884 $ 75,430 Provision for income taxes 26,596 22,988 Interest (income) expense, net and other financing costs (1,103) (351) Depreciation and amortization 19,522 19,189 Other* (1,130) 26 Adjusted EBITDA $ 121,769 $ 117,282 *Other: Includes acquisition integration and restructuring related expenses, non-qualified deferred compensation plan adjustments, other & foreign exchange loss net, and net loss or gain on disposal of assets. Effect of New Accounting Standards See “Note 1 Basis of Presentation — Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted ” to the accompanying unaudited interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Liquidity and Capital Resources We have historically met our capital needs through a combination of cash flows from operating activities and, when necessary, borrowings under our credit facilities. Our principal uses of capital include the costs and expenses associated with our operations, including financing working capital requirements and continuing our capital allocation strategy, which includes supporting capital expenditures, paying cash dividends, repurchasing the Company's common stock, and financing other investment opportunities from time to time. On March 30, 2022, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for a 5-year revolving credit facility of $450.0 million, which includes a letter of credit sub-facility up to $50 million and for a 5-year term loan facility of $450.0 million. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had no borrowings under the revolving credit facility and had $382.5 million under the term loan facility and has $450.0 million available to borrow under the revolving credit facility. As of March 31, 2025, our cash and cash equivalents consisted of deposits and money market funds held with established national financial institutions, including $89.5 million that is held in the local currencies of our foreign operations and could be subject to additional taxation if repatriated to the U.S. The Company is maintaining a permanent reinvestment assertion on its foreign earnings relative to remaining cash held outside the United States. We believe the Company's balances of cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operating activities, and access to borrowings under our credit facilities are sufficient to satisfy its liquidity requirements and capital needs over the next 12 months and beyond. The following table shows selected financial information as of March 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively: As of March 31, As of December 31, As of March 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2024 Cash and cash equivalents $ 150,290 $ 239,371 $ 369,122 Property, plant and equipment, net 568,503 531,655 437,429 Equity investment, goodwill, and intangible assets 924,809 903,498 860,555 Non-cash net working capital 673,925 570,602 607,191 30 The following table presents the significant categories of cash flows used or provided during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively: Three Months Ended March 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities $ 7,563 $ 7,938 Investing activities (50,102) (39,371) Financing activities (42,832) (24,800) Cash flows from operating activities result primarily from our earnings before non-cash items such as depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation, and are also affected by changes in operating assets and liabilities which consist primarily of working capital balances. Our revenues are derived from manufacturing and sales of building construction materials. Our operating cash flows are impacted by prevailing macro-economic conditions and subject to seasonality, which is cyclically associated with the volume and timing of construction project starts. For example, as a result of seasonality our trade accounts receivable are generally lowest at the end of the fourth quarter and increases during the first, second and third quarters as construction activity ramps in markets we serve. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, operating activities provided $7.6 million in cash, as a result of $77.9 million from net income plus $28.2 million non-cash expenses such as depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, and leases. This amount was partly offset by $98.5 million used for the net change in operating assets and liabilities. The net change in operating assets and liabilities included increases of $85.4 million in trade accounts receivable and $18.5 million in inventory. Cash used in investing activities of $50.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, which was primarily used for facility expansion projects and machinery and equipment purchases. Due to updated forecasts on the timing of the spend and subject to future events and circumstances, capital expenditures are estimated to be in the range of $150.0 million to $170.0 million, which includes approximately $75.0 million remaining for both the Columbus, Ohio facility expansion and the new Gallatin, Tennessee facility. The remaining capital expenditures will be primarily focused on purchases of new equipment to support increased productivity and efficiencies, enhancements to our existing facilities to expand our manufacturing footprint in-line with increasing customer needs, as well as investments for adjacencies and key growth initiatives . Cash used in financing activities of $42.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 consisted primarily of $25.0 million in share repurchases, $11.7 million used to pay dividends to our stockholders, and $6.8 million used for debt repayment. On May 6, 2025, the Company's Board of Directors (the “Board”) declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.29 per share payable on July 24, 2025, to the Company's stockholders of record on July 3, 2025. Since the beginning of 2022 through May 7, 2025, we have returned $401.0 million to stockholders, which includes the repurchase of over 1.9 million shares of the Company's common stock, representing approximately 4.3% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock at the start of 2022. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2025.