Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. 10-K

rnac-20251231 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K þ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2025 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from ____ to ____ Commission file number: 001-37798 Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware 26-1622110 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 7495 New Horizon Way , Frederick , MD 21703 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) ( 301 ) 348-8698 Registrant’s telephone number, including area code Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share RNAC The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Title of each class Contingent Value Rights Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No þ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No þ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer þ Smaller reporting company þ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attested to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No þ The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Stock Market on June 30, 2025, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter, was $ 108,739,558 . As of February 28, 2026, the registrant had 26,509,024 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I Page Item 1. Business 6 Item 1A. Risk Factors 29 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 57 Item 1C. Cybersecurity 57 Item 2. Properties 58 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 58 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 58 Part II Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 59 Item 6. [Reserved] 59 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 59 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 72 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 72 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 72 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 72 Item 9B. Other Information 73 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 73 Part III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 74 Item 11. Executive Compensation 74 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 74 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 74 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 74 Part IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 75 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary 78 Signatures 79 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or the Annual Report, contains forward-looking statements. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, prospective products, product approvals, research and development costs, timing and likelihood of success, the plans and objectives of management for future operations and future results of anticipated products, and the period over which we estimate our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our future operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential”, or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report and are subject to a number of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including the factors described under the sections in this Annual Report titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” as well as the following: • our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, and the length of time that we believe our existing cash resources will fund our operations; • our market size and our potential growth opportunities; • our preclinical and clinical development activities; • our dependence on third-parties, including contract research organizations, or CROs, in the conduct of our pre-clinical studies and clinical trials; • the efficacy and safety profile of our product candidates; • the potential therapeutic benefits and economic value of our product candidates; • the timing and results of preclinical studies and clinical trials; • the potential impairment of our goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets; • the expected impact of macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, increasing interest rates and volatile market conditions, current or potential bank failures; • the impact of global events, including the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, the ongoing conflict in the Middle East and geopolitical tensions with China; • the impact of political uncertainty on our product development; • the receipt and timing of potential regulatory designations, approvals and commercialization of our product candidates; • our ability to prevent or minimize the effects of litigation and other contingencies; • our status as a development-stage company and our expectation to incur losses in the future, and the possibility that we never achieve or maintain profitability; • uncertainties with respect to our ability to access future capital; • our ability to maximize the value of our pipeline of product candidates; • our unproven approach to therapeutic intervention; • our ability to enroll patients in clinical trials, timely and successfully complete those trials and receive necessary regulatory approvals; • our ability to continue to grow our manufacturing capabilities and resources; • our ability to manufacture our product candidates, which in some cases are manufactured on a patient-by-patient basis; • our ability to receive or manufacture sufficient quantities of our product candidates; • our ability to maintain our existing or future collaborations or licenses and to seek new collaborations, licenses or partnerships; • our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights; • federal, state, and foreign regulatory requirements, including U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, regulation of our product candidates; • our ability to obtain and retain key executives and retain qualified personnel: • developments relating to our competitors and our industry: • any future payouts under the contingent value right, or CVR, issued to our holders of record as of the close of business on December 4, 2023; and • our ability to monetize any of our legacy assets. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risks and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk and uncertainties. You should read this Annual Report and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise. Table of Contents PART I Item 1. Business Our Corporate History and Background The Company (formerly known as Selecta Biosciences, Inc., or Selecta) was incorporated in Delaware on December 10, 2007, and is headquartered in Frederick, Maryland. On November 13, 2023, the Company and the Delaware corporation which, immediately prior to the Merger (as defined below), was known as Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc., or Old Cartesian, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, by and among the Company, Sakura Merger Sub I, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, or First Merger Sub, Sakura Merger Sub II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, or Second Merger Sub, and Old Cartesian. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, and simultaneously with execution thereof, (i) First Merger Sub merged with and into Old Cartesian, pursuant to which Old Cartesian was the surviving corporation, or the First Step Surviving Corporation, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, or the First Merger, and (ii) immediately following the First Merger, Old Cartesian (as the First Step Surviving Corporation) merged with and into Second Merger Sub, pursuant to which Second Merger Sub was the surviving company, or the Surviving Company, and continued under the name “Cartesian Bio, LLC”, or the Second Merger and, together with the First Merger, the Merger. In connection with the Merger and pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company (which was known as Selecta Biosciences, Inc. until immediately prior to the Merger) changed its corporate name to Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. Overview We are a late clinical-stage biotechnology company pioneering cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. We leverage our proprietary technology and manufacturing platform to introduce mRNA into cells to provide a therapeutic effect to patients suffering from a variety of autoimmune conditions. Unlike DNA, mRNA degrades naturally over time without integrating into the cell’s genetic material. Our cell therapies are designed to be dosed repeatedly like conventional drugs, administered in an outpatient setting and given without pre-treatment chemotherapy required with many conventional cell therapies. Autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body, are a family of more than 80 disorders. These diseases are typically treated with immunosuppressant medications, such as steroids, biologics and non-steroidal agents such as methotrexate, CD19 directed therapies and intravenous immunoglobulin. These treatments must be administered chronically and carry risks, including infection, osteoporosis and metabolic disease. The treatment landscape within generalized myasthenia gravis, or MG, offers agents that block the complement pathway or inhibit the neonatal Fc receptor, or FcRn, that typically must be administered chronically. Even with recent treatment advancements in the field of MG, we believe there remains a significant unmet need for outpatient treatments, administered over a short period of time, and can provide deep and durable clinical benefit. Limitations of Current Biologic Treatments in Autoimmune Disease Currently approved biologic therapies for MG, such as complement inhibitors and FcRn inhibitors have improved treatment options. However, these therapies are still limited by incomplete response, chronic dosing required to mitigate symptoms, immunosuppression risks, high treatment burden and lack of disease modification. Not all patients with acetylcholine receptor autoantibody positive, or AChR+ MG, the subtype currently being pursued in our Phase 3 AURORA trial, respond adequately to currently approved biologics. We believe the variability in treatment response may be due to differences in underlying disease pathologies, with some patients having disease drivers beyond complement activation (for complement inhibitors) or immunoglobulin G, or IgG, reduction (for FcRn inhibitors). Additionally, some patients experience an initial improvement but later lose response, requiring adjustments in their treatment strategy. Biologic therapies used for MG can increase the risk of infections. Complement inhibitors in particular, heighten susceptibility to Neisseria infections, necessitating vaccination and, in some cases, prophylactic antibiotic use. Patients receiving FcRn inhibitors may also experience an increased risk of infections due to immunoglobulin depletion. The long-term safety of these treatments remain an area of active study. Currently approved biologic therapies require frequent infusions, which can be burdensome for patients. Efgartigimod (Vyvgart) and rozanolixizumab (Rystiggo) both require weekly infusions in repeated cycles, while zilucoplan (Zilbrysq) is administered daily, both nipocalimab-aahu (Imaavy) and eculizumab (Soliris) are administered every two weeks, ravulizumab (Ultomiris) every eight weeks for most body weights and inebilizumab-cdon (Uplizna) every six months following two initial doses. While ravulizumab and inebilizumab-cdon each reduce the frequency of infusions compared to eculizumab, both of these 6 Table of Contents treatments require ongoing maintenance, which may impact patient quality of life. Access to infusion centers or home infusion services further adds to the logistical challenges. The majority of approved biologic therapies for the treatment of MG focus on the management of symptoms rather than addressing the root cause of the disease. These treatments do not eliminate the underlying autoimmune process or autoreactive B and T cells, meaning patients typically require chronic lifelong therapy. While symptom control is critical, the need for continuous treatment highlights the unmet need for therapies that can induce long-term remission and a precision immune reset. Limitations of Current DNA-Based Cell Therapy Treatments in Autoimmune Disease Compared to biologic therapies, cell therapies have increased potential to provide a deep and durable clinical benefit; however, conventional DNA cell therapies have been associated with cytokine release syndrome, or CRS, neurological toxicities and Parkinsonism, infection, risk of secondary malignancy and death. The acute toxicities are from exponential amplification of the modified cell and the pre-treatment chemotherapy administered to enable cell amplification. Conventional DNA-engineered chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR, T-cells are in clinical development for several autoimmune diseases. DNA CAR-T cells are typically administered to patients in a subtherapeutic dose, which means that the cells must proliferate to reach therapeutic numbers in the body. However, this proliferation is not controlled in magnitude nor duration, varies from patient to patient, and can be unpredictable. This proliferation occurs because the CAR gene is irreversibly integrated into the T-cell’s genome, causing a cascade in which every daughter cell carries the same CAR as the parent cells. The resulting unconstrained proliferation frequently exceeds the toxicity threshold, leading to serious adverse events, or SAEs. The proliferation of DNA CAR-T cells typically requires pre-treatment chemotherapy, usually fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, administered for several days before CAR-T cell treatment. This chemotherapy is toxic, suppressing the immune system and increasing the risk of infection, anemia, and neurotoxicity. Given these risks and requirements, conventional DNA cell therapies are administered under close monitoring in an inpatient setting, increasing their cost and limiting their reach to only the sickest patients. Our Autoimmune Disease Solution Descartes-08, our lead cell therapy product candidate, is an autologous CAR-T product targeting B-cell maturation antigen, or BCMA, in clinical development for the treatment of MG and myositis, specifically, moderate to severe multi-refractory dermatomyositis and antisynthetase syndrome. In contrast to conventional DNA-based CAR T-cell therapies, our CAR-T administration has been observed to provide deep and durable benefits through 12 months, is designed to not require preconditioning chemotherapy, to be administered in the outpatient setting and does not carry the risk of genomic integration associated with cancerous transformation. Descartes-08 has been granted Orphan Drug Designation and Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy, or RMAT, Designation by the FDA for the treatment of MG, and Rare Pediatric Disease Designation for the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis, or JDM. Based on efficacy and safety data observed in our clinical trials thus far, we believe our cell therapies have the potential to deliver deep and durable clinical benefit to a broad group of patients with autoimmune diseases after a single course of therapy. We aim to provide a personalized approach to treating patients that begins with the collection of a patient’s cells which we then use to manufacture our cell therapy product candidates. Once a patient’s cells have expanded in our process, we introduce mRNA to deliver a CAR into the cell. Once the manufacturing process is complete, we send the product candidate back to the treating physician where they administer six weekly infusions of our cell therapy to the patient. Descartes-08 is specifically designed to target and destroy the pathogenic, self-reactive cells that are the underlying cause of the autoimmune disease, with the goal of creating a precision immune reset for the patient. 7 Table of Contents The table below summarizes key information about our development pipeline. As of December 31, 2025, we have administered Descartes-08 to over 100 patients suffering from one of MG, multiple myeloma, and other diseases in open-label and randomized placebo-controlled trials on an outpatient basis. We have not observed product-related CRS, neurotoxicity or infection of any grade. The most common product-related adverse events, or AEs, observed, headache, nausea, and fever, were self-limited and resolved within 24 hours of onset. Our Product Candidates Descartes-08 for the Treatment of MG Overview Descartes-08 has been granted Orphan Drug Designation by the FDA for the treatment of MG. We chose MG as our lead indication because the pathogenesis for MG is common to many autoimmune diseases. Background Information About MG MG is a rare autoimmune disease that causes debilitating muscle weakness and fatigue. It is estimated to affect over 106,000 patients in the U.S. MG patients develop antibodies that lead to an immunological attack on critical signaling proteins at the junction between nerve and muscle cells, thereby inhibiting the ability of nerves to communicate properly with muscles. This results in muscle weakness in tissues throughout the body, potentially manifesting in partial paralysis of eye movements, problems in chewing and swallowing, respiratory problems, speech difficulties and weakness in skeletal muscles. As the disease progresses, symptom-free periods become less frequent and disease exacerbations can last for months. Disease symptoms reach their maximum levels within two to three years in approximately 80% of patients. Up to 20% of MG patients experience a respiratory crisis at least once in their lives. During the crisis phase, decline in respiratory function can become life-threatening. Patients in crisis often require intubation and mechanical ventilation. There are no known cures for MG and the current standard of care consists of chronic use of steroids and other immunosuppressants. These treatments must be administered continually and carry risks such as infection, osteoporosis, and metabolic diseases. Newer agents, such as those that block the complement pathway or inhibit FcRn, are typically administered continually. Clinical Development To date, we have completed a Phase 1/2 trial of Descartes-08 in MG, which consisted of a Phase 1b portion, a Phase 2a portion, and a Phase 2b portion. The primary objective of the Phase 1b portion of the trial was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of Descartes-08 for patients with MG. We observed Descartes-08 to be well-tolerated by the three patients who participated in this portion of the trial with no CRS or other serious product-related AEs observed. The primary objective of the Phase 2a portion of the trial was to determine the optimal dosing schedule for patients with MG using the highest dose level tested in Phase 1b (52.5 x106 cells/kg). This portion of the trial was designed to assess the safety and preliminary efficacy of Descartes-08 when administered across three different treatment schedules (six doses given twice-weekly, once-weekly, or once-monthly). This portion of the trial evaluated 11 patients with particularly advanced disease 8 Table of Contents as assessed by both patient and clinician-reported outcomes. 11 of the 14 patients included in the Phase 1b and Phase 2a portions of the trial were classified at screening to have Class III or IV disease, as defined by the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, indicating they had moderate-to-severe weakness affecting their muscles. The results of the Phase 2a portion of the trial, published in the Lancet Neurology in July 2023, indicated that after six weekly infusions of Descartes-08, the average improvement in all disease severity scores was three-to-five-fold greater than what is considered clinically meaningful by expert consensus. As shown in the figure below, clinical improvements persisted in all patients at Month 9, and in five of the seven remaining patients at a final, 12-month follow-up. Descartes-08 was observed to be well-tolerated with no reports of dose-limiting toxicities, CRS or neurotoxicity. A–C: Mean change from Baseline (line) and standard error (bands) in Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living Score (MG-ADL, A), Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis Score (QMG, B), Myasthenia Gravis Composite Score (MGC, C) during 12 months of follow-up for MG-001 participants who received six once-weekly doses (n=7). MG-ADL is self-reported; MGC and QMG are neurologist-assessed. All three participants with detectable anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody levels before treatment had an average 42% reduction in antibody levels by Month 6. These reductions deepened to 68% by Month 9 and persisted at Month 12. In summary, we observed continued clinical improvement and autoantibody reductions after BCMA directed mRNA CAR-T treatment for MG that persisted through the one-year follow-up period. Follow-on results of the Phase 2b portion of the trial were presented in December 2024. The trial achieved its primary endpoint to assess the proportion of patients achieving a five-point or greater reduction in their MGC score at day 85. Patients received six weekly infusions at the dose established in Phase 1b (52.5 x106 cells/kg). The trial also involved a crossover component in which any patient originally assigned to placebo was given the opportunity to receive Descartes-08 after completing trial treatment. In April, 2025, we reported updated, 12-month data from this trial and published this data in Nature Medicine in January 2026. Deepening of responses was observed over time with participants included in the primary efficacy dataset who continued follow-up (n=12) experiencing an average MG-ADL reduction of 5.5 (±1.1) at Month 4 which was maintained through Month 12 (4.8±1.4). At Month 4, particularly deep responses were observed in participants without prior exposure to biologic therapies (n=7), including complement or neonatal fragment crystallizable receptor inhibitors, with an average MG-ADL reduction of 6.6 (±1.5). Responses amongst this patient population without prior exposure to biologic therapies were observed to deepen through Month 12 with an average MG-ADL reduction of 7.1 (±1.9). The deepest responses were observed as minimal symptom expression, or MSE, defined as an MG-ADL score of 0 or 1. 9 Table of Contents The tables below set forth the results observed. 33% (4/12) of participants in the primary efficacy dataset and 57% (4/7) of participants with no prior exposure to biologic therapy were observed to achieve MSE by Month 6 and maintained it through Month 12. Responses were observed to be durable through Month 12, with 83% (10/12) of evaluable participants from the primary efficacy dataset maintaining a clinically meaningful response, defined as a reduction in MG-ADL score of at least 2 points. Of the seven participants with no prior exposure to biologic therapy that reached Month 12, 100% maintained at least a clinically meaningful response. The safety profile observed in the follow-up portion of the Phase 2b trial was in line with what we reported at the time of our top line data readout as well as the Phase 2a portion of the trial. Of note, there was a Grade 2 upper respiratory infection reported in both the Descartes-08 and placebo groups. There were no other new AEs reported after Month 3 follow-up, including no hypogammaglobulinemia and other infections and there was no difference in vaccine titers between Descartes-08 and placebo. 10 Table of Contents The table below summarizes the safety results observed. We previously reported that there were three participants in the Phase 2a portion of the trial who were observed to have a response to Descartes-08, but then reverted to baseline, two patients one year after treatment and the other 1.5 years after treatment. As previously reported, there were two participants who were retreated and experienced rapid improvements in clinical scores and maintained minimum symptom expression for up to one year after receiving a second treatment cycle. The tables below set forth key findings from these patients. The time course and magnitude of treatment response upon retreatment were similar to those seen when the participants were first treated. Notably, in the one participant who completed their 12-month retreatment follow-up visit, the duration of response was observed to be longer than that patient’s initial response, and this patient had maintained minimum symptom expression at Month 12. The third retreated participant’s responses deepened from a 4-point MG-ADL reduction at Month 2 to a 9-point improvement in MG-ADL at Month 12 following retreatment. In May 2025, we initiated our Phase 3 AURORA trial of Descartes-08 in patients with MG. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 AURORA trial is designed to assess Descartes-08 versus placebo (1:1 randomization) administered as six weekly outpatient infusions without preconditioning chemotherapy in approximately 100 participants with AChR Ab+, MG. The primary endpoint will assess the proportion of Descartes-08 participants with an improvement in MG-ADL score of 11 Table of Contents three points or more at Month 4 compared to placebo. Secondary endpoints will assess safety and tolerability and the proportion of participants with a reduction of four points or more in MG Composite, or MGC, score, as well as improvements in other validated MG severity scales, including QMG, and MG Quality of Life Revised Scale, or MG-QoL-15R. In January 2025, we received written agreement from the FDA under the Special Protocol Assessment, or SPA, process on the overall design of our planned AURORA trial. The SPA agreement indicates that the FDA has determined that the proposed trial design is acceptable to support a future Biologics License Application, or BLA, for Descartes-08 in MG, subject to the ultimate outcome of the trial. The complete trial design for AURORA is set forth below. Descartes-08 for the Treatment of Myositis Background Information About Myositis Myositis is a rare set of pathogenic autoantibody-driven diseases characterized by inflammation and muscle weakness. Myositis symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening and symptoms often include muscle weakness, joint or muscle pain, fatigue, swelling, trouble breathing or swallowing, and arrhythmia. Myositis impacts approximately 80,000 people in the United States. Next Steps Based on strong mechanistic alignment with our existing clinical data in MG and SLE as well as the significant unmet need that remains, in November 2025 we announced the expansion of our development of Descartes-08 into myositis, specifically dermatomyositis and antisynthetase syndrome, a significantly underserved market with high unmet need. The FDA accepted our investigational new drug application, or IND, in December 2025 for a clinical trial design which provides a potential opportunity for a single pivotal trial. We expect to commence this trial in the first half of 2026. Our randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial in myositis is designed to assess Descartes-08 versus placebo (1:1 randomization) administered as six weekly outpatient infusions without preconditioning chemotherapy in up to 50 patients with moderate to severe multi-refractory dermatomyositis and antisynthetase syndrome. The primary endpoint is expected to assess safety and efficacy of Descartes-08 compared to placebo added to standard of care in participants with myositis at Week 24. We currently intend to conduct a blinded interim analysis through the Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, after ten patients are enrolled and reach the primary endpoint, at which point we may revise sample size assumptions to what could be necessary to support the trial becoming pivotal, pending FDA review. 12 Table of Contents The complete trial design for this trial is set forth below. Descartes-08 for the Treatment of Juvenile Dermatomyositis Background Information About Juvenile Dermatomyositis Juvenile Dermatomyositis is a rare pediatric autoimmune disorder marked by pathognomonic skin rash and muscle inflammation affecting multiple organ systems including the joints, heart, lungs, kidneys, eyes, and gastrointestinal systems. The symptoms of JDM can range from mild to life-threatening and symptoms often include fatigue, joint pain, muscle weakness and fever. JDM impacts approximately 4,000 people in the United States. Clinical Development In December 2024, we filed an amendment to the IND for a pediatric basket trial including juvenile dermatomyositis, or JDM. The initiation of the Phase 2 pediatric basket trial was announced in January 2026. The FDA has also granted Descartes-08 Rare Pediatric Disease Designation for the treatment of JDM. The FDA grants Rare Pediatric Disease Designation for serious and life-threatening diseases that primarily affect children ages 18 years or younger and fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. Under the FDA’s recently renewed Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and priority review voucher programs, if Descartes-08 is approved for marketing in JDM, Cartesian may qualify for a priority review voucher that can be redeemed to receive priority review of a subsequent marketing application for a different product candidate. Descartes-08 for the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Overview In November 2025, we announced topline data from our Phase 2 trial in SLE, a chronic autoimmune disease that causes systemic inflammation which affects multiple organ systems. We also announced a pause in further development of Descartes-08 in SLE, including further enrollment in the Phase 2 trial, in order to prioritize opportunities in MG and myositis. Shortly thereafter we made a further decision to no longer pursue development of Descartes-08 in SLE. The Phase 2 trial in SLE remains ongoing for follow-up only. Background Information About Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE is a chronic, immune-mediated connective tissue disease that can impact nearly all major organ systems. The most common manifestations of SLE are cutaneous and musculoskeletal symptoms, although neurological, gastrointestinal, hematological, and renal symptoms are regularly observed as well. Patients with SLE are at a substantially increased risk of infection and cardiovascular disease, contributing to estimated 10- and 15-year mortality rates of 9% and 15%, respectively. SLE is the most common form of lupus, representing approximately 70% of lupus patients, and approximately three million adults worldwide are estimated to have SLE. 13 Table of Contents Clinical Development The Phase 2 open-label trial was designed to evaluate outpatient administration of Descartes-08 without preconditioning chemotherapy or integrating vectors for the treatment of patients with moderate or severe SLE refractory to immunosuppressant therapy. The primary outcome measure assesses safety and tolerability, with secondary outcome measures assessing preliminary efficacy. The complete trial design is set forth below. The tables below set forth the results of the Phase 2 trial. Initial data from the Phase 2 trial reported significant reduction in disease activity following initial Descartes-08 treatment with 100% of participants who reached Month 3 follow-up (n=3) achieving Lupus Low Disease Activity State, or LLDAS, response, defined by specific criteria that indicate low disease activity, improved patient outcomes, and sustained symptom improvement. Disease remission reported as DORIS response was seen in 2 out of 3 participants at Month 3. DORIS is defined as the Definition of Response in SLE indicating a clinical SLE Disease Activity Index, or SLEDAI-2K score of 0 and physician global assessment, or PGA, of less than 0.5. We believe these results suggest that Descartes-08 may have clinical effect in the field of autoimmune disease broadly. 14 Table of Contents The tables below set forth the safety results from the Phase 2 trial. In this trial, Descartes-08 continued to be observed as well-tolerated, supporting outpatient administration without the need for lymphodepleting chemotherapy. AEs reported were transient and mostly mild, with no AEs above Grade 2 or SAEs and notably, there were no cases of CRS and no cases of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Infusion-related fever and flu-like symptoms were the most common AEs, and all resolved within 24 hours. No hypogammaglobulinemia or decrease in vaccine titers were observed and immunoglobulin levels were consistent with measurements at baseline. We believe observations of correlative biomarkers support application of Descartes-08 in multiple autoimmune diseases. In particular, we observed a statistically significant (p<0.01) decrease in proinflammatory cytokines associated with SLE pathogenesis (IL7, IL10, CCL20, ST1A1). Additionally, significant decreases were observed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, or pDCs, three months after receiving Descartes-08 in both MG and SLE patients, which we believe supports the expansion into myositis, given myositis’ known pDC correlation. Descartes-15 Descartes-15 is a next-generation, autologous anti-BCMA mRNA CAR-T. Using our proprietary technology and manufacturing platform, we designed Descartes-15 to be more resistant than Descartes-08 to recycling of the CAR upon multiple antigen exposures. We observed that Descartes-15 was 10-fold more potent than Descartes-08 in preclinical studies. In November 2025, we reported results from the Phase 1 dose escalation trial designed to assess safety and tolerability of outpatient administration of Descartes-15 in patients with multiple myeloma. In this trial, no significant AEs or dose-limiting 15 Table of Contents toxicities were reported in any of the three participants. The only Descartes-15-related adverse event was a grade 2 hypotension occurring after the first two infusions. Despite favorable safety data observed in this trial, we have paused further development of Descartes-15 to prioritize opportunities for Descartes-08 in MG and myositis. In-Vivo Development Our current pipeline consists of autologous treatments for patients. However, there have been recent advancements within the in-vivo space. An in-vivo cell therapy treats disease by modifying a patient’s cells inside their body, rather than doing so via autologous means. In-vivo treatment options create an opportunity for more convenient dosing with less frequent procedures. As we advance our pipeline, we continue to evaluate the potential of enhanced delivery platforms for our cell therapies with multiple feasibility studies underway to explore the potential timing for optimizing in-vivo delivery of our assets currently in development. Manufacturing We have established wholly-owned internal manufacturing and research and development capabilities, designed to allow us to optimize processes rapidly in an iterative manner and maintain control over the critical components of the supply chain. Our main manufacturing facility is located in Frederick, Maryland, and operates under current good manufacturing practice, or cGMP. This facility has sufficient capacity to support current clinical needs and can potentially transition to support commercial manufacturing of our maturing pipeline of innovative cell therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. We believe the Frederick facility has the potential to allow us to scale our wholly-owned, in-house cGMP manufacturing capabilities for late-stage clinical and commercial supply of our cell therapy product candidates, while continuing to maintain control over product quality and production. We manufacture Descartes-08 in-house and are typically able to process and release lots for infusion within approximately three weeks. Our autologous cell therapy product candidates, including Descartes-08, are manufactured on a patient-by-patient basis. We have optimized our manufacturing processes through over 200 cGMP runs across all of our current and prior programs. Intellectual Property Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend and enforce proprietary rights for our product candidates and other discoveries, inventions, trade secrets and know-how that are critical to our business operations. Our success also depends in part on our ability to operate without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the proprietary rights of others, and in part on our ability to prevent others from infringing, misappropriating or violating our proprietary rights. A discussion of risks relating to intellectual property is provided under the section titled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property.” We intend to continue developing intellectual property, and we intend to aggressively protect our position in key technologies. Our patents are focused on several key technologies, including the use of our mRNA CAR-T technology and other developments in our mRNA cell therapy pipeline. As of December 31, 2025, we had seven issued patents worldwide, including three patents issued in the United States (U.S. Patent Nos. 10,934,337, 11,220,535, and 11,999,773) and four patents issued outside the United States (Japanese Patent No. 7,379,654, Canadian Patent No. 3,158,025, Israeli Patent No. 285909, and Korean Patent No. 102588292). Our issued patents and any patents issuing from our pending applications are set to expire on various dates ranging from 2040 to 2044. Additionally, as of December 31, 2025, we had 24 patent applications pending worldwide, including seven U.S. applications and seventeen applications in ex-U.S. jurisdictions. A patent granted from U.S. Patent Application No. 18/654,279 will expire on March 13, 2040, a patent granted from U.S. Patent Application No. 17/919,092 will expire on April 15, 2041, a patent granted from U.S. Patent Application No. 18/292,670 will expire on July 28, 2042, a patent granted from U.S. Patent Application No. 19/166,014 will expire on March 15, 2044, and a patent granted from U.S. Patent Application No. 19/166,759 will expire on March 20, 2044, excluding any potential patent term adjustments, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers. These U.S. patent applications are directed to compositions of matter, methods of use, and methods of manufacture. In addition, a patent granted on any of foreign patent applications EP 20773688.5, AU 2020241428, CA 3199205, CN 202080020956.1, IN 202117036675, KR 2023-7034215, and MX/a/2021/011196 will expire March 2040, a patent granted on European patent application 21789568.9 will expire April 2041, and a patent granted on any of foreign patent application EP 24775468.2, AU 2024240255, BR112025019788-6, CA 3286127, CN 202480031788.4, JP 2025-554182, KR 