−Removed: Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2016 (unaudited) and
−Removed: September 30, 2015
−Removed: Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months
−Removed: Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 (unaudited)
−Removed: Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended
−Removed: March 31, 2016 and 2015 (unaudited)
−Removed: to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
−Removed: Management’s
−Removed: Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
−Removed: and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
−Removed: and Procedures
−Removed: Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
−Removed: Upon Senior Securities
−Removed: Safety Disclosures
−Removed: PART I –
−Removed: UNAUDITED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
−Removed: CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
+Added: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
PEAK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
−Removed:    Cash
−Removed: $ 1,886  
−Removed: $ 201,656  
−Removed:    Prepaid
−Removed: of discontinued operations held for sale
−Removed: 50,383  
+Added: AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2017
+Added: September 30,
Current assets:
−Removed: 259,289  
−Removed: assets, net of depreciation
−Removed: assets, net of amortization
−Removed: 18,245  
−Removed:    Deposit
−Removed: $ 1,886  
−Removed: $ 281,370  
−Removed: and stockholders' deficit
−Removed:    Accounts
−Removed: $ 77,468  
−Removed: $ 43,238  
−Removed:    Accounts
−Removed: payable - related parties
−Removed: 51,584  
−Removed: 27,000  
−Removed:    Accrued
−Removed: 39,151  
−Removed: of discontinued operations held for sale
−Removed: 179,243  
−Removed: current liabilities
−Removed: 129,412  
−Removed: 288,632  
−Removed: 129,412  
−Removed: 288,632  
−Removed: Stockholders’
−Removed: stock, $.00001 par value, 25,000,000 authorized, none issued or
−Removed: stock, $0.0001 par value, 325,000,000 shares authorized, 78,363,562
−Removed: shares issued and outstanding, as of March 31, 2016 and September
−Removed: paid in capital
−Removed: 4,855,566  
−Removed: 6,151,997  
−Removed: Stockholders’
−Removed: Liabilities and Stockholders’
−Removed: $ 1,886  
−Removed: $ 281,370  
−Removed: accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed
−Removed: consolidated financial statements.
+Added: Liabilities and stockholders' deficit
+Added: Accounts payable
+Added: Accrued liabilities
+Added: Convertible notes payable
+Added: Total Liabilities
+Added: Stockholders’
+Added: Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value, 25,000,000 authorized, none issued or outstanding
+Added: Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 325,000,000 shares authorized, 78,363,562 shares issued and outstanding, as of December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017
+Added: Additional paid in capital
+Added: Accumulated deficit
+Added: Total Stockholders’
+Added: Total Liabilities and Stockholders’
+Added: The accompanying footnotes are an integral part
+Added: of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
PEAK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
−Removed: Three Months Ended
−Removed: Six Months Ended
−Removed: expenses (income):
−Removed: and administrative
−Removed: 74,338  
−Removed: 123,905  
−Removed: 175,997  
−Removed: 283,574  
−Removed: and amortization
−Removed: 15,628  
−Removed: 18,974  
−Removed: based compensation
−Removed: 474,753  
−Removed: 1,132,741  
−Removed: operating expenses (income)
−Removed: 601,696  
−Removed: 1,422,270  
−Removed: income (loss)
−Removed: 1,486,518  
−Removed: 1,101,460  
−Removed: other expenses
−Removed: (loss) from continuing operations
−Removed: 1,486,518  
−Removed: 1,101,460  
−Removed: from operations of discontinued Canna-Pet component (including gain
−Removed: (loss) on disposal of ($3,606) and $74,706, for the three and six
−Removed: months ended March 31, 2016, respectively)
−Removed: 11,861  
−Removed: 74,706  
−Removed: 17,469  
−Removed: income (loss)
−Removed: $ 1,490,125  
−Removed: $ 1,176,166  
−Removed: $ (1,405,296 )
−Removed: share information:
+Added: FOR THE THREE MONTH PERIOD ENDED
+Added: DECEMBER 31, 2017 AND 2016
+Added: For the Three Months Ended
+Added: Operating expenses:
+Added: General and administrative
+Added: Interest expense
+Added: Total expenses
+Added: Per share information:
Basic weighted average shares outstanding
−Removed: 78,363,562  
−Removed: 78,363,562  
−Removed: 78,363,562  
−Removed: 78,276,605  
−Removed:    Diluted
−Removed: weighted average shares outstanding
−Removed: 79,817,087  
−Removed: 78,363,562  
−Removed: 79,817,087  
−Removed: 78,276,605  
−Removed:    Net
−Removed: income (loss) per share - basic and diluted
−Removed: $ 0.02  
−Removed: $ 0.01  
−Removed:    Net
−Removed: income (loss) per share - basic and diluted
−Removed: $ 0.00  
−Removed: $ 0.00  
−Removed: $ 0.00  
−Removed: $ 0.00  
−Removed: accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed
−Removed: consolidated financial statements.
+Added: Diluted weighted average shares outstanding
+Added: Net loss per share - basic and diluted
+Added: The accompanying footnotes are an integral part
+Added: of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
PEAK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
−Removed: CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
−Removed: Six Months Ended March 31,
−Removed: cash used in operating activities
−Removed: $ 199,770  
−Removed: flows from financing activities:
−Removed: of fixed assets
−Removed: cash provided by financing activities
−Removed: cash provided by investing activities
−Removed: change in cash
−Removed: beginning of period
−Removed: 201,656  
−Removed: 451,431  
−Removed: end of period
−Removed: $ 1,886  
−Removed: $ 203,883  
−Removed: disclosure of cash flow information
−Removed: paid for interest
−Removed: paid for income taxes
−Removed: investing activities
−Removed: on disposal of Canna-Pet
−Removed: accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed
−Removed: consolidated financial statements.
+Added: CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH
+Added: FOR THE THREE MONTH PERIOD ENDED DECEMBER
+Added: 31, 2017 AND 2016
+Added: For the Three Months Ended
+Added: Cash flows from operating activities:
+Added: Change in operating assets and liabilities:
+Added: Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
+Added: Accrued liabilities
+Added: Net cash used in operating activities
+Added: Net change in cash
+Added: Cash, beginning of period
+Added: Cash, end of period
+Added: Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
+Added: Cash paid for interest
+Added: Cash paid for income taxes
+Added: The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these
+Added: condensed consolidated financial statements.
PEAK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
−Removed: NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
−Removed: NOTE 1 –
+Added: NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL
+Added: NOTE 1 –
NATURE OF OPERATIONS, BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
−Removed: The Company was incorporated in Nevada on December 18, 2007.
−Removed: a number of name changes, we again changed our name to Peak
−Removed: Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
−Removed: on December 23, 2014.
−Removed: This name was
−Removed: consistent with our business operations and plans relating to
−Removed: development, manufacturing and marketing of hemp-based
−Removed: nutraceutical and supplement products for the human and animal
−Removed: health markets.
−Removed: On October 1, 2015, we discontinued certain
−Removed: operations of the Company.
−Removed: Throughout this report, the terms “our,”
−Removed: “we,”
−Removed: “us,”
−Removed: and the “Company”
+Added: The Company was incorporated
+Added: in Nevada on December 18, 2007.
+Added: After a number of name changes, we again, changed our name to Peak Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
+Added: This name was consistent with our business operations and plans relating to development, manufacturing and marketing
+Added: of hemp-based nutraceutical and supplement products for the human and animal health markets.
+Added: On October 1, 2015, we discontinued
+Added: certain operations of the Company.
+Added: Throughout this report,
+Added: the terms “our,”
+Added: “we,”
+Added: “us,”
+Added: and the “Company”
refer to Peak Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
−Removed: and its subsidiary, Peak
−Removed: BioPharma Corp .
+Added: and its subsidiary, Peak BioPharma Corp.
Basis of Presentation
−Removed: The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial
−Removed: statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with
−Removed: generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for
−Removed: interim financial statements, instructions to Form 10-Q, and
−Removed: Regulation S-X.
−Removed: Accordingly, certain information and footnote
−Removed: disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in
−Removed: accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted.
−Removed: condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in
−Removed: conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto
−Removed: included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended
−Removed: September 30, 2015.
+Added: The accompanying unaudited
+Added: condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting
+Added: principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial statements, instructions to Form 10-Q, and Regulation S-X.
+Added: Accordingly, certain
+Added: information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed
+Added: These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes
+Added: thereto included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2017.
