NATIONAL BANKSHARES INC 10-Q

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations $ in thousands, except per share data The purpose of this discussion and analysis is to provide information about the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Please refer to the financial statements and other information included in this report as well as the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K for an understanding of the following discussion and analysis. References in the following discussion and analysis to “we” or “us” refer to the Company unless the context indicates that the reference is to the Bank. Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements We make forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q that are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding our profitability, liquidity, allowance for credit losses, interest rate sensitivity, market risk, growth strategy, and financial and other goals, and are based upon management’s views and assumptions as of the date of this report. The words “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “anticipates,” “forecasts,” “intends,” or other similar words or terms are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon or are affected by factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical results or from any results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, effects of or changes in: ● interest rates, ● the ability to maintain adequate liquidity by retaining deposit customers and secondary funding sources, especially if the Company’s or banking industry’s reputation becomes damaged, ● the adequacy of the level of the Company’s allowance for credit losses, the amount of credit loss provisions required in future periods, and the failure of assumptions underlying the allowance for credit losses, ● general and local economic conditions, ● monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, including policies of the U.S. Treasury, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), the Federal Reserve, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), and the impact of any policies or programs implemented pursuant to financial reform legislation, ● unanticipated increases in the level of unemployment in the Company’s market, ● the quality or composition of the loan and/or investment portfolios, ● demand for loan products, ● deposit flows, ● competition, ● demand for financial services in the Company’s market, ● the real estate market in the Company’s market, ● laws, regulations and policies impacting financial institutions, ● technological risks and developments, and cyber-threats, attacks or events, ● the Company’s technology initiatives, ● geopolitical conditions, including acts or threats of terrorism and/or military conflicts, or actions taken by the U.S. or other governments in response to acts or threats of terrorism and/or military conflicts, ● the occurrence of significant natural disasters, including severe weather conditions, floods, health related issues, and other catastrophic events, ● the Company's ability to identify, attract, and retain experienced management, relationship managers, and support personnel, particularly in a competitive labor environment, ● performance by the Company’s counterparties or vendors, ● applicable accounting principles, policies and guidelines, and ● risks associated with mergers, acquisitions, and other expansion activities. 28 Table of Contents On January 23, 2024, the Company and the Bank entered into the Merger Agreement with Frontier Community Bank (“Frontier”), pursuant to which the Company will acquire Frontier in the Merger. In addition to the factors described above, the Company’s operations, performance, business strategy and results may be affected by the following factors: ● the businesses of the Company and Frontier may not be integrated successfully after the Merger or such integration may be more difficult, time-consuming or more costly than expected; ● the cost savings and synergies contemplated by the Merger may not be fully realized or realized within the expected timeframe; ● revenues following the Merger may be lower than expected; ● customer and employee relationships and business operations may be disrupted by the Merger; and ● the ability to obtain required regulatory and shareholder approvals and meet other closing conditions to the Merger; and ● the ability to complete the Merger in the expected timeframe may be more difficult, time-consuming or more costly than expected. These risks and uncertainties should be considered in evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this report. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on those statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the description of our “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of the most recently filed Form 10-K. Overview NBI is a financial holding company that was organized in 1986 under the laws of Virginia and is registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. NBI common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and is traded under the symbol “NKSH.” NBI has two wholly-owned subsidiaries; the National Bank of Blacksburg and National Bankshares Financial Services, Inc. NBB is a community bank and does business as National Bank from 24 office locations and two loan production offices. NBB is the source of nearly all of the Company’s revenue. NBFS does business as National Bankshares Investment Services and National Bankshares Insurance Services. Income from NBFS is not significant at