Sky Harbour Group Corp 10-K

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT ’ S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information (a) Market Information Our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols “SKYH” and “SKYH WS,” respectively. As of March 20, 2025, there were 45 holders of record of Class A Common Stock and 2 holders of record of Warrants. However, because many of the shares of Class A Common Stock and the Warrants are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we believe there are substantially more beneficial holders of Class A Common Stock and Warrants than record holders. (b) Dividends We have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock to date and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board deems relevant. Further, our ability to declare dividends may be limited by restrictive covenants we may agree to in connection with any indebtedness that we incur. (c) Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The required information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days of December 31, 2024. (d) Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities , Use of Proceeds from Registered Public Offering During the year ended December 31, 2024, there were no unregistered sales of our securities that were not reported in a Current Report on Form 8-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. (e) Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers There were no repurchases of our equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2024. ITEM 6. [RESERVED] 32 Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT ’ S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis of the Company ’ s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the notes related thereto which are included in “ Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ” of this Report. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “ Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements, ” “ Item 1A. Risk Factors ” and elsewhere in this Report. Overview and Background We are an aviation infrastructure development company building the first nationwide network of home basing hangar campuses for business aircraft. We develop, lease, and manage general aviation hangars across the United States, targeting airfields in markets with significant aircraft populations and high hangar demand. Our home basing hangar campuses feature exclusive private hangars and a full suite of dedicated services specifically optimized for home-based, versus transient, aircraft. The physical footprint of the U.S. business aviation fleet grew by almost 36 million square feet in the past fourteen years, with hangar supply lagging dramatically, especially in key growth markets. As the fleet of private jets in the United States continues to grow, with recent new aircraft deliveries exceeding retirements, demand for hangar space is at a premium in part because new jets require taller tail clearances and more square footage of hangar space and the pace of new hangar construction has lagged behind the demand. The cumulative square footage of the business aircraft fleet in the United States increased 61% between 2010 and 2023. Moreover, over that same period, there was an 102% increase in the square footage of larger private jets – those with greater than a 24-foot tail height. A recent study conducted by a business aircraft manufacturer forecasted that business aircraft will only continue to grow in the next ten years, with up to 8,500 new business jet deliveries worth over $285 billion expected to be delivered between 2025 and 2034, with over two-thirds of the deliveries expected to be comprised of larger private jets. This forecast is further supported by data from the major business aviation manufacturers that suggest the current order backlog for new business aviation aircraft as of December 31, 2024 is over $52 billion, an increase of approximately 6% over the prior year. These larger footprint aircraft do not fit in much of the existing hangar infrastructure and impose stacking challenges and constraints in the traditional shared or community hangars operated by fixed-base operators (“FBO”). The addition of winglets (the vertical extensions on aircraft wingtips) on most modern business jets inhibits wing-over-wing storage. Aircraft hangars are in high demand and short supply, with some airports compiling waiting lists that can exceed several years. We believe our scalable, real estate-centric business model is uniquely positioned to capture this market opportunity and address the increased imbalance between the supply and demand for private jet storage. We intend to capitalize on the existing hangar supply constraints at major U.S. airports by targeting high-end tenants in markets where there is a shortage of private and FBO hangar space, or where such hangars are or are becoming obsolete. We expect to realize economies of scale in construction through a prototype hangar design replicated at our home basing hangar campuses across the United States. This allows for centralized procurement, straightforward permitting processes, efficient development processes, and the best hangar in business aviation. Unlike a service company, our revenues are mostly derived from long-term rental agreements, offering stability and forward visibility of revenues and cash flows. This allows the Company to fund its development through the public bond market, providing capital efficiency and mitigating refinance risk. For a more complete description of our operations, including our home basing hangar campus development projects, refer to Item 1 — Business . Recent Developments In September 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2024 Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “Initial 2024 Investors”), pursuant to which, among other things, we agreed to sell and issue to the Initial 2024 Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 3,352,106 shares (the “Initial 2024 PIPE Shares”) of our Class A Common Stock for an aggregate net purchase price of approximately $31.8 million (the “Initial 2024 Closing”), and agreed to sell and issue to the Initial 2024 Investors at a second closing, at the option of the Initial 2024 Investors, up to an aggregate of number of shares equal to the number of each such Initial 2024 Investor's Initial 2024 PIPE Shares purchased in the Initial 2024 Closing at the same purchase price of $9.50 per share (the “Second 2024 Closing” and, together with the Initial Closing, the “2024 Financing”). The 2024 Purchase Agreement provided that, at any time prior to the Initial 2024 Closing, and at our sole discretion, additional investors (“Additional 2024 Investors” and, together with the Initial 2024 Investors, the “2024 Investors” ) could execute a joinder to the 2024 Purchase Agreement pursuant to which they would agree to purchase additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Additional 2024 PIPE Shares”) in the Initial 2024 Closing, along with the option to purchase Second Closing 