In management's opinion, all adjustments
−Removed: (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered
−Removed: necessary for a fair presentation to make our financial statements
+Added: (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation to make our financial statements
not misleading have been included.
−Removed: The results of operations for
−Removed: the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results
+Added: The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results
to be expected for the full year, or any other period.
−Removed: Basis of Consolidation
−Removed: The condensed consolidated financial statements include the
−Removed: financial statements of the Company and our wholly owned subsidiary
−Removed: Peak BioPharma Corp.
−Removed: All inter-company balances and transactions
−Removed: among the companies have been eliminated upon
−Removed: consolidation.
−Removed: Use of Estimates
−Removed: The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP
−Removed: requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect
−Removed: the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and revenues and
−Removed: expenses during the periods reported.
−Removed: Actual results may differ
−Removed: from these estimates.
−Removed: Financial Instruments
−Removed: Our financial instruments consist of cash, and payables.
−Removed: carrying values of these instruments approximate fair value due to
−Removed: the short term maturities of these instruments.
−Removed: Fair Value Measurements
−Removed: Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”)
−Removed: Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC)”
−Removed: Value Measurements and Disclosures ("ASC 820"), provides a comprehensive framework
−Removed: for measuring fair value and expands disclosures which are required
−Removed: about fair value measurements.
−Removed: Specifically, ASC 820 sets forth a
−Removed: definition of fair value and establishes a hierarchy prioritizing
−Removed: the inputs to valuation techniques, giving the highest priority to
−Removed: quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and
−Removed: liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable value inputs.
−Removed: ASC 820 defines the hierarchy as follows:
−Removed: Level 1 –
−Removed: Quoted prices are available in active markets for
−Removed: identical assets or liabilities as of the reported date.
−Removed: of assets and liabilities included in Level 1 are highly liquid and
−Removed: actively traded instruments with quoted prices, such as equities
−Removed: listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
−Removed: Level 2 –
−Removed: Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in
−Removed: active markets, but are either directly or indirectly observable as
−Removed: of the reported date.
−Removed: The types of assets and liabilities in Level
−Removed: 2 are typically either comparable to actively traded securities or
−Removed: contracts, or priced with models using highly observable
−Removed: Level 3 –
−Removed: Significant inputs to pricing that are unobservable
−Removed: as of the reporting date.
−Removed: The types of assets and liabilities
−Removed: included in Level 3 are those with inputs requiring significant
−Removed: management judgment or estimation, such as complex and subjective
−Removed: models and forecasts used to determine the fair value of financial
−Removed: transmission rights.
−Removed: Intangible Asset
−Removed: The intangible asset is our website that was being amortized over
−Removed: the expected useful life which we estimated to be three years.
−Removed: Since we are no longer using our website, we expensed the remaining
−Removed: balance to amortization expense.
−Removed: Long-lived Assets
−Removed: On a periodic basis, management assesses whether there are any
−Removed: indicators that the value of our long-lived assets may be impaired.
−Removed: An asset’s value may be impaired only if management’s
−Removed: estimate of the aggregate future cash flows, on an undiscounted
−Removed: basis, to be generated by the asset are less than the carrying
−Removed: value of the asset.
−Removed: Our only longed lived assets are our website and computer
−Removed: If impairment has occurred, the loss is measured as the
−Removed: excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its fair value.
−Removed: estimates of aggregate future cash flows expected to be generated
−Removed: by our long-lived asset are based on a number of assumptions that
−Removed: are subject to economic and market uncertainties.
−Removed: As these factors
−Removed: are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may
−Removed: alter management’s assumptions, the future cash flows
−Removed: estimated by management in their impairment analyses may not be
−Removed: During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we charged
−Removed: $15,264 to amortization expense for the impairment of our
−Removed: Loss Per Share
−Removed: We calculate net loss per share in accordance with ASC Topic
−Removed: 260, Earnings per
−Removed: Basic net loss per share
−Removed: is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of
−Removed: shares of common stock outstanding for the period, and diluted
−Removed: earnings per share is computed by including common stock
−Removed: equivalents outstanding for the period in the
Recent Pronouncements
−Removed: From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued that we
−Removed: adopt as of the specified effective date.
−Removed: We believe that the
−Removed: impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective may
−Removed: have an impact on our results of operations and financial
−Removed: ASU Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with
−Removed: Customers (Topic 606) issued
−Removed: May 28, 2014 by the FASB and the IASB converged guidance on
−Removed: recognizing revenue in contracts with customers on an effective
−Removed: date after December 31, 2017 will be evaluated as to impact and
−Removed: implemented accordingly.
−Removed: ASU Update 2014-15, Presentation of Financial
−Removed: Statements-Going Concern (Sub
−Removed: Topic 205-40) issued August 27, 2014 by FASB defines
−Removed: management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is a
−Removed: substantial doubt about an organizations ability to continue as a
−Removed: going concern.
−Removed: The additional disclosure required is effective
−Removed: after December 31, 2015.
−Removed: We have adopted ASU 2014-15 and it has not
−Removed: had a material impact on our Consolidated Financial
−Removed: In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of
−Removed: Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance
−Removed: The guidance requires an
−Removed: entity to present debt issuance costs in the balance sheet as a
−Removed: direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability,
−Removed: consistent with debt discounts, rather than as an asset.
−Removed: Amortization of debt issuance costs will continue to be reported as
−Removed: interest expense.
−Removed: Debt issuance costs related to revolving credit
−Removed: arrangements, however, will continue to be presented as an asset
−Removed: and amortized ratably over the term of the arrangement.
−Removed: is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15,
−Removed: 2015 including interim periods within those annual periods.
−Removed: application is permitted, and upon adoption, ASU 2015-03 should be
−Removed: applied on a retrospective basis.
−Removed: We have adopted ASU 2015-03 and
−Removed: it has not had a material impact on our Consolidated Financial
−Removed: In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Inventory , which simplifies the measurement principle of
−Removed: inventories valued under the First-In, First-Out
−Removed: (“FIFO”) or weighted average methods from the lower of
−Removed: cost or market to the lower of cost and net realizable value.
−Removed: 2015-11 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December
−Removed: 15, 2016 including interim periods within those annual periods.
−Removed: do not expect the standard to have a material impact on our
−Removed: Consolidated Financial Statements.
−Removed: In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification
−Removed: of Deferred Taxes , which
−Removed: requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as
−Removed: noncurrent on the consolidated balance sheet.
−Removed: ASU 2015-17 is
−Removed: effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016,
−Removed: including interim periods within those annual periods.
−Removed: adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual
−Removed: reporting period.
−Removed: Upon adoption, ASU 2015-17 may be applied either
−Removed: prospectively or retrospectively.
−Removed: We do not expect the adoption of
−Removed: this guidance to have a material impact on our Consolidated
+Added: From time to time, new
+Added: accounting pronouncements are issued that we adopt as of the specified effective date.
+Added: We believe that the impact of recently issued
+Added: standards that are not yet effective may have an impact on our results of operations and financial position.
+Added: In February 2016, the FASB
+Added: issued ASU No.
+Added: 2016-02, Leases, to improve financial reporting about leasing transactions.
+Added: This ASU will require organizations
+Added: that lease assets (“lessees”) to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset on its balance sheet for all
+Added: leases with terms of more than twelve months.
+Added: A lease liability is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from
+Added: a lease, measured on a discounted basis and a right-of-use asset represents the lessee’s right to use, or control use of,
+Added: a specified asset for the lease term.
+Added: The amendments in this ASU simplify the accounting for sale and leaseback transactions primarily
+Added: because lessees must recognize lease assets and lease liabilities.
+Added: This ASU leaves the accounting for the organizations that own
+Added: the assets leased to the lessee (“lessor”) largely unchanged except for targeted improvements to align it with the
+Added: lessee accounting model and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
+Added: 2016-02 is effective for reporting periods
+Added: beginning after December 15, 2018.
+Added: We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our Consolidated
Financial Statements.
−Removed: In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No.
−Removed: Leases , to improve financial reporting about leasing
−Removed: transactions.
−Removed: This ASU will require organizations that lease assets
−Removed: (“lessees”) to recognize a lease liability and a
−Removed: right-of-use asset on its balance sheet for all leases with terms
−Removed: of more than twelve months.
−Removed: A lease liability is a lessee’s
−Removed: obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on
−Removed: a discounted basis and a right-of-use asset represents the
−Removed: lessee’s right to use, or control use of, a specified asset
−Removed: for the lease term.