this time, nor is it expected to be so in the near future. The Company expects construction of a new branch in Roanoke, Virginia to be completed during the latter half of 2024. The full service branch will expand our already successful loan production office and enhance our service in the Roanoke Valley. Critical Accounting Policies The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The financial information contained within our statements is, to a significant extent, based on measures of the financial effects of transactions and events that have already occurred. A variety of factors could affect the ultimate value obtained when earning income, recognizing an expense, recovering an asset or relieving a liability. Although the economics of the Company’s transactions may not change, the timing of events that would impact the transactions could change. Critical accounting policies are most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition or results of operations and require management’s most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. If conditions occur that differ from our assumptions, depending upon the severity of such differences, the Company’s financial condition or results of operations may be materially impacted. The Company has designated three policies as critical, including those governing the allowance for credit losses, goodwill and the pension plan. The Company evaluates its critical accounting estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and updates them as needed. Please refer to the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K, Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for information on these and other accounting policies. Non-GAAP Financial Measures This report refers to certain financial measures that are computed under a basis other than GAAP (“non-GAAP”). The Company uses certain non-GAAP financial measures to provide meaningful supplemental information regarding the Company’s operational performance and to enhance investors’ overall understanding of such financial performance. The methodology for determining these non-GAAP measures may differ among companies. Non-GAAP measures are supplemental and not a substitute for, or more important than, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. Details on non-GAAP measures follow. 29 Table of Contents Net Interest Margin The Company uses the net interest margin to measure profit on interest generating activities, as a percentage of total interest-earning assets. The Company’s net interest margin is calculated on a fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) basis. The portion of interest income that is nontaxable is grossed up to the tax equivalent by adding the tax benefit based on a tax rate of 21%. Annualized FTE net interest income is divided by total average earning assets to calculate the net interest margin. The following tables present the reconciliation of tax equivalent net interest income, which is not a measurement under GAAP, to net interest income, for the periods indicated. Three Months Ended March 31, Net Interest Income, FTE 2024 2023 Interest income (GAAP) $ 16,021 $ 14,044 Add: FTE adjustment 244 209 Interest income, FTE (non-GAAP) 16,265 14,253 Interest expense (GAAP) 7,776 3,098 Net interest income, FTE (non-GAAP) $ 8,489 $ 11,155 Average balance of interest-earning assets $ 1,638,704 $ 1,620,686 Net interest margin 2.08 % 2.79 % Further detail on the net interest margin is provided under the Net Interest Income discussion. Efficiency Ratio The efficiency ratio is computed by dividing noninterest expense by the sum of FTE net interest income and noninterest income, excluding certain items the Company’s management deems unusual or non-recurring. This is a non-GAAP financial measure that the Company believes provides investors with important information regarding operational efficiency. The components of the efficiency ratio calculation for the periods indicated are summarized in the following table. Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Noninterest expense (GAAP) $ 7,762 $ 7,664 Less: merger-related expense (484 ) - Less: proxy-related expense (1) - (441 ) Adjusted noninterest expense (non-GAAP) $ 7,278 $ 7,223 Noninterest income (GAAP) $ 2,199 $ 2,199 Less: realized securities gain, net - (12 ) Adjusted noninterest income (non-GAAP) 2,199 2,187 Net interest income, FTE (non-GAAP) 8,489 11,155 Total income for efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) $ 10,688 $ 13,342 Efficiency ratio 68.10 % 54.14 % (1) Included in professional services in the Consolidated Statements of Income. 30 Table of Contents Adjusted Return on Average Assets and Adjusted Return on Average Equity The adjusted return on average assets and adjusted return on average equity are measures of profitability, calculated by annualizing net income and dividing by average year-to-date assets or equity, respectively. Larger nonrecurring income or expenses are not annualized, in order to reduce distortion within the ratios. The tables below present the reconciliation of adjusted annualized net income, which is not a measurement under GAAP, for the periods indicated. Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Net income (GAAP) $ 2,174 $ 4,531 Less: items not annualized: Partnership income net of tax of ($35) and ($44) for the periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (134 ) (164 ) Realized securities gain, net of tax of ($3) for the period ended March 31, 2023 - (9 ) Proxy-related expense, net of tax of $93 for the period ended March 31, 2023 - 348 Merger-related expense, (non-deductible) 484 - Recovery of credit losses, net of tax of ($2) for the period ended March 31, 2024 (8 ) - Total non-annualized items 342 ) 175 Adjusted net income $ 2,516 $ 4,706 Adjusted net income, annualized $ 10,119 $ 19,085 Add: total non-annualized items (342 ) (175 ) Annualized net income for ratio calculation (non-GAAP) $ 9,777 $ 18,910 Return on average assets (GAAP) 0.53 % 1.13 % Adjusted return on average assets (non-GAAP) 0.59 % 1.16 % Return on average equity (GAAP) 6.43 % 14.82 % Adjusted return on average equity (non-GAAP) 7.19 % 15.25 % Performance Summary The following table presents the Company’s key performance indicators for the periods indicated. Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Net Income $ 2,174 $ 4,531 Return on average assets 0.53 % 1.13 % Adjusted return on average assets (1) 0.59 % 1.16 % Return on average equity 6.43 % 14.82 % Adjusted return on average equity (1) 7.19 % 15.25 % Basic diluted earnings per common share $ 0.37 $ 0.77 Fully diluted earnings per common share (2) $ 0.37 $ 0.77 Net interest margin (1) 2.08 % 2.79 % Efficiency ratio (1) 68.10 % 54.14 % (1) See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above. (2) During 2023, the Company granted 4,095 of restricted stock awards with a one year vesting period. Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased when compared with the comparable period of 2023, primarily due to higher interest expense. The net interest margin as well as key noninterest income and expense items are discussed below. 31 Table of Contents Net Interest Income The following tables show interest‑earning assets and interest‑bearing liabilities, the interest earned or paid, the average yield or rate on the daily average balance outstanding, net interest income and net interest margin for the periods indicated. Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Average Balance Interest Average Yield/Rate Average Balance Interest Average Yield/Rate Interest-earning assets: Loans (1)(2)(3)(4) $ 858,291 $ 10,400 4.87 % $ 855,093 $ 9,414 4.46 % Taxable securities (5)(6) 633,510 4,276 2.71 % 678,543 4,118 2.46 % Nontaxable securities (1)(5) 64,179 460 2.88 % 67,335 493 2.97 % Interest-bearing deposits 82,724 1,129 5.49 % 19,715 228 4.69 % Total interest-earning assets $ 1,638,704 $ 16,265 3.99 % $ 1,620,686 $ 14,253 3.57 % Interest-bearing liabilities: Interest-bearing demand deposits $ 822,555 $ 4,989 2.44 % $ 856,591 $ 2,373 1.12 % Savings deposits 175,949 235 0.54 % 208,376 81 0.16 % Time deposits 234,670 2,552 4.37 % 91,666 359 1.59 % Borrowings - - - 23,962 285 4.82 % Total interest-bearing liabilities $ 1,233,174 $ 7,776 2.54 % $ 1,180,595 $ 3,098 1.06 % Net interest income and interest rate spread $ 8,489 1.45 % $ 11,155 2.51 % Net interest margin 2.08 % 2.79 % (1) Interest on nontaxable loans and securities is computed on a fully taxable equivalent basis using a Federal income tax rate of 21%. (2) Included in interest income are loan fees of $48 and $40 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. (3) Nonaccrual loans are included in average balances for yield computations. (4) Includes loans held for sale. (5) Daily averages are shown at amortized cost. (6) Includes restricted stock. Interest income and the yield on earning assets continues to grow in response to the Federal Reserve’s interest rate increases between March 2022 and July 2023. Many of the Company’s loans are adjustable with repricing dates in the future. If rates remain at the current level or do not decrease substantially, repricing will continue to contribute to improved interest income. The competitive pressure for deposits that first began affecting the Company in the first quarter of 2023 and increased throughout 2023 has moderated, but continues to contribute to higher cost of funds and compressed net interest margin when results for the first quarter of 2024 are compared with the first quarter of 2023. The Company continuously monitors its deposit base and funding costs. Further information on the Company’s funds management and deposit strategy is discussed under the Deposits section below. Noninterest Income Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Percent Change Service charges on deposits $ 675 $ 592 14.02 % Other service charges and fees 46 53 (13.21 )% Credit and debit card fees, net 374 467 (19.91 )% Trust income 503 445 13.03 % BOLI income 258 239 7.95 % Gain on sale of mortgage loans 24 16 50.00 % Other income 319 375 (14.93 )% Gain on sale of securities - 12 NM Total noninterest income $ 2,199 $ 2,199 0.00 % 32 Table of Contents Service charges on deposit accounts increased when the three months ended March 31, 2024 is compared with the comparable period of 2023, primarily due to fees generated from increased customer use of the Bank’s overdraft program. Service charges on deposit accounts also include account maintenance fees, ATM fees and wire transfer fees. Other service charges and fees decreased when the three months ended March 31, 2024 is compared with the comparable period of 2023 due to lower fees associated with letters of credit. Credit and debit card fees, net, decreased when the three months ended March 31, 2024 are compared with the comparable period of 2023, due to higher processing costs. Trust income increased due to higher volume and BOLI reflected normal increase, when the three months ended March 31, 2024 are compared with the comparable period of 2023. Other income includes revenue from investment and insurance sales, adjustments to partnership basis and other miscellaneous