2024 PIPE Shares (as defined below). In October 2024, the Additional 2024 Investors each executed a joinder to the 2024 Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which the Additional 2024 Investors agreed to purchase, and we agreed to sell, an aggregate of 603,684 Additional 2024 PIPE Shares (together with the Initial 2024 PIPE Shares, the “First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares”) for an aggregate purchase price of $5.7 million. The Initial 2024 Closing of the 2024 Financing occurred on October 25, 2024, and 3,955,790 First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares were issued to the 2024 Investors for an aggregate purchase price of $37.6 million. In December 2024, we sold and issued to the 2024 Investors an aggregate of 3,955,790 shares (the “Second Closing 2024 PIPE Shares” and, together with the First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares, the “2024 PIPE Shares”) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $37.6 million (the “Second 2024 Closing”). Inclusive of the Initial 2024 Closing, we issued and sold an aggregate of 7,911,580 shares of Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $75.2 million. In December 2024, we completed the acquisition of CloudNine at Camarillo LP (“CloudNine”) and Sky 805 LLC (“Sky 805”) in exchange for approximately $32 million in aggregate cash consideration (collectively, the “Camarillo Acquisitions”). Substantially all of the cash consideration paid in connection with the Camarillo Acquisitions was utilized to satisfy the pre-existing senior and subordinated debt obligations of CloudNine and Sky 805, which were not legally assumed by us. We did not assume any other debt in connection with the Camarillo Acquisitions. CloudNine's principal asset is an approximately 120,000-square-foot hangar and office complex at Camarillo Airport (“CMA”) in Camarillo, California, located in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. Sky 805 is the holder of related ground leases (the “CMA Leases”) and fixed-based operator rights at CMA. In December 2024, we entered into a ground lease agreement (the “TTN Lease”) at Trenton-Mercer Airport (“TTN”) with the County of Mercer, New Jersey. The TTN Lease covers approximately 10 acres of property at TTN. The initial term of the TTN Lease will be 30 years from the earlier of certificate of occupancy or 36 months from the lease commencement date, as defined in the TTN Lease, with lease payments commencing contemporaneously with the term. The TTN Lease contains an option exercisable by the Company to extend the TTN Lease for an additional 20 years following the expiration of such initial term. In January 2025, we transferred the listing of our Class A Common Stock and Warrants from the NYSE American LLC to the New York Stock Exchange. 33 Table of Contents Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations Airfield and Tenant Portfolio Growth Our future success depends upon our ability to attract and retain tenants for hangars at our home basing hangar campuses. The extent to which we achieve growth in our customer base materially influences our business and results of operations. Any number of factors could affect our ability to grow our customer base, including tenant preferences for hangar space and related services, including size and location of the hangar, as well as general economic conditions. The level and volatility of fuel prices may also impact the general aviation industry and our ability to attract and retain tenants. In addition, our ability to attract and retain customers may be dependent on other factors outside of our control, including the future trend of private aircraft sizes and the availability of alternative hangars, including size, location and/or services provided. Any significant decline in our customer base, or in our rate of growth, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, which could, in turn, result in a decline in the trading price of our securities. Our ability to expand through new ground leases at airports is also integral to our long-term business strategy and requires that we identify and consummate suitable new ground leases or investment opportunities in real estate properties for our portfolio that meet our investment criteria and are compatible with our growth strategy. Our ability to enter into new ground leases on favorable terms, or at all, may be adversely affected by certain significant factors. We may not be able to negotiate new ground leases with airport authorities on attractive terms or at all, and we may encounter competition from other potential ground lessors, which could significantly increase the lease rate for properties we seek to lease. In our efforts to secure new ground leases, we may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with evaluating and negotiating such ground leases, including ground leases that we are subsequently unable to execute. In addition, even if we enter into letters of intent or conditional agreements for new ground leases of airport properties, these agreements are subject to customary closing conditions, including, but not limited to, the satisfactory results of our due diligence investigations and local government and municipal authority approvals. Construction Material Costs and Labor When constructing our home basing hangar campuses, we use various materials, assemblies, and labor components. We contract for our materials and labor with various general contractors under guaranteed maximum price (GMP) contracts upon receipt of building permits. This allows us to mitigate certain inflationary pressures associated with increases in certain building materials and labor costs between the time construction begins at a hangar campus and the time it is completed. Typically, the materials and most of the components used to construct our hangar campuses are readily available in the United States, and we attempt to procure such materials from domestic sources where and when possible. We monitor the supply markets and ensure robust competition to achieve the best prices available. Typically, the price changes that most significantly influence our development operations are price increases in steel, concrete, and labor. In February 2025, the President of the United States issued an executive order reimposing tariffs on steel imports from all sources, ending country and product exemptions, and broadening the application of the tariffs to fabricated steel products. This order became effective on March 12, 2025. There can be no assurance as to when or if these or other import tariffs, quotas or other duties may be enacted, enforced, extended, modified or terminated in the future, or the extent of the impact of such tariffs will have on the cost of our construction materials. We believe that it is possible that market conditions, including recent and proposed changes in trade policies, may lead to continued increases in construction costs and market rental rates for hangars within our development projects. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to increase the lease rates for the hangars within our hangar campuses to absorb these increased costs, if at all. In May 2023, we acquired a controlling interest in Rapidbuilt, a metal building and hangar door manufacturer, that we expect will ultimately result in an increase in quality and a reduction in the overall cost of the metal building and hangar door components at future development projects. We expect that over time this vertical integration will enable us to deliver metal buildings to most of our development sites in shorter times as compared to the anticipated lead times associated with conventional metal building fabricators. We believe internal building fabrication will provide us opportunities to aggressively target continued schedule compression at most of our development projects in the future. In December 2023, we engaged several structural engineering firms to perform an independent peer review of the hangar buildings designed for our DVT Phase I and APA Phase I development projects. The independent peer reviews determined a significant design defect existed within our prototype hangar building designs that required retrofitting to both meet and exceed our standards and the respective local building codes. The anticipated retrofitting efforts were also applied to ADS Phase I, and we believe the aggregate additional cost of such retrofits totaled between $26 to $28 million. Such retrofitting efforts required an additional three to five months of construction duration for each project impacted. Given the design enhancements implemented at our APA Phase I, DVT Phase I, and ADS Phase I development projects, our total construction costs for these projects were each greater than our original estimates, and outside of the scope of the original guaranteed maximum price construction contracts. In March 2024, we funded the increase in estimated costs by contributing $27 million of our corporate cash holdings to SHC, thereby restricting the use of such cash to the project scope of the Series 2021 Bonds. Our projections associated with the commencement and completion of construction, estimated total construction cost, hangars, and rentable square footage of our properties in development are inherently subjective and require judgement to estimate. We believe that our estimates of construction costs and timelines are subject to variability based on various factors including, but not limited to, changes in anticipated site plans, hangar mix, hangar specifications, executed guaranteed maximum price construction contracts, and general market conditions. In May 2024, we updated many of our preliminary estimates based on our intention to begin incorporating a larger hangar prototype into our home basing hangar campuses, which is intended to provide an increase in rentable square footage of hangar, office, and lounge space upon completion. This larger hangar prototype requires an increase in construction materials and components, and we expect its incorporation into multiple future development projects will ultimately result in cost savings through the realization of economies of scale. Our updated estimates of total construction costs do not include projections of potential cost reductions due to such efficiencies, and we continue to reevaluate our preliminary and updated estimates from time to time over the course of the development lifecycle. We intend to continue to aggressively mitigate inflationary pressures, reduce construction costs to the greatest extent possible, and pursue compressed development schedules. We currently structure our guaranteed maximum price construction contracts with shared savings clauses to incentivize the general contractors to reduce construction costs. No assurance can be given that our cost mitigation strategies will be successful, the costs of our ongoing and future projects will not exceed budgets or the guaranteed maximum price for such projects, or that the completion will not be delayed beyond the projected completion dates. 34 Table of Contents Increases in Market Interest Rates and Future Costs of Borrowing Economic conditions and actions by policymaking bodies contributed to rising interest rates, which, along with increases in our borrowing levels, could increase our future borrowing costs. While the Federal Reserve reduced interest rates in September, November, and December 2024 and has indicated the potential for further rate cuts, interest rates remain relatively high and there can be no certainty with respect to the occurrence, timing, or magnitude of further interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve, and thus no certainty with respect to the ultimate impact on our borrowing costs. We expect to issue additional debt to finance future site developments and elevated interest rates would impact our overall economic performance. In addition, we are subject to credit spreads demanded by fixed income investors. As a non-rated issuer, increases in general of credit spreads in the market, or for us, may result in a higher cost of borrowing in the future. We intend to access the bond market on an opportunistic basis. In addition, we may hedge against rising benchmark interest rates by entering into hedging strategies with high quality counterparties. Current Capital Requirements and Future Expenditures for Expansion We previously funded SHC with over $200 million to fund the two phases at our initial five ground leased airport locations. We maintain the ability to include up to $50 million in new projects outside the original five locations to be funded with a portion of the existing proceeds held by the trustee as long as certain approvals and supplemental consultant reports are provided showing that such new project would result in better coverage of debt service than previously contemplated projects. We exercised this ability utilizing approximately $26 million of the $50 million available and received the requisite approvals and reports in March 2023 with respect to our ADS Phase I development project. We previously raised equity capital, along with potential future debt and further equity issuances, including the 2024 Purchase Agreement and 2023 Purchase Agreement entered into on September 16, 2024 and November 1, 2023, respectively, see Liquidity and Capital Resources — Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement below, to begin to fund additional airport campuses and reach up to 20 airport campuses over the next several years. We also have the ability to access the capital markets through our ATM Facility and through our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3. On average, each future campus is anticipated to be composed of 200,000 rentable square feet and is expected to cost approximately $60 million per campus, with 65% to 75% or more to be funded with additional private activity bonds or other indebtedness. All future hangar campus projects are discretionary and require us to identify the appropriate airports with the target hangar demand economics, secure required ground