−Removed: The amendments in this ASU simplify the
−Removed: accounting for sale and leaseback transactions primarily because
−Removed: lessees must recognize lease assets and lease liabilities.
−Removed: leaves the accounting for the organizations that own the assets
−Removed: leased to the lessee (“lessor”) largely unchanged
−Removed: except for targeted improvements to align it with the lessee
−Removed: accounting model and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with
−Removed: Reclassifications
−Removed: Certain amounts from prior periods have been reclassified for
−Removed: consistency with the presentation of the three and six month
−Removed: periods ended March 31, 2016.
−Removed: These reclassifications had no effect
−Removed: on the reported results of operations.
−Removed: NOTE 2 –
−Removed: GOING CONCERN AND MANAGEMENT’S LIQUIDITY
−Removed: Financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP contemplate a
−Removed: company’s continuation as a going concern.
−Removed: We have incurred
−Removed: net losses since inception and have an accumulated deficit of
−Removed: $4,990,929 as of March 31, 2016.
−Removed: This condition raises substantial
−Removed: doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.
−Removed: the expenses of our operations have been significantly reduced due
−Removed: to the termination of the license agreement as outlined in Note 3,
−Removed: we need to still evaluate raising additional capital through the
−Removed: sale of equity securities, through an offering of debt securities
−Removed: or through borrowings from financial institutions or individuals.
−Removed: There can be no assurance that such a plan will be
−Removed: Accordingly, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial
−Removed: statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S.
−Removed: contemplates continuation of the Company as a going concern and the
−Removed: realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the
−Removed: normal course of business.
−Removed: The carrying amounts of assets and
−Removed: liabilities presented in the condensed consolidated financial
−Removed: statements do not necessarily represent realizable or settlement
−Removed: The condensed consolidated financial statements do not
−Removed: include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this
−Removed: NOTE 3 - DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
−Removed: upon recent regulatory activity related to imposition of
−Removed: restrictions and limitations on the sale of hemp-based health
−Removed: products for pets, we elected to terminate our license agreement
−Removed: with the Licensor, effective as of October 1, 2015, and to cease
−Removed: all operations relating to sale of hemp-based products for
−Removed: October 12, 2015, we entered into an agreement for the termination
−Removed: (“Termination Agreement”) of the License Agreement,
−Removed: effectively selling the discontinued operations.
−Removed: The Termination
−Removed: Agreement contained the following provisions:
−Removed: Termination of
−Removed: The parties agreed to terminate the License Agreement
−Removed: effective as of October 1, 2015.
−Removed: This termination was made by
−Removed: mutual agreement of the parties pursuant to and in accordance with
−Removed: the provisions of the License Agreement.
−Removed: Return of Licensed
−Removed: Intellectual Property:
−Removed: We agreed to return all Licensed
−Removed: Intellectual Property to the Licensor, and our right to use all, or
−Removed: any portion, of the Licensed Intellectual Property ceased effective
−Removed: as of October 1, 2015.
−Removed: Pursuant to the terms of the License
−Removed: Agreement, the Licensed Intellectual Property included the brand
−Removed: name “Canna-Pet”
−Removed: and certain related intellectual
−Removed: property, including, but not limited, trademarks and copyrights,
−Removed: formulations, recipes, production processes and systems, websites,
−Removed: domain names, customer lists, supplier lists trade secrets and
−Removed: know- how, and other related intellectual property.
−Removed: Return of Other
−Removed: In addition to return of the Licensed Intellectual
−Removed: Property, we agreed to transfer to Licensor all product inventory,
−Removed: Colorado hemp with permits and authorization, all
−Removed: production/fulfillment contracts, all e-commerce accounts and
−Removed: processing, all non-disclosure and research agreements and any and
−Removed: all other property in our possession which was used by us in the
−Removed: conduct of our business related to production and sale of medical
−Removed: cannabis products for pets made from hemp and low-THC cannabis
−Removed: Office Space and
−Removed: In conjunction with the execution of the Termination
−Removed: Agreement, we granted the Licensor the right to use our office
−Removed: space, for the three-month period from October 1, 2015 through
−Removed: December 31, 2015, on a rent-free basis.
−Removed: Consideration:
−Removed: consideration for the cancellation of the License Agreement and the
−Removed: return of other property, as described above, the Licensor agreed
−Removed: to waive payment by us and to release us from liability for payment
−Removed: of any and all unpaid royalties, invoices and other amounts which
−Removed: were otherwise currently due and payable by us to Licensor for
−Removed: sales of Canna-Pet products for all periods through and including
−Removed: September 30, 2015.
−Removed: October 15, 2015, we forwarded to the Licensor all payments
−Removed: received by us after September 30, 2015 (net of amounts received by
−Removed: us for taxes, duties, governmental charges, freight or shipping
−Removed: charges, and the like) for Canna- Pet products sold on or after
−Removed: October 1, 2015.
−Removed: following is a summary of the net liabilities sold as initially
−Removed: determined at Septembers 30, 2015 and updated October 15,
−Removed: $ 45,436  
−Removed: $ 41,705  
−Removed: 62,436  
−Removed: 50,383  
−Removed: 103,548  
−Removed: 124,396  
−Removed: 39,506  
−Removed: 39,506  
−Removed: 15,341  
−Removed: 143,339  
−Removed: 179,243  
−Removed: Net liabilities
−Removed: $ 80,903  
−Removed: $ 128,860  
−Removed: The income from discontinued operations presented in the statements
−Removed: of operations consists of the following for the six-month periods
−Removed: ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively:
−Removed: $ 465,517  
−Removed: of goods sold
−Removed: and administrative expenses, including depreciation
−Removed: and amortization
−Removed: on disposal of discontinued operations
−Removed: 80,903  
−Removed: from discontinued operations
−Removed: $ 74,706  
−Removed: $ 17,469  
−Removed: NOTE 4 –
−Removed: INTANGIBLE ASSETS
−Removed: Intangible assets at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, consist
−Removed: of website costs of $35,000, less accumulated amortization of
−Removed: $35,000 and $16,755, respectively.
−Removed: The website costs have been
−Removed: fully amortized.
−Removed: During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we
−Removed: charged $15,264 to amortization expense for the impairment of our
−Removed: NOTE 5 –
+Added: In March 2016, the FASB
+Added: issued authoritative guidance regarding the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences,
+Added: classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows.
+Added: The guidance is to
+Added: be applied for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those annual periods, and early adoption
+Added: is permitted.
+Added: The guidance requires companies to apply the requirements retrospectively, modified retrospectively, or prospectively
+Added: depending on the amendment(s) applied.
+Added: The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.
+Added: In April 2016, the FASB
+Added: issued ASU 2016 –
+Added: 10 “Revenue from Contract with Customers:
+Added: identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing”.
+Added: The amendments in this Update clarify the two following aspects (a) contracts with customers to transfer goods and services in
+Added: exchange for consideration and (b) determining whether an entity’s promise to grant a license provides a customer with either
+Added: a right to use the entity’s intellectual property (which is satisfied at a point in time) or a right to access the entity’s
+Added: intellectual property (which is satisfied over time).
+Added: The amendments in this Update are intended to reduce the degree of judgement
+Added: necessary to comply with Topic 606.
+Added: This guidance has no effective date as yet.
+Added: The Company is currently evaluating the impact
+Added: of adopting this guidance.
+Added: In August 2016, the FASB
+Added: issued ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”.
+Added: The new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash
+Added: ASU 2016-15 is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2019.
+Added: Early adoption is permitted, provided
+Added: that all of the amendments are adopted in the same period.
+Added: The guidance requires application using a retrospective transition method.
+Added: The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.
+Added: In November 2016, the FASB
+Added: issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Restricted Cash”.
+Added: The new guidance requires that the reconciliation
+Added: of the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown in the statement of cash flows include restricted cash and restricted
+Added: cash equivalents.
+Added: If restricted cash is presented separately from cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet, companies will
+Added: be required to reconcile the amounts presented on the statement of cash flows to the amounts on the balance sheet.
+Added: Companies will
+Added: also need to disclose information about the nature of the restrictions.
+Added: The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after
+Added: December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years.
+Added: The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this
+Added: In January 2017, FASB issued
+Added: ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805) Clarifying the Definition of a Business”.
+Added: The amendments in this Update
+Added: is to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions
+Added: should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses.
+Added: The definition of a business affects many areas
+Added: of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill, and consolidation.