components. These areas fluctuate with market conditions and competitive factors. Other income decreased for the three month period ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 due to a decrease in income from partnership interests. The Company also recorded a gain on the sale of securities during the first quarter of 2023. The sale of securities is discussed in more detail under the Securities section below. Noninterest Expense Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Percent Change Salaries and employee benefits $ 4,466 $ 4,434 0.72 % Occupancy, furniture and fixtures 539 542 (0.55 )% Data processing and ATM 867 873 (0.69 )% FDIC assessment 187 117 59.83 % Net costs of other real estate owned - 11 NM Franchise taxes 350 375 (6.67 )% Professional services 240 753 (68.13 )% Merger-related expenses 484 - NM Other operating expenses 629 559 12.52 % Total noninterest expense $ 7,762 $ 7,664 1.28 % Noninterest expense increased when the three months ended March 31, 2024 are compared with the comparable period of 2023. Key noninterest expense items include FDIC insurance, professional services and merger-related expenses. FDIC insurance expense increased due to an increase in the FDIC’s general assessment rate. Professional services include legal and other expenses for the Company’s response to a threatened proxy contest from an activist shareholder during 2023, which amounted to $441 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company also recognized expenses associated with its planned merger with Frontier Community Bank in 2024. Included in various categories of noninterest expense are expenses to manage cybersecurity risk. The cost of these measures was $89 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $133 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Income Tax The Company’s effective tax rate was 19.24% and 17.30% for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in the Company’s effective tax rate was primarily due to recognition of non-deductible merger-related expenses. 33 Table of Contents Asset Quality Key indicators of the Company’s asset quality are presented in the following table. March 31, 2024 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2023 Nonaccrual loans $ 2,591 $ 2,814 $ 2,629 Loans past due 90 days or more, and still accruing 162 33 188 Other real estate owned - 662 - ACLL to loans net of unearned income and deferred fees and costs 1.05 % 1.24 % 1.06 % Net charge-off ratio 0.02 % (0.04 )% 0.02 % Ratio of nonperforming assets to loans, net of unearned income and deferred fees and costs, plus other real estate owned 0.30 % 0.41 % 0.31 % Ratio of ACLL to nonperforming loans 349.48 % 378.46 % 345.91 % For information on the Company’s policies on the ACLL, please refer to the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K, Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The Company’s risk analysis as of March 31, 2024 determined an ACLL of $9,055, or 1.05% of loans net of unearned income and deferred fees and costs. This compares with an allowance of $9,094 as of December 31, 2023, or 1.06% of loans. To determine the appropriate level of the ACLL, the Company considers credit risk for individually evaluated loans and for groups of loans evaluated collectively. Individually Evaluated Loans Individually evaluated loans were $10,565 as of March 31, 2024, a slight increase from $10,544 as of December 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2024, five individually evaluated loans were collateral dependent but were adequately collateralized and did not result in an individual allocation. The remaining individually evaluated loans were measured using the discounted cash flow method, resulting in an allocation of $568. Collectively Evaluated Loans Collectively evaluated loans totaled $853,526, with an ACLL of $8,487 as of March 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, collectively evaluated loans totaled $846,631, with an allowance of $8,522. Collectively evaluated loans are divided into classes based upon risk characteristics. Utilizing historical loss information and peer data, the Company calculates a probability of default and loss given default for each class, which is adjusted for a reasonable and supportable forecast. Cash flow projections based on each loan’s contractual terms are modified by the adjusted probability of default and loss given default for its class. Loan classes are allocated additional loss estimates based upon the Company’s analysis of qualitative factors including economic measures, asset quality indicators, loan characteristics, and changes to internal Company policies and management. Reasonable and Supportable Forecast The Company applies national unemployment forecasts to project cash flows. The Company determined that 12 months represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period as of March 31, 2024, and set a period of 12 months to revert to historical losses on a straight-line basis. The forecast applied at March 31, 2024 projects that unemployment will rise over the next 12 months, to a higher level than the forecast applied as of December 31, 2023. The higher unemployment forecast increased the required level of the ACLL when March 31, 2024 is compared with December 31, 2023. Qualitative Factors: Economic The Company sources economic data pertinent to its market from the most recently available publications, including business and personal bankruptcy filings, the residential vacancy rate and the inventory of new and existing homes. Higher bankruptcy filings indicate heightened credit risk and increase the ACLL, while lower bankruptcy filings have a beneficial impact on credit risk. Compared with data available at December 31, 2023, business bankruptcy filings decreased slightly while personal bankruptcy filings increased slightly. Residential vacancy rates and housing inventory impact the Company’s residential construction customers and the consumer real estate market. Higher levels increase credit risk. The residential vacancy rate available at March 31, 2024 remained at the same level as the data incorporated into the December 31, 2023 calculation. Housing data available as of March 31, 2024 showed lower inventory than at December 31, 2023, resulting in a lower allocation. 