10-2025-7034765, MX/a/2025/010878, and SG 11202506142T will expire March 2044. All of these patent applications are composition-of-matter, methods-of-use, and/or methods-of-manufacture applications. There are also two pending U.S. provisional applications, and any patent ultimately claiming priority to one of these provisional applications will expire in or around 2046. In addition, as of December 31, 2025, we had two registered marks protecting our brand and prospective products both domestically and internationally. With respect to the legacy Selecta assets, as of December 31, 2025, we had (i) 294 issued patents worldwide, including 14 patents issued in the United States and 280 issued outside the United 16 Table of Contents States, set to expire on various dates in 2032 through 2040, (ii) 75 patent applications pending worldwide, including 13 U.S. applications and 62 applications outside the United States and (iii) two registered marks. In addition to patent protection, we also rely on trade secrets, know-how, trademarks, confidential information, other proprietary information and continuing technological innovation to develop, strengthen and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect and maintain the confidentiality of proprietary information to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, including through contractual means with our employees, consultants, contractors and collaborators, third-parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our technology. Thus, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality and invention assignment agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. However, such confidentiality agreements can be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. For more information regarding the risks related to our intellectual property, see the section titled “Risk factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property.” Key Agreements Biogen License Agreement On September 8, 2023, we entered into a non-exclusive, sublicensable, worldwide, perpetual license agreement, or the Biogen Agreement, with Biogen MA, Inc., or Biogen, to research, develop, make, use, offer, sell and import products or processes containing or using an engineering T-cell modified with an mRNA comprising, or encoding a protein comprising, certain sequences licensed under the Biogen Agreement for the prevention, treatment, palliation and management of autoimmune diseases and disorders, excluding cancers, neoplastic disorders, and paraneoplastic disorders. We are not obligated to pay Biogen any expenses, fees, or royalties. We may terminate the Biogen Agreement for any reason or no reason, and Biogen may terminate the agreement after a notice-and-cure period of 30 days if we fail to pay a fee owed to Biogen or for any other material breach of the agreement. The Biogen Agreement will otherwise expire when all claims of all issued patents within the patents and patent applications licensed to us under the Biogen Agreement have expired or been finally rendered revoked, invalid or unenforceable by a decision of a court or government agency. The Biogen Agreement encompasses patents and patent applications in the PCT/US2010/026825 patent family, which was filed March 10, 2010. In general, all patents that issue in this family have an expected expiration date of March 10, 2030, subject to potential patent term adjustments and/or extensions. For the U.S. patents and applications in this family, U.S. Patent 9,034,324 was awarded 677 days of patent term adjustment, which would extend the expiration date of this patent to January 16, 2032, absent any challenges to the patent term. The other issued patent in this family was not awarded any patent term adjustment, so its expected expiration date is March 10, 2030. NCI License Agreement Effective September 16, 2019, we entered into a non-exclusive, worldwide license agreement, or the NCI Agreement, with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, represented by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, or NCI. Under the NCI Agreement, we were granted a license under certain NCI patents and patent applications designated in the agreement, to make, use, sell, offer and import products and processes within the scope of the patents and applications licensed under the NCI Agreement when developing and manufacturing anti-BCMA CAR-T cell products for the treatment of MG, pemphigus vulgaris, and immune thrombocytopenic purpura according to methods designated in the NCI Agreement. In connection with our entry into the NCI Agreement, we paid to NCI a one-time $100,000 license royalty payment. Under the NCI Agreement, we are further required to pay NCI a low five-digit annual royalty. We must also pay earned royalties on net sales in a low single-digit percentage and pay up to $0.8 million in benchmark royalties upon our achievement of designated benchmarks that are based on the commercial development plan agreed between the parties. Under the NCI Agreement, we must use reasonable commercial efforts to bring licensed products and licensed processes to the point of Practical Application (as defined in the NCI Agreement). Upon our first commercial sale, we must use reasonable commercial efforts to make licensed products and licensed processes reasonably accessible to the United States public. After our first commercial sale, we must make reasonable quantities of licensed products or materials produced via licensed processes available to patient assistance programs and develop educational materials detailing the licensed products. Unless we obtain a waiver from NCI, we must have licensed products and licensed processes manufactured substantially in the United States. Prior 17 Table of Contents to the first commercial sale, upon NCI’s request, we are obligated to provide NCI with commercially reasonable quantities of licensed products made through licensed processes to be used for in vitro research. Additionally, we must use reasonable commercial efforts to initiate a Phase 3 clinical trial of a licensed product by the fourth quarter of 2024, submit a BLA with respect to a licensed product by the fourth quarter of 2026, and make a first commercial sale of a licensed product by the fourth quarter of 2028. The NCI Agreement terminates upon the expiration of the last to expire of the patent rights licensed thereunder, if not sooner terminated. The NCI License Agreement encompasses patents and patent applications in the PCT/US2013/032029 patent family, which was filed March 15, 2013. In general, all patents that issue in this family have an expected expiration of March 15, 2033, subject to potential patent term adjustments and/or extensions. For the U.S. patents and applications in this family, only two patents were awarded patent term adjustments. U.S. Patent 9,765,342 was awarded 297 days of patent term adjustment, which would extend the expiration date of this patent to January 6, 2034, absent any challenges to the patent term. The other patent, U.S. Patent 10,876,123, was awarded three days of patent term adjustment, but this patent is subject to terminal disclaimers filed against other family members, so this patent will not extend beyond the March 15, 2033 date. The other issued patents in this family were not awarded any patent term adjustment, so the expected expiration date for these patents also remains March 15, 2033. There is also a pending patent application which, if issued, will expire on March 15, 2033, but could also be subject to patent term adjustment and to any potential future terminal disclaimers. NCI has the right to terminate this agreement, after giving written notice and providing a cure period in accordance with its terms, if we are in default of a material obligation. We have the unilateral right to terminate the agreement in any country or territory by giving NCI 60 days’ written notice. We agreed to indemnify NCI against any liability arising out of our, sublicensees’ or third-parties’ use of the licensed patent rights and licensed products or licensed processes developed in connection with the licensed patent rights. Sobi License Agreement On June 11, 2020, we entered into a License and Development Agreement with Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (publ.), or Sobi, which was amended on October 31, 2023, or, as so amended, the Sobi License. Pursuant to the Sobi License, we granted Sobi an exclusive, worldwide (except as to Greater China) license to develop, manufacture and commercialize a drug candidate Nanoecapsulated Sirolimus plus Pegadricase, or NASP, formerly known as SEL-212, which is currently in development for the treatment of chronic refractory gout. Pursuant to the Sobi License, Sobi agreed to make milestone payments totaling up to $630.0 million to us upon the achievement of various development and regulatory milestones and, if commercialized, sales thresholds for annual net sales of NASP, and tiered royalty payments ranging from the low double digits on the lowest sales tier to the high teens on the highest sales tier. Any proceeds received from milestone payments or royalties relating to the Sobi License would be required to be distributed to holders of CVRs, net of certain deductions. The transactions contemplated by the Sobi License were consummated on July 28, 2020. Sobi may terminate the Sobi License for any reason upon 180 days’ written notice, whereby all rights granted under the Sobi License would revert back to us. In addition, if Sobi were to terminate the Sobi License, we have the option to obtain a license to all patents and know-how necessary to exploit NASP in existence as of the termination date from Sobi in return for making an equitable royalty payment to Sobi. Competition The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition, and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. We face potential competition from many different sources, including pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions. Product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize may compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. Our competitors may have significantly greater financial resources, established presence in the market, expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical and clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals and reimbursement and marketing approved products than we do. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, sales, marketing and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. The key competitive factors affecting the success of any other cell therapy product candidates that we develop, if approved, are likely to be their efficacy, durability of response, safety, convenience, price, the level of generic competition and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we 18 Table of Contents may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payors seeking to encourage the use of generic or biosimilar products. Descartes-08 may compete with products of other companies in the MG market, including Amgen, Argenx SE, UCB S.A., Johnson & Johnson through its Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. subsidiary, AstraZeneca PLC through its Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. subsidiary, Kyverna Therapeutics, Inc. and Cabaletta Bio, Inc. Other companies developing CAR-T therapies include large, fully integrated pharmaceutical companies such as Novartis AG, Gilead Sciences, Inc., through its Kite Pharma, Inc. subsidiary, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, and biopharmaceutical companies such as Kyverna Therapeutics, Inc. and Cabaletta Bio, Inc. Government Regulation Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacturing, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of products such as those we are developing. We believe our cell therapy product candidates are subject to regulation in the United States as “biologics” or “biological products.” We expect to seek approval of Descartes-08 through a BLA reviewed by FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, or CBER. Biological products are subject to regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FD&C Act, and the Public Health Service Act, or the PHS Act, and other federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations. Descartes-08 and any other product candidates that we develop must be approved by the FDA before they may be legally marketed in the United States and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agency before they may be legally marketed in foreign countries. We regard our mRNA-modified products as cell therapy products and not as genetic engineering or gene therapy products, because mRNA modifications are not embodied in DNA or incorporated into a genome. However, it is possible that in some jurisdictions, regulations on genetic engineering or genetic therapy may intentionally or unintentionally apply to our technology. This could create additional regulatory burden. U.S. Biological Products Development Process The process required by the FDA before a biologic, including a cell therapy, may be marketed in the United States is summarized below. Biological product candidates are preclinically tested before any testing is done in humans. These tests, or non-clinical studies, include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess the potential safety and activity of the product candidate. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal requirements including good laboratory practices, or GLPs. The clinical study sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical protocol, to the FDA as part of the IND which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA places the clinical study on a clinical hold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical study can begin. The FDA may also impose clinical holds on a biological product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns, non-compliance with regulatory requirements, or other issues. If the FDA imposes a clinical hold, trials may not recommence without FDA authorization and then only under terms authorized by the FDA. In addition to these requirements, biological product candidates may also require evaluation and assessment by an institutional biosafety committee, or IBC, that reviews and oversees research utilizing recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules at an institution participating in a clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing the objectives of the clinical study, dosing procedures, patient selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor patient safety. Each protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Clinical trials must be conducted and monitored in accordance with the FDA’s regulations, including with respect to good clinical practice, or GCP, requirements, including the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent. Further, each clinical study must be reviewed and approved by an institutional review board, or IRB, at or servicing each institution at which the clinical study will be conducted. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined: 19 Table of Contents • Phase 1. The biological product candidate is evaluated in a limited population of patients or healthy volunteers to identify the maximum tolerated dose, recommended Phase 2 dose, possible adverse effects and safety risks. For the types of products and therapeutic areas we focus on, Phase 1 studies will generally be done in patients and not healthy volunteers. • Phase 2. The biological product candidate is evaluated in a broader population to evaluate safety further and preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases, and to determine the optimal dosing schedule. • Phase 3. Clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy, potency, and safety in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical study sites. These clinical trials are intended to establish the overall risk/benefit ratio of the product candidate and provide an adequate basis for product labeling. Cell and gene therapy products may differ from the traditional clinical trial phases. For example, clinical trials for cell and gene therapy products are often structured as a hybrid Phase 1/2 trial where a small group of participants with the disease are enrolled and both safety and efficacy tests are performed. Through the SPA process, a sponsor may seek agreement from the FDA on critical features of a proposed protocol for their adequacy to support marketing approval. In response to a request for an SPA agreement, the FDA issues a letter to the sponsor indicating its agreement or non-agreement with elements of the proposed protocol. An SPA agreement documents the FDA’s concurrence with the adequacy and acceptability of specific critical elements of the protocol design, and the FDA may not change an SPA agreement once the trial is underway unless the sponsor or applicant agrees in writing or the FDA identifies a substantial scientific issue essential to determining the safety or effectiveness of the drug after the testing has begun. Even if the sponsor conducts the trial in accordance with an SPA agreement and the trial meets its endpoints with statistical significance, there is no guarantee that the FDA will accept or approve a marketing application. For example, the FDA could determine that the overall balance of risks and benefits for the product candidate is not adequate to support approval, or only justifies approval for a narrow set of clinical uses or approval with restricted distribution or other post-approval requirements or limitations. In January 2025, we received written agreement under the SPA process on overall design of the our planned Phase 3 AURORA trial for Descartes-08 in MG. The SPA agreement indicates that the FDA has determined that the proposed trial design is acceptable to support a future BLA for Descartes-08 in MG, subject to the ultimate outcome of the trial. Post-approval clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication, particularly for long-term safety follow-up. The FDA or the sponsor or a separate data safety monitoring board may suspend or terminate a clinical study at any time on various grounds. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical study at its institution if the clinical study is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the biological product candidate has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients or otherwise in the interest of patient welfare. Sponsors of clinical trials of FDA-regulated products, including biologics, are also required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information, which is publicly available at www.clinicaltrials.gov. After the completion of clinical trials of a biological product candidate, FDA approval of a BLA must be obtained before commercial marketing of the biological product. The BLA must include results of product development, laboratory and animal trials, human trials, information on the manufacture and composition of the product, proposed labeling and other relevant information. In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, a BLA or supplement to a BLA must contain a pediatric assessment unless the applicant has obtained a waiver or deferral. Pediatric assessment contains data gathered from pediatric studies using appropriate formulations for each age group for which the assessment is required and other data adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the biological product candidate for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. Sponsors with an application for a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen, or new route of administration must submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan, or PSP, (or a deferral or waiver, as appropriate) within 60 days of an end-of-Phase 2 meeting or as may be agreed between the sponsor and FDA. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA does not apply to any biological product for an indication for which orphan designation has been granted. Under the Prescription Drug Fee User Act, as amended, or PDUFA, each BLA must be accompanied by a substantial user fee. Fee waiver or reductions are available under certain circumstances, including for the first application filed by a small business. In addition, no user fees are assessed on BLAs on products designated as orphan drugs unless the product also includes a non-orphan indication. 20 Table of Contents Within 60 days following submission of the application, the FDA conducts a preliminary review of a BLA to determine whether they are sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information before deciding whether to accept a BLA for filing. The FDA may refuse to file any BLA that it deems incomplete or otherwise not reviewable and may request additional information. If the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA substantively reviews the BLA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe, pure and potent, and manufactured in accordance with appropriate procedures and controls to ensure product quality. The FDA may refer applications for novel biological products or biological products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a non-binding recommendation on approval. The FDA may waive the review by an advisory committee and is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it often follows such recommendations. During the biological product approval process, the FDA also will review proposed product labeling and will determine whether a Risk Evaluation and Mitigate Strategy, or REMS, is necessary to assure the safe use of the biological product candidate. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the BLA must submit a proposed REMS; the FDA will not approve the BLA without a REMS, if required. Before approving a BLA, the FDA will inspect the facilities in which the product is manufactured to determine whether the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMPs. The FDA may also audit the clinical investigation sites to determine that they have complied with GCPs. Notwithstanding the submission of relevant data and information, the FDA may ultimately deny approval or seek additional information from the applicant. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than the applicant interprets the same data. The FDA may also raise questions about product manufacturing and quality control. If the FDA denies approval of a BLA in its then-current form, the FDA will issue a complete response letter detailing deficiencies in the application. If a response letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application. One of the performance goals agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA is to review 90% of standard BLAs in 10 months from the filing date and 90% of priority BLAs in six months from the filing date, whereupon a review decision is to be made. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority BLAs. Orphan Designation Prior to the submission of a BLA, the FDA may grant orphan designation to drugs or biologics intended to treat a rare disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or if it affects more than 200,000 individuals in the United States, there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and marketing the product for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the United States. After the FDA grants orphan designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process. In the United States, orphan designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers. In addition, if a product receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it has orphan designation, the product is entitled to orphan exclusivity, which means the FDA may not approve any other application to market the “same drug” for the same indication for a period of seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority over the product with orphan exclusivity or where the manufacturer with orphan exclusivity is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the approved orphan product. Competitors, however, may receive approval of different products for the indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity or obtain approval for the same product but for a different indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity. Orphan product exclusivity also could block the approval of one of our products for seven years if a competitor obtains approval of the same biological product as defined by the FDA or if our product candidate is determined to be contained within the competitor’s product for the same indication or disease. The scope of any eventual orphan exclusivity relative to the orphan designation is the subject of ongoing litigation and as such is uncertain and may change. For example, under FDA regulations, a designated orphan product may not receive orphan exclusivity for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation and FDA approval. However, in 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Catalyst Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Becerra adopted a broader interpretation of the scope of orphan exclusivity. The court in Catalyst held that orphan exclusivity blocks approval of another company’s application for the “same drug” for the “entire disease or condition” for which the drug is granted orphan designation, regardless of whether the product was approved only for a narrower use or indication. Similarly, in 2025, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia in Neurelis v. Brenner adopted the same reasoning as the court in Catalyst to reach the same conclusion. Although the FDA announced in January 2023 that it will not apply the Catalyst decision beyond the facts at issue in that case, neither a court of appeals nor FDA has addressed Neurelis and either Catalyst or Neurelis could serve as a precedent for future challenges to the FDA’s orphan product-related decisions. 21 Table of Contents Orphan exclusivity may be lost if the FDA later determines that the orphan designation request was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to ensure the availability of sufficient quantities of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition, or if the manufacturer chooses to provide consent to FDA approval of other applications. Descartes-08 has been granted Orphan Drug Designation for the treatment of MG. Expedited Development and Review Programs The FDA offers various programs, including the Fast Track program, Breakthrough Therapy designation, RMAT designation and the National Priority Voucher, or CNPV, program that are intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new biological products that meet certain criteria. Specifically, new biological products are eligible for Fast Track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the disease or condition. Fast Track designation applies to the combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor of a new biologic may request that the FDA designate the biologic as a Fast Track product at any time during the clinical development of the product. Any product submitted to the FDA for marketing, including under a Fast Track program, may be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. Any product is eligible for priority review if it treats a serious condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness of treatment, diagnosis, or prevention compared to available therapies. Additionally, a product may be eligible for accelerated approval. The FDA may approve a product for a serious or life-threatening disease or condition based on a determination that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a biological product subject to accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical studies to confirm such benefit. The Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act of 2022, or FDORA, added the failure to conduct post-approval studies with due diligence or to submit timely progress reports on such studies to the list of prohibited acts under the FD&C Act, which means that any such failures, whether they result from a sponsor’s actions or the actions of third-parties, could provide the basis for withdrawal of the product on an expedited basis or other enforcement actions. In addition, the FDA currently requires as a condition for accelerated approval that promotional materials be submitted prior to use, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product. In addition, under the provisions of The Food and Drug Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA, Congress and the FDA established a Breakthrough Therapy Designation which is intended to expedite the development and review of products that treat serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. The designation includes all of the features of Fast Track designation, as well as more intensive FDA interaction and guidance. Fast Track, priority review, accelerated approval, and breakthrough therapy designations do not change the standards for approval and may not necessarily expedite the development or approval process. In 2016, the 21st Century Cures Act established what the FDA describes as RMAT designation. The RMAT designation program is intended to facilitate an efficient development program for, and expedite review of, any product that meets the following criteria: (i) the product qualifies as an RMAT, which is defined as a cell therapy, therapeutic tissue engineering product, human cell and tissue product, or any combination product using such therapies or products, with limited exceptions; (ii) the product is intended to treat, modify, reverse, or cure a serious or life-threatening disease or condition; and (iii) preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product has the potential to address unmet medical needs for such a disease or condition. RMAT designation provides all the benefits of Breakthrough Therapy Designation, including early interactions to discuss any potential surrogate or intermediate endpoints to be used to support accelerated approval, eligibility for rolling review and potential eligibility for priority review. Product candidates granted RMAT designation may also be eligible for accelerated approval on the basis of a surrogate or intermediate endpoint reasonably likely to predict long-term clinical benefit, or reliance upon data obtained from a meaningful number of clinical trial sites, including through expansion of trials to additional sites, as appropriate. Descartes-08 has been granted RMAT designation for the treatment of MG. In 2025, the FDA also announced the opportunity for prescription drug and biological product companies to participate in the FDA Commissioner's CNPV pilot program. Companies selected for the CNPV program will be issued a voucher entitling 22 Table of Contents the company to benefits including enhanced communications and rolling review to allow for a shortened review time. CNPV does not change the standards for approval and may not necessarily expedite the development or approval process. Post-approval Requirements Rigorous and extensive FDA regulation of biological products continues after approval. Manufacturers of our products are required to comply with applicable requirements in the cGMP regulations, including quality control and quality assurance and maintenance of records and documentation. Other post-approval requirements applicable to biological products include record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse effects and reporting updated safety and efficacy information. We also must comply with the FDA’s advertising and promotion requirements, such as the prohibition on promoting products for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the product’s approved labeling, known as “off-label use,” and the requirement to balance information provided about a product’s benefits with important safety information. Discovery of previously unknown problems or the failure to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements may result in restrictions on the marketing of a product or withdrawal of the product from the market as well as possible civil or criminal sanctions. Failure to comply may subject an applicant or manufacturer to administrative or judicial civil or criminal sanctions, expensive and onerous government investigations, and adverse publicity. Conventional DNA-modified CAR-T cell products have been subject to extensive post-approval surveillance requirements. Because the mRNA of our products is temporary, we do not believe that our mRNA-modified products will be subject to requirements of this nature, although other post-approval requirements will apply. Biosimilars and Exclusivity The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or ACA, includes a subtitle called the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA, which created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products that are biosimilar to or interchangeable with an FDA-licensed reference biological product. Biosimilarity, which requires that there be no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the reference product in terms of safety, purity and potency, can be shown through analytical studies, animal studies and a clinical study or studies. The FDA has approved a number of products under these provisions. To our knowledge, how the definition of “biosimilar” applies with regard to an mRNA-modified cell therapy has not been expressly stated in statute, regulation, or guidance, and has not been reviewed by a court. The regulatory pathway for a biosimilar to one of our products thus remains somewhat uncertain. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first licensed by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was first licensed. During this 12-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of their product. A biological product may also obtain pediatric exclusivity in the United States. For a biological product, pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing regulatory exclusivity periods. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric study in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such a study or studies. The BPCIA is complex and continues to be interpreted and implemented by the FDA. As a result, the ultimate impact, implementation and meaning of the BPCIA is subject to significant uncertainty. For example, the FDA had previously required comparative clinical studies to support a demonstration of biosimilarity if there is residual uncertainty about whether there are clinically meaningful differences between the reference product and the proposed product. However, in October 2025, the FDA issued a new draft guidance document that largely permits biosimilar applications without comparative efficacy studies, thus potentially increasing the risk of sooner biosimilar entry. Government Regulation Outside of the United States Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in countries outside the United States prior to the commencement of clinical studies or marketing of the product in those countries. The requirements and process governing the conduct of clinical studies, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, the clinical studies must be conducted in accordance with GCP and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki. 23 Table of Contents In the European Economic Area, or EEA, which is composed of the 27 member states of the European Union, or EU, plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein, medicinal products can only be commercialized after obtaining a Marketing Authorization, or MA. To obtain an MA in the EEA, we must submit a marketing authorization application, which is similar to the U.S. BLA. There are two types of MAs. The EU MA, which is issued by the European Commission through the Centralized Procedure, is based on the opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, of the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and is valid throughout the entire territory of the EEA. The Centralized Procedure is mandatory for certain types of products, such as biotechnology medicinal products, orphan medicinal products, advanced therapy medicinal products (comprising gene therapy, somatic cell therapy and tissue engineered products), among others. The Centralized Procedure is optional for other products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EEA, or for other products that constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or which are in the interest of public health in the EU. Under the Centralized Procedure the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a marketing authorization application is 210 days (excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the CHMP). Accelerated evaluation might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases. Under the accelerated procedure the standard 210 days review period is reduced to 150 days. National MAs, which are issued by the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA and only cover their respective territory, are available for products not falling within the mandatory scope of the Centralized Procedure. Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in a Member State of the EEA, this National MA can be recognized in another Member States through the Mutual Recognition Procedure. If the product has not received a National MA in any Member State at the time of application, it can be approved simultaneously in various Member States through the Decentralized Procedure. EU law also provides opportunities for market exclusivity. Upon receiving MA, “new active substances” generally receive eight years of data exclusivity, which prevents regulatory authorities in the EU from referencing the innovator’s data to assess a generic or biosimilar application, and an additional two years of market exclusivity, during which no generic or biosimilar product can be marketed. The ten years of exclusivity will be extended to a maximum of eleven years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the MA holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies. However, there is no guarantee that a product will be considered by the EU’s regulatory authorities to be a new active substance which would be eligible for the relevant periods of data and market exclusivity. The criteria for designating an “orphan medicinal product” in the EU are similar in principle to those in the United States. Under Article 3 of Regulation (EC) 141/2000, a medicinal product may be designated as orphan if (i) it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition; (ii) either (a) such condition affects no more than five in 10,000 persons in the EU when the application is made, or (b) the product, without the benefits derived from orphan status, would not generate sufficient return in the EU to justify investment; and (iii) there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of such condition authorized for marketing in the EU, or if such a method exists, the product will be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition, as defined in Regulation (EC) 847/2000. Orphan medicinal products are eligible for certain financial and exclusivity incentives. In particular, orphan medicinal products in the EU can receive ten years of market exclusivity, during which time no MA application shall be accepted, and no MA shall be granted for a similar medicinal product for the same indication. The 10-year market exclusivity for orphan medicinal products may be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the product no longer meets the criteria for orphan designation. Additionally, MA may be granted to a similar product during the 10-year period of market exclusivity for the same therapeutic indication at any time in certain circumstances, including if the second applicant can establish in its application that its product, although similar to the orphan medicinal product already authorized, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior. In the EU, for any new medicinal product that is protected by or eligible for a supplementary protection certificate, pediatric clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with a pediatric investigation plan, or PIP, that has been approved by the EMA. Normally, the pediatric clinical trials must be completed before the initial MA application for the relevant indication. However, the EMA may grant a deferral of the studies in order not to delay the approval of the product in adults and the EMA may waive the requirement to conduct studies in certain circumstances, such as if the relevant condition does not occur in children. If pediatric clinical trials are completed in accordance with an agreed PIP, the product will be entitled to a six-month extension of its supplementary protection certificate. However, if the product is authorized as an orphan medicinal product, it is entitled to a two-year extension of its 10 years of orphan exclusivity and not to an extension of the supplementary protection certificate. For other countries outside of the EU, such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical studies, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all 24 Table of Contents cases, again, the clinical studies must be conducted in accordance with GCP and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki. When conducting clinical trials in the EU, we must adhere to the provisions of the EU Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014. If the sponsor of the clinical trial is not established within the EU, it must appoint an entity within the EU to act as its legal representative, who shall be responsible for ensuring compliance with the sponsor’s obligations under the Regulation and be the addressee for all communications. The sponsor must take out a clinical trial insurance policy, and in most EU countries the sponsor is liable to provide ‘no fault’ compensation to any study subject injured in the clinical trial. Prior to commencing a clinical trial in the EU, we must obtain a clinical trial authorization, or CTA, in each Member State in which the trial will be conducted. There is a centralized application procedure where one national authority leads the scientific review of the application, while each concerned member state complete an ethical review of any CTA. The application for a CTA must include, among other things, a copy of the trial protocol and an investigational medicinal product dossier containing information about the manufacture and quality of the medicinal product under investigation. Any substantial changes to the trial protocol or other information submitted with the CTAs must be notified to or approved by the relevant competent authorities. We are also subject to data privacy and security laws in the jurisdictions outside of the U.S. in which we are established, run clinical trials or in which we sell or market our products once approved. For example, in Europe we are subject to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regular, or GDPR) in relation to our collection, control, processing and other use of personal data (i.e., data relating to an identifiable living individual). We process personal data in relation to participants in our clinical trials in the EEA, including the health and medical information of these participants. The GDPR is directly applicable in each EU Member State, however, it provides that EU Member States may introduce further conditions, including limitations which could limit our ability to collect, use and share personal data (including health and medical information), or could cause our compliance costs to increase, ultimately having an adverse impact on our business. The GDPR imposes accountability and transparency obligations regarding personal data. We are also subject to EU rules with respect to cross-border transfers of personal data out of the EU and EEA. We are subject to the supervision of local data protection authorities in those EU jurisdictions where we are established or otherwise subject to the GDPR. A breach of the GDPR could result in significant fines, regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/ change our use of data, enforcement notices, as well potential civil claims including class action type litigation where individuals suffer harm. Moreover, the United Kingdom leaving the EU could also lead to further legislative and regulatory changes. It remains unclear how the United Kingdom data protection laws or regulations will develop in the medium to longer term and how data transfer to the United Kingdom from the EU will be regulated. However, the United Kingdom has transposed the GDPR into domestic law with the Data Protection Act 2018, which remains in force following the United Kingdom’s departure from the EU. Other Healthcare Laws The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly (regardless of knowledge of this specific statute) and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, receiving or providing any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering, or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease, or order of any item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. The Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers, formulary managers, and other third-parties on the other. The majority of states also similar have anti-kickback laws, which in some cases apply to items and services reimbursed by private insurance. The federal false claims and civil monetary penalties laws, including the civil False Claims Act, prohibit any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim for payment to, or approval by, the federal government or knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government, or from knowingly making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation. A claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. Manufacturers can be held liable under false claims laws, even if they do not submit claims to the government, where they are found to have caused submission of false claims by, among other things, providing incorrect coding or billing advice about their products to customers that file claims, or by engaging or off-label promotion to customers that file claims. Violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute may also constitute a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act. Actions under the civil False Claims Act may be brought by the Department of Justice or as a qui tam action by a private individual in the name of the government. Many states also have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. 25 Table of Contents The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, prohibits, among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires applicable manufacturers to annually report certain payments and “transfers of value” provided to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain other health care providers, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Sanctions under these federal and state fraud and abuse laws may include civil monetary penalties and criminal fines, exclusion from government healthcare programs, and imprisonment. We may also be subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health act of 2009, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, impose specified requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information held by covered entities and their business associates. Among other things, HITECH made HIPAA’s security standards directly applicable to, as well as imposed certain other privacy obligations on, “business associates,” defined as independent contractors or agents of covered entities that create, receive, maintain or transmit protected health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. Even when HIPAA does not apply, according to the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure constitutes unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C § 45(a). Coverage and Reimbursement Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any pharmaceutical or biological products for which we obtain regulatory approval. In the United States and markets in other countries, patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Sales of any products for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale will therefore depend, in part, on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors. Third-party payors include government authorities, managed care plans, private health insurers and other organizations. The process for determining whether a third-party payor will provide coverage for a pharmaceutical or biological product typically is separate from the process for setting the price of such product or for establishing the reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, also known as a formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication. A decision by a third-party payor not to cover our product candidates could reduce physician utilization of our products once approved and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, a third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a pharmaceutical or biological product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. In the EU, pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide that products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies (so called health technology assessments) in order to obtain reimbursement or pricing approval. The EU recently adopted Regulation (EU) 2021/2282 on health technology assessment, which provides a framework for Member States to cooperate on health technology assessments at the EU level. The regulation is directly applicable in all EU Member States which is in a phased period of applicability since January 12, 2025, although pricing will still be determined nationally. Moreover, at the national level, EU Member States may restrict the range of products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. Member States may approve a specific price for a product or may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the product on the market. Other Member States allow companies to fix their own prices for products, but monitor and control prescription volumes and issue guidance to physicians to limit prescriptions. Recently, many countries in the EU have increased the amount of discounts required on pharmaceuticals and these efforts could continue as countries attempt to manage healthcare expenditures, especially 26 Table of Contents in light of the severe fiscal and debt crises experienced by many countries in the EU. The downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription products, has become intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products in the marketplace. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various EU Member States and parallel trade (arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states) can further reduce prices. Special pricing and reimbursement rules may apply to orphan drugs. Inclusion of orphan drugs in reimbursement systems tend to focus on the medical usefulness, need, quality and economic benefits to patients and the healthcare system as for any product. Acceptance of any medicinal product for reimbursement may come with cost, use and often volume restrictions, which again can vary by country. In addition, results-based rules of reimbursement may apply. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products, if approved in those countries. Healthcare Reform A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and other third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medical products. Federal, state and local governments in the U.S. have established and continue to consider policies to limit the growth of healthcare costs, including the cost of prescription drugs. Recently there has also been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for prescription drugs. At the federal level, for example, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, or IRA, was signed into law. Key provisions of the IRA include the following, among others: • The IRA requires manufacturers to pay rebates for Medicare Part B and Part D drugs whose price increases exceed inflation. • The IRA eliminated the so-called “donut hole” under Medicare Part D by requiring manufacturers to subsidize, through a newly established manufacturer discount program, 10% of Part D enrollees’ prescription costs for brand drugs below the out-of-pocket maximum and 20% once the out-of-pocket maximum has been reached. The IRA also significantly lowered the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost under Medicare Part D. • The IRA delays the rebate rule that would require pass through of pharmacy benefit manager rebates to beneficiaries • The IRA directs the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, to engage in price-capped negotiation for certain Medicare Part B and Part D products. Specifically, the IRA’s Price Negotiation Program applies to high-expenditure single-source drugs and biologics that have been approved for at least seven or 11 years, respectively, among other negotiation selection criteria, beginning with 10 high-cost drugs paid for by Medicare Part D starting in 2026, followed by 15 Part D drugs in 2027, 15 Part B or Part D drugs in 2028, and 20 Part B or Part D drugs in 2029 and beyond. The negotiated prices will be capped at a statutorily determined ceiling price. There are certain statutory exemptions from the IRA’s Price Negotiation Program, such as for a drug that has only orphan drug designations and is approved only for an indication or indications within the scope of such designation. The IRA’s Price Negotiation Program is currently the subject of legal challenges. Manufacturers that fail to comply with the IRA may be subject to various penalties, including civil monetary penalties and a potential excise tax. The IRA permits the Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the HHS Secretary, to implement many of the IRA’s provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. The IRA is anticipated to have significant effects on the pharmaceutical industry and may reduce the prices pharmaceutical manufacturers can charge and reimbursement pharmaceutical manufacturers can receive for approved products, among other effects. The Trump Administration has issued Executive Orders relating to prescription drug pricing and letters to pharmaceutical manufacturers that direct drug manufacturers to, among other things, offer most favored nation, or MFN, pricing in Medicaid, offer MFN pricing for all newly launched drugs; repatriate increased revenue from abroad to lower drug prices in the United States, and implement direct-to-consumer and direct-to-business distribution of their products at MFN pricing. The Administration has warned that manufacturers that fail to make “significant progress” toward MFN pricing will face enumerated regulatory and enforcement consequences. In September 2025, the Trump Administration began announcing deals with specific manufacturers to address its MFN goals. 27 Table of Contents In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States. These include aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013, and, due to subsequent legislative amendments, will stay in effect through 2032 unless additional Congressional action is taken. The Trump Administration has discussed several changes to the reach and oversight of the FDA, which could affect its relationship with the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, transparency in decision making and ultimately the cost and availability of prescription drugs. Drug pricing is an active area for regulatory reform at both the federal and state levels, and additional significant changes to current drug pricing and reimbursement structures in the U.S. could be forthcoming. It remains unclear how any new legislation or regulation might affect the prices we may obtain for any of our product candidates for which regulatory approval is obtained. Employees and Human Capital Resources We consider human capital to be an essential driver of our business and successful strategy creation and execution. Our people, driven by our collaborative, pioneering, and patient-focused culture, propel our business forward, strengthening us for long-term success. As of December 31, 2025, we had 75 full-time employees, 62 of whom are primarily engaged in research and development activities and 13 of whom are primarily engaged in corporate functions. 60% of our employees have at least one of a Masters, PhD, or MD degree. All employees reside and work in the United States and our employees are not represented by a labor union. We consider our employee relations to be strong and in good standing. Our goal is to continually engage our talented and diverse workforce to drive value creation both for our business and ultimately our patient populations. We believe in a proactive approach to talent management focusing on retention of key talent, critical role successor identification, and impactful employment development. Additional priority areas intended to drive engagement include successful recruitment of diverse talent, continual promotion of professional development at all levels, introduction, and evolution of business-friendly human resources solutions, coupled with an intentional culture dialog aimed to drive a high engagement, high performance, patient centric culture. To further drive attraction and retention of our high-quality, experienced, and diverse workforce, we invest in the physical, emotional, and financial well-being of our employees. These investments include a competitive mix of compensation and generous insurance benefits. To assist employees with the rising cost of healthcare, we pay 100% of an employee’s deductible and co-insurance payments. All employees are eligible to participate in our equity compensation programs. All employees are awarded new hire equity and annual equity. Employees are also eligible to receive an annual cash bonus and to participate in a 401(k) retirement plan with an industry competitive company match. Available Information We file electronically with the SEC our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other information. Our SEC filings are available to the public at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. We make available on our website at www.cartesiantherapeutics.com, free of charge, copies of these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after filing or furnishing these reports with the SEC. Additionally, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on our website. The hyperlink to our website is included as an inactive textual reference only, and the information on our website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other filings we make with the SEC. 28 Table of Contents RISK FACTORS SUMMARY Investing in our common stock involves various risks. You should carefully read and consider the matters discussed in this Annual Report under the heading “Risk Factors,” which include the following risks: • We are a development-stage company, and we expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability. • We will need substantial additional funding in order to complete development of our product candidates and commercialize our products, if approved. If we are unable to raise capital when needed and on terms favorable to us, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts. • We develop our mRNA-based product candidates by leveraging our proprietary technology and our manufacturing platform, which is an unproven approach to the treatment of autoimmune disease. We are early in most of our clinical development efforts and may not be successful in our efforts to build a pipeline of product candidates and develop marketable drugs. • Clinical drug development is inherently risky and involves a lengthy and expensive process, which is subject to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates. • Interim, top-line and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data. • Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any. • We have recorded a material amount of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets in connection with the Merger. We have, and may in the future, record impairment charges, which would adversely impact our financial position and results of operations. • We expect to continue to grow our manufacturing capabilities and resources and we must incur significant costs to develop this expertise and/or rely on third-parties to manufacture our products. • We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-parties, including CROs, to conduct our clinical trials, and those third-parties may not perform satisfactorily, including by failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials. • If we or our licensors are unable to adequately protect our proprietary technology, or obtain and maintain issued patents that are sufficient to protect our product candidates, others could compete against us more directly, which would negatively impact our business. • We have been in the past and may in the future be subject to stockholder litigation. Item 1A. Risk Factors Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks described below, together with the other information included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline. Other events that we do not currently anticipate or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Related to the Development of our Product Candidates We develop our mRNA-based product candidates by leveraging our proprietary technology and our manufacturing platform, which is an unproven approach to the treatment of autoimmune disease. We may not be successful in our efforts to build a pipeline of product candidates and develop marketable drugs. Our mRNA approach to develop product candidates for the treatment of autoimmune diseases is an unproven approach. Our most advanced product candidate, Descartes-08, is in Phase 3 clinical development. We have not demonstrated the ability to successfully complete any Phase 3 or other pivotal clinical trials, obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial product, or arrange for a third-party to do so on our behalf, or conduct other sales and marketing activities necessary for 29 Table of Contents successful product commercialization. We may have problems identifying new product candidates and applying our technologies to other areas. Even if we are successful in identifying new product candidates, they may not be suitable for clinical development, including as a result of manufacturing difficulties, harmful side effects, limited efficacy or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance. The success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following: • design, initiation and completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials with positive results; • reliance on third-parties, including but not limited to collaborators, licensees, clinical research organizations and contract manufacturing organizations; • receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities; • obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates and not infringing or violating patents or other intellectual property of third-parties; • manufacturability, manufacturing, logistics, and stability of our cell therapies, including autologous cell therapies; • growing our internal cGMP manufacturing capabilities to support commercial manufacturing or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers; • launching commercial sales of our products, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others; • acceptance of our products, if and when approved, by patients and the medical community; • effectively competing with other therapies; • obtaining and maintaining coverage and adequate reimbursement by third-party payors, including government payors, for our products, if approved; • maintaining an acceptable safety profile of our products following approval; and • maintaining and growing an organization of scientists and businesspeople who can develop and commercialize our product candidates and technology. Our failure to successfully execute on of any of the foregoing for any reason would effectively prevent or delay approval of our lead and other product candidates. Clinical drug development is inherently risky and involves a lengthy and expensive process which is subject to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates. Clinical development is expensive, time consuming and involves significant risk. It is impossible to predict when or if any of our product candidates will prove effective and safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval, and the risk of failure through the development process is high. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of any product candidate, we must complete manufacturing and preclinical development and then conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Manufacturing cell therapies, particularly those modified with mRNA, is a new field. Preclinical development is costly and inherently uncertain. Early preclinical results may not be predictive of future results, however, if our technology proves to be ineffective or unsafe as a result of, among other things, adverse side effects, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the clinical development and commercialization of our product candidates. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for its intended indications. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and its outcome is inherently uncertain. A failed clinical trial can occur at any stage of testing. Moreover, the outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Moreover, we may not be able to complete, or may be required to deviate from the current clinical trial protocol for a variety of reasons. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials after achieving positive results in preclinical development or early-stage clinical trials, and we cannot be certain that we will not 30 Table of Contents face similar setbacks. Serious adverse events, or SAEs, caused by, or other unexpected properties of, any product candidates that we may choose to develop could cause us, an institutional review board or regulatory authority to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials of one or more of such product candidates and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of marketing approval by the FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities. If any product candidate that we may choose to develop is associated with SAEs or other unexpected properties, we may need to abandon development or limit development of that product candidate to certain uses or subpopulations in which those undesirable characteristics would be expected to be less prevalent, less severe or more tolerable from a risk-benefit perspective. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data is often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials nonetheless failed to obtain FDA or other regulatory authority approval. If we fail to produce positive results in clinical trials of our product candidates, the development timeline and regulatory approval and commercialization prospects for our product candidates, and, correspondingly, our business and financial prospects, would be negatively impacted. In addition, we cannot be certain as to what type and how many clinical trials the FDA will require us to conduct before we may gain regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates in the United States or other countries, if any. Prior to approving a new therapeutic product, the FDA generally requires that safety and efficacy be demonstrated in two adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Although the FDA may provide comments regarding our development plan as part of an SPA agreement or otherwise, final determination for marketing application approval are made after a complete review of a marketing application and are based on the entirety of the data in the IND or BLA. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval for, or commercialize, our product candidates, including: • clinical trials of our product candidates may produce unfavorable, incomplete or inconclusive results; • we may be unable to manufacture our product candidates, which in some cases such as mRNA CAR-T, are manufactured on a patient-by-patient basis; • regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site or may place a clinical hold on existing clinical trials; • we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with CROs or clinical trial sites; • we may be unable to recruit suitable patients to participate in a clinical trial, the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we expect, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we expect or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we expect, or enrollment could be affected by unforeseen geopolitical conflict; • the number of clinical trial sites required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we expect; • our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all; • we may have to suspend or terminate clinical trials of our product candidates for various reasons, including a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; • investigators, regulators, data safety monitoring boards or institutional review boards may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research, or we may decide to do so ourselves; • investigators may deviate from the trial protocol, fail to conduct the trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or misreport study data; • the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we expect or we may have insufficient resources to pursue or complete certain aspects of our clinical trial programs or to do so within the timeframe we planned; • the supply or quality of raw materials or manufactured product candidates (whether provided by us or third-parties) or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient, inadequate or not available at an acceptable cost, or in a timely manner, or we may experience interruptions in supply; • laboratories that we rely upon to perform certain quality control tests may become unavailable, or their services could be delayed; 31 Table of Contents • regulators may revise the requirements for approving our product candidates, or such requirements may not be as we expect; • the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design or our interpretation of data from preclinical studies and clinical trials, or may change the requirements for approval even after it has reviewed and commented on the design of our clinical trials; • regarding trials managed by our existing or any future collaborators, our collaborators may face any of the above issues, and may conduct clinical trials in ways they view as advantageous to them but potentially suboptimal for us; and • geopolitical events may affect international and overseas trial sites in ways beyond our control. If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, or if we are forced to delay or abandon certain clinical trials or other testing in order to conserve capital resources, we may: • be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates, if at all; • obtain marketing approval in some countries and not in others; • obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired; • obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings; • be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements; or • have a product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval. We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated. Authorities may impose such a suspension or termination due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. In addition, changes in regulatory requirements and policies may occur, and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to comply with these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in clinical testing or in obtaining marketing approvals. We do not know whether any of our preclinical studies or clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant preclinical or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, potentially impairing our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and harming our business and results of operations. If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. In addition, from time to time our competitors have ongoing clinical trials for product candidates that treat the same indications as our product candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ product candidates. Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials would result in significant delays and could require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidates, which could cause the value of our common stock to decline and limit our ability to obtain additional financing. We may conduct clinical trials for product candidates at sites outside the United States, and the FDA may not accept data from trials conducted in such locations or the complexity of regulatory burdens may otherwise adversely impact us. Opening and conducting clinical trials at trial sites outside the United States may involve additional regulatory, administrative and financial burdens, including compliance with foreign and local requirements relating to regulatory submission and clinical trial practices. Although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outside the United 32 Table of Contents States, acceptance of these data is subject to certain conditions imposed by the FDA. For example, the clinical trial must be well designed and conducted and performed by qualified investigators in accordance with GCPs and the FDA must be able to validate the data from the trial through an onsite inspection, if necessary. Generally, the patient population for any clinical trials conducted outside the United States must be representative of the population for which we intend to seek approval in the United States. In addition, while these clinical trials are subject to the applicable local laws, FDA acceptance of the data will be dependent upon its determination that the trials also complied with all applicable U.S. laws and regulations. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the FDA will accept data from trials conducted outside the United States. If the FDA does not accept the data from any trial that we conduct outside the United States, it would likely result in the need for additional clinical trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay or permanently halt our development of any applicable product candidates. Additional risks inherent in conducting international clinical trials include: • foreign regulatory requirements that could burden or limit our ability to conduct our clinical trials; • increased costs and heightened supply constraints associated with the acquisition of standard of care drugs and/or combination or comparator agents for which we may bear responsibility in certain jurisdictions; • administrative burdens of conducting clinical trials under multiple foreign regulatory schema; • foreign exchange fluctuations; • more burdensome manufacturing, customs, shipment and storage requirements; • cultural differences in medical practice and clinical research; • lack of consistency in standard of care from country to country; • diminished protection of intellectual property in some countries; • changes in country or regional regulatory requirements; and • geopolitical instability or wars in regions outside of the United States where we conduct clinical trials may impact ongoing clinical trials. We may not be able to qualify for or obtain various designations from regulators that would have the potential to expedite the review process of one or more of our product candidates and even if we do receive one or more such designations there is no guarantee that they will ultimately expedite the process, or aid in our obtaining marketing approval or provide market exclusivity. There exist several designations that we can apply for from the FDA and other regulators that would provide us with various combinations of the potential for expedited regulatory review, certain financial incentives, aid in our obtaining marketing approval as well as the potential for post-approval exclusivity for a period of time. These designations include but are not limited to orphan drug designation, breakthrough therapy designation, accelerated approval, CNPV, fast track status and priority review for our product candidates. For example, Descartes-08 has been granted Orphan Drug Designation and RMAT Designation by the FDA for the treatment of MG. Descartes-08 received Rare Pediatric Disease Designation by the FDA for the treatment of JDM. We expect to seek one or more of these designations for our other current and future product candidates. There can be no assurance that any of our other product candidates will qualify for any of these designations. There can also be no assurance that any of our product candidates that do qualify for these designations will be granted such designations or that the FDA will not revoke a designation it grants at a later date, or that Congress will not change the law about a designation. Further, there can be no assurance that any of our product candidates that are granted such designations, including Descartes-08, will ever benefit from such designations or that the FDA would not withdraw such designations once granted. Were we to receive a designation that promised a period of market exclusivity, such as orphan drug exclusivity, such exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition. In particular, the scope of exclusivity afforded for mRNA-modified cell therapy products may not be well defined and may change. Further with respect to orphan drug status, even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve the same drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior if it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. 