+Added: The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning
+Added: after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods.
+Added: The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting
+Added: this guidance.
+Added: On May 10, 2017, the Financial
+Added: Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-09 “Compensation—Stock
+Added: Compensation (Topic 718):
+Added: Scope of Modification Accounting”, which provides guidance to clarify when to account for a change
+Added: to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award as a modification.
+Added: Under the new guidance, modification accounting is
+Added: required only if the fair value, the vesting conditions, or the classification of the award (as equity or liability) changes as
+Added: a result of the change in terms or conditions.
+Added: The guidance is effective prospectively for all companies for annual periods beginning
+Added: on or after December 15, 2017.
+Added: Early adoption is permitted.
+Added: The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.
+Added: NOTE 2 –
+Added: GOING CONCERN AND MANAGEMENT’S
+Added: LIQUIDITY PLANS
+Added: As of September 30, 2017,
+Added: the Company had an accumulated deficit of $5,063,716 and a working capital deficiency of $200,314.
+Added: During the quarters ended December
+Added: 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company used cash in operating activities of $155 and $126, respectively.
+Added: These conditions raise substantial
+Added: doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
+Added: The Company recognizes it will need to raise additional
+Added: capital in order to fund operations and meet its payment obligations.
+Added: There is no assurance that additional financing will be available
+Added: when needed or that management will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to the Company and whether the Company will
+Added: generate revenues, become profitable and generate positive operating cash flow.
+Added: If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional
+Added: funds on favorable terms, it will have to develop and implement a plan to further extend payables and to raise capital through
+Added: the issuance of debt or equity on less favorable terms until sufficient additional capital is raised to support further operations.
+Added: There can be no assurance that such a plan will be successful.
+Added: Accordingly, the accompanying
+Added: consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S.
+Added: GAAP, which contemplates continuation of the Company
+Added: as a going concern and the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.
+Added: amounts of assets and liabilities presented in the consolidated financial statements do not necessarily represent realizable or
+Added: settlement values.
+Added: The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this
+Added: NOTE 3 –
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
−Removed: Parties, which can be corporations or individuals, are considered
−Removed: to be related if we have the ability, directly or indirectly, to
−Removed: control the other party or exercise significant influence over the
−Removed: other party in making financial and operating decisions.
−Removed: are also considered to be related if they are subject to common
−Removed: control or common significant influence.
−Removed: Accounts payable –
−Removed: related parties are the amounts payable to
−Removed: officers and directors of the Company for reimbursement of expenses
−Removed: they incurred on behalf of the Company as well as Directors’
+Added: Parties, which can be corporations
+Added: or individuals, are considered to be related if they have the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise
+Added: significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions.
+Added: Companies are also considered to be related
+Added: if they are subject to common control or common significant influence.
+Added: Accounts payable –
+Added: related parties are the amounts payable to officers and directors of the Company for reimbursement of expenses they incurred on
+Added: behalf of the Company as well as Directors’
fees and salaries.
−Removed: These amounts are due on demand, unsecured and
−Removed: bear no interest.
−Removed: NOTE 6 –
−Removed: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
−Removed: We have no operating lease commitments as of March 31,
−Removed: Rent expense was $2,500 and $6,380 for the three and six months
−Removed: ended March 31, 2016, respectively.
−Removed: Rent expense was $5,820 and
−Removed: $12,151 for the three and six months ended March 31, 2015,
−Removed: respectively.
−Removed: NOTE 7 –
−Removed: STOCKHOLDERS’
−Removed: no preferred or common stock transactions during the three and six
−Removed: month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
−Removed: NOTE 8 –
−Removed: In March 2014, we issued non-qualified options to purchase
−Removed: 2,916,000 shares of our common stock for services rendered to a
−Removed: director of the Company.
−Removed: The options have a term of 10 years, are
−Removed: exercisable at $0.0067 per share and vested when they were
−Removed: The fair value of the options, estimated at the date of grant using
−Removed: the Black-Scholes option pricing model was $9,078.
−Removed: The options have
−Removed: been expensed as equity-based compensation.
−Removed: The following
−Removed: assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option pricing
−Removed: life (in years) –
−Removed: (based on a comparable companies) –
−Removed: Free interest rate –
−Removed: yield (on common stock) –
−Removed: In May 2014, we issued non-qualified options to purchase 4,500,000
−Removed: shares of our common stock to certain officers of the Company.
−Removed: options are exercisable at $0.20 per share and have graded vesting
−Removed: over 4 years.
−Removed: The fair value of the options, estimated at the date of grant using
−Removed: the Black-Scholes option pricing model was $4,415,649.
−Removed: following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option pricing
−Removed: life (in years) –
−Removed: (based on a comparable companies) –
−Removed: Free interest rate –
−Removed: yield (on common stock) –
−Removed: As per guidance in the ASC Topic 718, Compensation - Stock
−Removed: Compensation (“ASC
−Removed: 718”), we are amortizing the fair value of the options on a
−Removed: straight line basis over the requisite service period for each
−Removed: separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was,
−Removed: in-substance, multiple awards (graded vesting attribution
−Removed: During the six months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recognized
−Removed: stock based compensation of $280,053.
−Removed: During the six-month period
−Removed: ending March 31, 2016, the officers holding the 4,500,000 options
−Removed: resigned and the option were forfeited.
−Removed: In accordance with
−Removed: ASC 718, previously expensed stock
−Removed: based compensation which requisite service will not be provided and
−Removed: are forfeited and reversed.
−Removed: As a result, previously recorded stock
−Removed: based compensation of $1,576,484 was reversed and credited to stock
−Removed: based compensation expense during the six months ended March 31,
−Removed: The following is a summary of outstanding stock options issued to
−Removed: employees and directors as of March 31, 2016:
−Removed: of Options
−Removed: October 1, 2014 and September 30, 2015
−Removed: 7,416,000  
−Removed: - $0.20  
−Removed: March 31, 2016
−Removed: 2,916,000  
−Removed: $ 0.0067  
−Removed: 2,916,000  
−Removed: $ 0.0067  
−Removed: The following is a summary of outstanding stock options issued to
−Removed: non-employees, excluding directors, as of March 31,
−Removed: of Options
−Removed: March 31, 2016
−Removed: 375,000  
−Removed: $ 0.0067  
−Removed: 375,000  
−Removed: $ 0.0067  
−Removed: The following is a summary of outstanding stock options issued to
−Removed: non-employees, excluding directors, as of March 31,
−Removed: Total equity based compensation for the three months ended March
−Removed: 31, 2016 and 2015 was ($1,576,484) and $474,753 respectively.
−Removed: equity based compensation for the six months ended March 31, 2016
−Removed: and 2015 was ($1,296,431) and $1,132,741,
−Removed: respectively.
−Removed: NOTE 9 –
−Removed: We account for income taxes in interim periods in accordance with
−Removed: ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes
−Removed: (“ASC 740”).
−Removed: determined an estimated annual effective tax rate.
−Removed: The rate will be
−Removed: revised, if necessary, as of the end of each successive interim
−Removed: period during our fiscal year to our best current estimate.
−Removed: March 31, 2016, the estimated effective tax rate for the year is
−Removed: There are open statutes of limitations for taxing authorities in
−Removed: federal and state jurisdictions to audit our tax returns from 2011
−Removed: through the current period.
−Removed: Our policy is to account for income tax
−Removed: related interest and penalties in income tax expense in the
−Removed: statement of operations.
−Removed: There have been no income tax related
−Removed: interest or penalties assessed or recorded.
−Removed: ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement
−Removed: attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement
−Removed: of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.
−Removed: This pronouncement also provides guidance on derecognition,
−Removed: classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim
−Removed: periods, disclosure, and transition.
−Removed: For the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 we did not have
−Removed: any interest and penalties associated with tax positions.
−Removed: March 31, 2016, we did not have any significant unrecognized
−Removed: uncertain tax positions.
−Removed: NOTE 10 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
−Removed: Management has evaluated all activity and concluded that no
−Removed: subsequent events have occurred that would require recognition in
−Removed: these financial statements or disclosure in the notes to these
−Removed: financial statements.
−Removed: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
−Removed: CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
+Added: Included in accounts payable at December 31, 2017 are amounts
+Added: totaling $47,877 (September 30, 2016 $47,877) owed to related parties.
+Added: NOTE 4 –
+Added: CONVERTIBLE NOTES PAYABLE
+Added: Loan with Trius Holdings
+Added: On March 17, 2017,
+Added: the Company entered into an agreement with Trius Holdings Limited (“Trius”).