34 Table of Contents Qualitative Factors: Asset Quality Indicators Accruing past due loans are analyzed at the class level and compared with previous levels. Increases in past due loans indicate heightened credit risk. Accruing loans past due 30-89 days were 0.14% of total loans at March 31, 2024, a decrease from 0.19% at December 31, 2023. Qualitative Factors: Other Considerations The Company considers other factors that impact credit risk, including the interest rate environment, the competitive, legal and regulatory environments, changes in lending policies and loan review, changes in lending management, and high risk loans. The interest rate environment affects variable rate loans. The Federal Reserve’s interest rate increases between March 2022 and July 2023 have increased and are expected to continue to increase payments on variable rate loans as they reach contractual repricing dates. Higher payments may increase credit risk. The Company allocates additional reserve each time the Federal Reserve increases rates. After the rate increase has been in effect for one year, the allocation may be removed under the assumption that the impact of the change has become integrated to the portfolio. For the calculation as of March 31, 2024, the Company opted to maintain the allocation at December 31, 2023 to account for uncertainty surrounding the impact of loans that will reprice in the future. The competitive, legal and regulatory environments were evaluated for changes that would affect credit risk. Higher competition for loans increases credit risk, while lower competition decreases credit risk. Competition remained at similar levels to those at December 31, 2023. The legal and regulatory environments also remain in a similar posture to December 31, 2023. Lending policies, loan review procedures and management’s experience influence credit risk. Policies and procedures remain similar to those at December 31, 2023. Levels of high risk loans are considered in the determination of the level of the ACLL. A decrease in the level of high risk loans within a class decreases the required allocation for the loan class, and an increase in the level of high risk loans within a class increases the required allocation for the loan class. Total high risk loans decreased from the level at December 31, 2023, resulting in a lower allocation. Unallocated Surplus The unallocated surplus as of March 31, 2024 is $381, or 4.39% in excess of the calculated requirement. The unallocated surplus at December 31, 2023 was $350, or 4.00% in excess of the calculated requirement. The surplus provides some mitigation of current economic uncertainty that may impact credit risk. Conclusion The calculation of the appropriate level for the ACLL incorporates analysis of multiple factors and requires management’s prudent and informed judgment. The Company augmented the calculated requirement with an unallocated surplus. Based on analysis of historical indicators, asset quality and economic factors, management believes the level of ACLL is reasonable for the credit risk in the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2024. ACL on Unfunded Commitments The ACL on unfunded commitments as a percentage of unfunded commitments decreased from 0.16% as of December 31, 2023 to 0.14% as of March 31, 2024 primarily due to lower loss rates derived from the calculations for the ACLL. (Recovery of) Provision for Credit Losses The Company recorded a provision for credit losses on loans of $5 and a recovery of credit losses on unfunded commitments of $15 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared with a provision for credit losses on loans of $2 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Loan Modifications In the ordinary course of business the Company modifies loan terms on a case-by-case basis for a variety of reasons. Modifications may include rate reductions, payment extensions of varying lengths of time, a change in amortization term or method or other arrangements. Modifications to consumer loans generally involve short-term payment extensions to accommodate specific, temporary circumstances. Modifications to commercial loans may include, but are not limited to, changes in interest rate, maturity, amortization and financial covenants. The Company reviews modifications to determine whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including indicators of default, bankruptcy, going concern, insufficient projected cash flows and inability to obtain financing from other sources. If a modification is made to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, the loan’s risk rating is downgraded to special mention or classified, resulting in individual evaluation for the ACL. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company modified two loans totaling $6,403 for borrowers who were experiencing financial difficulty. Both loans were individually evaluated for the ACLL in previous periods and as of March 31, 2024, using the discounted cash flow methodology. There were no loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023. 35 Table of Contents Modifications for Borrowers Who Were Not Experiencing Financial Difficulty During the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company modified loans in the normal course of business for borrowers who were not experiencing financial difficulty. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company modified 216 loans totaling $22,322. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company provided 201 modifications to loans totaling $30,508. Key Assets and Liabilities NBI’s key assets and liabilities and their change from December 31, 2023 are shown in the following table. March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Percent Change Interest-bearing deposits $ 110,527 $ 73,636 50.10 % Securities available for sale, at fair value and restricted stock 609,968 618,601 (1.40 )% Loans, net 854,493 847,552 0.82 % Total assets 1,689,206 1,655,370 2.04 % Deposits 1,537,808 1,503,972 2.25 % Average Balances Year-to-date daily averages for the major balance sheet categories are as follows: Assets March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Percent Change Interest-bearing deposits $ 82,724 $ 37,660 119.66 % Securities available for sale, at fair value 615,473 620,535 (0.82 )% Loans, net 849,075 840,590 1.01 % Total assets 1,660,253 1,613,854 2.88 % Liabilities and stockholders ’ equity Noninterest-bearing demand deposits $ 279,232 $ 299,748 (6.84 )% Interest-bearing demand deposits 822,555 826,112 (0.43 )% Savings deposits 175,949 195,592 (10.04 )% Time deposits 234,670 150,395 56.04 % Stockholders’ equity 136,039 124,641 9.14 % Increased customer deposits resulted in increased investment in interest bearing deposit assets. Changes in securities, loans, deposits and stockholders’ equity are discussed below. Securities March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Percent Change Amortized cost $ 693,378 $ 697,786 (0.63 )% Unrealized loss, net (83,410 ) (79,185 ) (5.34 )% Securities available for sale, at fair value $ 609,968 $ 618,601 (1.40 )% Securities available for sale are presented at fair value as of each reporting date. The fair value of bonds moves inversely to interest rate changes and expectations of interest rate changes. Most of the Company’s securities were purchased during periods prior to the Federal Reserve’s interest rate increases that began in March of 2022. The Company’s analysis of the securities portfolio determined no identifiable credit risk as of March 31, 2024 and no ACL has been recorded. Please refer to Note 1: General and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 3: Securities for additional information. 36 Table of Contents Loans March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Percent Change Real estate construction $ 61,486 $ 55,379 11.03 % Consumer real estate 244,946 241,564 1.40 % Commercial real estate 414,615 419,130 (1.08 )% Commercial non real estate 41,835 41,555 0.67 % Public sector and IDA 59,742 60,551 (1.34 )% Consumer non real estate 41,467 38,996 6.34 % Less: unearned income and deferred fees and costs (543 ) (529 ) 2.65 % Loans, net of unearned income and deferred fees and costs $ 863,548 $ 856,646 0.81 % The higher interest rate environment continues to restrain loan demand. The Company is positioned to make every loan that meets its underwriting standards. Deposits March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Percent Change Noninterest-bearing demand deposits $ 283,870 $ 281,215 0.94 % Interest-bearing demand deposits 838,450 821,661 2.04 % Savings deposits 175,587 177,856 (1.28 )% Time deposits 239,901 223,240 7.46 % Total deposits $ 1,537,808 $ 1,503,972 2.25 % The Company’s depositors within its market area are diverse, including individuals, businesses and municipalities. The Company does not have any brokered deposits. Depositors are insured up to the FDIC maximum of $250 thousand. Municipal deposits, which account for approximately 25% of the Company’s deposits, have additional security from bonds pledged as collateral, in accordance with state regulation. Of the Company’s non-municipal deposits, approximately 21.5% are uninsured. Capital Resources March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Percent Change Common stock and additional paid in capital $ 7,436 $ 7,404 0.43 % Retained earnings 200,158 197,984 1.10 % Accumulated other comprehensive loss (68,204 ) (64,866 ) (5.15 )% Total stockholders’ equity $ 139,390 $ 140,522 (0.81 )% The decrease in stockholders’ equity reflects an increase in the unrealized loss on securities available for sale, partially offset by net income for the three months ended March 31, 2024. 