leases and permits, and complete future construction at such sites. The cumulative 20 airport site business plan is estimated to cost approximately $1.2 billion, with approximately 65% to 75% anticipated from private activity bonds and the balance with equity or equity-linked financing. Our ability to raise additional equity and/or debt financing will be subject to a number of risks, including our ability to obtain financing upon reasonable terms, if at all, costs of construction, delays in constructing new facilities, operating results, and other risk factors. In the event that we are unable to obtain additional financing, we may be required to raise additional equity capital, creating additional dilution to existing stockholders. There can be no assurance that we would be successful in raising such additional equity capital on favorable terms, if at all. Even if we can obtain such additional equity financing if needed, there can be no assurance that we would be successful in raising such additional financing on favorable terms, if at all. 35 Table of Contents Key Business Metrics We focus on a variety of indicators and key operating and financial metrics to monitor the financial condition and performance of the continuing operations of our business. These metrics include: Metric Description Revenue The majority of our revenue is generated from rents and fees we earn pursuant to the lease and service agreements we enter into with our tenants. Our ability to achieve revenue growth depends upon our ability to attract and retain tenants for hangars at our home basing hangar campuses. The extent to which we achieve growth in our customer base materially influences our business and results of operations. Any number of factors could affect our ability to grow our customer base, including tenant preferences for hangar space and related services, including size and location of the hangar, as well as general economic conditions. Rental revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases , and includes (i) fixed payments of cash rents, which represents revenue each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of its respective lease and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and (ii) variable payments of tenant reimbursements, which are recoveries of all or a portion of the common area maintenance and operating expenses of the property and are recognized in the same period as the expenses are incurred. We derive all of our revenue from tenants in the United States. Operating Expenses In addition to changes in our revenue, our operating results are affected by, among other things, the level of our operating expenses. One of our largest expenses are the payments payable under our ground leases. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized expense related to ground leases of approximately $8.6 million and $3.9 million, respectively. We elect to expense rather than capitalize ground lease expense incurred at hangar campus sites under development and will incur expense under GAAP regardless of whether our ground leases defer cash rent payments until completion of construction. As we enter into new ground leases at new airport sites, our ground lease expense and associated cash payments to airport landlords will ultimately continue to increase into the future. If airport landlords increase the per acre cost of the ground lease of our target campuses, the operating margins at potential target developments may be impacted negatively. Other operating expenses reflected in our consolidated statement of operations are reflective of the professional, legal and consulting fees, compensation costs, and other general and administrative expenses, including those necessary to support our business as a public company such as expenses associated with corporate governance, SEC reporting, and other compliance matters. While we expect that such expenses will rise in some measure as our portfolio of hangar campuses grows, we expect that such expenses as a percentage of our portfolio will decrease over time due to efficiencies, economies of scale, insourcing of job functions, and cost control measures. Operating Income (Loss) The presentation of operating income (loss) provides a measure of performance which is useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties in company-to-company operating performance comparisons. Operating income (loss) is computed by deducting operating expenses from revenue. Net Income (Loss) The presentation of net income provides a measure of performance which are useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties in company-to-company operating performance comparisons. Adjusted EBITDA We utilize Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our operating and financial performance, which is supplemental in nature and a financial measure not calculated in accordance with GAAP. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before (i) depreciation and amortization expense, (ii) interest expense, (iii) interest income, (iv) non-cash stock-based compensation expense, (v) non-cash gains and losses resulting from the change in fair value of our liability-classified warrants, (vi) non-cash operating lease expense, (vii) non-cash operating lease income, (viii) provision for income taxes, (ix) other non-cash expenses, including, but not limited to, the impairment of long-lived assets, gains or losses arising from the disposition of assets, losses on extinguishment of debt, and other non-cash non-operating expenses. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties as it provides a view of our operating performance, analyzes our ability to meet debt service obligations, and facilitates company-to-company operating performance comparisons by excluding potential differences caused by variations in capital structures, the age and book depreciation of assets, and equity-based incentive plans. Our method of calculating Adjusted EBITDA may differ from that utilized by other companies and therefore its comparability may be limited. See the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Net Cash Provided From (Used In) Operating Activities We focus on measures designed to monitor cash flow, including net cash provided from (used in) operating activities. The presentation of net cash provided from (used in) operating activities provides a measure of performance which are useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties in company-to-company operating performance comparisons. 36 Table of Contents Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and expenses during the periods reported. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. We have identified the following as our critical accounting policies: Cost of Construction Cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheets is carried at cost. The cost of acquiring an asset includes the costs necessary to bring a capital project to the condition necessary for its intended use. Costs are capitalized once the construction of a specific capital project is probable. Construction labor and other direct costs of construction are capitalized. Professional fees for engineering, procurement, consulting, and other soft costs that are directly identifiable with the project and are considered an incremental direct cost are capitalized. We allocate a portion of our internal salaries to both capitalized cost of construction and to compensation and benefits expense based on the percentage of time certain employees worked in the related areas. Interest costs on the loans and bonds used to fund the capital projects are also capitalized until the capital project is completed. Once a capital project is complete, the cost of the capital project is reclassified to Constructed Assets on the accompanying balance sheet and we begin to depreciate the constructed asset on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the life of the asset or the remaining term of the related ground lease, including expected renewal terms. Leases We account for leases under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases. We determine whether a contract contains a lease at the inception of the contract. ASC Topic 842 requires lessees to recognize operating lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets for all leases with terms of more than 12 months on the consolidated balance sheets. We have made an accounting policy election that will keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off our consolidated balance sheets and will result in recognizing those lease payments in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. When management determines that it is reasonably certain that we will exercise our options to renew the leases, the renewal terms are included in the lease term and the resulting ROU asset and operating lease liability balances. We have elected to not capitalize any interest cost that is implicit within our operating leases into cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheet, but instead, we expense our ground lease cost in the consolidated statements of operations. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components; we have elected the accounting policy to not separate lease and non-lease components for all underlying asset classes. Revenue Recognition We lease hangar facilities that we construct to third parties. The lease agreements are either on a month-to-month basis or have a defined term and may have options to extend the term. Some of the leases contain options to terminate the lease by either party with given notice. There are no options given to the lessee to purchase the underlying assets. Rental revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases, and includes (i) fixed payments of cash rents, which represents revenue each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of its respective lease and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and (ii) variable payments of tenant reimbursements, which are recoveries of all or a portion of the common area maintenance and operating expenses of the property and are recognized in the same period as the expenses are incurred. The Company evaluates the collectability of tenant receivables for payments required under the lease agreements. If the Company determines that collectability is not probable, the Company recognizes any difference between revenue amounts recognized to date under ASC 842 and payments that have been collected from the lessee, including any additional rent or lease termination fees, as a current period adjustment to rental revenue. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Such estimates include assumptions used within impairment analyses, estimated useful lives of depreciable assets and amortizable costs, estimates of inputs utilized in determining incentive compensation expense and equity instruments such as warrants, estimates and assumptions related to right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See “ Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies ” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements including the expected dates of adoption and effects on results of operations and financial condition. 37 Table of Contents Results of Operations Year ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year ended December 31, 2023 The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated below and the changes between the periods (in thousands). Year ended December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Change Revenue: Rental revenue $ 12,700 $ 7,137 $ 5,563 Fuel revenue 2,061 438 1,623 Total revenue 14,761 7,575 7,186 Expenses: Campus operating expenses 3,953 3,065 888 Fuel expenses 555 214 341 Ground lease expenses 8,564 3,889 4,675 Depreciation and amortization 2,706 2,278 428 Pursuit and marketing expenses 2,027 1,519 508 Employee compensation and benefits 13,882 10,310 3,572 General and administrative expenses 3,488 3,293 195 Total expenses 35,175 24,568 10,607 Operating loss (20,414 ) (16,993 ) (3,421 ) Other (income) expense: Interest expense, net of capitalized interest 715 541 174 Other (income) expense (1,961 ) (737 ) (1,224 ) Unrealized (gain) loss on warrants 34,515 8,644 25,871 Total other (income) expense 33,269 8,448 24,821 Net loss $ (53,683 ) $ (25,441 ) $ (28,242 ) Revenues Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $12.7 million, compared to approximately $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $5.6 million, or 78%, increase was primarily the result of the commencement of operations at SJC during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and the impact of increased occupancy at our BNA and OPF hangar campuses during the year ended December 31, 2024. Fuel revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $2.1 million, compared to approximately $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $1.6 million, or 371%, increase was primarily the result of an increase in fuel gallons uplifted at our BNA and OPF hangar campuses due to increased occupancy, the commencement of operations at SJC during the three months ended June 30, 2024, and fuel sales at our CMA operation, where our fuel revenues and the related expenses are recognized on a gross basis. Operating Expenses Campus operating expenses increased approximately $0.9 million, or 29%, from approximately $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to approximately $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Salaries, wages, and benefits associated with our hangar campus personnel increased approximately $0.6 million, primarily driven by the commencement of operations at our SJC hangar campus in April 2024, and headcount increases at our BNA and OPF hangar campuses. Other campus operating expenses increased approximately $0.3 million, primarily driven by increased insurance, property taxes, and utilities associated with operations at each of our hangar campuses. Fuel expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $0.6 million, compared to approximately $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $0.4 