+Added: Pursuant to the terms of the
+Added: agreement, Trius acquired a 12% convertible note with an aggregate face value of $10,000.
+Added: The note matures in one year.
+Added: is entitled, at its option, to convert all or a part of the principal outstanding at the date into shares of the of common
+Added: stock in the Company at a price equal to a 20% discount to the closing price of the common stock on the date of the
+Added: lender’s notice of conversion, subject to a floor of $0.01.
+Added: Loan with Individual
+Added: On March 30, 2017,
+Added: the Company entered into an agreement with an individual.
+Added: Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the individual acquired a
+Added: 12% convertible note with an aggregate face value of $10,000.
+Added: The note matures in one year.
+Added: The individual is entitled, at
+Added: its option, to convert all or a part of the principal outstanding at the date into shares of the of common stock in the
+Added: Company at a price equal to a 20% discount to the closing price of the common stock on the date of the lender’s notice
+Added: of conversion, subject to a floor of $0.01.
+Added: Total accrued interest
+Added: on the above notes was $1,844 as of December 31, 2017 (September 30, 2017 $1,240) and is reflected in accrued liabilities on the
+Added: accompanying balance sheet.
+Added: The Company recorded a loss on the notes of $5,000 during the quarter ended March 31, 2017 based on
+Added: the fair value of the notes.
+Added: NOTE 5 –
+Added: STOCKHOLDERS’
+Added: We had no preferred or
+Added: common stock transactions during the three-period ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
+Added: NOTE 6 –
+Added: No stock options were granted
+Added: during the quarters ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
+Added: The following is a summary
+Added: of outstanding stock options issued to employees and directors as of December 31, 2017:
+Added: Exercise Price per
+Added: Outstanding September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017
+Added: The following is a summary
+Added: of outstanding stock options issued to non-employees, excluding directors, as of December 31, 2017:
+Added: Exercise Price per
+Added: Outstanding September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017
+Added: equity-based compensation for the three months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
+Added: NOTE 7- SUBSEQUENT EVENT
+Added: On January 11, 2018,
+Added: we received a promissory note from Media park Investments Limited in the amount of $23,000.
+Added: The note is due and payable in
+Added: full on July 9, 2018 and it accrues interest at a rate of 12% per annum.
+Added: Management’s
+Added: Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Forward-Looking Statements
−Removed: report contains forward-looking statements.
−Removed: The following
−Removed: discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial
−Removed: statements and related notes contained in our Annual Report on Form
−Removed: 10-K, as filed with the Securities & Exchange Commission on
−Removed: January 13, 2016.
−Removed: Certain statements made in this discussion are
−Removed: "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of The Private
−Removed: Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
−Removed: Forward-looking
−Removed: statements are projections in respect of future events or financial
−Removed: In some cases, you can identify forward-looking
−Removed: statements by terminology such as “may,”
−Removed: “should,”
−Removed: “expects,”
−Removed: “plans,”
−Removed: “anticipates,”
−Removed: “believes,”
−Removed: “estimates,”
−Removed: “predicts,”
−Removed: “potential”
−Removed: or “continue”
−Removed: or the negative
−Removed: of these terms or other comparable terminology.
−Removed: statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown
−Removed: risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks in the
−Removed: section entitled “Risk Factors”
−Removed: set forth in our Annual
−Removed: Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2015, as filed
−Removed: on January 13, 2016, any of which may cause our company’s or
−Removed: our industry’s actual results, levels of activity,
−Removed: performance or achievements to be materially different from any
−Removed: future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements
−Removed: expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.
−Removed: risks may cause the Company’s or its industry’s actual
−Removed: results, levels of activity or performance to be materially
−Removed: different from any future results, levels of activity or
−Removed: performance expressed or implied by these forward-looking
−Removed: the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the
−Removed: forward-looking statements are reasonable, it cannot guarantee
−Removed: future results, levels of activity or performance.
−Removed: neither the Company nor any other person assumes responsibility for
−Removed: the accuracy and completeness of these forward-looking statements.
−Removed: The Company is under no duty to update any forward-looking
−Removed: statements after the date of this report to conform these
−Removed: statements to actual results.
−Removed: in this quarterly report and unless otherwise indicated, the terms
−Removed: “we,”
−Removed: “us,”
−Removed: “our,”
−Removed: “Peak,”
−Removed: or the “Company”
−Removed: refer to Peak
−Removed: Pharmaceuticals, Inc, including our wholly-owned subsidiary Peak
−Removed: BioPharma Corp (“Peak BioPharma”).
−Removed: Unless otherwise
−Removed: specified, all dollar amounts are expressed in United States
−Removed: Corporate Overview
−Removed: incorporated as Surf A Movie Solutions Inc.
−Removed: in Nevada on December
−Removed: 18, 2007 to engage in the business of the development, sales and
−Removed: marketing of online video stores.
−Removed: We were not successful in our
−Removed: efforts and have ceased this line of business.
−Removed: October 10, 2013, we entered into a joint venture agreement with
−Removed: Produced Water Solutions, Inc., a Colorado corporation, that was in
−Removed: the business of providing economically and environmentally sound
−Removed: solutions for the treatment and recycling of wastewater resulting
−Removed: principally from oil and gas exploration and production activities.
−Removed: As a result of our research of this business opportunity, on
−Removed: December 31, 2013, we determined not to move forward with this line
−Removed: early March 2014, we entered into the business of developing,
−Removed: manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical level products
−Removed: containing phytocannabinoids, an abundant and pharmaceutically
−Removed: active component of industrial hemp, for the prevention and
−Removed: alleviation of various conditions and diseases.
−Removed: In connection
−Removed: therewith, on March 17, 2014 we changed our name to Cannabis
−Removed: Therapy Corp.
−Removed: On December 23, 2014, we changed our name to Peak
−Removed: Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
−Removed: All of our business operations are carried on
−Removed: through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Peak BioPharma Corp., a
−Removed: Colorado corporation.
−Removed: 29, 2014, through Peak BioPharma, we entered into a license
−Removed: agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Canna-Pet, LLC
−Removed: (“Licensor”), a Washington limited liability company,
−Removed: which owns the brand name “Canna-Pet”
−Removed: related intellectual property including, but not limited to,
−Removed: trademarks and copyrights, formulations, recipes, production
−Removed: processes and systems, websites, domain names, customer lists,
−Removed: supplier lists, trade secrets and know-how, and other related
−Removed: intellectual property (collectively, the “Licensed
−Removed: Intellectual Property”), used by Licensor in the conduct of
−Removed: its business related to the production and sale of medical products
−Removed: made from industrial hemp which are intended exclusively for
−Removed: consumption by pets.
−Removed: Pursuant to the License Agreement, the
−Removed: Licensor granted to us a perpetual, exclusive, world-wide license
−Removed: to use the Licensed Intellectual Property in conjunction with our
−Removed: business and the production and sale of medical products made from
−Removed: industrial hemp as well as the right to sublicense the Licensed
−Removed: Intellectual Property to third parties.
−Removed: The License Agreement gives
−Removed: us the right to produce and sell existing products utilizing the
−Removed: Licensed Intellectual Property and to develop new products, jointly
−Removed: with Licensor or otherwise, based upon the Licensed Intellectual
−Removed: The License Agreement provided us with an immediate
−Removed: revenue source and access to Licensor’s customer base.
−Removed: the term of the license, all intellectual property rights in and to
−Removed: the Licensed Intellectual Property remained the exclusive property
−Removed: consideration of the grant of the license, we agreed to pay
−Removed: Licensor license fees in the form of royalty payments calculated on
−Removed: the basis of gross proceeds received by us from sales of products
−Removed: manufactured, marketed or sold by us utilizing the Licensed
−Removed: Intellectual Property or any subsequently developed intellectual
−Removed: property which is jointly owned by us and Licensor.
−Removed: selling Canna-Pet products in October 2014.
−Removed: upon recent regulatory activity related to imposition of
−Removed: restrictions and limitations on the sale of hemp-based health
−Removed: products for pets, we elected to terminate our license agreement
−Removed: with the Licensor, effective as of October 1, 2015, and to cease
−Removed: all operations relating to sale of hemp-based products for
−Removed: October 12, 2015, we entered into an agreement for the termination
−Removed: (“Termination Agreement”) of the License Agreement,
−Removed: effectively selling the discontinued operations.