33 Table of Contents Interim, top-line and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data. From time to time, we may publish interim, top-line or preliminary data from our clinical studies, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a full analysis of all data related to the particular trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the top-line results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Preliminary or top-line data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. Interim data from clinical trials are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Interim, top-line or preliminary data may not be representative of final data. If final data is not as positive as earlier interim, top-line or preliminary we have released, our business prospects would be significantly harmed. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is the material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure. Any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant by you or others with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding a particular product candidate or our business. As a result, preliminary and top-line data should not be relied upon in making an investment decision in our securities. Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any. Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials, could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign authorities and could result in decreased market acceptance of any of our product candidates, if approved. Results of our clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. In November 2023, the FDA issued a statement that it is investigating serious risk of T-cell malignancy following BCMA-directed or CD19-directed autologous CAR-T cell immunotherapies. While the FDA noted that it currently believes that the overall benefits of these products continue to outweigh their potential risks for their approved uses, the FDA stated that it is investigating the identified risk of T-cell malignancy with serious outcomes, including hospitalization and death, and is evaluating the need for regulatory action. Further, in January 2024, the FDA announced it would require a so-called “boxed warning” be added to the prescribing information for all six then-currently approved CAR-T therapies. A boxed warning is the strongest safety labeling the FDA may require. However, because all currently approved CAR T-cell immunotherapies are in oncology indications, there can be no assurance that FDA will reach the same risk-benefit analysis in other indications. In June 2025, the FDA eliminated the REMS for currently approved BCMA- and CD19-directed autologous chimeric antigen receptor CAR T cell immunotherapies, but maintained the boxed warning and stated that the products would continue to be subject to safety monitoring through AE reporting and any post-marketing commitments or requirements. While we believe our mRNA-based CAR-T product candidates may have a differentiated toxicity profile than currently approved DNA-based CAR-T therapies, there can be no assurance that the FDA would not treat Descartes-08 or any of our other product candidates similar to approved DNA-based CAR-T therapies, or decide a REMS is necessary to assure safe use. The FDA’s investigation may impact the FDA’s review of product candidates that we are developing, or that we may seek to develop in the future, which may, among other things, result in additional regulatory scrutiny of our product candidates, delay the timing for receiving any regulatory approvals or impose additional post-approval requirements on any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval. Any drug-related side effects observed in our clinical trials could also affect patient enrollment in our clinical trials or the ability of any enrolled patients to complete such trials or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including: 34 Table of Contents • regulatory authorities may withdraw approvals of such product; • regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a boxed warning or a contraindication; • regulatory authorities may impose additional restrictions on the marketing of, or the manufacturing processes for, the particular product; • we may be required to create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients; • we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients, or become subject to fines, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties; • our reputation may suffer; and • we could be required to develop a risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, or REMS, plan to prevent, monitor and/or manage a specific serious risk by informing, educating and/or reinforcing actions to reduce the frequency and/or severity of the event. Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of a particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects. Inadequate funding for the FDA and other government agencies and/or potentially shifting priorities under the new presidential administration could hinder the FDA’s and/or those other government agencies’ ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner, or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business. The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products, provide feedback on clinical trials and development programs, meet with sponsors and otherwise review regulatory submissions can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels; ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees; and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes, among other factors. Average review times at the FDA may fluctuate as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies on which our operations may rely is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also increase the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies or to otherwise respond to regulatory submissions, which would adversely affect our business. For example, the Trump Administration has discussed several changes to the reach and oversight of the FDA, which could affect its relationship with the pharmaceutical industry, transparency in decision making and ultimately the cost and availability of prescription drugs. Additionally, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down multiple times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough or reduce the number of critical FDA and other government employees and stop critical activities. If funding for the FDA is reduced, FDA priorities change or a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, we have in the past received grant funding from the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, and under the terms of previously awarded grants we expect to continue to receive grant funding from the NIH. Although we do not consider any of these grants material to our business, a prolonged impact on the availability of grant funding from government agencies could adversely impact our business. Risks Related to our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital We are a development-stage company, and we expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability. Except for the year ended December 31, 2022, we have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. We incurred a net loss of $130.3 million and $77.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $822.4 million. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through public offerings and private placements of our securities, funding received from collaboration and license arrangements and a credit facility. We currently have no source of product revenue, and we do not expect to generate product revenue for the foreseeable future. We expect to devote substantially all of our financial resources and efforts to developing our mRNA-based therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical studies and our clinical trials. We are in the early stages of clinical development of most of our product candidates. We expect to 35 Table of Contents continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We expect that our expenses will increase substantially as we: • continue the research and development of our product candidates; • increase and develop our manufacturing and distribution capacities; • discover and develop additional product candidates; • seek to maintain and enter into collaboration, licensing and other agreements, including, but not limited to research and development, and/or commercialization agreements; • seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; • potentially establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure and scale up internal manufacturing capabilities to commercialize any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval; • maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio, including through licensing arrangements; • add clinical, scientific, operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and potential future commercialization efforts; • experience any delays or encounter any issues with any of the above, including, but not limited to, failed studies, complex results, safety issues or other regulatory, manufacturing or scale-up challenges; and • are exposed to broad macroeconomic conditions including inflation and supply chain tightness which could result in us paying more, or being unable, to access goods and services. To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and eventually commercializing products that generate significant revenue. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates, discovering additional product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval and securing reimbursement for these product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval, and establishing and managing our collaborations at various stages of a product candidate’s development. We are only in the preliminary stages of most of these activities. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical and biological product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. If we are required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities to perform studies in addition to those currently expected, or if there are any delays in completing our clinical trials or the development of any of our product candidates, our expenses could increase and product revenue could be further delayed. We may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to remain profitable would depress our value and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations. We will need substantial additional funding in order to complete development of our product candidates and commercialize our products, if approved. If we are unable to raise capital when needed and on terms favorable to us, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue research and development for other product candidates. Additionally, if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding to continue operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our clinical trials, our other research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of December 31, 2025, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. We may pursue additional cash resources through public or private equity or debt financings, by establishing collaborations with other companies or through the monetization of potential royalty and/or milestone payments pursuant to our existing collaboration and license arrangements. Management’s expectations with respect to our ability to fund current and long-term planned operations are based on estimates that are subject to risks and uncertainties. If actual results are different from management’s estimates, we may need to seek additional strategic or financing opportunities sooner than would otherwise be expected. However, there is no 36 Table of Contents guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be executed on favorable terms, and some could be dilutive to existing stockholders. If we are unable to obtain additional funding on a timely basis, we may be forced to significantly curtail, delay, or discontinue one or more of our planned research or development programs or be unable to expand our operations, meet long-term obligations or otherwise capitalize on our commercialization of our product candidates. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including: • the scope, progress, results and costs of our clinical trials, preclinical development, manufacturing, laboratory testing and logistics; • the number of product candidates that we pursue and the speed with which we pursue development; • our headcount growth and associated costs; • the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates; • the costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; • the revenue, if any, from commercial sales of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; • the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims; • the effect of competing technological and market developments; and • the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies, including entering into licensing or collaboration arrangements for product candidates. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Market volatility resulting from the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East and current global macroeconomic conditions or other factors could also adversely impact our ability to access capital as and when needed. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders, and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities would dilute all of our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in increased fixed payment obligations and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborators or others at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs, including our clinical trial programs, or the commercialization of any product candidates, or be unable to sustain or expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to use our net operating loss and research and development tax credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. We have net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, for federal and state income tax purposes that may be available to offset our future taxable income, if any. In general, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to use its pre-change NOLs to offset future taxable income. If the IRS, challenges our analysis that existing NOLs will not expire before utilization due to previous ownership changes, or if we undergo an ownership change, our ability to use our NOLs could be limited by Section 382 of the Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. Furthermore, our ability to use NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. As a result, we may not be able to use a material portion of the NOLs reflected on our balance sheet, even if we attain profitability. 37 Table of Contents Under current law, NOLs that arose before January 1, 2018 may be carried forward up to 20 years. NOLs that arose after 2017 may be used to offset at most 80% of our taxable income to the extent not offset by pre-2018 NOLs and such NOLs can be carried forward indefinitely. As a result, we may become required to pay federal income taxes in future years despite having generated losses for federal income tax purposes in prior years. We have recorded a material amount of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets in connection with the Merger. We have, and may in the future, record impairment charges, which would adversely impact our financial position and results of operations. We have recorded a material amount of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on our balance sheet in connection with the Merger. We review our goodwill and intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. One potential indicator of goodwill impairment is whether the fair value of our equity, as measured by our market capitalization, is below the net book value of our equity. Whether our market capitalization triggers an impairment charge in any future period will depend on the underlying reasons for the decline in stock price, the significance of the decline and the length of time the stock price has been trading at such prices. In addition, the determination as to whether our indefinite-lived intangible assets related to Descartes-08 are impaired is heavily dependent on the results of our ongoing clinical trials, as well as other factors, such as the potential market for Descartes-08, if approved. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded a $56.7 million impairment charge related to Descartes-08 in SLE, due to our announced pause in further development of Descartes-08 in SLE, following which we made a further decision that we would no longer pursue the development of Descartes-08 in SLE. See Note 3, “Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information. In the event that we determine in a future period that impairment exists for any reason, we would record an impairment charge, which could be material and which would reduce the underlying asset’s value in the period such determination is made, which would adversely impact our financial position and results of operations. We have incurred substantial expenses related to the integration of Old Cartesian. We have incurred substantial expenses in connection with the Merger and the subsequent integration of Old Cartesian with Selecta. There are a large number of processes, policies, procedures, operations, technologies and systems that must be integrated, including purchasing, accounting and finance, sales, billing, payroll, research and development, marketing and benefits. Both we and Old Cartesian have incurred significant transaction expenses in connection with the drafting and negotiation of the Merger Agreement and significant severance expenses as a result of the Merger. While we and Old Cartesian have assumed that a certain level of expenses will be incurred, there are many factors beyond our control that could affect the total amount or the timing of the integration expenses. Moreover, many of the expenses that have been and will be incurred are, by their nature, difficult to estimate accurately. These integration expenses have resulted in our taking significant charges against earnings following the completion of the Merger, and the amount and timing of such charges are uncertain at present. Risks Related to Manufacturing and our Dependence on Third-Parties We expect to continue to grow our manufacturing capabilities and resources and we must incur significant costs to develop this expertise and/or rely on third-parties to manufacture our products. We have growing manufacturing capabilities, and in order to continue to develop our current product candidates, apply for regulatory approvals and, if approved, commercialize future products, we will need to continue to develop, contract for, or otherwise arrange for any necessary external manufacturing capabilities. We manufacture our product candidates internally. There are risks inherent in biological manufacturing and we may not meet our delivery time requirements or provide adequate amounts of material to meet our needs, and we may make errors in manufacturing, any of which could delay our clinical trials and result in additional expense to us. Our autologous cell therapy product candidates, including Descartes-08, are made on a patient-by-patient basis, rendering their manufacture less predictable and requiring more demanding logistics. We rely on one or more third-party laboratories to perform certain quality control tests. These laboratories could become unavailable, or provision of their services could be delayed. 38 Table of Contents Additionally, as we scale up our manufacturing, we may encounter further challenges. Furthermore, competition for supply from our manufacturers from other companies, a breach or violation by such manufacturers of their contractual or regulatory obligations or a dispute with such manufacturers would cause delays in our discovery and development efforts, as well as additional expense to us. In developing manufacturing capabilities by building our own manufacturing facilities, we have incurred substantial expenditures, and expect to incur significant additional expenditures in the future. Also, we have had to, and will likely need to continue to recruit, hire, and train qualified employees to staff our facilities. If we are unable to manufacture sufficient quantities of material or if we encounter problems with our facilities in the future, we may also need to secure alternative suppliers, and such alternative suppliers may not be available, or we may be unable to enter into agreements with them on reasonable terms and in a timely manner. In addition, to the extent we or our partners rely on contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, to supply our product candidates, any delays or disruptions in supply could have a material adverse impact on the research and development activities and potential commercialization of our or our partners’ product candidates. The manufacturing process for any products that we may develop is subject to the FDA and foreign regulatory authority approval process and we will need to meet, or will need to contract with CMOs who can meet, all applicable FDA and foreign regulatory authority requirements on an ongoing basis. Our failure or the failure of any CMO to meet required regulatory authority requirements could result in the delayed submission of regulatory applications, or delays in receiving regulatory approval for any of our or our current or future collaborators’ product candidates. To the extent that we have existing, or enter into future, manufacturing arrangements with third-parties, we depend, and will depend in the future, on these third-parties to perform their obligations in a timely manner and consistent with contractual and regulatory requirements, including those related to quality control and quality assurance. The failure of any CMO to perform its obligations as expected, or, to the extent we manufacture all or a portion of our product candidates ourselves, our failure to execute on our manufacturing requirements, could adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including: • we or our current or future collaborators may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials of product candidates that are under development; • we or our current or future collaborators may be delayed in submitting regulatory applications, or receiving regulatory approvals, for our product candidates; • we may lose the cooperation of our collaborators; • our facilities and those of our CMOs, and our products could be the subject of inspections by regulatory authorities that could have a negative outcome and result in delays in supply; • we may be required to cease distribution or recall some or all batches of our products or take action to recover clinical trial material from clinical trial sites; and • ultimately, we may not be able to meet the clinical and commercial demands for our products. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-parties to conduct our clinical trials, and those third-parties may not perform satisfactorily, including by failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-parties, such as CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to conduct and manage our clinical trials, including our current and planned Phase 3 clinical trials of Descartes-08. We also expect to rely on other third-parties to store and distribute drug supplies for our clinical trials. While we rely on these third-parties for research and development activities, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with GCP regulations, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, safety and welfare of trial participants are protected. Other countries’ regulatory agencies also have requirements for clinical trials. If we or any of our CROs or third-party contractors fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under cGMP regulations. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. We also are required to register ongoing clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, www.ClinicalTrials.gov, within specified timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity, and civil and criminal sanctions. 39 Table of Contents Furthermore, these third-parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third-parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, do not comply with confidentiality obligations, do not meet expected deadlines, experience work stoppages, terminate their agreements with us or need to be replaced, or do not conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we may need to enter into new arrangements with alternative third-parties, which could be difficult, costly or impossible, and our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, or may need to be repeated. If any of the foregoing occur, we may not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our product candidates or in commercializing our product candidates. Risks Related to Commercialization of our Product Candidates and Legal Compliance Matters Even if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success. If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community. If our product candidates do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on several factors, including: • the efficacy, safety and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments; • our ability to manufacture and distribute cell therapies in a timely and secure manner; • our ability to offer our products for sale at competitive prices; • the convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments; • product labeling or product insert requirements of the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, including any limitations or warnings contained in a product’s approved labeling, including any black box warning or REMS; • the willingness of the target patient population to try new treatments and of physicians to prescribe these treatments; • our ability to hire and retain a sales force; • the strength of marketing and distribution support; • the availability of third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement for our product candidates, once approved; • the prevalence and severity of any side effects; and • any restrictions on the use of our products together with other medications. We currently have no sales organization. If we are unable to establish effective sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, or enter into agreements with third-parties with such capabilities, we may not be successful in commercializing our product candidates if and when they are approved. We do not have a sales or marketing infrastructure and have no experience in the sale, marketing or distribution of pharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, we will need to establish a sales and marketing organization or make arrangements with third-parties to perform sales and marketing functions and we may not be successful in doing so. We expect to build a focused sales and marketing infrastructure to market or co-promote our product candidates in the United States and potentially elsewhere, if and when they are approved. There are risks involved with establishing our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any product launch. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel. We face substantial competition, including from biosimilars, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing competing products before or more successfully than we do. The development and commercialization of new drug and biologic products and technologies is highly competitive and is characterized by rapid and substantial technological development and product innovations. We are aware that pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, offer or are pursuing the development of pharmaceutical products or technologies that may address one or more indications that our product candidates target, as well as smaller, early-stage companies, that offer or are pursuing the development of pharmaceutical products or technologies that may address one or more indications that our product candidates target. We face competition with respect to our current product candidates and will face competition with respect to 40 Table of Contents any product candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future, from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. Many of the companies against which we are competing or against which we may compete in the future have significantly greater financial resources, established presence in the market and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and reimbursement for product candidates and in marketing approved products than we do. These third-parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, sales and marketing and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market, especially for any competitor developing a cell therapy product that will likely share our same regulatory approval requirements. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payors seeking to encourage the use of generic or biosimilar products. We expect the product candidates we develop will be regulated as biological products, or biologics, and therefore they may be subject to competition sooner than anticipated. The BPCIA was enacted as part of the ACA to establish an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biological products. The regulatory pathway establishes legal authority for the FDA to review and approve biosimilar biologics, including the possible designation of a biosimilar as “interchangeable” based on its similarity to an approved biologic. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the reference product was approved under a BLA. The law is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA, and as a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty. However, any such processes could have a material adverse effect on the future commercial prospects for our biological products. We believe that any product candidate approved in the United States as a biological product under a BLA should qualify for the 12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to Congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider the subject product candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than anticipated. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be substituted for any one of the reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing. Even if we are able to commercialize any of our product candidates, the products may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage or reimbursement policies, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business. Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval, especially novel products like our cell therapy product candidates, and may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices associated with such product candidates. Our ability to commercialize any product candidates successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Obtaining and maintaining adequate reimbursement for our products may be difficult. We cannot be certain if we will obtain an adequate level of reimbursement for our products by third-party payors. Even if we do obtain adequate levels of reimbursement, third-party payors, such as government or private healthcare insurers, carefully review and question the coverage of, and challenge the prices charged for, products. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Third-party payors often require that pharmaceutical companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for products. We may also be required to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies to justify coverage and reimbursement or the level of reimbursement relative to other therapies. Some third-party payors may require pre-approval of coverage for new and innovative therapies, such as our product candidates, before they will provide reimbursement. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. 41 Table of Contents There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product is approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that a product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new products, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost products and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of products from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition. The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing, coverage and reimbursement for new products vary widely from country to country. Current and future legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining approvals. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a product before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control, including possible price reductions, even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval. There can be no assurance that our product candidates, if they are approved for sale in the United States or in other countries, will be considered medically necessary for a specific indication or cost-effective, or that coverage or an adequate level of reimbursement will be available. Moreover, there is heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. There can be no assurance that our product candidates, will not be subject to heightened governmental scrutiny, unfavorable regulatory inquiry or action, or Congressional inquiry. Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and limit commercialization of any products that we may develop. We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in: • regulatory investigations, product recalls or withdrawals, or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions; • decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we may develop; • injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention; • loss of clinical trial participants or increased difficulty in enrolling future participants; • significant costs to defend the related litigation or to reach a settlement; • substantial payments to trial participants or patients; • loss of revenue; • reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy; • the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop; • distraction of management’s attention from our primary business; and • substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants. We maintain general liability, product liability and umbrella liability insurance. Our existing insurance coverage may not fully cover potential liabilities that we may incur. We may need to increase our insurance coverage as we expand our clinical 42 Table of Contents trials or if we commence commercialization of our product candidates. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. A product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our share price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business, including preventing or limiting the commercialization of any product candidates we develop. Our relationships with healthcare providers, customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, exclusion from government healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings. Arrangements with physicians, others who may be in a position to generate business for us, and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following: • the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation; • the federal False Claims Act, which impose criminal and civil penalties against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government claims for payment that are false or fraudulent. Private individuals (e.g., whistleblowers) can bring these actions on behalf of the government; in addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act; • HIPAA, which imposes criminal and civil liability for, among other things, executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation; • HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, which also impose obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, on certain types of people and entities with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; • the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, or the Sunshine Act, which requires applicable manufacturers of certain products for which payment is available under a federal healthcare program to report annually to the government information related to certain payments or other “transfers of value” made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain other health care professionals beginning in 2022, and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by the physicians and their immediate family members; • analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by third-party payors, including private insurers; and requirements to comply with federal and pharmaceutical industry compliance guidelines; • state data privacy and price transparency laws, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are broader than and not preempted by HIPAA or the Sunshine Act, thus complicating compliance efforts; by way of example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which went into effect January 1, 2020, among other things, creates new data privacy obligations for covered companies and provides new privacy rights to California residents, including the right to opt out of certain disclosures of their information. The CCPA also creates a private right of action with statutory damages for certain data breaches, thereby potentially increasing risks associated with a data breach. Although the law includes limited exceptions, including for “protected health information” maintained by a covered entity or business associate, it may regulate or impact our processing of personal information depending on the context; and • similar healthcare laws and regulations in the EU and other jurisdictions, including reporting requirements detailing interactions with and payments to healthcare providers and laws governing the privacy and security of certain protected information, such as the GDPR, which imposes obligations and restrictions on the collection and use of 43 Table of Contents personal data relating to individuals located in the EU (including health data); in addition, the United Kingdom leaving the EU could also lead to further legislative and regulatory changes. It remains unclear how the United Kingdom data protection laws or regulations will develop in the medium to longer term and how data transfer to the United Kingdom from the EU will be regulated. However, the United Kingdom has transposed the GDPR into domestic law with the Data Protection Act 2018, which remains in force following the United Kingdom’s departure from the EU. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third-parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices, including our relationships with physicians and other healthcare providers, some of whom may recommend, purchase and/or prescribe our product candidates, if approved, may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental laws and regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion of products from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Recently enacted and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we may obtain. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. For example, the ACA is a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for the healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. We cannot predict the ultimate content, timing or effect of any healthcare reform legislation or the impact of potential legislation on us. We expect that the ACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products. Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business. The ability of the FDA to review and or approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory, and policy changes, the FDA’s ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the FDA’s ability to perform routine functions. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs and biologics to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, or if global health concerns were to again prevent the FDA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. 44 Table of Contents We are subject to U.S. and certain foreign export and import controls, sanctions, embargoes, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Compliance with these legal standards could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which can have a material adverse effect on our business. We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations administered by the U.S. Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security, U.S. customs regulations, various economic and trade sanctions regulations including those administered or enforced by relevant government authorities, such as by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control or the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism, or PATRIOT Act, and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. U.S. sanctions laws and regulations may govern or restrict our business and activities in certain countries and with certain persons. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We may engage third-parties for clinical trials outside of the United States, to sell our product candidates abroad once we enter a commercialization phase, and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities and other organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors and other partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Our violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences. If we or third-parties we rely upon fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business. We and our contract manufacturers and other third-parties with whom we do business are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including biological materials and chemicals. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third-parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. The failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions. Risks Related to our Intellectual Property If we or our licensors are unable to adequately protect our proprietary technology, or obtain and maintain issued patents that are sufficient to protect our product candidates, others could compete against us more directly, which would negatively impact our business. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing and prosecuting patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel technologies and product candidates. We also rely on trade secrets to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection. The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost, in a timely manner or in all jurisdictions. As we reach the statutory deadlines for deciding whether and where to initiate prosecution in specific foreign jurisdictions by filing national stage applications based on our Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, applications, we will have to decide whether and where to pursue patent protection for the various inventions claimed in our patent portfolio, and we will only have the opportunity to 45 Table of Contents obtain patents in those jurisdictions where we pursue protection. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. It is possible that defects of form in the preparation, filing or prosecution of our patents or patent applications may exist, or may arise in the future, such as, with respect to proper priority claims, inventorship, claim scope or patent term adjustments. If there are material defects in the form, preparation filing or prosecution of our patents or patent applications, such patents or applications may be invalid and unenforceable. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business. We also cannot guarantee that any of our patent searches or analyses, including but not limited to the identification of relevant patents, the scope of patent claims or the expiration of relevant patents, are complete and thorough, nor can we be certain that we have identified each and every patent and pending application in the United States and abroad that is relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of our product candidates in any jurisdiction. In some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents covering technology that we license from third parties. We may also require the cooperation of our licensors to enforce any licensed patent rights, and such cooperation may not be provided. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. Moreover, we have obligations under our licenses, and any failure to satisfy those obligations could give our licensor the right to terminate the license. Termination of a necessary license could have a material adverse impact on our business. Some of our patent licenses are non-exclusive. In those cases, a competitor could obtain a license to the same or similar technology from the licensor. We have at least one exclusive patent license that is restricted to a particular field of use. A competitor could obtain a license to a similar technology outside of that field of use. We cannot provide any assurances that the issued patents we currently own, or any future patents, include claims with a scope sufficient to protect our product candidates or otherwise provide any competitive advantage. Further, it is possible that a patent claim may provide coverage for some but not all parts of a product candidate or third-party product. These and other factors may provide opportunities for our competitors to design around our patents. Moreover, other parties may have developed technologies that may be related or competitive to our approach, and may have filed or may file patent applications, and may have received or may receive patents that may overlap or conflict with our patent applications or patents, either by claiming similar methods or by claiming subject matter that could dominate our patent position. In addition, it may be some time before we understand how patent offices react to our patent claims and whether they identify prior art of relevance that we have not already considered. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in any owned patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions, nor can we know whether those from whom we have licensed or may license patents were the first to make the inventions claimed or were the first to file. For these and other reasons, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are subject to a level of uncertainty. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued that protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. We may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or other patent office, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third-parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize product candidates without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates. Furthermore, an adverse decision in an interference or a derivation proceeding can result in our inability to receive, or a a third party receiving, the patent right sought by us, which in turn could affect our ability to develop, market or otherwise commercialize our product candidates. The issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patents are subject to a level of uncertainty. The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. Due to legal standards relating to patentability, validity, enforceability and claim scope of patents covering biotechnological and pharmaceutical inventions, our ability to 46 Table of Contents obtain, maintain and enforce patents is uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions. Even if issued, a patent’s validity, inventorship, ownership or enforceability is not conclusive. Accordingly, rights under any existing patent or any patents we might obtain or license may not cover our product candidates, or may not provide us with sufficient protection for our product candidates to afford a commercial advantage against competitive products or processes, including those from branded and generic pharmaceutical companies. In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how, information, or technology that is not covered by our patents. Although we require all of our employees to assign their inventions to us, and we require all of our employees, consultants, advisors and any other third parties who have access to our trade secrets, proprietary know-how and other confidential information and technology to enter into appropriate confidentiality agreements, we cannot be certain that our trade secrets, proprietary know-how, and other confidential information and technology will not be subject to unauthorized disclosure or that our competitors will not otherwise gain access to or independently develop substantially equivalent trade secrets, proprietary know-how, and other information and technology. Furthermore, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property globally. If we are unable to prevent unauthorized disclosure of our intellectual property related to our product candidates and technology to third parties, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could adversely affect our business and operations. Any litigation to enforce or defend our patent rights or other intellectual property rights, even if we were to prevail, could be costly and time-consuming and would divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. We may not prevail in any lawsuits we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful. Even if we are successful, domestic or foreign litigation, or USPTO or foreign patent office proceedings, may result in substantial costs and distraction to our management. We may not be able, alone or with our licensors or potential collaborators, to prevent misappropriation of our proprietary rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect such rights as fully as in the United States. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or other proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation or other proceedings. In addition, during the course of this kind of litigation or proceedings, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments or public access to related documents. If investors perceive these results to be negative, the market price for our common stock could be adversely affected. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets and know-how, our business and competitive position would be harmed. In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also seek to enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees, advisors and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Our trade secrets may also be obtained by third parties by other means, such as breaches of our physical or computer security systems. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Moreover, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to, or independently developed by, a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed. Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates. As is the case with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries involve both technological and legal complexity, and is therefore costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. In addition, patent reform legislation could further increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. The Leahy-Smith Act America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, included provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation, including first-to-file provisions. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by the third party. This requires us to be cognizant of 47 Table of Contents the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Thus, for our U.S. patent applications containing a priority claim after March 16, 2013, the date such provisions became effective, there is a greater level of uncertainty in the patent law. Moreover, some of the patent applications in our portfolio will be subject to examination under the pre-Leahy-Smith Act law and regulations, while other patents applications in our portfolio will be subject to examination under the law and regulations, as amended by the Leahy-Smith Act. This introduces additional complexities into the prosecution and management of our portfolio. In addition, the Leahy-Smith Act limits where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit and provides opportunities for third parties to challenge any issued patent in the USPTO. These provisions apply to all of our U.S. patents, even those issued before March 16, 2013. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in U.S. federal court necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a federal court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims because it may be easier for them to do so relative to challenging the patent in a federal court action. It is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. In addition, recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. From time to time, the U.S. Supreme Court, other federal courts, the U.S. Congress or the USPTO may change the standards of patentability, and any such changes could have a negative impact on our business. Depending on these and other decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change or be interpreted in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce any patents that have issued or may issue to us in the future. In addition, these events may adversely affect our ability to defend any patents that have issued or may issue in procedures in the USPTO or in courts. Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business. Our commercial success depends upon our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. While no such litigation has been brought against us and we have not been held by any court to have infringed a third-party’s intellectual property rights, we cannot guarantee that our technology, product candidates or use of our product candidates do not infringe third-party patents. We are aware of numerous patents and pending applications owned by third parties, and we monitor patents and patent applications in the fields in which we are developing product candidates, both in the United States and elsewhere. However, we may have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Moreover, it is difficult for industry participants, including us, to identify all third-party patent rights that may be relevant to our product candidates and technologies because patent searching is imperfect due to differences in terminology among patents, incomplete databases and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. We may fail to identify relevant patents or patent applications or may identify pending patent applications of potential interest but incorrectly predict the likelihood that such patent applications may issue with claims of relevance to our technology. In addition, we may be unaware of one or more issued patents that would be infringed by the manufacture, sale or use of a current or future product candidate, or we may incorrectly conclude that a third-party patent is invalid, unenforceable or not infringed by our activities. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our technologies, our product candidates or the use of our product candidates. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Other parties may allege that our product candidates or the use of our technologies infringes patent claims or other intellectual property rights held by them or that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our product candidates and technology, including interference or derivation proceedings before the USPTO and similar bodies in other countries. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing intellectual property rights and intellectual property rights that may be granted in the future. 48 Table of Contents Patent and other types of intellectual property litigation can involve complex factual and legal questions, and their outcome is uncertain. If we are found, or believe there is a risk we may be found, to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required or may choose to obtain a license from such third-party to continue developing and marketing our product candidates and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any such license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business. Even if we are successful in such proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and divert management time and attention in pursuing these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Patent litigation is costly and time-consuming. We may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion. There could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Any of these risks coming to fruition could have a material adverse impact on our business. We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, and our issued patents covering our product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable or could be interpreted narrowly if challenged in court. Competitors may infringe our intellectual property, including our patents or the patents of our licensors. As a result, we may be required to file infringement claims to stop third-party infringement or unauthorized use. This can be expensive, particularly for a company of our size, and time-consuming. If we initiated legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent, if and when issued, covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge include alleged failures to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement, or failure to claim patent-eligible subject matter. Grounds for unenforceability assertions include allegations that someone connected with the prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, interference proceedings and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions, such as opposition proceedings. Such proceedings could result in revocation or amendment of our patents including claimes in such a way that they no longer cover our product candidates or competitive products. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to validity, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our product candidates. Moreover, even if not found invalid or unenforceable, the claims of our patents could be construed narrowly or in a manner that does not cover the allegedly infringing technology in question. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our business. The lives of our patents may not be sufficient to effectively protect our products and business. Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after its first effective non-provisional filing date. Although various extensions may be available, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition. In addition, although upon issuance in the United States a patent’s life can be increased based on certain delays caused by the USPTO, this increase can be reduced or eliminated based on certain delays caused by the patent applicant during patent prosecution. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. If we do not have sufficient patent life to protect our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected. 49 Table of Contents Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements. Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent and, in some jurisdictions, during the pendency of a patent application. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have an adverse effect on our business. We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to our product candidates through acquisitions and in-licenses. We currently have rights to certain intellectual property, through licenses from third parties and under patents and patent applications that we own, to develop our product candidates. Because we may find that our programs require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use these proprietary rights. We may be unable to acquire or in-license compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for our product candidates. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, financial resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of that program, and our business and financial condition could suffer. We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property. Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may also engage advisors and consultants who are concurrently employed at universities or other organizations or who perform services for other entities. Although we try to ensure that our employees, advisors and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, advisors or consultants have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such party’s former or current employer or in violation of an agreement with another party. Although we have no knowledge of any such claims being alleged to date, if such claims were to arise, litigation may be necessary to defend against any such claims. In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees, consultants, advisors and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Our or other relevant assignment agreements may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third-parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Similarly, we may be subject to claims that an employee, advisor or consultant performed work for us that conflicts with that person’s obligations to a third-party, such as an employer, and thus, that the third-party has an ownership interest in the intellectual property arising out of work performed for us. Although we have no knowledge of any such claims being alleged to date, if such claims were to arise, litigation may be necessary to defend against any such claims. 50 Table of Contents If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. We will not seek to protect our intellectual property rights in all jurisdictions throughout the world, and we may not be able to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights even in the jurisdictions where we seek protection. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries and jurisdictions throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States could be less extensive than in the United States, assuming that rights are obtained in the United States and assuming that rights are pursued outside the United States. In this regard, in addition to the United States, we also seek to protect our intellectual property rights in other countries. The statutory deadlines for pursuing patent protection in individual foreign jurisdictions are based on the priority date of each of our patent applications. For all of the patent families in our portfolio, including the families that may provide coverage for our lead product candidate, the relevant statutory deadlines have not yet expired. Therefore, for each of the patent families that we believe provide coverage for our lead product candidate, we will need to decide whether and where to pursue additional protection outside the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries, do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, for our existing patent rights outside the United States and any foreign patent rights we may decide to pursue in the future, we may not be able to obtain relevant claims and/or we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we do not pursue and obtain patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as in the United States. These products may compete with our product candidates, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Even if we pursue and obtain issued patents in particular jurisdictions, our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent third parties from so competing. If we do not obtain additional protection under the Hatch-Waxman Act and similar foreign legislation extending the terms of our patents for our product candidates, our business may be harmed. Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA regulatory approval for our product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. Patent term restorations, however, are limited to a maximum of five years and cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval by the FDA. The application for patent term extension is subject to approval by the USPTO, in conjunction with the FDA. It may take at least several months to a few years to obtain approval of the application for patent term extension. We may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension, or restoration or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively market our product will be shortened, our competitors may obtain earlier approval of competing products and our ability to generate revenues could be materially adversely affected. Risks Related to our Operations Our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. We are highly dependent on Carsten Brunn, Ph.D., our President and Chief Executive Officer, as well as the other principal members of our management, scientific, clinical, and manufacturing teams. Although we have entered into employment agreements or offer letters with Dr. Brunn and other executive officers, each of them may terminate their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees. Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing, technology and sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an 51 Table of Contents extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize product candidates. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, our ability to pursue our growth strategy will be limited. We have incurred increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices. As a public company, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may not have adequate, accurate or timely financial information, and we may be unable to meet our reporting obligations as a public company or comply with the requirements of the SEC or Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This could result in a restatement of our financial statements, the imposition of sanctions, including the inability of registered broker dealers to make a market in our common stock, or investigation by regulatory authorities. Any such action or other negative results caused by our inability to meet our reporting requirements or comply with legal and regulatory requirements or by disclosure of an accounting, reporting or control issue could adversely affect the trading price of our securities and our business. Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could also reduce our ability to obtain financing or could increase the cost of any financing we obtain. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. For example, in connection with the audit of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. As of December 31, 2024, this material weakness has been remediated, but we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, which may result in material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations. A variety of risks associated with winding down operations of our subsidiary in Russia or expanding operations internationally could adversely affect our business. In addition to our U.S. operations, we maintain a wholly owned subsidiary in Russia, Selecta (RUS). We are in the process of winding down the operations of our subsidiary in Russia, but until that process is complete, we remain subject to risks associated with this subsidiary, or with any international operations, including possible unfavorable regulatory, pricing and reimbursement, legal, political, tax and labor conditions, and risks associated with our compliance with evolving international sanctions, which could harm our business. We may also rely on collaborators to commercialize any approved product candidates outside of the United States. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including but not limited to: • multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations, such as privacy regulations, tax laws, export and import restrictions, employment laws, regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses; • failure by us to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for the use of our product candidates in various countries; • additional potentially relevant third-party patent rights; • complexities and difficulties in obtaining protection of and enforcing our intellectual property rights; • difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations; • complexities associated with managing multiple-payor reimbursement regimes, government payors or patient self-pay systems; • limits on our ability to penetrate international markets; • financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, the impact of local and regional financial crises on demand and payment for our product candidates and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues; 52 Table of Contents • natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, events of terrorism and political unrest, outbreak of disease, including pandemics, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions, economic sanctions, and economic weakness, including inflation; • changes in diplomatic and trade relationships; • challenges in enforcing our contractual and intellectual property rights, especially in those foreign countries that do not respect and protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States; • restriction on cross-border investment, including enhanced oversight by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States and substantial restrictions on investment from China; • certain expenses including, among others, expenses for travel, translation and insurance; • legal risks, including use of the legal system by the government to benefit itself or affiliated entities at our expense, including expropriation of property; • regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate information and control over sales and activities that may fall within the purview of the FCPA its books and records provisions, or its anti-bribery provisions; and • risks that we may suffer reputational harm as a result of our operations in Russia. Any of these factors could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our results of operations. Our business and operations, including our development programs, could be materially disrupted in the event of system failures, security breaches, violations of data protection laws or data loss or damage by us or third-parties on which we rely, including our CROs or other contractors or consultants. Our internal computer systems and those of third-parties on which we rely, including our CROs and other contractors and consultants, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could have a material adverse effect on our business operations, including a material disruption of our development programs. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential patient or employee data, including personally identifiable information, whether through breach of computer systems, systems failure, employee negligence, fraud or misappropriation, or otherwise, or unauthorized access to or through our information systems and networks, whether by our employees or third-parties, could result in negative publicity, legal liability and damage to our reputation. Unauthorized disclosure of personally identifiable information could also expose us to sanctions for violations of data privacy laws and regulations around the world. To the extent that any disruption or security breach resulted in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed. For example, the loss of or damage to clinical trial data, such as from completed or ongoing clinical trials, for any of our product candidates would likely result in delays in our marketing approval efforts and significantly increased costs in an effort to recover or reproduce the data. We have previously been, and expect to remain, the target of cyber-attacks. As we become more dependent on information technologies to conduct our operations, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks, such as ransomware attacks, and attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, may increase in frequency and sophistication. These incidents pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks, the confidentiality and the availability and integrity of our data and these risks apply both to us, and to third-parties on whose systems we rely for the conduct of our business. While we do not believe the effect of these incidents has historically been material to our results of operations, financial condition or prospects, cyber threats are persistent and constantly evolving. Such threats have increased in frequency, scope and potential impact in recent years, which increases the difficulty of detecting and successfully defending against them. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to incur additional expenses in order to enhance our protective measures or to remediate any information security vulnerability. There can be no assurance that we or our third-party providers will be successful in preventing cyber-attacks or mitigating their effects. Similarly, there can be no assurance that our collaborators, CROs, third-party logistics providers, distributors and other contractors and consultants will be successful in protecting our clinical and other data that is stored on their systems. Any cyber-attack or destruction or loss of data could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. In addition, we may suffer reputational harm or face litigation or adverse regulatory action as a result of cyber-attacks or destruction or loss of data and may incur significant additional expense to implement further data protection measures. It is also possible that unauthorized access to data may be obtained through inadequate use of security controls by our suppliers or other vendors. 53 Table of Contents Although we have general liability insurance coverage, our insurance may not cover all claims, continue to be available on reasonable terms or be sufficient in amount to cover one or more large claims. Additionally, the insurer may disclaim coverage as to any claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed or are not covered by our insurance coverage or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. Acquisitions or joint ventures could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders and otherwise harm our business. We may acquire other businesses, product candidates or technologies as well as pursue strategic alliances, joint ventures, technology licenses or investments in complementary businesses. We have not made any acquisitions to date, and our ability to do so successfully is unproven. Any of these transactions could be material to our financial condition and operating results and expose us to many risks, including: • disruption in our relationships with future customers or with current or future distributors or suppliers as a result of such a transaction; • unexpected liabilities related to acquired companies; • difficulties integrating acquired personnel, technologies and operations into our existing business; • diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to acquisition integration challenges; • increases in our expenses and reductions in our cash available for operations and other uses; • possible write-offs or impairment charges relating to acquired businesses; and • inability to develop a sales force for any additional product candidates. Foreign acquisitions involve unique risks in addition to those mentioned above, including those related to integration of operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks and the particular economic, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries. Also, the expected benefit of any acquisition may not materialize. Future acquisitions or dispositions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses or write-offs of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition. We cannot predict the number, timing or size of future joint ventures or acquisitions, or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating results. Risks Related to our Common Stock The market price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for purchasers of our common stock. The trading price of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. The stock market in general and the market for smaller biopharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, you may not be able to sell your common stock at or above the price at which you purchased. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including: • the success of competitive products or technologies; • results or progress, or changes in approach or timelines, of clinical trials of our product candidates or those of our competitors; • failure or discontinuation of any of our development programs; • commencement of, termination of, or any development related to any collaboration or licensing arrangement; • regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries; • development of new product candidates that may address our markets and make our product candidates less attractive; • changes in physician, hospital or healthcare provider practices that may make our product candidates less useful; 54 Table of Contents • announcements by us, our collaborators or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations or capital commitments; • announcement or market expectation of additional financing efforts; • developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights; • the recruitment or departure of key personnel; • the level of expenses related to any of our product candidates or clinical development programs; • failure to meet or exceed financial estimates, projections or development timelines of the investment community or that we provide to the public; • the results of our efforts to discover, develop, acquire or in-license additional product candidates or products; • actual or expected changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts; • variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us; • changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems; • sale of common stock by us or our stockholders in the future as well as the overall trading volume of our common stock; • changes in the composition of our stockholder base; • activity in the options market for shares of our common stock; • market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors; • general economic, industry and market conditions; and • the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section. Our executive officers, directors, and principal stockholders, if they choose to act together, will continue to have the ability to control or significantly influence all matters submitted to stockholders for approval. Our executive officers, directors and stockholders who own more than 5% of our outstanding common stock and their respective affiliates, in the aggregate, hold shares representing approximately 67.1% of our outstanding voting stock as of December 31, 2025, assuming the conversion of all shares of all outstanding shares of Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or Series A Preferred Stock, and Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or Series B Preferred Stock, into common stock, or 59.7%, assuming no conversion of outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock into common stock. As a result, if some or all of these stockholders choose to act together, they would be able to control or significantly influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these persons, if they choose to act together, would control or significantly influence the election of directors, the composition of our management and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law and the terms of some of our contracts could make an acquisition of us more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. Provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, or the Charter, and amended and restated by-laws may delay or prevent an acquisition or a change in management. These provisions include a prohibition on actions by written consent of our stockholders and the ability of our board of directors, or the Board of Directors, to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us. Although we believe these provisions collectively will provide for an opportunity to receive higher bids by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our Board of Directors, they would apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove 55 Table of Contents then current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of the Board of Directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of management. Furthermore, our Charter specifies that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for most legal actions involving claims brought against us by stockholders. This provision of our Charter applies to actions arising under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. We believe this provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law by chancellors particularly experienced in resolving corporate disputes, efficient administration of cases on a more expedited schedule relative to other forums and protection against the burdens of multi-forum litigation. However, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors, officers, employees and agents as it may limit any stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that such stockholder finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents and may result in increased litigation costs for our stockholders. We note that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce these provisions and that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 22 of the Securities Act generally creates concurrent jurisdiction for state and federal courts over suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. We have been in the past and may in the future be subject to stockholder litigation. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biopharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. Involvement in such litigation, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business. On February 21, 2024, Paul Wymer, a purported stockholder of our Company, filed an action against us and members of our Board of Directors in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, titled Wymer v. Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc., et al., No. 24-cv-01288. The complaint alleged that the defendants violated Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act by failing to disclose purportedly material information to our stockholders in our Preliminary and Definitive Proxy Statements filed on January 31, 2024, and February 14, 2024, respectively, in connection with the solicitation of stockholder approval of a proposal to convert our Series A Preferred Stock into our common stock, subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, or the Series A Conversion Proposal. The complaint sought injunctive relief enjoining or rescinding the Merger, issuance of an amended proxy statement, and attorneys’ fees and costs. Additional similar lawsuits may be filed. This action was subsequently dismissed on March 11, 2024. On February 7, 2024, Justin Sloan, a purported stockholder of our Company, filed a putative class action on behalf of himself and similarly situated stockholders of the Company against our Company and members of our Board of Directors in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, titled Sloan v. Barabe, et al., No. 2024-0105. The complaint alleged that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties by failing to disclose purportedly material information to our Company’s stockholders in our Preliminary Proxy Statement filed on January 31, 2024 in connection with the solicitation of stockholder approval of the Series A Conversion Proposal. The complaint sought a temporary injunction against the stockholder vote on the Series A Conversion Proposal, compensatory damages, pre-and post-judgment interest, and attorneys’ fees and costs. At a telephonic hearing on February 28, 2024, the Court denied the Plaintiff’s motion to expedite the proceedings, rejecting Plaintiff’s argument that the lawsuit raised colorable disclosure claims warranting expedited treatment. Additional similar lawsuits may be filed. This action was subsequently dismissed on March 13, 2024. On August 3, 2020, a stockholder of Selecta filed a stockholder derivative action, purportedly on behalf of Selecta and against certain current and former members of the Company’s Board of Directors, as well as one affiliated company owned by a current board member, in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, namely Franchi v. Barabe, et al. The complaint alleged that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties and committed corporate waste when they authorized a private placement transaction, announced on December 19, 2019, at a price allegedly below fair value. The complaint further alleges that the four defendant directors who participated in the private placement were unjustly enriched in connection with the transaction. On September 25, 2020, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit. On November 6, 2020, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint, and the defendants filed a second motion to dismiss on January 8, 2021. On December 31, 2020, we received a litigation demand letter from two other putative stockholders relating to the same private placement transaction. On April 12, 2021, the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware granted a motion to stay the litigation pending a review by a Special Committee appointed by the Company’s Board of Directors. While the litigation was stayed, the parties reached an agreement in principle to settle the matter, and on March 18, 2022, they submitted a Stipulation and Agreement of Settlement and other documentation to the Court for its approval of the settlement. On July 21, 2022, the Court held a settlement hearing, at which the settlement was approved. On August 1, 2022, the Court entered an Order and Final Judgment which dismissed the action, and all claims contained therein, with prejudice. We could receive other demands or be subject to other litigation. We intend to vigorously defend against any demands which we believe to be without merit. 56 Table of Contents There can be no assurance as to the outcome of any stockholder litigation. Unfavorable outcomes in class action litigation could require us to pay extensive damages, which could delay or prevent our ability to develop our product candidates and harm our operations. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Not applicable. Item 1C. Cybersecurity One of the key responsibilities of our Board of Directors is informed oversight of our risk management process, including risks from cybersecurity threats. Our Board of Directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, and our executive officers are responsible for the day-to-day management of the material risks we face. Our Board of Directors administers its cybersecurity risk oversight function directly and through the Audit Committee, which conducts regular risk assessments related to all matters affecting the enterprise, including cybersecurity, and receives periodic reports on the Company’s cybersecurity risks and activities. Our Chief Financial Officer and our Senior Director, Head of IT are the Company employees responsible for developing and implementing a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. We partner with external cybersecurity vendors to enact a layered defense approach with controls deployed that seek to meet the requirements of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. Our Chief Financial Officer has served as a biotechnology executive for over 20 years, whose responsibilities have included direct oversight of his companies’ cybersecurity risks. Our Senior Director, Head of IT has served as an Information Technology professional for over fifteen years and has held senior IT positions across several companies including a large pharmaceutical company. We have established policies and processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risk from cybersecurity threats, and have integrated these processes into our overall risk management systems and processes. Our Senior Director, Head of IT oversees the cybersecurity program through risk management, employee security training, and oversight and escalation of threat monitoring and incident response. We routinely assess material risks from cybersecurity threats, including any potential unauthorized occurrence on or conducted through our information systems that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information systems or any information residing therein. In the event of a major security incident, we have established an escalation path for stakeholder notification and remediation efforts, and major incidents are immediately escalated to the Head of IT, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Operations Officer. In 2024, an external partner conducted a robust cybersecurity assessment to evaluate our risk profile. We are leveraging these insights to strengthen our key defenses and continuously mature our security posture. We have implemented processes when evaluating third-party service providers, for example by reviewing available audit reports including the System and Organization Controls (SOC 2) reports and requesting disclosure of any previous cybersecurity events. We also perform quality audits of our regulated vendors, which includes an assessment of the vendor’s information technology system and associated controls. Additionally, we conduct periodic risk assessments to identify and monitor against potential cybersecurity threats and incidents, as well as assess for any changes in our business practices that may affect our cybersecurity position. This risk oversight includes identification of reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks, the likelihood and potential damage that could result from such risks, and the sufficiency of existing policies, procedures, systems, and safeguards in place to manage such risks. Following these risk assessments, we re-design, implement, and maintain reasonable safeguards to minimize identified risks and address any identified gaps in existing safeguards. Primary responsibility for assessing, monitoring and managing our cybersecurity program is delegated to our Senior Director, Head of IT, who reports on IT operations, risk mitigation and assessment efforts, and other general cybersecurity matters to our Chief Financial Officer, to manage the risk assessment and mitigation process. As part of our overall risk management system, we monitor and test our safeguards and train our employees on these safeguards. We continue to work with third-party cybersecurity vendors to assist us in best practices for implementing strengthened cybersecurity procedures . All Company employees and third-party vendors are instructed to promptly report any suspected breach of its security measures that may affect our Company to the Senior Director, Head of IT. Our Chief Financial Officer and Senior Director, Head of IT provide periodic briefings to the Audit Committee regarding our Company’s cybersecurity risks and activities, including any recent cybersecurity incidents and related responses, cybersecurity systems testing, activities of third-parties, and related matters. The Audit Committee provides regular updates to the full Board of Directors on such reports. 57 Table of Contents We have not encountered cybersecurity challenges that have materially impaired our operations or financial standing. For additional information regarding risks from cybersecurity threats, please refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 2. Properties Our corporate headquarters are currently located at 7495 New Horizon Way, Frederick, Maryland and consists of over 35,000 total square feet of integrated manufacturing and office space under a lease that expires in June 2031. Additionally, we lease approximately 7,909 total square feet of office, laboratory, and manufacturing space in Gaithersburg, Maryland under a lease that expires in January 2027 and 32,294 total square feet of office and laboratory space in Watertown, Massachusetts under a lease that expires in May 2028. Item 3. Legal Proceedings None. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 58 Table of Contents PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information Our common stock is publicly traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “RNAC”. Holders As of February 28, 2026, there were 26,509,024 shares of our common stock outstanding held by approximately 102 holders of record. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. Dividends We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the operation and expansion of our business and do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors after considering our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors the Board of Directors deems relevant, and subject to the restrictions contained in any future financing instruments. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Information about our equity compensation plans in Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference. Any future determination to pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on various factors, including applicable laws, our results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, then applicable contractual restrictions and any other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. Investors should not purchase our common stock with the expectation of receiving cash dividends. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer or Affiliated Purchasers We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2025. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities Not applicable. Item 6. [Reserved] Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical information, some of the information contained in the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. You should review the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Overview We are a late clinical-stage biotechnology company pioneering cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. We leverage our proprietary technology and manufacturing platform to introduce mRNA into cells to provide a therapeutic effect to patients suffering from a variety of autoimmune conditions. Unlike DNA, mRNA degrades naturally over time without integrating into the cell’s genetic material. Our cell therapies are designed to be dosed repeatedly like conventional drugs, administered in an outpatient setting, and given without pre-treatment chemotherapy, which is required with many conventional cell therapies. 59 Table of Contents Merger On November 13, 2023, the Company (formerly known as Selecta) merged with the private Delaware corporation which, immediately prior to the Merger, was known as Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc., in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement, by and among Selecta, First Merger Sub, Second Merger Sub, and Old Cartesian. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, First Merger Sub merged with and into Old Cartesian, pursuant to which Old Cartesian was the surviving corporation and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Selecta. Immediately following the First Merger, Old Cartesian merged with and into Second Merger Sub, pursuant to which Second Merger Sub was the surviving entity. In connection with the Second Merger, Old Cartesian changed its name to Cartesian Bio, LLC. In connection with the Merger and pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company changed its corporate name to Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. See Note 4, “Merger” to the consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for more information regarding the Merger. Financial Operations To date, we have financed our operations primarily through public offerings and private placements of our securities, funding received from research grants, collaboration and license arrangements and a credit facility. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any product sales. We incurred a net loss of $130.3 million and $77.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $822.4 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we: • continue to advance Descartes-08 for MG through Phase 3 development; • advance Descartes-08 for myositis into Phase 2 development; • continue to develop our preclinical and clinical-stage product candidates; • seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; • maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio, including through licensing arrangements; • hire additional staff, including clinical, scientific and management personnel; and • incur additional costs associated with continuing to operate as a public company. Until we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, and license and collaboration agreements. We may be unable to raise capital when needed or on reasonable terms, if at all, which would force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts. We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability, and we may never do so. Concurrently with the closing of the Merger, we entered into a securities purchase agreement, or the 2023 Securities Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which we agreed to issue 149,330.115 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, in exchange for aggregate gross proceeds of $60.25 million, or the 2023 Private Placement. We granted customary registration rights to investors in connection with the 2023 Private Placement. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as of December 31, 2025 will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. The consolidated financial information presented below includes the accounts of Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries, Selecta (RUS) LLC, a Russian limited liability company, or Selecta (RUS), Selecta Biosciences Security Corporation, a Massachusetts securities corporation which was dissolved in December 2024, and Cartesian Bio, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, which is a variable interest entity for which we are the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Components of our Results of Operations Collaboration and license revenue To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales. Our revenue consists primarily of collaboration and license revenue, which includes amounts recognized related to upfront and milestone payments for research and development funding under collaboration and license agreements. We expect that any revenue we generate will fluctuate from quarter to quarter 60 Table of Contents because of the timing and amounts of fees, research and development reimbursements and other payments from collaborators. We do not expect to generate revenue from product sales for at least the next several years. If we or our collaborators fail to complete the development of our product candidates in a timely manner or fail to obtain regulatory approval as needed, our ability to generate future revenue will be harmed, and will affect the results of our operations and financial position. For further descriptions of the agreements underlying our collaboration and license revenue, see Notes 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and 15, “Collaboration and License Agreements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Grant revenue We generate grant revenue, which consists of funding received to perform specific research and development services under grant arrangements. Research and development expenses Our research and development expenses consist of internal and external research and development costs, which primarily include fees paid to contract research organizations, internal manufacturing- and quality-related expenses, process development costs, internal research and development expenses, as well as fees paid to contract manufacturing organizations. These costs are primarily associated with compensation expenses for our research and development employees, capital equipment and supplies for our process development and manufacturing process, and other related expenses. Our internal research and development employees as well as our indirect costs are shared across multiple development programs and are not solely dedicated to individual programs. We expense research and development costs as incurred. Conducting a significant amount of research and development is central to our business model. Product candidates in clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of development, primarily due to the size, duration and cost of clinical trials. The successful development of our clinical and preclinical product candidates is highly uncertain. Clinical development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from our expectations. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those which we currently expect will be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time to complete any clinical development. General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related benefits, including stock-based compensation, related to our executive, finance, business development and support functions. Other general and administrative expenses include facility-related costs not otherwise allocated to research and development expenses, travel expenses for our general and administrative personnel and professional fees for auditing, tax and corporate legal services, including intellectual property-related legal services. Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible and long-lived assets Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible and long-lived assets consists of impairment charges on our intangible and long-lived assets. Interest income Interest income consists primarily of income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Gain on change in fair value of warrant liabilities Common warrants classified as liabilities are remeasured quarterly at fair value with the change in fair value recognized as a component of earnings. Loss on change in fair value of contingent value right liability The contingent value right liability is remeasured quarterly at fair value with the change in fair value recognized as a component of earnings. Loss on change in fair value of forward contract liabilities The forward contract liabilities associated with the delayed issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock related to the Merger and 2023 Private Placement were remeasured upon settlement at fair value with the change in fair value recognized as a 61 Table of Contents component of earnings. The Series A Preferred Stock forward contract liability was settled during the year ended December 31, 2024 Other (expense) income, net Other (expense) income, net consists of non-operating income and non-operating expenses, including impairment charge on investment. Income taxes We provide deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between our financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that will more-likely-than-not be realized. We determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If it is not more-likely-than-not that a position will be sustained, none of the benefit attributable to the position is recognized. The tax benefit to be recognized for any tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is calculated as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon resolution of the contingency. We account for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for income taxes. To date,we have not incurred interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. 62 Table of Contents Results of Operations Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 Year Ended December 31, Increase (Decrease) 2025 2024 (in thousands, except percentages) Revenues: Collaboration and license $ 400 $ 38,275 $ (37,875) (99) % Grant 2,397 638 1,759 NM Total revenues 2,797 38,913 (36,116) (93) % Operating expenses: Research and development 58,034 45,105 12,929 29 % General and administrative 31,468 30,126 1,342 4 % Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible and long-lived assets 56,700 7,579 49,121 NM Total operating expenses 146,202 82,810 63,392 77 % Operating loss (143,405) (43,897) (99,508) NM Other income (expense): Interest income 6,579 7,386 (807) (11) % Gain on change in fair value of warrant liabilities 3,695 2,558 1,137 44 % Loss on change in fair value of contingent value right liability (4,354) (36,900) 32,546 (88) % Loss on change in fair value of forward contract liabilities — (6,890) 6,890 (100) % Other (expense) income, net (2,010) 606 (2,616) NM Total other income (expense), net 3,910 (33,240) 37,150 (112) % Loss before income taxes (139,495) (77,137) (62,358) 81 % Income tax benefit (expense) 9,193 (287) 9,480 NM Net loss $ (130,302) $ (77,424) $ (52,878) 68 % NM - Not meaningful Collaboration and license revenue During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized $0.4 million of collaboration and license revenue, compared to $38.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $37.9 million. The decrease was primarily due to revenue recognized under the Sobi License in the prior year, resulting from the $30.0 million unconstrained development milestone, coupled with recognition of the remaining deferred revenue under the License and Development Agreement, or the Astellas Agreement, with Audentes Therapeutics, Inc., or Astellas, upon notice of termination during the year ended December 31, 2024. Grant revenue During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized $2.4 million of grant revenue, compared to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $1.8 million. The increase was primarily due to increased expenses reimbursable under the grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health incurred during the year ended December 31, 2025, for which we received funding approval during the year ended December 31, 2024. 63 Table of Contents Research and development expenses The following is a comparison of research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages): Year Ended December 31, Increase (Decrease) 2025 2024 Legacy Selecta programs $ — $ 6,150 $ (6,150) (100) % Descartes-08 for MG 22,893 12,142 10,751 89 % Early stage programs 5,795 1,028 4,767 NM Research and development employee expenses 16,826 11,952 4,874 41 % Research and development stock-based compensation expense 4,772 3,217 1,555 48 % Research and development facilities and other expenses 7,748 10,616 (2,868) (27) % Total research and development expenses $ 58,034 $ 45,105 $ 12,929 29 % NM - Not meaningful For the year ended December 31, 2025, our research and development expenses were $58.0 million, compared to $45.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $12.9 million. The increase was primarily due to an increase in expenses for the development of Descartes-08 for MG, primarily related to the expenses for the ongoing Phase 3 AURORA trial, an increase in our research and development employee expenses and stock-based compensation expense due to headcount growth and manufacturing operations expenses. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in expenses for legacy Selecta programs, primarily related to decreased expenses for Xork as a result of the termination of the Astellas Agreement in the year ended December 31, 2024 and a decrease in facilities and other expense, primarily driven by the move of costs associated with our leased office and laboratory space at 65 Grove Street, Watertown, Massachusetts moved to general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025. General and administrative expenses For the year ended December 31, 2025, our general and administrative expenses were $31.5 million, compared to $30.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $1.4 million. The increase was primarily due to an increase in facility and office costs, primarily as the result of the move of costs associated with our leased office and laboratory space at 65 Grove Street, Watertown, Massachusetts from research and development costs to general and administrative expenses, coupled with an increase in stock-based compensation, primarily driven by executive awards, and an increase in consulting expenses. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in professional fees, driven primarily by lower legal and audit fees, coupled with decreases in patent costs due to a smaller body of intellectual property work, and a decrease in salaries and benefits, driven by the retention bonus expense in the prior year. Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible and long-lived assets During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $56.7 million related to our in-process research and development, or IPR&D, asset related to Descartes-08 for SLE. See Note 3, “Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets” for more information. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded an impairment charge to our long-lived assets of $7.6 million after evaluating the right-of-use assets and related furniture and fixtures upon our decision to cease use of our office and laboratory space at 65 Grove Street, Watertown, Massachusetts. Interest income Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $6.6 million, compared to $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $0.8 million. The decrease in interest income was due to lower investment balances and lower interest rates. Gain on change in fair value of warrant liabilities For the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized $3.7 million gain on the change in the fair value of warrant liabilities, compared to $2.6 million gain for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $1.1 million. Fair value of warrant liabilities was determined utilizing the Black-Scholes valuation methodology. The decrease in warrant value was primarily driven by a decrease in the per-share price of our common stock and the passage of time. 64 Table of Contents Loss on change in fair value of contingent value right liability For the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized a $4.4 million loss on the change in the fair value of contingent value right liability, compared to a loss of $36.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $32.5 million. The fair values of the contingent value right liability as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were determined utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation model. The increase in the fair value of the contingent value right liability was primarily due to the passage of time, partially offset by changes in the anticipated amount and timing of future payments. Loss on change in fair value of forward contract liabilities For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized $6.9 million loss on the change in fair value of Series A Preferred Stock forward contract liabilities. The Series A Preferred Stock forward contract liability was settled during the year ended December 31, 2024. Other (expense) income, net During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized other expense, net of $2.0 million, compared to $0.6 million of other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2024, a change of $2.6 million. The change was primarily driven by a loss on impairment of an investment during the year ended December 31, 2025, coupled with sublease income in the year ended December 31, 2024. The terms of our subleases expired during the year ended December 31, 2024. Income taxes During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized a $9.2 million tax benefit primarily related to impairment of IPR&D during the year and corresponding deferred tax liability. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a deferred tax expense of $0.3 million relating to a change in state tax rate applied to the indefinite deferred tax liability. Liquidity and Capital Resources Except for net income for the year ended December 31, 2022, we have incurred recurring net losses since our inception. We expect that we will continue to incur losses and that such losses will increase for the foreseeable future. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative expenses will continue to increase and, as a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may raise through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, third-party funding, potential royalty and/or milestone monetization transactions and other collaborations and strategic alliances. Our cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $126.9 million as of December 31, 2025, of which $1.7 million was restricted cash related to lease commitments. In addition to our existing cash equivalents, we from time to time have received and may receive in the future research and development funding pursuant to our collaboration and license agreements. Currently, funding from payments under our collaboration agreements represent our only source of committed external funds. The liability associated with the contingent value rights agreement, or CVR Agreement, entered into on December 6, 2023, will be settled solely through cash flow received under the Sobi License and any other Gross Proceeds (as such term is defined in the CVR Agreement) net of certain agreed deductions. Under the CVR Agreement, 100% of all milestone payments, royalties, and other amounts paid to us or our controlled entities under the Sobi License, and any other Gross Proceeds, in each case net of certain agreed deductions, will be distributed to holders of the CVRs. There is no contractual obligation for us to fund any amount related to the CVR liability. Collaboration and License Agreements In-licenses In September 2023, we entered into the Biogen Agreement with Biogen to research, develop, make, use, offer, sell and import products or processes containing or using an engineering T-cell modified with an mRNA comprising, or encoding a protein comprising, certain sequences licensed under the Biogen Agreement for the prevention, treatment, palliation and management of autoimmune diseases and disorders, excluding cancers, neoplastic disorders, and paraneoplastic disorders. We are not obligated to pay Biogen any expenses, fees, or royalties. For further description of the Biogen Agreement, see Note 15, “Collaboration and License Agreements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Effective September 2019, we entered into the NCI Agreement with NCI. Under the NCI Agreement, we were granted a license under certain NCI patents and patent applications designated in the agreement, to make, use, sell, offer and import products and processes within the scope of the patents and applications licensed under the NCI Agreement when developing and manufacturing anti-BCMA CAR-T cell products for the treatment of MG, pemphigus vulgaris, and immune 65 Table of Contents thrombocytopenic purpura according to methods designated in the NCI Agreement. In connection with our entry into the NCI Agreement, we paid to NCI a one-time $0.1 million license royalty payment. Under the NCI Agreement, we are further required to pay NCI a low five-digit annual royalty. We must also pay earned royalties on net sales in a low single-digit percentage and pay up to $0.8 million in benchmark royalties upon our achievement of designated benchmarks that are based on the commercial development plan agreed between the parties. For further description of the NCI Agreement, see Note 15, “Collaboration and License Agreements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In October 2021, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with Genovis AB (publ.), or Genovis, or the Genovis Agreement, and paid Genovis a $4.0 million one-time upfront payment. In February 2023, as a result of the sublicense of Xork, a bacterial IgG protease, to Astellas, we made a $4.0 million payment to Genovis. The Genovis Agreement was terminated effective September 13, 2024. For further description of the Genovis Agreement, see Note 15, “Collaboration and License Agreements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Out-licenses In January 2023, we entered into the Astellas Agreement with Astellas. Under this agreement, Astellas obtained the sole and exclusive right to commercialize Xork for use in Pompe disease in combination with an Astellas gene therapy investigational or authorized product, with a current focus on AT845. In connection with entry into this agreement, we received a $10.0 million upfront payment and are eligible to receive $340.0 million for certain additional development and commercial milestones plus royalties on any potential commercial sales where Xork is used as a pre-treatment for AT845. As a result of the sublicense of Xork to Astellas, we made a $4.0 million payment to Genovis in February 2023. The Astellas Agreement was terminated effective June 6, 2024. For further description of the Astellas Agreement, see Note 13, “Revenue Arrangements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Amounts paid and remaining obligations with regard to the Xork product candidate not reimbursed by Astellas through the Astellas Agreement were subject to potential reimbursement through deductions to CVR distributions as described in Note 6, “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In June 2020, we entered into the Sobi License. Sobi paid us a one-time, upfront payment of $75.0 million, and upon the closing of a private placement of our common stock to Sobi at a price of $138.468 per share, we received an additional $25.0 million from Sobi. We are eligible to receive $630.0 million in milestone payments upon the achievement of various development and regulatory milestones and sales thresholds for annual net sales of NASP, and tiered royalty payments ranging from the low double digits on the lowest sales tier to the high teens on the highest sales tier. Sobi has agreed to fund the Phase 3 clinical program of NASP, which commenced in September 2020. In July 2022, we received $10.0 million for the completion of the enrollment of the DISSOLVE II trial. In July 2024, we received $30.0 million for the milestone associated with the initiation of a rolling biologics license application to the FDA for NASP for the potential treatment of chronic refractory gout by Sobi. Proceeds from milestone payments and royalties on sales of NASP, if any, are required to be distributed, net of certain agreed deductions, to holders of the CVRs. For further description of the Sobi License, see Note 13, “Revenue Arrangements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Financings On November 13, 2023, we entered into the 2023 Securities Purchase Agreement with (i) Timothy A. Springer, Ph.D., a member of our Board of Directors; (ii) TAS Partners LLC, an affiliate of Dr. Springer, and (iii) Seven One Eight Three Four Irrevocable Trust, a trust associated with Murat Kalayoglu, M.D., Ph.D., a co-founder and the former chief executive officer of Old Cartesian, who joined our Board of Directors effective immediately after the effective time of the Merger, providing for the 2023 Private Placement. In the 2023 Private Placement, we issued and sold an aggregate of 149,330.115 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $60.25 million, of which 50,189.789 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were issued and sold in the year ended December 31, 2023 for gross proceeds of $20.25 million, and 99,140.326 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were issued and sold during the year ended December 31, 2024 for gross proceeds of $40.0 million. On July 2, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement, or the 2024 Securities Purchase Agreement, for a private investment in public equity financing, or the 2024 Private Placement, which provided for the issuance of 3,563,247 shares of common stock and 2,937,903 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, each at a purchase price of $20.00 per share. The 2024 Private Placement resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $130.0 million before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. We granted customary registration rights to investors in connection with the 2024 Private Placement. On December 13, 2024, we and Leerink Partners entered into a Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement. Under the Sales Agreement, we may issue and sell shares of our common stock, from time to time, through Leerink Partners for aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $100.0 million. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we sold no shares of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement. 66 Table of Contents Future funding requirements As of the date of this Annual Report, we have not generated any revenue from product sales. We do not know when, or if, we will generate revenue from product sales. We will not generate significant revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval and commercialize one of our current or future product candidates. Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be, compensation and related expenses, third-party clinical research and development services, laboratory and related supplies, clinical costs, legal and other regulatory expenses, milestone and royalty payments for in-licenses, and general overhead costs. We expect that we will continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, and begin to commercialize any approved products. We are subject to risks in the development of our products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. We expect that we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $822.4 million. We anticipate operating losses to continue for the foreseeable future due to, among other things, costs related to research, development of our product candidates, conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, and our administrative organization. We will require substantial additional financing to fund our operations and to continue to execute our strategy, and we will pursue a range of options to secure additional capital. We regularly evaluate various potential sources of additional funding such as strategic collaborations, license agreements, debt issuance, potential royalty and/or milestone monetization transactions and the issuance of equity instruments to fund our operations. If we raise additional funds through strategic collaborations and alliances, which may include existing collaboration partners, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity instruments, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and other preferences may be necessary that adversely affect the rights of existing stockholders. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as of December 31, 2025 will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. We may pursue additional cash resources through public or private equity or debt financings, by establishing collaborations with other companies or through the monetization of potential royalty and/or milestone payments pursuant to our existing collaboration and license arrangements. Management’s expectations with respect to our ability to fund current and long-term planned operations are based on estimates that are subject to risks and uncertainties. If actual results are different from management’s estimates, we may need to seek additional strategic or financing opportunities sooner than would otherwise be expected. However, there is no guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be executed on favorable terms, and some could be dilutive to existing stockholders. If we are unable to obtain additional funding on a timely basis, we may be forced to significantly curtail, delay, or discontinue one or more of our planned research or development programs or be unable to expand our operations, meet long-term obligations or otherwise capitalize on our commercialization of our product candidates. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including: • the scope, progress, results and costs of our clinical trials, preclinical development, manufacturing, laboratory testing and logistics; • the number of product candidates that we pursue and the speed with which we pursue development; • our headcount growth and associated costs; • the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates; • the costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; • the revenue, if any, from commercial sales of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; • the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims; • the effect of competing technological and market developments; and • the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies, including entering into licensing or collaboration arrangements for product candidates. 67 Table of Contents Cash Requirements due to Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments We are under agreement to lease approximately 32,294 square feet of laboratory and office space in Watertown, Massachusetts through May 2028. Remaining lease payments from December 31, 2025 through the end of the lease term total approximately $6.8 million. Payments made and remaining obligations on this lease liability were subject to potential reimbursement through deductions to CVR distributions as described in Note 6 “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report and were reimbursed in the March 2025 CVR distribution. In November 2023, in connection with the Merger, we acquired two leases for office and laboratory space in Gaithersburg, Maryland, which expire in January 2027. Annualized rent is approximately $0.3 million and remaining lease payments from December 31, 2025 through the end of the lease term total approximately $0.4 million. In February 2024, we entered into an agreement to lease approximately 19,199 square feet of integrated manufacturing and office space in Frederick, Maryland. In May 2024, we entered into an amendment to lease an additional approximately 7,842 square feet at the same site. In August 2024, we entered into a second amendment to lease an additional approximately 2,009 square feet at the same site. In March 2025, we entered into a third amendment to lease an additional approximately 6,439 square feet at the same site. The leases expire coterminously in June 2031. Annualized base rent under the leases is approximately $1.4 million and is subject to annual increases in accordance with the terms of the lease agreement. Remaining lease payments from December 31, 2025 through the end of the lease term total approximately $8.8 million. We are also party to certain license and collaboration agreements with Biogen, NCI, and Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., or 3SBio. We may be obligated to make certain future payments which are contingent upon future events such as our achievement of specified regulatory and commercial milestones, or royalties on net product sales under these agreements. As of December 31, 2025, we were unable to estimate the timing or likelihood of achieving these milestones or generating future product sales. Payments made and remaining obligations on the license agreement with 3SBio are subject to potential reimbursement through deductions to CVR distributions as described in Note 6, “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Summary of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, (In thousands) 2025 2024 Cash (used in) provided by: Operating activities $ (73,941) $ (23,674) Investing activities (5,454) (8,742) Financing activities (8,055) 168,428 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 45 (21) Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ (87,405) $ 135,991 Operating activities Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $73.9 million compared to $23.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in net cash used in operating activities of $50.2 million was primarily due to $65.9 million of net loss, adjusted for non-cash items, and $8.0 million of cash used in changes in operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $17.9 million of net loss, adjusted for non-cash items, and $5.8 million of cash provided by changes in operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2024. Investing activities Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $5.5 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $3.2 million. The net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted primarily of purchases of property and equipment. Financing activities Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $8.1 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $168.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a change of $176.5 million. The net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily due to payment on the contingent value 68 Table of Contents right liability. The net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily the result of proceeds of the 2024 Private Placement and the 2023 Private Placement. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For a discussion of recently adopted or issued accounting pronouncements refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of December 31, 2025, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC. Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and could have a material impact on our reported results. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe the following accounting policies to be the most critical in understanding the judgments and estimates we use in preparing our consolidated financial statements: Contingent Value Right Liability The CVRs distributed pursuant to the terms of the CVR Agreement represent financial instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option election in ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASC 825) . Under the fair value option election, the CVRs are initially measured at the aggregate estimated fair value of the CVRs and will be subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. The estimated fair value of the CVR liability was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 to estimate future cash flows associated with the legacy assets, including the expected milestone and royalty payments under the Sobi License, net of deductions. Changes in fair value of the CVR liability are presented in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The liability value is based on significant inputs not observable in the market such as estimated cash flows, estimated probabilities of success, expected volatility of future revenues, which represent a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. Collaboration and License Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Pursuant to ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), a customer is a party that has contracted with an entity to obtain goods or services that are an output of the entity’s ordinary activities in exchange for consideration. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determine those that are performance obligations, and assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. If a promised good or service is not distinct, it is combined with other promised goods or services into a performance obligation. We then recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. Collaboration and License Revenue We currently generate revenue through collaboration and license agreements with strategic collaborators for the development and commercialization of product candidates. Collaboration and license agreements with customers are generally accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. We analyze collaboration arrangements by first assessing whether they are within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (ASC 808), and evaluate whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and 69 Table of Contents rewards that are dependent on the commercial success of such activities. Collaboration agreements with customers that are not within the scope of ASC 808 are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. To the extent the collaboration agreement is within the scope of ASC 808, we also assess whether any aspects of the agreement are within the scope of other accounting literature (specifically ASC 606). If we conclude that some or all aspects of the agreement are distinct and represent a transaction with a customer, we account for those aspects of the arrangement within the scope of ASC 606. We recognize the shared costs incurred that are not within the scope of other accounting literature as a component of the related expense in the period incurred by analogy to ASC Topic 730, Research and Development (ASC 730), and record reimbursements from counterparties as an offset to the related research and development costs. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as we fulfill our obligations under the agreements in accordance with ASC 606, we perform the five steps above. As part of the accounting for the arrangement, we must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. We use key assumptions to determine the stand-alone selling price, which may include market conditions, reimbursement rates for personnel costs, development timelines and probabilities of regulatory success. The assumptions used to determine the stand-alone selling price and our satisfaction of performance obligations have a material effect on our collaboration and license revenue and may prove to be wrong. The terms of our arrangements typically include one or more of the following: (i) upfront fees; (ii) milestone payments related to the achievement of development, regulatory, or commercial goals; (iii) royalties on net sales of licensed products; (iv) reimbursements or cost-sharing of research and development expenses; and (v) profit/loss sharing arising from co-promotion arrangements. Licenses of Intellectual Property If the license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other promised goods and services identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenues from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. If not distinct, the license is combined with other promised goods and services in the contract. For licenses that are combined with other promised goods and services, we assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. We evaluate the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. Optional licenses are evaluated to determine if they are issued at a discount, and therefore, represent material rights and should be accounted for as separate performance obligations. Milestone Payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes developmental and regulatory milestone payments, we evaluate whether the achievement of each milestone specifically relates to our efforts to satisfy a performance obligation or transfer a distinct good or service within a performance obligation. If the achievement of a milestone is considered a direct result of our efforts to satisfy a performance obligation or transfer a distinct good or service and the receipt of the payment is based upon the achievement of the milestone, the associated milestone value is allocated to that distinct good or service. If the milestone payment is not specifically related to our efforts to satisfy a performance obligation or transfer a distinct good or service, the amount is allocated to all performance obligations using the relative standalone selling price method. We also evaluate the milestone to determine whether they are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price to be allocated, otherwise, such amounts are constrained and excluded from the transaction price. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjust our estimate of the transaction price. Any such adjustments to the transaction price are allocated to the performance obligations on the same basis as at contract inception. Amounts allocated to a satisfied performance obligation shall be recognized as revenue, or as a reduction of revenue, in the period in which the transaction price changes. Manufacturing Supply Services: Arrangements that include a promise for future supply of drug substance or drug product for either clinical development or commercial supply at the customer’s discretion are evaluated to determine if they are distinct and optional. For optional services that are distinct, we assess if they are priced at a discount, and therefore, provide a material right to the licensee to be accounted for as separate performance obligations. Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we will recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied) in accordance with the royalty recognition constraint. Clinical Trial Costs Clinical trial expenses are a significant component of research and development expenses, and we outsource a significant portion of these costs to third-parties. Third-party clinical trial expenses include patient costs, clinical research organization 70 Table of Contents costs and costs for data management. The accrual for site and patient costs includes inputs such as estimates of patient enrollment, patient cycles incurred, clinical site activations, and other pass-through costs. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected on the consolidated balance sheets as a prepaid asset or accrued clinical trial cost. These third-party agreements are generally cancellable, and related costs are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. Non-refundable advance clinical payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are recorded as a prepaid asset and recognized as expense as the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed. We also record accruals for estimated ongoing clinical research and development costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, we analyze progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates may be made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates made by us materially affecting our results of operations. The historical clinical accrual estimates made by us have not been materially different from the actual costs. Goodwill Goodwill represents the amount of consideration paid in excess of the fair value of the identified net assets acquired as a result of our business acquisitions accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to impairment testing at a reporting unit level on an annual basis or when a triggering event occurs that may indicate the carrying value of the goodwill is impaired. An entity is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. Such qualitative factors include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, certain assumptions that form the basis of forecasted results (e.g., revenue, discount rates and probability of clinical success) and other relevant events. Further testing is only required if the entity determines, based on the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. We evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually on October 1, or the Assessment Date, and whenever facts and circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of IPR&D. The fair values of IPR&D assets acquired in business combinations are capitalized. These assets are treated as indefinite-lived intangible assets until completion or abandonment of the projects, at which time the assets are amortized over the remaining useful life or written off, as appropriate. Intangible assets with indefinite lives, including IPR&D, are tested for impairment if impairment indicators arise and, at a minimum, annually. However, an entity is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. Further testing is only required if the entity determines, based on the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. Otherwise, no further impairment testing is required. The indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test consists of a one-step analysis that compares the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. We consider many factors in evaluating whether the value of our intangible assets with indefinite lives may not be recoverable, including, but not limited to, expected growth rates, the cost of equity and debt capital, general economic conditions, our outlook and market performance of our industry and recent and forecasted financial performance. We evaluate indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually on the Assessment Date, and whenever facts and circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Warrant Liabilities In December 2019, we issued the 2019 Warrants in connection with a securities purchase agreement between us and a group of institutional investors and certain members of our Board of Directors. Pursuant to the terms of the 2019 Warrants, we could have been required to settle the common warrants in cash in the event of certain acquisitions of us and, as a result, the 2019 Warrants were required to be measured at fair value and reported as a liability on the balance sheet. The outstanding 2019 Warrants expired on December 23, 2024 in accordance with their terms. In April 2022, we issued warrants in connection with an underwritten offering of shares of common stock and warrants to purchase shares of common stock, or the 2022 Warrants. Pursuant to the terms of the 2022 Warrants, we could be required to settle the 2022 Warrants in cash in the event we are acquired under certain circumstances and, as a result, the 2022 Warrants are required to be measured at fair value and reported as a liability on the balance sheet. We recorded the fair value of the 2019 Warrants and 2022 Warrants upon issuance using the Black-Scholes valuation model, and are required to revalue the common warrants at each reporting date and upon exercise or expiration with any 71 Table of Contents changes in fair value recorded on our statement of operations. In December 2022, we amended the terms of the outstanding 2019 Warrants held by certain members of our Board of Directors to remove the cash settlement provision (as so amended, the Amended 2019 Warrants). As a result, the Amended 2019 Warrants were remeasured at fair value on December 20, 2022 and reclassified from a liability to equity on the balance sheet. Inputs used to determine estimated fair value of the common warrant liabilities include the estimated fair value of the underlying stock at the valuation date, the estimated term of the warrants, risk-free interest rates, expected dividends and the expected volatility of the underlying stock. The estimates used to determine the fair value of these common warrants represent our best estimates, but may prove to be wrong. Therefore, the change in fair value of warrant liabilities could be materially different in the future. Stock-Based Compensation We account for all stock-based compensation granted to employees and non-employees using a fair value method. Stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date fair value and is recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, usually the vesting period, on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures. To the extent that actual forfeitures differ from our estimates, the differences are recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period the estimates were adjusted. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements is based on awards that ultimately vest. The assumptions used in determining the fair value of stock-based awards represent our best estimates, but the estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of our judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. Smaller Reporting Company We qualify as a “smaller reporting company” under the rules of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. As a result, we may choose to take advantage of certain scaled disclosure requirements available specifically to smaller reporting companies. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliated persons and entities, or our public float, is more than $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or until the fiscal year following the year in which we have at least $100 million in revenue and at least $250 million in public float as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We are a smaller reporting company under the rules of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and are not required to provide this information required under this item. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The consolidated financial statements together with the report of our independent registered public company accounting firm, required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report. An index of those consolidated financial statements is found in Item 15. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), that are designed to ensure information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principle financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are achieved. Further, the design of a control system must be balanced against resource constraints, and therefore, the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Given the inherent limitations in all systems of controls, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the 72 Table of Contents likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate. Accordingly, given the inherent limitations in a cost-effective system of controls, financial statement misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving their objectives. We conduct periodic evaluations of our system of controls to enhance, where necessary, our control policies and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2025. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f), to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes our policies and procedures, such as our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which (i) require our employees, officers and directors to adhere to certain ethical standards; (ii) require the maintenance of records, in reasonable detail, to help to ensure that our transactions, assets and liabilities are accurately and fairly recorded; (iii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are authorized by our management and directors and are recorded as necessary to allow for the accurate preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP; and (iv) provide reasonable assurance regarding the safeguarding of our assets and the prevention or timely detection of the unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets, which could have a material effect on the financial statements. Internal control over financial reporting includes the controls themselves, management’s monitoring of those controls, actions taken to correct any deficiencies identified and oversight of our internal control environment by the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. Any system of internal control has inherent limitations and therefore may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate over time because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of our fiscal year 2025 and has reviewed the results of this assessment with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. Management based its assessment on criteria established in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based upon this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to an exemption established for registrants that are non-accelerated filers. Item 9B. Other Information During the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025, no officer or director, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act, informed us of the adoption , modification or termination of any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K . Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. 73 Table of Contents PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 11. Executive Compensation Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. 74 Table of Contents PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a)(1) Financial Statements See the “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” on page F-1 below for the list of financial statements filed as part of this report. (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules All financial schedules have been omitted because the required information is either presented in the consolidated financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or the notes thereto or is not required. (a)(3) Exhibits The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date 2.1* Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 13, 2023, by and among Selecta Biosciences, Inc., Sakura Merger Sub I, Inc., Sakura Merger Sub II, LLC, and Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. 8-K 001-37798 2.1 11/13/2023 3.1(a) Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Selecta Biosciences, Inc. 8-K 001-37798 3.1 6/29/2016 3.1(b) Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Selecta Biosciences, Inc., dated June 21, 2022 8-K 001-37798 3.1 6/21/2022 3.1(c) Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Selecta Biosciences, Inc., dated November 13, 2023 8-K 001-37798 3.3 11/13/2023 3.1(d) Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, of Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc., dated March 28, 2024. 8-K 001-37798 3.2 3/28/2024 3.2 Amended and Restated By-laws of Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. 8-K 001-37798 3.2 10/30/2025 4.1 Specimen Stock Certificate evidencing the shares of common stock 10-K 001-37798 4.1 3/13/2025 4.2 Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series E Preferred Stock, dated December 31, 2015, issued by the Registrant to Oxford Finance LLC and Square One Bank, together with a schedule of warrant holders S-1 333-211555 4.6 5/24/2016 4.3 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 11, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (Publ) 10-Q 001-37798 4.1 8/6/2020 4.4 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 11, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (Publ), as amended on November 4, 2020 10-Q 001-37798 4.2 11/5/2020 4.5 Form of Warrant to Purchase Stock, dated August 31, 2020, issued by Selecta Biosciences, Inc. to Oxford Finance LLC and Silicon Valley Bank, together with a schedule of warrants. 8-K 001-37798 4.1 9/3/2020 4.6 Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant, dated April 11, 2022 8-K 001-37798 4.1 4/6/2022 4.7 Form of Contingent Value Rights Agreement 8-K 001-37798 2.1 11/13/2023 4.8 Registration Rights Agreement, by and among Selecta Biosciences, Inc. and certain purchasers party thereto 8-K 001-37798 10.2 11/13/2023 4.9(a) Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock 8-K 001-37798 3.4 11/13/2023 75 Table of Contents 4.9(b) Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Designation of Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, dated March 26, 2024. 8-K 001-37798 3.1 3/28/2024 4.10 Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock 8-K 001-37798 3.1 7/2/2024 4.11 Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 2, 2024, by and among the Registrant and the Investors named therein. 8-K 001-37798 10.2 7/2/2024 4.12 Description of Securities — — — Filed herewith 10.1# Amended and Restated 2016 Incentive Award Plan and form of award agreements thereunder S-1 333-281204 10.1 8/2/2024 10.2# 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan S-1/A 333-211555 10.3 6/8/2016 10.3# Amended and Restated Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. 2018 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan, and forms of award agreements thereunder 10-K 001-37798 10.3 3/13/2025 10.4# Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, and forms of award agreements thereunder S-8 333-276486 99.1 1/12/2024 10.5# Non-Employee Director Compensation Program 10-K 001-37798 10.5 3/13/2025 10.6# Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers S-1 333-211555 10.5 5/24/2016 10.7† Amended and Restated License Agreement, dated as of May 31, 2017, by and between the Registrant and Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 10-Q 001-37798 10.6 8/11/2017 10.8† Manufacturing Services Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2014, by and between the Registrant and Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. S-1 333-211555 10.10 5/24/2016 10.9(a) Lease Agreement by and between BRE-BMR Grove LLC and Selecta Biosciences, Inc. dated July 23, 2019 10-Q 001-37798 10.3 11/8/2019 10.9(b) First Amendment to Lease by and between BRE-BMR Grove LLC and Selecta Biosciences, Inc. dated September 1, 2022 10-Q 001-37798 10.1 11/3/2022 10.10(a)† Lease Agreement by and between 704 Quince Orchard Owner, LLC and Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. dated May 11, 2018 10-K 001-37798 10.11(a) 3/7/2024 10.10(b)† First Amendment to Lease Agreement by and between 704 Quince Orchard Owner, LLC and Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. dated March 22, 2021 10-K 001-37798 10.11(b) 3/7/2024 10.10(c)† Second Amendment to Lease Agreement by and between 704 Quince Orchard Owner, LLC and Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. dated May 3, 2021 10-K 001-37798 10.11(c) 3/7/2024 10.11(a)† Lease Agreement by and between 7495 RP, LLC and Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. dated February 28, 2024 10-K 001-37798 10.12 3/7/2024 10.11(b)† First Amendment to Lease Agreement by and between 7495 RP, LLC and the Registrant dated May 7, 2024 10-Q 001-37798 10.3(b) 5/8/2024 10.11(c)† Second Amendment to Lease Agreement by and between 7495 RP, LLC and the Registrant dated August 30, 2024 10-Q 001-37798 10.1 11/7/2024 10.11(d)† Third Amendment to Lease Agreement by and between 7495 RP, LLC and the Registrant dated March 13, 2025 10-Q 001-37798 10.1 5/8/2025 10.11(e) Fourth Amendment to Lease Agreement by and between 7495 RP, LLC and the Registrant dated June 26, 2025 10-Q 001-37798 10.1 8/7/2025 10.12# Employment Agreement, dated as of September 25, 2018, by and between the Registrant and Carsten Brunn, Ph.D. 8-K 001-37798 10.2 9/27/2018 10.13# Employment Agreement, dated as of November 9, 2022, by and between the Registrant and Blaine Davis 10-K 001-37798 10.15 3/2/2023 10.14# Employment Agreement, dates as of March 26, 2024, by and between the Registrant and Christopher Jewell, Ph.D. 8-K 001-37798 10.1 4/1/2024 10.15# Employment Agreement, dates as of March 28, 2024, by and between the Registrant and Metin Kurtoglu, M.D., Ph.D. 8-K 001-37798 10.2 4/1/2024 76 Table of Contents 10.16(a)† License and Development Agreement, dated as of June 11, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (Publ) 10-Q 001-37798 10.2 8/6/2020 10.16(b)† Amendment No. 1 to License and Development Agreement, dated as of October 31, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (Publ) 10-K 001-37798 10.15(b) 3/7/2024 10.17† Patent License Agreement, between Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, as represented by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, dated September 16, 2019 10-K 001-37798 10.16 3/7/2024 10.18† Patent License Agreement by and between Biogen MA, Inc. and Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc., dated September 8, 2023 10-K 001-37798 10.17 3/7/2024 10.19# Form of Retention Bonus Letter 8-K 001-37798 10.3 11/13/2023 10.20 Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 13, 2023, by and among Selecta Biosciences, Inc. and each purchaser identified on Annex A thereto 8-K 001-37798 10.1 11/13/2023 10.21 Sales Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2024, by and between the Registrant and Leerink Partners LLC S-3 333-283803 1.2 12/13/2024 10.22# S eparation Agreement , dated as of October 20 , 2025, by and between the Company and Christopher Jewell — — — Filed herewith 10.23#† Separation Agreement, dated as of April 29, 2025, by and between the Company and Metin Kurtoglu 10-Q 001-37798 10.2 5/8/2025 19.1 Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. Insider Trading Policy — — — Filed herewith 21.1 Subsidiaries of Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. — — — Filed herewith 23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm — — — Filed herewith 31.