million, or 159%, increase was primarily the result of the CMA Transaction during the three months ended December 31, 2024, and the related impact of recognizing certain fuel revenue and expenses on a gross basis. Ground lease expenses increased approximately $4.7 million, or 120%, from approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to approximately $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in ground lease expense was driven primarily by expense recognized associated with the ground and hangar lease signed at SJC during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in ground lease expense was also driven by the ground leases signed at PWK, BDL, and POU during the three months ended December 31, 2023, ORL during the three months ended March 31, 2024, IAD during the three months ended June 30, 2024, SLC during the three months ended September 30, 2024, and the ground leases assumed as part of the CMA Transaction during the three months ended December 31, 2024. Depreciation increased approximately $0.4 million, or 19%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase primarily reflects a full year of depreciation related to Rapidbuilt, which was acquired during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and a full year of depreciation expense associated with our OPF hangar campus, which opened during the three months ended March 31, 2023. 38 Table of Contents Operating Expenses - Continued Pursuit and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $2.0 million, compared to approximately $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $0.5 million, or 33%, increase was primarily the result of investment in our growth strategy in securing airport site acquisitions and potential tenants throughout the year. Compensation and benefits expenses increased approximately $3.6 million, or 35%, to $13.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to approximately $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in corporate headcount and expense recognized associated with our equity compensation programs. Headcount and compensation expenses increased approximately $1.8 million, and non-cash equity compensation expense increased approximately $1.6 million. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, other general and administrative expenses were approximately $3.5 million and approximately $3.3 million, respectively. The approximately $0.2 million increase was primarily driven by slight increases in professional fees and technology costs due to the expansion of the business and headcount, offset by a slight decrease in corporate insurance premiums. Other (Income) Expenses Other (income) expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $33.3 million of expense as compared to approximately $8.5 million of expense for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $24.8 million, or 294%, increase in expense was primarily due to an approximately $25.9 million variance related to the mark-to-market of the outstanding Warrants at December 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023. The impact of the change in fair value of the Warrants was offset by an approximately $1.2 million increase in other income associated with interest earned and realized gains on our available-for-sale U.S. Treasury investment activity. Non-GAAP Financial Measures To supplement our results presented in accordance with GAAP, we utilize Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes or adjusts certain items. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before (i) depreciation and amortization expense, (ii) interest expense, (iii) interest income, (iv) non-cash stock-based compensation expense, (v) non-cash gains and losses resulting from the change in fair value of our liability-classified warrants, (vi) non-cash operating lease expense, (vii) non-cash operating lease income, (viii) provision for income taxes, (ix) other non-cash expenses, including, but not limited to, the impairment of long-lived assets, gains or losses arising from the disposition of assets, losses on extinguishment of debt, and other non-cash non-operating expenses. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA to facilitate operating performance comparisons from period to period. We believe this non-GAAP financial measure provide investors, analysts and other interested parties useful information to evaluate our business performance as the removal of certain non-cash expenses and income, they facilitate company-to-company operating performance comparisons. While we believe this non-GAAP financial measure is useful in evaluating our business, it should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, this non-GAAP financial measures may not be the same as a similarly entitled measure reported by other companies, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures. See below for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA, as well as “Key Business Metrics” for further discussion of Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA A reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA is presented below: Year-Ended December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Net loss $ (53,683 ) $ (25,441 ) Add (subtract): Depreciation and amortization 2,706 2,278 Interest expense 715 541 Interest income and realized gains from sales of available-for-sale securities (1,961 ) (737 ) Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities 34,515 8,644 Stock-based compensation 3,918 2,259 Non-cash operating lease expense 4,651 2,121 Non-cash operating lease income (109 ) (239 ) Adjusted EBITDA $ (9,248 ) $ (10,574 ) 39 Table of Contents Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund the construction of new assets, fund working capital and other general business needs. Our primary sources of cash include the potential issuance of equity and debt securities and rental payments from tenants. Our long-term liquidity requirements include lease payments under our ground leases with airport authorities, repaying principal and interest on outstanding borrowings, funding the construction costs of our hangar campus development projects (see “— Construction Material Costs and Labor ”), funding for operations, and paying accrued expenses. We believe that we have access to multiple sources of capital to fund our long-term liquidity requirements, including the incurrence of additional private activity bonds and other debt and the issuance of additional equity securities. We also have the ability to utilize our ATM Facility or otherwise utilize our shelf registration statement on Form S-3 to access the capital markets. However, as we have recently become a publicly-traded company, we cannot assure you that we will have access to these sources of capital or that, even if such sources of capital are available, that these sources of capital will be available on favorable terms. Our ability to incur additional debt will depend on multiple factors, including our degree of leverage, the value of our unencumbered assets and