−Removed: The Termination
−Removed: Agreement contained the following provisions:
−Removed: Termination of
−Removed: The parties agreed to terminate the License Agreement
−Removed: effective as of October 1, 2015, this termination was made by
−Removed: mutual agreement of the parties pursuant to and in accordance with
−Removed: the provisions of the License Agreement.
−Removed: Return of Licensed
−Removed: Intellectual Property:
−Removed: We agreed to return all Licensed
−Removed: Intellectual Property to the Licensor, and our right to use all, or
−Removed: any portion, of the Licensed Intellectual Property ceased effective
−Removed: as of October 1, 2015, Pursuant to the terms of the License
−Removed: Agreement, the Licensed Intellectual Property included the brand
−Removed: name “Canna-Pet”
−Removed: and certain related intellectual
−Removed: property, including, but not limited, trademarks and copyrights,
−Removed: formulations, recipes, production processes and systems, websites,
−Removed: domain names, customer lists, supplier lists trade secrets and
−Removed: know- how, and other related intellectual property.
−Removed: Return of Other
−Removed: In addition to return of the Licensed Intellectual
−Removed: Property, we agreed to transfer to Licensor all product inventory,
−Removed: Colorado hemp with permits and authorization, all
−Removed: production/fulfillment contracts, all e-commerce accounts and
−Removed: processing, all non-disclosure and research agreements and any and
−Removed: all other property in our possession which was used by us in the
−Removed: conduct of our business related to production and sale of medical
−Removed: cannabis products for pets made from hemp and low-THC cannabis
−Removed: Office Space,
−Removed: Equipment and Employees:
−Removed: In conjunction with the execution of the
−Removed: Termination Agreement, we granted the Licensor the right to use our
−Removed: office space, for the three-month period from October 1, 2015
−Removed: through December 31, 2015, on a rent-free basis.
+Added: This report contains forward-looking
+Added: The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained in
+Added: our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the Securities & Exchange Commission on January 12, 2018.
+Added: Certain statements
+Added: made in this discussion are "forward-looking statements"
+Added: within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform
+Added: Forward-looking statements are projections in respect of future events or financial performance.
+Added: In some cases, you
+Added: can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,”
+Added: “should,”
+Added: “expects,”
+Added: “plans,”
+Added: “anticipates,”
+Added: “believes,”
+Added: “estimates,”
+Added: “predicts,”
+Added: “potential”
+Added: or “continue”
+Added: or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology.
+Added: These statements are only
+Added: predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks in the section entitled “Risk
+Added: Factors”
+Added: set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-Kfor the year ended September 30, 2017, as filed on January 12, 2018,
+Added: any of which may cause our company’s or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements
+Added: to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these
+Added: forward-looking statements.
+Added: These risks may cause the Company’s or its industry’s actual results, levels of activity
+Added: or performance to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity or performance expressed or implied by these
+Added: forward-looking statements.
+Added: Although the Company believes
+Added: that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, it cannot guarantee future results, levels of
+Added: activity or performance.
+Added: Moreover, neither the Company nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness
+Added: of these forward-looking statements.
+Added: The Company is under no duty to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this
+Added: report to conform these statements to actual results.
+Added: As used in this quarterly
+Added: report and unless otherwise indicated, the terms “we,”
+Added: “us,”
+Added: “our,”
+Added: “Peak,”
+Added: the “Company”
+Added: refer to Peak Pharmaceuticals, Inc, including our wholly-owned subsidiary Peak BioPharma Corp (“Peak
+Added: BioPharma”).
+Added: Unless otherwise specified, all dollar amounts are expressed in United States dollars.
+Added: We were incorporated as
+Added: Surf A Movie Solutions Inc.
+Added: in Nevada on December 18, 2007to engage in the business of the development, sales and marketing of
+Added: online video stores.
+Added: We were not successful in our efforts and have ceased this line of business.
+Added: On October 10, 2013, we
+Added: entered into a joint venture agreement with Produced Water Solutions, Inc., a Colorado corporation, that was in the business of
+Added: providing economically and environmentally sound solutions for the treatment and recycling of wastewater resulting principally
+Added: from oil and gas exploration and production activities.
+Added: As a result of our research of this business opportunity, on December 31,
+Added: 2013, we determined not to move forward with this line of business.
+Added: In early March 2014,
+Added: we entered into the business of developing, manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical level products containing
+Added: phytocannabinoids, an abundant and pharmaceutically active component of industrial hemp, for the prevention and alleviation
+Added: of various conditions and diseases.
+Added: In connection therewith, on March 17, 2014 we changed our name to Cannabis Therapy Corp.
+Added: On December 23, 2014, we changed our name to Peak Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
+Added: All of our business operations are carried on through
+Added: our wholly-owned subsidiary, Peak BioPharma Corp., a Colorado corporation.
+Added: On July 29, 2014,
+Added: through Peak BioPharma, we entered into a license agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Canna-Pet, LLC
+Added: (“Licensor”), a Washington limited liability company, which owns the brand name “Canna-Pet”
+Added: certain related intellectual property including, but not limited to, trademarks and copyrights, formulations, recipes,
+Added: production processes and systems, websites, domain names, customer lists, supplier lists, trade secrets and know-how, and
+Added: other related intellectual property (collectively, the “Licensed Intellectual Property”), used by Licensor in the
+Added: conduct of its business related to the production and sale of medical products made from industrial hemp which are intended
+Added: exclusively for consumption by pets.
+Added: Pursuant to the License Agreement, the Licensor granted to us a perpetual, exclusive,
+Added: world-wide license to use the Licensed Intellectual Property in conjunction with our business and the production and sale of
+Added: medical products made from industrial hemp as well as the right to sublicense the Licensed Intellectual Property to third
+Added: The License Agreement gives us the right to produce and sell existing products utilizing the Licensed Intellectual
+Added: Property and to develop new products, jointly with Licensor or otherwise, based upon the Licensed Intellectual Property.
+Added: License Agreement provided us with an immediate revenue source and access to Licensor’s customer base.
+Added: term of the license, all intellectual property rights in and to the Licensed Intellectual Property remained the exclusive
+Added: property of Licensor.
+Added: In consideration of
+Added: the grant of the license, we agreed to pay Licensor license fees in the form of royalty payments calculated on the basis of
+Added: gross proceeds received by us from sales of products manufactured, marketed or sold by us utilizing the Licensed Intellectual
+Added: Property or any subsequently developed intellectual property which is jointly owned by us and Licensor.
+Added: We began selling
+Added: Canna-Pet products in October 2014.
+Added: Based upon recent regulatory
+Added: activity related to imposition of restrictions and limitations on the sale of hemp-based health products for pets, we elected to
+Added: terminate our license agreement with the Licensor, effective as of October 1, 2015, and to cease all operations relating to sale
+Added: of hemp-based products for pets.
+Added: On October 12, 2015, we
+Added: entered into an agreement for the termination (“Termination Agreement”) of the License Agreement, effectively selling
+Added: the discontinued operations.
+Added: The Termination Agreement contained the following provisions:
+Added: · Termination of License:
+Added: The parties agreed to terminate the License Agreement effective as of October
+Added: 1, 2015,this termination was made by mutual agreement of the parties pursuant to and in accordance with the provisions of the License
+Added: · Return of Licensed Intellectual Property:
+Added: We agreed to return all Licensed Intellectual Property
+Added: to the Licensor, and our right to use all, or any portion, of the Licensed Intellectual Property ceased effective as of October
+Added: 1, 2015,Pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, the Licensed Intellectual Property included the brand name “Canna-Pet”
+Added: and certain related intellectual property, including, but not limited, trademarks and copyrights, formulations, recipes, production
+Added: processes and systems, websites, domain names, customer lists, supplier lists trade secrets and know- how, and other related intellectual
+Added: · Return of Other Property:
+Added: In addition to return of the Licensed Intellectual Property, we agreed
+Added: to transfer to Licensor all product inventory, Colorado hemp with permits and authorization, all production/fulfillment contracts,
+Added: all e-commerce accounts and processing, all non-disclosure and research agreements and any and all other property in our possession
+Added: which was used by us in the conduct of our business related to production and sale of medical cannabis products for pets made from
+Added: hemp and low-THC cannabis plants.
+Added: · Office Space, Equipment and Employees:
+Added: In conjunction with the execution of the Termination Agreement,
+Added: we granted the Licensor the right to use our office space, for the three-month period from October 1, 2015 through December 31,
+Added: 2015, on a rent-free basis.