37 Table of Contents The Company qualifies as a small bank holding company under the Federal Reserve’s Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement, which exempts bank holding companies with less than $3 billion in assets from reporting consolidated regulatory capital ratios and from minimum regulatory capital requirements. NBB is subject to various capital requirements administered by banking agencies, including an additional capital conservation buffer in order to make capital distributions or discretionary bonus payments. Risk-based capital ratios are calculated in compliance with OCC rules based on the Basel III Capital Rules. The Bank’s ratios are well above the required minimums as of March 31, 2024. Risk based capital ratios for NBB are shown in the following tables. NBB Regulatory Capital Minimum Ratios Regulatory Capital Minimum Ratios with Capital Conservation Buffer Common Equity Tier I Capital Ratio 17.29 % 4.50 % 7.00 % Tier I Capital Ratio 17.29 % 6.00 % 8.50 % Total Capital Ratio 18.15 % 8.00 % 10.50 % Leverage Ratio 11.02 % 4.00 % 4.00 % Liquidity Liquidity measures the Company’s ability to meet its financial commitments at a reasonable cost. Demands on the Company’s liquidity include funding additional loan demand and accepting withdrawals of existing deposits. The Company has diverse liquidity sources, including customer and purchased deposits, customer repayments of loan principal and interest, sales, calls and maturities of securities, Federal Reserve discount window borrowing, short-term borrowing, and FHLB advances. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $308,943 of borrowing capacity from the FHLB and an unsecured federal funds line of credit with an unaffiliated bank of $10,000, with no amounts advanced against those lines. Additionally, the Company had $180,839 of unused capacity at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window. Periodically during 2023, the Company accessed FHLB borrowings. The advances were fully repaid, due to the success of the Company’s deposit strategy. As of March 31, 2024, the Company did not have purchased deposits, discount window borrowings or short-term borrowings. The Company considers its security portfolio for typical liquidity needs, within accounting, legal and strategic parameters. Portions of the securities portfolio are pledged to meet state requirements for public funds deposits. Discount window borrowings also require pledged securities. Increased/decreased liquidity from public funds deposits or discount window borrowings results in increased/decreased liquidity from pledging requirements. The Company monitors public funds pledging requirements and unpledged available for sale securities accessible for liquidity needs. Regulatory capital levels determine the Company’s ability to use purchased deposits and the Federal Reserve discount window. As of March 31, 2024, the Company is considered well capitalized and does not have any restrictions on purchased deposits or borrowing ability at the Federal Reserve discount window. The Company monitors factors that may increase its liquidity needs. Some of these factors include deposit trends, large depositor activity, maturing deposit promotions, interest rate sensitivity, maturity and repricing timing gaps between assets and liabilities, the level of unfunded loan commitments and loan growth. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s liquidity is sufficient to meet projected trends. To monitor and estimate liquidity levels, the Company performs stress testing under varying assumptions on credit sensitive liabilities and the sources and amounts of balance sheet and external liquidity available to replace outflows. The Company’s Contingency Funding Plan sets forth avenues for rectifying liquidity shortfalls. As of March 31, 2024, the analysis indicated adequate liquidity under the tested scenarios. The Company utilizes several other strategies to maintain sufficient liquidity. Loan and deposit growth are managed to keep the loan to deposit ratio within the Company’s internally-set target range. As of March 31, 2024, the loan to deposit ratio was 56.15%. The investment strategy takes into consideration the term of the investment, and securities in the available for sale portfolio are laddered based upon projected funding needs. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements In the normal course of business, NBB extends lines of credit and letters of credit to its customers. Depending on their needs, customers may draw upon lines of credit at any time in any amount up to a pre-approved limit. Financial letters of credit guarantee payments to facilitate customer purchases. Performance letters of credit guarantee payment if the customer fails to complete a specific obligation. While it would be possible for customers to fully draw on approved lines of credit and for beneficiaries to call all letters of credit, historically this has not occurred. In the event of a sudden and substantial draw on these lines, the Company would be able to access multiple options, including its lines of credit with correspondents, raising additional deposits, or selling securities available for sale or loans. The Company estimates an ACL on unfunded loan commitments under the CECL model. The Company sells mortgages on the secondary market. Our agreement with the purchaser provides for strict underwriting and documentation requirements. Violation of the representations and warranties of the agreement would entitle the purchaser to recourse provisions. The Company has determined that its risk in this area is not significant because of a low volume of secondary market mortgage loans and high underwriting standards. The Company estimates a potential loss reserve for recourse provisions that is not material as of March 31, 2024. To date, no recourse provisions have been invoked. If funds were needed, the Company would access the same sources as noted above for funding lines and letters of credit. There were no material changes in off-balance sheet arrangements during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Contractual Obligations The Company had no finance lease or purchase obligations and no long-term debt at March 31, 2024. 38 Table of Contents Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Not applicable.