borrowing restrictions that are or may be imposed by future lenders. Our ability to access the equity and debt capital markets will depend on multiple factors as well, including general market conditions for real estate companies, our degree of leverage, the trading price of our common stock and debt and market perceptions about our Company. Our cash deposits may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and the majority are maintained with a major financial institution with reputable credit. Our restricted cash is held in trust at a major financial institution pursuant to the Series 2021 Bonds indenture. We monitor the relative credit standing of financial institutions with whom we transact and limit the amount of credit exposure with any one entity. Our portfolio of investments and restricted investments is composed entirely of U.S. Treasury securities as of December 31, 2024. The following table summarizes our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, investments, and restricted investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands): December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Cash and cash equivalents $ 42,442 $ 60,257 Restricted cash 51,917 12,009 Investments 18,987 11,866 Restricted investments 13,816 88,213 Total cash, restricted cash, investments, and restricted investments $ 127,162 $ 172,345 2024 Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement On September 16, 2024, we entered into the 2024 Purchase Agreement with the Initial 2024 Investors relating to, among other things, the issuance and sale to the Initial 2024 Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 3,352,106 Initial 2024 PIPE Shares of our Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $31.8 million. On October 25, 2024, the Additional 2024 Investors each executed a joinder to the 2024 Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which the Additional 2024 Investors agreed to purchase, and we agreed to sell, an aggregate of 603,684 Additional 2024 PIPE Shares for an aggregate purchase price of $5.7 million. The Initial 2024 Closing under the 2024 Purchase Agreement occurred on October 25, 2024, and 3,955,790 First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares were issued to the Investors for an aggregate purchase price of $37.6 million. In December 2024, we sold and issued to the 2024 Investors an aggregate of 3,955,790 Second Closing 2024 PIPE Shares for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $37.6 million (the “Second 2024 Closing”). Inclusive of the Initial 2024 Closing, we issued and sold an aggregate of 7,911,580 shares of Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $75.2 million. See “Note 11 — Equity ” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the 2024 Purchase Agreement. 2023 Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement On November 1, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2023 Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “2023 Investors”), pursuant to which we sold and issued to the 2023 Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 6,586,154 shares of our Class A Common Stock (the “Initial 2023 PIPE Shares”) and accompanying warrants to purchase up to 1,141,600 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Initial PIPE Warrants”), for an aggregate purchase price of $42.8 million (the "Initial 2023 Financing"). On November 29, 2023, pursuant to the terms of the 2023 Purchase Agreement, we sold and issued to the 2023 Investors an aggregate of 2,307,692 shares of our Class A Common Stock (the “2023 Additional PIPE Shares” and, together with the 2023 Initial PIPE Shares, the “2023 PIPE Shares”) and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 400,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Additional PIPE Warrants” and, together with the Initial PIPE Warrants, the “PIPE Warrants”) for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million. The aggregate PIPE financing through the 2023 Purchase Agreement totaled approximately $57.8 million. See “Note 11 — Equity ” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the 2023 Purchase Agreement. At-the-Market Facility On March 27, 2024, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“B. Riley”) with respect to an “at the market” offering program (the “ATM Facility”), under which we may, from time to time, at our sole discretion, issue and sell through B. Riley, acting as sales agent, up to $100 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. Pursuant to the ATM Agreement, we may sell the shares through B. Riley by any method permitted that is deemed an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. B. Riley will use commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the shares from time to time, based upon instructions from us, including any price or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions we may impose. We pay B. Riley a commission of 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold under the ATM Agreement, subject to certain reductions. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold 79,676 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM Facility at a weighted-average sales price of $13.75. As a result, we have approximately $98.9 million in remaining capacity under our ATM Facility. We are not obligated to sell any shares under the ATM Agreement. The offering of shares pursuant to the ATM Agreement will terminate upon the earlier to occur of (i) the issuance and sale, through B. Riley, of all of the shares subject to the ATM Agreement and (ii) termination of the ATM Agreement in accordance with its terms. We have made limited sales under the ATM Facility to date and will only do so when our stock price is at prices our Board deems appropriate. 40 Table of Contents Private Activity Bonds On September 14, 2021, SHC completed an issuance through the Public Finance Authority (Wisconsin) of $166.3 million of Series 2021 PABs. The Series 2021 Bonds are comprised of three maturities: $21.1 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2036; $30.4 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2041; and $114.8 million bearing interest at 4.25%, due July 1, 2054. The Series 2021 Bond that has a maturity date of July 1, 2036 was issued at a premium, and Sky received bond proceeds that were $0.2 million above its face value. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Series 2021 Bonds proceeds are being used to (a) finance or refinance the construction of various aviation facilities consisting of general aviation aircraft hangars and storage facilities located and to be located on the SGR site, the OPF site, the BNA site, the APA site, the DVT site, and following our March 2023 election to reallocate a portion of the net proceeds, the ADS site; (b) fund debt service and other operating expenses such as ground lease expense during the initial construction period; (c) fund deposits to the Debt Service Reserve Fund; and (d) pay certain costs of issuance related to the Series 2021 Bonds. Debt Covenants The Series 2021 Bonds contain financial and non-financial covenants, including a debt service coverage ratio, a restricted payments test and limitations on the sale, lease, or distribution of assets. To the extent that SHC does not comply with these covenants, an event of default or cross-default may occur under one or more agreements, and we or our subsidiaries may be restricted in our ability to pay dividends, issue new debt or access our leased facilities. The Series 2021 Bonds are collateralized on a joint and several basis with the property and revenues of all SHC subsidiaries and their assets financed or to be financed from the proceeds of the Series 2021 Bonds. Covenants in the Series 2021 Bonds require SHC to maintain a debt service coverage ratio (as defined in the relevant documents) of at least 1.25 for each applicable test period, commencing with the quarter ending December 31, 2024. The Series 2021 Bonds are subject to a Continuing Disclosure Agreement whereby SHC is obligated to provide electronic copies of (i) monthly construction reports, (ii) quarterly reports containing quarterly financial information of SHC and (iii) annual reports containing audited consolidated financial statements of SHC to the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all debt covenants. Lease Commitments The table below sets forth certain information with respect to our future minimum lease payments required under operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, Operating Leases Finance Leases 2025 $ 6,353 $ 24 2026 7,460 17 2027 8,305 2 2028 8,678 - 2029 9,051 - Thereafter 477,868 - Total lease payments 517,715 43 Less imputed interest (364,918 ) (2 ) Total $ 152,797 $ 41 Contractual Obligations The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands): 2025 2026-2027 2028-2029 Thereafter Total Principal Payments of bonds payable $ - $ - $ - $ 166,340 $ 166,340 Interest Payments on bonds payable 6,941 13,881 13,881 108,027 142,730 Contractual payments on other long-term indebtedness 7,909 131 34 - 8,074 Lease commitments 6,377 15,784 17,729 477,868 517,758 Total $ 21,227 $ 29,796 $ 31,644 $ 752,235 $ 834,902 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not maintain any off-balance sheet arrangements. 41 Table of Contents Cash Flows Historical Cash Flows The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands): Year ended December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Cash and restricted cash at beginning of period $ 72,266 $ 41,396 Net cash used in operating activities (9,095 ) (7,735 ) Net cash used in investing activities (43,907 ) (16,268 ) Net cash provided by financing activities 75,095 54,873 Cash and restricted cash at end of period $ 94,359 $ 72,266 Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities is significantly influenced by the amount of cash we invest in personnel and infrastructure to support the anticipated growth of our business. Our working capital consists primarily of cash, receivables from tenants, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued compensation, accrued other expenses, and lease liabilities. The timing of collection of our tenant receivables, and the timing of spending commitments and payments of our accounts payable, accrued expenses, accrued payroll and related benefits, all affect these account balances. Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to approximately $7.7 million of net cash used in operating activities for the same period in 2023. The approximately $1.4 million increase in net cash used in operating activities was primarily attributable to a $3.4 million unfavorable change in the Company's working capital position, which was primarily driven by the timing of spending commitments and payments of our accounts payable and other accrued expenses. This increase was offset by an approximately $2.0 million decrease in net loss, net of non-cash adjustments. The decrease in net loss, net of non-cash adjustments, was primarily driven by an increase in revenue which outpaced the growth in cash operating expenses. Investing Activities Our primary investing activities have consisted of payments related to the cost of construction at our various home basing hangar campus development projects, investment in U.S. Treasury Securities, and acquisition activities. As our business expands, we expect to continue to invest in our current and anticipated future portfolio of home basing hangar campus development projects. Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $43.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to net cash used in investing activities of approximately $16.3 million for the same period in 2023. The increase of approximately $27.6 million of net cash used in investing activities was driven primarily by the CMA asset acquisition during the three months ended December 31, 2024, which drove a increase of approximately $31.7 million, and a $20.9 million increase in capital expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. These increases were offset by the aggregate impact of our strategy to invest surplus cash in U.S. Treasury securities, which was comprised of an approximately $172.0 million decrease in purchases of held-to-maturity investments, an approximately $169.4 million increase in proceeds received from available-for-sale investments, an approximately $190.2 million increase in purchases of available-for-sale investments, and an approximately $124.0 million decrease in proceeds received from held-to-maturity investments for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Financing Activities Our primary financing activities have consisted of equity capital raised to fund the growth of our business and proceeds from debt obligations incurred to finance our home basing hangar campus development projects. We expect to raise additional equity capital and issue additional indebtedness as our business grows. Net cash provided by financing activities was $75.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $54.9 million for the same period in 2023. The approximately $20.2 million increase in net cash provided by financing activities was primarily driven by the equity financing completed during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received approximately $75.2 million of proceeds during the fourth quarter due to the issuance of Class A Common Stock in connection with the 2024 Purchase Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received $57.8 million of proceeds during the respective fourth quarter due to the issuance of Class A Common Stock and Warrants in connection with the 2023 Purchase Agreement. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities was further driven by an approximately $3.0 million increase in proceeds received from the exercise of our outstanding Warrants and an approximately $1.1 million increase in net proceeds received from the issuance of Class A Common Stock through the ATM Facility. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information under this item. 42 Table of Contents