· Consideration:
−Removed: consideration for the cancellation of the License Agreement and the
−Removed: return of other property, as described above, the Licensor agreed
−Removed: to waive payment by us and to release us from liability for payment
−Removed: of any and all unpaid royalties, invoices and other amounts which
−Removed: were otherwise currently due and payable by us to Licensor for
−Removed: sales of Canna-Pet products for all periods through and including
−Removed: September 30, 2015.
−Removed: October 15, 2015, we forwarded to the Licensor all payments
−Removed: received by us after September 30, 2015 (net of amounts received by
−Removed: us for taxes, duties, governmental charges, freight or shipping
−Removed: charges, and the like) for Canna- Pet products sold on or after
+Added: As consideration for the cancellation of the License Agreement and the return of
+Added: other property, as described above, the Licensor agreed to waive payment by us and to release us from liability for payment of
+Added: any and all unpaid royalties, invoices and other amounts which were otherwise currently due and payable by us to Licensor for sales
+Added: of Canna-Pet products for all periods through and including September 30, 2015.
+Added: · Collections:On October 15, 2015, we forwarded to the Licensor all payments received by us after
+Added: September 30, 2015 (net of amounts received by us for taxes, duties, governmental charges, freight or shipping charges, and the
+Added: like) for Canna- Pet products sold on or after October 1, 2015.
+Added: The following is a summary
+Added: of the net assets sold as initially determined at Septembers 30, 2015 and updated October 15, 2015:
October 15, 2015
−Removed: following is a summary of the net assets sold as initially
−Removed: determined at Septembers 30, 2015 and updated October 15,
−Removed: $ 45,436  
−Removed: $ 41,705  
−Removed: $ 62,436  
−Removed: $ 50,383  
−Removed: 103,548  
−Removed: 124,396  
−Removed: 39,506  
−Removed: 39,506  
−Removed: 15,341  
−Removed: 143,339  
−Removed: 179,243  
−Removed: $ 80,903  
−Removed: $ 128,860  
−Removed: common stock is currently listed on the OTC Markets, QB Tier, under
−Removed: the symbol “PKPH”.
+Added: September 30, 2015
+Added: Prepaid Expenses
+Added: Accounts payable
+Added: Royalties payable
+Added: Accrued liabilities
+Added: Total liabilities
+Added: Net assets sold
+Added: Our common stock is currently
+Added: listed on the OTC Markets, QB Tier, under the symbol “PKPH”.
Recent Corporate Developments
−Removed: the commencement of the year through March 31, 2016, we have not
−Removed: experienced any significant corporate developments.
−Removed: Results of Operations
−Removed: Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 to the Three
−Removed: Months Ended March 31, 2015
−Removed: revenue or cost of sales were generated for the three months ended
−Removed: March 31, 2016 or 2015 due to the termination of the license
−Removed: agreement with Canna-Pet, LLC and the overall reduction in
−Removed: operations of the business.
−Removed: Operating Expenses
−Removed: expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2016 are summarized
−Removed: as follows in comparison to our expenses for the three months ended
−Removed: March 31, 2015:
−Removed: Months Ended March 31,
−Removed: administrative
−Removed: $ 74,338  
−Removed: $ 123,905  
−Removed: Depreciation and
−Removed: 15,628  
−Removed: 474,753  
−Removed: Total operating
−Removed: $ (1,486,518 )
−Removed: $ 601,696  
−Removed: and administrative expense decreased by $49,567 for the three
−Removed: months ended March 31, 2016 from the comparative period of 2015.
−Removed: The decrease is due to the termination of the license agreement
−Removed: with Canna-Pet, LLC and the overall reduction in operating expenses
−Removed: related to the operation of that business.
−Removed: Depreciation and
−Removed: amortization expense increased by $12,590 due to the impairment and
−Removed: write-down of our website costs of $15,264 during the three months
−Removed: ended March 31, 2016.
−Removed: Stock based compensation decreased by
−Removed: $2,051,237 due to the forfeiture and reversal of stock options to
−Removed: officers resulting in a credit of $1,576,484 during the three
−Removed: months ended March 31, 2016 from the comparative period of
−Removed: Comparison of the Six Months Ended March 31, 2016 to the Six Months
−Removed: Ended March 31, 2015
−Removed: revenue or cost of sales were generated for the six months ended
−Removed: March 31, 2016 for 2015 due to the termination of the license
−Removed: agreement with Canna-Pet, LLC and the overall reduction in
−Removed: operations of the business.
−Removed: Operating Expenses
−Removed: expenses for the six months ended March 31, 2016 are summarized as
−Removed: follows in comparison to our expenses for the six months ended
−Removed: March 31, 2015:
−Removed: Months Ended March 31,
−Removed: administrative
−Removed: $ 175,997  
−Removed: $ 283,574  
+Added: commencement of the year through December 31, 2017, we have not experienced any corporate developments.
+Added: We have received a
+Added: promissory note for $23,000 after the quarter end of December 31, 2017.
+Added: Loan Agreements
+Added: Loan with Trius Holdings Limited
+Added: On March 17, 2017, we entered
+Added: into an agreement with Trius Holdings Limited.
+Added: Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the investor acquired a 12% convertible
+Added: note with an aggregate face value of $10,000.
+Added: The note matures in one year.
+Added: The holder of this note is entitled, at its option,
+Added: to convert all or a part of the principal outstanding at the date into shares of the of common stock in the Company at a price
+Added: equal to a 20% discount to the closing price of the common stock on the date of the lender’s notice of conversion, subject
+Added: to a floor of $0.01.
+Added: Loan with Individual
+Added: On March 30, 2017, we entered
+Added: into an agreement with an individual.
+Added: Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the investor acquired a 12% convertible note with
+Added: an aggregate face value of $10,000.
+Added: The note matures in one year.
+Added: The holder of this note is entitled, at its option, to convert
+Added: all or a part of the principal outstanding at the date into shares of the of common stock in the Company at a price equal to a
+Added: 20% discount to the closing price of the common stock on the date of the lender’s notice of conversion, subject to a floor
+Added: of Operations
+Added: of the Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 to the Three Months Ended December 31, 2016
+Added: No revenue or cost of sales were generated for
+Added: the three months ended December 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016 due to the overall reduction in operations of the business.
+Added: Our expenses for the three
+Added: months ended December 31, 2017 are summarized as follows in comparison to our expenses for the three months ended December 31,
+Added: Three Months Ended December 31,
+Added: General and administrative
+Added: Depreciation and amortization
+Added: Stock based compensation
+Added: Total operating expenses
+Added: and administrative expense increased by $5,142 for the three months ended December 31, 2017 from the comparative period of
+Added: 2016 due primarily to increased accounting fees incurred to bring our filings current with the SEC.
Depreciation and
−Removed: 18,974  
−Removed: 1,132,741  
−Removed: Total operating
−Removed: $ (1,101,460 )
−Removed: $ 1,422,270  
−Removed: and administrative expense decreased by $107,577 for the six months
−Removed: ended March 31, 2016 from the comparative period of 2015, due to
−Removed: the termination of the license agreement with Canna-Pet, LLC and
−Removed: the overall reduction in operating expenses related to the
−Removed: operation of that business.
−Removed: Depreciation and amortization expense
−Removed: increased by $13,019 due to the impairment and write-down of our
−Removed: website costs of $15,264 during the six months ended March 31,
−Removed: Stock based compensation decreased by $2,429,172 primarily
−Removed: due to the forfeiture and reversal of stock options to officers
−Removed: resulting in a credit of $1,296,431 during the six months ended
−Removed: March 31, 2016.
−Removed: Discontinued Operations
−Removed: Canna-Pet business segment began operations in October 2014.
−Removed: recent regulatory activity related to imposition of restrictions
−Removed: and limitations on the sale of hemp-based health products for pets,
−Removed: on October 1, 2015, we elected to terminate our license agreement
−Removed: with Canna-Pet, LLC and to cease all operations relating to sale of
−Removed: hemp-based products for pets.
−Removed: income (loss) from discontinued operations presented in the
−Removed: statements of operations consists of the following for the
−Removed: six-month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:
−Removed: $ 382,292  
−Removed: Cost of goods
−Removed: administrative expenses
−Removed: Gain on disposal of
−Removed: discontinued operations
−Removed: 74,706  
−Removed: $ 74,706  
−Removed: $ 17,469  
−Removed: Liquidity and Financial Condition
+Added: amortization expense as well as stock-based compensation was$0 for the three months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
+Added: Interest expense increased
+Added: from $0 to $604 for the three months ended December 31, 2017 from the comparative period of 2016 due to the issuance of two notes
+Added: payable in March 2017.