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 — — — Filed herewith 31.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 — — — Filed herewith 32.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 — — — Filed herewith 97 Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. Compensation Clawback Policy 10-K 001-37798 97 3/7/2024 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document - the Instance Document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL Document — — — Filed herewith 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document — — — Filed herewith 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document — — — Filed herewith 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document — — — Filed herewith 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document — — — Filed herewith 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document — — — Filed herewith 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) — — — Filed herewith # Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. 77 Table of Contents * Certain annexes, schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted attachment to the SEC on a confidential basis upon request. † Certain confidential information contained in this exhibit, marked by brackets and asterisks, has been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K because the information (i) is not material and (ii) is the type of information that the Company both customarily and actually treats as private and confidential. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 78 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. CARTESIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC. Date: March 9, 2026 By: /s/ Carsten Brunn, Ph.D. Carsten Brunn, Ph.D. President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Carsten Brunn, Ph.D. President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board March 9, 2026 Carsten Brunn, Ph.D. (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Blaine Davis Chief Financial Officer March 9, 2026 Blaine Davis (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) /s/ Patrick Zenner Lead Independent Director March 9, 2026 Patrick Zenner /s/ Timothy C. Barabe Director March 9, 2026 Timothy C. Barabe /s/ Adrian Bot Director March 9, 2026 Adrian Bot /s/ Nishan de Silva, M.D. Director March 9, 2026 Nishan de Silva, M.D. /s/ Murat Kalayoglu, M.D., Ph.D. Director March 9, 2026 Murat Kalayoglu, M.D., Ph.D. /s/ Kemal Malik MBBS Director March 9, 2026 Kemal Malik, MBBS /s/ Michael Singer, M.D., Ph.D. Director March 9, 2026 Michael Singer, M.D., Ph.D. /s/ Timothy Springer, Ph.D. Director March 9, 2026 Timothy Springer, Ph.D. 79 Table of Contents Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Pages Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42 ) F-2 Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2025 and 2024 F- 5 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 F- 5 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Deficit for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 F- 6 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 F- 7 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F- 8 F-1 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as F-2 Table of Contents a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Valuation of contingent value right Description of the Matter As of December 31, 2025, the Company recorded the contingent value right liability and the contingent value right liability, net of current portion of zero and $392.1 million, respectively. As described in Note 2, the Company estimates the fair value of the Contingent Value Right (“CVR”) using a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate future cash flows associated with the legacy assets, including the expected milestone and royalty payments under the Company’s License and Development Agreement with Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (publ.) as amended, net of deductions. Changes in the fair value of the liability are presented in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The liability value is calculated based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market such as estimated cash flows, estimated probabilities of success, and expected volatilities of revenues, which represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded a loss on the change in the fair value of the contingent value right liability of $4.4 million. Auditing the fair value of the CVR liability was complex due to the significant judgment required in estimating the fair value. In particular, the fair value estimate required the use of valuation methodologies that were sensitive to significant assumptions including expected milestone and royalty payments and discount rate which are based on estimates of future market or economic conditions. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit To test the fair value of the CVR liability, our audit procedures included, among others, assessing the appropriateness of the valuation methodology and testing the significant assumptions and the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by the Company. We compared the assumptions for expected milestone and royalty payments to projected industry revenue growth rates and other factors considered by management in developing the model. We involved our valuation specialist to assist in evaluating the valuation methodologies and discount rate used to value the CVR liability. Impairment of Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangibles Description of the Matter As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset balances were $48.2 million and $93.9 million, respectively. As disclosed in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate the fair value of the reporting unit or the intangible assets may be below its carrying value. In order to determine if assets have been impaired, assets are tested at the lowest level for which identifiable independent cash flows are available. An impairment loss is recognized when the sum of projected discounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the asset group. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, an impairment charge is recognized equal to the difference between the carrying value of the reporting unit and its fair value for goodwill, or the difference between the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets and its fair value for indefinite-lived intangible assets. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to the Descartes-08 for SLE indefinite-lived intangible asset of $56.7 million. Auditing management’s impairment tests of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets was complex and judgmental due to the measurement uncertainty in determining the fair values of the reporting unit and indefinite-lived intangible assets. In particular, the fair value estimates of the reporting unit and indefinite-lived intangible assets were sensitive to changes in significant assumptions such as certain assumptions that form the basis of the forecasted results (e.g., revenue, discount rates, control premiums and probability of clinical success). These significant assumptions are especially challenging to audit as they are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. F-3 Table of Contents How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit To test the estimated fair values of the reporting unit and indefinite-lived intangible assets, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the Company’s valuation methodology and significant assumptions used by management, and testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data supporting the significant assumptions mentioned above. We performed sensitivity analyses of significant assumptions to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the reporting unit and indefinite-lived intangible assets resulting from changes in the assumptions. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to current industry and economic trends. We utilized internal valuation specialists to assist in our evaluation of the Company's valuation methodologies and certain significant assumptions. In addition, for goodwill we also tested management’s reconciliation of the fair value of the reporting unit to the market capitalization of the Company. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009. Boston, Massachusetts March 9, 2026 F-4 Table of Contents Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (Amounts in thousands, except share data and par value) December 31, 2025 2024 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 125,139 $ 212,610 Accounts receivable 1,115 872 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 3,022 3,144 Total current assets 129,276 216,626 Property and equipment, net 12,185 9,912 Right-of-use assets, net 5,601 5,535 In-process research and development assets 93,900 150,600 Goodwill 48,163 48,163 Long-term restricted cash 1,735 1,669 Investment — 2,000 Long-term prepaid expenses and other assets 5,551 518 Total assets $ 296,411 $ 435,023 Liabilities and stockholders’ deficit Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 1,288 $ 288 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 9,498 12,076 Lease liabilities 4,151 2,851 Contingent value right liability — 7,761 Total current liabilities 14,937 22,976 Lease liabilities, net of current portion 8,525 11,133 Warrant liability 141 3,836 Contingent value right liability, net of current portion 392,100 387,739 Deferred tax liabilities, net 6,948 16,141 Total liabilities 422,651 441,825 Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) Stockholders’ deficit: Series A Preferred Stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 134,904.563 shares authorized as of December 31, 2025 and 2024; 120,790.402 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 — — Series B Preferred Stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 437,927 shares authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 — — Preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 9,427,168.437 shares authorized as of December 31, 2025 and 2024; no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 — — Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 350,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2025 and 2024; 26,011,106 and 25,767,369 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively 3 3 Additional paid-in capital 700,706 689,887 Accumulated deficit ( 822,373 ) ( 692,071 ) Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 4,576 ) ( 4,621 ) Total stockholders’ deficit ( 126,240 ) ( 6,802 ) Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit $ 296,411 $ 435,023 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 Table of Contents Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share dat a) Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Revenues: Collaboration and license $ 400 $ 38,275 Grant 2,397 638 Total revenues 2,797 38,913 Operating expenses: Research and development 58,034 45,105 General and administrative 31,468 30,126 Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible and long-lived assets 56,700 7,579 Total operating expenses 146,202 82,810 Operating loss ( 143,405 ) ( 43,897 ) Other income (expense): Interest income 6,579 7,386 Gain on change in fair value of warrant liabilities 3,695 2,558 Loss on change in fair value of contingent value right liability ( 4,354 ) ( 36,900 ) Loss on change in fair value of forward contract liabilities — ( 6,890 ) Other (expense) income, net ( 2,010 ) 606 Total other income (expense), net 3,910 ( 33,240 ) Loss before income taxes ( 139,495 ) ( 77,137 ) Income tax benefit (expense) 9,193 ( 287 ) Net loss $ ( 130,302 ) $ ( 77,424 ) Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustment 45 ( 21 ) Total comprehensive loss $ ( 130,257 ) $ ( 77,445 ) Net loss $ ( 130,302 ) $ ( 77,424 ) Net loss per share allocable to common stockholders: Basic $ ( 5.02 ) $ ( 4.48 ) Diluted $ ( 5.02 ) $ ( 4.49 ) Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic 25,973,329 17,276,822 Diluted 25,973,329 17,357,943 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 Table of Contents Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Changes in Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Deficit (Amounts in thousands, except share data) Series A Preferred Stock Options for Series A Preferred Stock Series A Preferred Stock Series B Preferred Stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive loss Stockholders’ deficit Common stock Shares Amount Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Balance at December 31, 2023 435,120.513 $ 296,851 $ 3,703 — $ — — $ — 5,397,597 $ 1 $ 179,062 $ ( 614,647 ) $ ( 4,600 ) $ ( 440,184 ) Issuance of Series A Preferred Stock in connection with private placement and settlement of related forward contract 99,140.326 75,197 — — — — — — — — — — — Transfer of Series A Preferred Stock and options for Series A Preferred Stock to permanent equity ( 534,260.839 ) ( 372,048 ) ( 3,703 ) 534,260.839 — — — — — 375,751 — — 375,751 Conversion of Series A Preferred Stock to common stock — — — ( 413,470.437 ) — — — 13,782,324 2 ( 2 ) — — — Issuance of Series B Preferred Stock and common stock in connection with private placement, net of issuance costs of $ 5,585 — — — — — 2,937,903 — 3,563,247 — 124,438 — — 124,438 Conversion of Series B Preferred Stock to common stock — — — — — ( 2,499,976 ) — 2,499,976 — — — — — Issuance of common stock upon exercise of options — — — — — — — 458,544 1,179 — — 1,179 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants — — — — — — — 65,681 2,877 — — 2,877 Stock-based compensation expense — — — — — — — — — 6,582 — — 6,582 Currency translation adjustment — — — — — — — — — — — ( 21 ) ( 21 ) Net loss — — — — — — — — — — ( 77,424 ) — ( 77,424 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 — $ — $ — 120,790.402 $ — 437,927 $ — 25,767,369 $ 3 $ 689,887 $ ( 692,071 ) $ ( 4,621 ) $ ( 6,802 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of options — — — — — — — 90,444 — 298 — — 298 Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units — — — — — — — 153,293 — — — — — Stock‑based compensation expense — — — — — — — — — 10,521 — — 10,521 Currency translation adjustment — — — — — — — — — — — 45 45 Net loss — — — — — — — — — — ( 130,302 ) — ( 130,302 ) Balance at December 31, 2025 — $ — $ — 120,790.402 $ — 437,927 $ — 26,011,106 $ 3 $ 700,706 $ ( 822,373 ) $ ( 4,576 ) $ ( 126,240 ) On April 4, 2024, the Company effected a 1-for-30 reverse split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock, or the Reverse Stock Split. As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, all figures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to shares of the Company’s common stock (such as share amounts, per share amounts, and conversion rates and prices), including but not limited to, the consolidated financial statements and footnotes included herein, have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6 Table of Contents Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Amounts in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Cash flows from operating activities Net loss $ ( 130,302 ) $ ( 77,424 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 2,959 1,151 Non‑cash lease expense 778 2,437 Loss on disposal of property and equipment — 273 Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible and long-lived assets 56,700 7,579 Stock‑based compensation expense 10,521 6,582 Gain on change in fair value of warrant liabilities ( 3,695 ) ( 2,558 ) Loss on change in fair value of CVR liability 4,354 36,900 Loss on change in fair value of forward contract liabilities — 6,890 Loss on impairment of investment 2,000 — (Benefit) provision for deferred taxes ( 9,193 ) 287 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable ( 243 ) 4,998 Unbilled receivable — 2,981 Prepaid expenses and other assets ( 5,298 ) 1,747 Accounts payable 1,066 ( 2,927 ) Deferred revenue — ( 5,849 ) Accrued expenses and other liabilities ( 3,588 ) ( 6,741 ) Net cash used in operating activities ( 73,941 ) ( 23,674 ) Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of property and equipment ( 5,454 ) ( 9,093 ) Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment — 351 Net cash used in investing activities ( 5,454 ) ( 8,742 ) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of Series A Preferred Stock, gross in private placement — 40,000 Net proceeds from issuance of common stock and Series B Preferred Stock in private placement — 124,438 Equity offering costs ( 624 ) ( 66 ) Proceeds from exercise of common warrants — 2,877 Proceeds from exercise of stock options 323 1,179 Distribution of Contingent Value Rights ( 7,754 ) — Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities ( 8,055 ) 168,428 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 45 ( 21 ) Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash ( 87,405 ) 135,991 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 214,279 78,288 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 126,874 $ 214,279 Non-cash investing and financing activities Purchase of property and equipment not yet paid $ 18 $ 847 Equity offering costs in accrued liabilities $ 30 $ 451 Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities $ 844 $ 5,246 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements . F-7 Table of Contents Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Description of the Business Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc., or the Company, (formerly known as Selecta Biosciences, Inc., or Selecta) was incorporated in Delaware on December 10, 2007, and is headquartered in Frederick, Maryland. The Company is a late clinical-stage biotechnology company pioneering cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The Company leverages its proprietary technology and manufacturing platform to introduce mRNA into cells to provide a therapeutic effect to patient suffering from a variety of autoimmune conditions. Unlike DNA, mRNA degrades naturally over time without integrating into the cell’s genetic material. Its cell therapies are designed to be dosed repeatedly like conventional drugs, administered in an outpatient setting and given without pre-treatment chemotherapy, which is required with many conventional cell therapies. On November 13, 2023, the Company acquired, in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, the assets of the Delaware corporation which, immediately prior to the Merger (as defined below), was known as Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc., or Old Cartesian. The transaction was structured as a stock-for-stock transaction pursuant to which all of Old Cartesian’s outstanding shares of capital stock were exchanged based on a fixed exchange ratio for consideration of 224,099 shares of common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, of the Company, or the common stock, and 384,930.724 shares of the newly designated Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, or the Series A Preferred Stock, or the Merger. The Series A Preferred Stock is intended to have economic rights similar to the common stock, but with only limited voting rights. Additionally, the Company assumed all outstanding stock options of Old Cartesian. The common stock and Series A Preferred Stock related to the Merger were issued on December 5, 2023. The Company’s Product Candidates The Company aims to provide a personalized approach to treating patients that begins with the collection of a patient’s cells which is then used to manufacture the Company’s cell therapy product candidates. Once a patient’s cells have expanded in the Company’s process, mRNA is introduced to deliver a chimeric antigen receptor into the cell. Once the manufacturing process is complete, the product is sent back to the treating physician where they administer six weekly infusions of the Company’s cell therapy candidate to the patient. The Company’s product candidate is specifically designed to target and destroy the pathogenic, self-reactive cell that are the underlying cause of the autoimmune disease, with the goal of creating a precision immune reset for the patient. Descartes-08, the Company’s lead cell therapy product candidate, is an autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, or CAR-T, product targeting B-cell maturation antigen, or BCMA, in clinical development for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis, or MG, and myositis, specifically, moderate to sever multi-refractory dermatomyositis and anti antisynthetase syndrome. In contrast to conventional DNA-based CAR T-cell therapies, the Company’s CAR-T administration is designed to not require preconditioning chemotherapy, to be administered in the outpatient setting and does not carry the risk of genomic integration associated with cancerous transformation. Descartes-08 has been granted Orphan Drug Designation and Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy Designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of MG, and Rare Pediatric Disease Designation for the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis. Liquidity and Management’s Plan As of December 31, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $ 822.4 million. The Company anticipates operating losses to continue for the foreseeable future due to, among other things, costs related to research and development of its product candidates and its administrative organization. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $ 126.9 million, of which $ 1.7 million was restricted cash related to lease commitments. The Company believes the cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of December 31, 2025 will enable it to fund its current planned operations for at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of these financial statements, though it may pursue additional cash resources through public or private equity or debt financings or by establishing collaborations with other companies. However, there is no guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be executed on favorable terms, and some could be dilutive to existing stockholders. Further, the liability associated with the Contingent Value Rights, or CVR, Agreement (as defined below) will be settled solely through cash flow received under the Company’s License and Development Agreement, or as so amended, the Sobi License, with Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (publ.), or Sobi, and any other Gross Proceeds (as defined in the CVR Agreement) net of certain agreed deductions. Under the CVR Agreement, 100 % of all milestone payments, royalties and other amounts paid to the Company or controlled entities under the Sobi License, and any other Gross Proceeds will be distributed, net of specified deductions, to holders of the CVRs. There is no obligation to the Company to fund any amount related to the CVR liability. See Note 6, “Fair Value Measurements”. F-8 Table of Contents If the Company is unable to obtain additional funding on a timely basis, it may be forced to significantly curtail, delay, or discontinue one or more of its planned research or development programs or be unable to expand its operations or otherwise capitalize on its commercialization of its product candidates. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of presentation and consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Selecta (RUS), LLC, or Selecta (RUS), a Russian limited liability corporation, Selecta Biosciences Security Corporation, a Massachusetts securities corporation which the Company dissolved in December 2024, and Cartesian Bio, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, which is a variable interest entity for which the Company is the primary beneficiary and have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States generally accepted accounting principles as found in the Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC and Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Use of estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company’s management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and controls, and bases its estimates on historical experience and other market-specific or other relevant assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. In preparing these consolidated financial statements, management used significant estimates in the following areas, among others: estimated fair value of the intangible assets acquired in connection with the Merger, estimated fair value of the CVRs, deferred income taxes, revenue recognition, estimated accrued research and development expenses, stock-based compensation expense, estimated fair value of the liability-classified warrants, and impairment of goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets. The Company assesses the above estimates on an ongoing basis; however, actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Segment information Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate and discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or the CODM, for the purposes of assessing performance and allocating resources. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which prior to the Merger related to the research and development of nanoparticle immunomodulatory drugs for the treatment and prevention of human diseases and subsequent to the Merger relates to the research and development of cell therapy product candidates. The Company’s CODM function is fulfilled by its Chief Executive Officer. The CODM function assesses performance for the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net loss that is also reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The CODM function uses net loss to monitor budget versus actual results to assess performance of the segment. Segment assets are the same as total assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. All long-lived assets are located in the United States. Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment, net, and operating lease right-of-use assets. Cash Equivalents, Marketable Securities and Investments Cash equivalents include all highly liquid investments maturing within 90 days from the date of purchase. Marketable securities consist of securities with remaining maturities greater than 90 days when purchased. The Company classifies these marketable securities as available-for-sale and records them at fair value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Marketable securities with less than one year until maturity are classified as short term, while marketable securities with maturities greater than one year are classified as long term. Unrealized gains or losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Premiums or discounts from par value are amortized to interest income over the life of the underlying investment. Although available to be sold to meet operating needs or otherwise, securities are generally held through maturity. The cost of securities sold is determined based on the specific identification method for purposes of recording realized gains and losses. The Company has also in the past invested in equity securities of a company whose securities are not publicly traded and where fair value is not readily available. This investment is recorded using cost minus impairment adjusted for changes in observable prices, depending on our ownership percentage and other factors that suggest the Company has a significant influence. The Company monitors this investment to evaluate whether any increase or decline in its value has occurred, based F-9 Table of Contents on the implied value of recent company financings, public market prices of comparable companies and general market conditions. This investment is included in investments in the consolidated balance sheets. Concentrations of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, short-term deposits, investments, accounts receivable, and unbilled receivables. Cash and cash equivalents are deposited with federally insured financial institutions in the United States and may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Management believes that the financial institutions that hold the Company’s deposits are financially creditworthy and, accordingly, minimal risk exists with respect to those balances. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments consist mainly of cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, investments, warrants to purchase common stock, forward contract liabilities, and contingent value rights. The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their estimated fair value due to their short-term maturities. Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level hierarchy is used to prioritize the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements), and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: Level 1—Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2—Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, a Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 3—Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. To the extent that a valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value of warrant liabilities and contingent value rights are determined using Level 3 inputs. Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Company’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may change for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified within levels in the fair value hierarchy. The carrying amounts reflected in the consolidated balance sheet for investments approximate fair value and are assessed for impairment quarterly. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally seven years for furniture and fixtures, five years for laboratory equipment, software and office equipment and three years for computer equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over their useful life or the life of the lease, whichever is shorter. Major additions and betterments are capitalized. Maintenance and repairs, which do not improve or extend the life of the respective assets, are charged to operations as incurred. Costs incurred for construction in progress are recorded as assets and are not amortized until the construction is substantially complete and the assets are ready for their intended use. F-10 Table of Contents Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. In order to determine if assets have been impaired, assets are tested at the lowest level for which identifiable independent cash flows are available. An impairment loss is recognized when the sum of projected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the asset group. The measurement of the impairment loss to be recognized is based on the difference between the fair value and the carrying value of the asset group. The Company did not recognize an impairment charge on its long-lived assets during the year ended December 31, 2025. The Company recognized an impairment charge on its right of use assets and related furniture and fixtures during the year ended December 31, 2024. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in the equity of a business entity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Comprehensive loss consists of: (i) all components of net loss and (ii) all components of comprehensive loss other than net loss, referred to as other comprehensive loss. Other comprehensive loss is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments. Collaboration and License Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Pursuant to ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), a customer is a party that has contracted with an entity to obtain goods or services that are an output of the entity’s ordinary activities in exchange for consideration. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. If a promised good or service is not distinct, it is combined with other promised goods or services into a performance obligation. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. Collaboration and License Revenue The Company currently generates its revenue through collaboration and license agreements with strategic collaborators for the development and commercialization of product candidates. Collaboration and license agreements with customers are generally accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. The Company analyzes collaboration arrangements by first assessing whether they are within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (ASC 808), and evaluates whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards that are dependent on the commercial success of such activities. Collaboration agreements with customers that are not within the scope of ASC 808 are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. To the extent the collaboration agreement is within the scope of ASC 808, the Company also assesses whether any aspects of the agreement are within the scope of other accounting literature (specifically ASC 606). If the Company concludes that some or all aspects of the agreement are distinct and represent a transaction with a customer, the Company accounts for those aspects of the arrangement within the scope of ASC 606. The Company recognizes the shared costs incurred that are not within the scope of other accounting literature as a component of the related expense in the period incurred by analogy to ASC Topic 730, Research and Development (ASC 730), and records reimbursements from counterparties as an offset to the related research and development costs. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as it fulfills its obligations under the agreements in accordance with ASC 606, the Company performs the five steps above. As part of the accounting for the arrangement, the Company must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. The Company uses key assumptions to determine the stand-alone selling price, which may include market conditions, reimbursement rates for personnel costs, development timelines and probabilities of regulatory success. The terms of the Company’s arrangements typically include one or more of the following: (i) upfront fees; (ii) milestone payments related to the achievement of development, regulatory, or commercial goals; (iii) royalties on net sales of licensed products; (iv) reimbursements or cost-sharing of research and development expenses; and (v) profit/loss sharing arising from co-promotion arrangements. F-11 Table of Contents Licenses of Intellectual Property If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other promised goods and services identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenues from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. If not distinct, the license is combined with other promised goods and services in the contract. For licenses that are combined with other promised goods and services, the Company assesses the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. Optional licenses are evaluated to determine if they are issued at a discount, and therefore, represent material rights and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Milestone Payments At the inception of each arrangement that includes developmental and regulatory milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the achievement of each milestone specifically relates to the Company’s efforts to satisfy a performance obligation or transfer a distinct good or service within a performance obligation. If the achievement of a milestone is considered a direct result of the Company’s efforts to satisfy a performance obligation or transfer a distinct good or service and the receipt of the payment is based upon the achievement of the milestone, the associated milestone value is allocated to that distinct good or service. If the milestone payment is not specifically related to the Company’s effort to satisfy a performance obligation or transfer a distinct good or service, the amount is allocated to all performance obligations using the relative standalone selling price method. The Company also evaluates the milestone to determine whether they are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price to be allocated, otherwise, such amounts are constrained and excluded from the transaction price. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the transaction price. Any such adjustments to the transaction price are allocated to the performance obligations on the same basis as at contract inception. Amounts allocated to a satisfied performance obligation shall be recognized as revenue, o