+Added: Liquidity and Financial
Working Capital Deficiency
−Removed: $ 1,886  
−Removed: $ 261,789  
−Removed: 129,412  
−Removed: 288,632  
−Removed: Working capital
−Removed: decrease in current assets is mainly due to a decrease in cash
−Removed: resulting from cash used in operation activities of $199,770 during
−Removed: the six months ended March 31, 2016.
−Removed: The decrease in current
−Removed: liabilities is due primarily from the elimination of the
−Removed: liabilities related to discontinued operations during the six
−Removed: months ended March 31, 2016.
−Removed: Months Ended March 31,
−Removed: $ (1,405,296 )
−Removed: Net cash used in
−Removed: operating activities
+Added: September 30,
+Added: Current assets
+Added: Current liabilities
+Added: Working capital deficiency
+Added: The decrease in
+Added: current assets is mainly due to the payment of vendor bills during the three months ended December 31, 2017.
+Added: The increase in
+Added: current liabilities is due to transfer agent and accounting fees incurred for the three-month period ending December 31,
+Added: Three Months Ended December
+Added: Net income (loss)
+Added: Net cash provided (used) in operating activities
+Added: Net cash used in investing activities
+Added: Net cash provided by financing activities
+Added: Increase (decrease) in cash
+Added: As of December 31, 2017,
+Added: our cash balance was $2,836.
+Added: The Company does not expect its current cash and operating income to be sufficient to meet its financial
+Added: needs for continuing operations over the next twelve months.
Net cash used in
−Removed: investing activities
−Removed: Net cash provided
−Removed: by financing activities
−Removed: Increase (decrease)
−Removed: March 31, 2016, our cash balance was $1,886.
−Removed: The Company does not
−Removed: expect its current cash and operating income to be sufficient to
−Removed: meet its financial needs for continuing operations over the next
−Removed: twelve months.
−Removed: cash used in operations for the six months ended March 31, 2016 was
−Removed: $199,770 mainly due to payment of general and administrative
−Removed: expenses during the period.
−Removed: to raise additional operating capital on an immediate basis.
−Removed: Although the expenses of our operations have been significantly
−Removed: reduced due to the termination of the license agreement as outline
−Removed: in Note 3 of the financial statements, we need to still evaluate
−Removed: raising additional capital through the sale of equity securities,
−Removed: through an offering of debt securities or through borrowings from
−Removed: There can be no assurance that such a plan will be
−Removed: the date of this filing, we do not have enough sufficient cash on
−Removed: hand to cover our operating expenses through the next quarter.
−Removed: the absence of any ongoing commercial operations, we need enough
−Removed: cash to pay certain outside professionals to maintain our
−Removed: compliance under the Securities Act of 1934.
−Removed: Management anticipates
−Removed: that it will require an additional $30,000 over the next twelve
−Removed: months to cover such costs.
−Removed: Going Concern
−Removed: unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained in
−Removed: this report have been prepared assuming that the Company will
−Removed: continue as a going concern.
−Removed: Company has cumulative net losses through March 31, 2016 of
−Removed: approximately $5 million" to "The Company has cumulative net losses
−Removed: through March 31, 2016 of $4,990,929.
−Removed: The Company's cash and
−Removed: cash equivalents balance as of March 31, 2016, is $1,886.
−Removed: addition, due to the termination of the license agreement with
−Removed: Canna-Pet, LLC, there is currently are no revenue-producing
−Removed: These factors raise substantial doubt about the
−Removed: Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
−Removed: such time that we may be able to merge with or acquire an operating
−Removed: business, we will need to actively seek to identify sources of
−Removed: There are no assurances that such additional sources of
−Removed: liquidity can be obtained on terms acceptable to us on a
−Removed: commercially reasonable basis, or at all.
−Removed: These factors raise
−Removed: substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
−Removed: Furthermore, our “going concern”
−Removed: and lack of commercial
−Removed: operations may make it more difficult for us to raise
−Removed: unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not
−Removed: include any adjustments that may be necessary should the Company be
−Removed: unable to continue as a going concern.
−Removed: The Company’s
−Removed: continuation as a going concern is dependent on its ability to
−Removed: obtain additional financing.
−Removed: If the Company raises additional funds
−Removed: through the issuance of equity, the percentage ownership of current
−Removed: shareholders could be reduced, and such securities might have
−Removed: rights, preferences or privileges senior to its common stock.
−Removed: Additional financing may not be available upon acceptable terms, or
−Removed: If adequate funds are not available or are not available on
−Removed: acceptable terms, the Company may not be able to take advantage of
−Removed: prospective business endeavors or opportunities, which could
−Removed: significantly and materially restrict its future plans for
−Removed: developing any future business and achieving commercial revenues.
+Added: operations for the three months ended December 31, 2017 was $155 mainly due to the net loss incurred for the period.
+Added: We need to raise additional
+Added: operating capital on an immediate basis.
+Added: Although the expenses of our operations have been significantly reduced due to the termination
+Added: of the license agreement as outline in Note 3 of the financial statements, we need to still evaluate raising additional capital
+Added: through the sale of equity securities, through an offering of debt securities or through borrowings from individuals.
+Added: be no assurance that such a plan will be successful.
+Added: As of the date of this
+Added: filing, we do not have enough sufficient cash on hand to cover our operating expenses through the next quarter.
+Added: In the absence
+Added: of any ongoing commercial operations, we need enough cash to pay certain outside professionals to maintain our compliance under
+Added: the Securities Act of 1934.
+Added: Management anticipates that it will require an additional $30,000 over the next twelve months to cover
+Added: The condensed consolidated
+Added: financial statements contained in this report have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern.
+Added: Company has cumulative net losses through December 31, 2017 of $5,063,716, as well as negative cash flows of $155 from operating
+Added: The Company's cash and cash equivalents balance as of December 31, 2017 is $2,836.
+Added: These factors raise substantial
+Added: doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
+Added: While we will actively
+Added: seek to identify sources of liquidity, there are no assurances that such additional sources of liquidity can be obtained on terms
+Added: acceptable to us on a commercially reasonable basis, or at all.
+Added: These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue
+Added: as a going concern.
+Added: Furthermore, our “going concern”
+Added: and lack of commercial operations may make it more difficult for
+Added: us to raise funds.
+Added: The consolidated
+Added: financial statements do not include any adjustments that may be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going
+Added: The Company’s continuation as a going concern is dependent on its ability to obtain additional financing as
+Added: may be required and ultimately to attain profitability.
+Added: If the Company raises additional funds through the issuance of
+Added: equity, the percentage ownership of current shareholders could be reduced, and such securities might have rights, preferences
+Added: or privileges senior to its common stock.
+Added: Additional financing may not be available upon acceptable terms, or at all.
+Added: adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, the Company may not be able to take advantage of
+Added: prospective business endeavors or opportunities, which could significantly and materially restrict its future plans for
+Added: developing its business and achieving commercial revenues.
If the Company is unable to obtain the necessary capital, the
1 unchanged sentence
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
−Removed: no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably
−Removed: likely to have a current or future effect on our financial
−Removed: condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses,
−Removed: results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital
−Removed: resources that is material to stockholders.
+Added: We have no off-balance
+Added: sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in
+Added: financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is
+Added: material to stockholders.
Effects of Inflation
−Removed: not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our
−Removed: business, revenues or operating results during the periods
+Added: We do not believe that
+Added: inflation has had a material impact on our business, revenues or operating results during the periods presented.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
−Removed: significant accounting policies are more fully described in the
−Removed: notes to our financial statements included herein for the three and
−Removed: six months ended March 31, 2016.
+Added: Our significant accounting
+Added: policies are more fully described in the notes to our financial statements included herein for the three months ended December
Newly Issued Accounting Pronouncements
−Removed: Note 1 to our financial statements included herein for the three
−Removed: and six months ended March 31, 2016 for a discussion of Recently
−Removed: Issued Accounting Pronouncements.
−Removed: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET
+Added: See Note 1 to our
+Added: financial statements included herein for the three months ended December 31, 2017 for a discussion of Recently Issued
+Added: Accounting Pronouncements.
+Added: and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
+Added: Not applicable.
Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.