3M CO 10-Q

Item 1. Financial Statements. ​ 3M Company and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statement of Income (Unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended Nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ (Millions, except per share amounts) 2020 2019 2020 ​ 2019 Net sales ​ $ 8,350 ​ $ 7,991 ​ $ 23,601 ​ $ 24,025 ​ Operating expenses ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cost of sales ​ 4,303 ​ 4,188 ​ 12,217 ​ 12,811 ​ Selling, general and administrative expenses ​ 1,677 ​ 1,455 ​ 5,039 ​ 5,089 ​ Research, development and related expenses ​ 461 ​ 443 ​ 1,422 ​ 1,390 ​ Gain on sale of businesses ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 106 ) ​ ​ ( 389 ) ​ ​ ( 114 ) ​ Total operating expenses ​ 6,441 ​ 5,980 ​ 18,289 ​ 19,176 ​ Operating income ​ 1,909 ​ 2,011 ​ 5,312 ​ 4,849 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other expense (income), net ​ 104 ​ 45 ​ 311 ​ 349 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Income before income taxes ​ 1,805 ​ 1,966 ​ 5,001 ​ 4,500 ​ Provision for income taxes ​ 387 ​ 378 ​ 1,002 ​ 888 ​ Income of consolidated group ​ ​ 1,418 ​ ​ 1,588 ​ ​ 3,999 ​ ​ 3,612 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Income (loss) from unconsolidated subsidiaries, net of taxes ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ ​ — ​ Net income including noncontrolling interest ​ ​ 1,417 ​ ​ 1,588 ​ ​ 3,998 ​ ​ 3,612 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest ​ 4 ​ 5 ​ 3 ​ 11 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income attributable to 3M ​ $ 1,413 ​ $ 1,583 ​ $ 3,995 ​ $ 3,601 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted average 3M common shares outstanding — basic ​ 577.8 ​ 576.5 ​ 577.2 ​ 577.2 ​ Earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders — basic ​ $ 2.45 ​ $ 2.75 ​ $ 6.92 ​ $ 6.24 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted average 3M common shares outstanding — diluted ​ 582.4 ​ 583.0 ​ 581.6 ​ 585.9 ​ Earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders — diluted ​ $ 2.43 ​ $ 2.72 ​ $ 6.87 ​ $ 6.15 ​ ​ The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this statement. ​ ​ 3 Table of Contents 3M Company and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended Nine months ended ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ ​ (Millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019 ​ Net income including noncontrolling interest ​ $ 1,417 ​ $ 1,588 ​ $ 3,998 ​ $ 3,612 ​ ​ Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative translation adjustment ​ 271 ​ ( 202 ) ​ ( 67 ) ​ ( 2 ) ​ ​ Defined benefit pension and postretirement plans adjustment ​ 127 ​ 76 ​ 304 ​ 356 ​ ​ Cash flow hedging instruments ​ ( 71 ) ​ 8 ​ ( 60 ) ​ ( 24 ) ​ ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ​ 327 ​ ( 118 ) ​ 177 ​ 330 ​ ​ Comprehensive income (loss) including noncontrolling interest ​ 1,744 ​ 1,470 ​ 4,175 ​ 3,942 ​ ​ Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest ​ ( 5 ) ​ ( 3 ) ​ ( 1 ) ​ ( 10 ) ​ ​ Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to 3M ​ $ 1,739 ​ $ 1,467 ​ $ 4,174 ​ $ 3,932 ​ ​ ​ The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this statement. ​ ​ 4 Table of Contents 3M Company and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheet (Unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, December 31, (Dollars in millions, except per share amount) 2020 2019 Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Current assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash and cash equivalents ​ $ 4,121 ​ $ 2,353 ​ Marketable securities — current ​ 440 ​ 98 ​ Accounts receivable — net of allowances of $ 228 and $ 161 ​ 4,623 ​ 4,791 ​ Inventories ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Finished goods ​ 1,859 ​ 2,003 ​ Work in process ​ 1,224 ​ 1,194 ​ Raw materials and supplies ​ 901 ​ 937 ​ Total inventories ​ 3,984 ​ 4,134 ​ Prepaids ​ ​ 516 ​ ​ 704 ​ Other current assets ​ 426 ​ 891 ​ Total current assets ​ 14,110 ​ 12,971 ​ Property, plant and equipment ​ 26,452 ​ 26,124 ​ Less: Accumulated depreciation ​ ( 17,236 ) ​ ( 16,791 ) ​ Property, plant and equipment — net ​ 9,216 ​ 9,333 ​ Operating lease right of use assets ​ ​ 844 ​ ​ 858 ​ Goodwill ​ 13,535 ​ 13,444 ​ Intangible assets — net ​ 5,926 ​ 6,379 ​ Other assets ​ 1,759 ​ 1,674 ​ Total assets ​ $ 45,390 ​ $ 44,659 ​ Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Current liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt ​ $ 1,169 ​ $ 2,795 ​ Accounts payable ​ 2,208 ​ 2,228 ​ Accrued payroll ​ 721 ​ 702 ​ Accrued income taxes ​ 220 ​ 194 ​ Operating lease liabilities — current ​ ​ 252 ​ ​ 247 ​ Other current liabilities ​ 2,840 ​ 3,056 ​ Total current liabilities ​ 7,410 ​ 9,222 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Long-term debt ​ 18,429 ​ 17,518 ​ Pension and postretirement benefits ​ 3,679 ​ 3,911 ​ Operating lease liabilities ​ ​ 605 ​ 607 ​ Other liabilities ​ 3,324 ​ 3,275 ​ Total liabilities ​ $ 33,447 ​ $ 34,533 ​ Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Equity ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3M Company shareholders’ equity: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common stock par value, $ .01 par value; 944,033,056 shares issued ​ $ 9 ​ $ 9 ​ Shares outstanding - September 30, 2020: 576,821,878 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Shares outstanding - December 31, 2019: 575,184,835 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional paid-in capital ​ 6,116 ​ 5,907 ​ Retained earnings ​ 43,285 ​ 42,135 ​ Treasury stock, at cost: ​ ( 29,570 ) ​ ( 29,849 ) ​ Shares at September 30, 2020: 367,211,178 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Shares at December 31, 2019: 368,848,221 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ​ ( 7,960 ) ​ ( 8,139 ) ​ Total 3M Company shareholders’ equity ​ 11,880 ​ 10,063 ​ Noncontrolling interest ​ 63 ​ 63 ​ Total equity ​ $ 11,943 ​ $ 10,126 ​ Total liabilities and equity ​ $ 45,390 ​ $ 44,659 ​ ​ The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this statement. 5 Table of Contents 3M Company and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ (Millions) 2020 2019 Cash Flows from Operating Activities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income including noncontrolling interest ​ $ 3,998 ​ $ 3,612 ​ Adjustments to reconcile net income including noncontrolling interest to net cash provided by operating activities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Depreciation and amortization ​ 1,413 ​ 1,130 ​ Company pension and postretirement contributions ​ ( 122 ) ​ ( 129 ) ​ Company pension and postretirement expense ​ 295 ​ 242 ​ Stock-based compensation expense ​ 216 ​ 230 ​ Gain on sale of businesses ​ ​ ( 389 ) ​ ​ ( 111 ) ​ Deferred income taxes ​ ( 57 ) ​ ( 88 ) ​ Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary ​ — ​ 162 ​ Changes in assets and liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accounts receivable ​ 113 ​ ( 14 ) ​ Inventories ​ 43 ​ 255 ​ Accounts payable ​ ( 48 ) ​ ( 222 ) ​ Accrued income taxes (current and long-term) ​ 146 ​ ( 53 ) ​ Other — net ​ ( 10 ) ​ ( 282 ) ​ Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities ​ 5,598 ​ 4,732 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash Flows from Investing Activities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Purchases of property, plant and equipment (PP&E) ​ ( 1,079 ) ​ ( 1,161 ) ​ Proceeds from sale of PP&E and other assets ​ 29 ​ 91 ​ Acquisitions, net of cash acquired ​ ( 25 ) ​ ( 704 ) ​ Purchases of marketable securities and investments ​ ( 1,069 ) ​ ( 917 ) ​ Proceeds from maturities and sale of marketable securities and investments ​ 1,239 ​ 1,265 ​ Proceeds from sale of businesses, net of cash sold ​ 576 ​ 236 ​ Other — net ​ 8 ​ 45 ​ Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ​ ( 321 ) ​ ( 1,145 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash Flows from Financing Activities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in short-term debt — net ​ ( 138 ) ​ ( 466 ) ​ Repayment of debt (maturities greater than 90 days) ​ ( 2,477 ) ​ ( 871 ) ​ Proceeds from debt (maturities greater than 90 days) ​ 1,745 ​ 6,116 ​ Purchases of treasury stock ​ ( 366 ) ​ ( 1,243 ) ​ Proceeds from issuance of treasury stock pursuant to stock option and benefit plans ​ 325 ​ 437 ​ Dividends paid to shareholders ​ ( 2,540 ) ​ ( 2,488 ) ​ Other — net ​ ( 47 ) ​ ( 158 ) ​ Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ​ ( 3,498 ) ​ 1,327 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents ​ ( 11 ) ​ ( 36 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ​ 1,768 ​ 4,878 ​ Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year ​ 2,353 ​ 2,853 ​ Cash and cash equivalents at end of period ​ $ 4,121 ​ $ 7,731 ​ ​ The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this statement. ​ 6 Table of Contents 3M Company and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) ​ NOTE 1. Significant Accounting Policies ​ Basis of Presentation ​ The interim consolidated financial statements are unaudited but, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. These adjustments consist of normal, recurring items. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year. The interim consolidated financial statements and notes are presented as permitted by the requirements for Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K. ​ As described in Note 16, effective in the second quarter of 2020, the measure of segment operating performance used by 3M’s chief operating decision maker changed and, as a result, the Company’s disclosed measure of segment profit/loss has been updated. Also, effective in the first quarter of 2020, the Company changed its business segment reporting in its continuing effort to improve the alignment of businesses around markets and customers. Additionally, the Company consolidated the way it presents geographic area net sales by providing an aggregate Americas geographic region (combining former United States and Latin America and Canada areas). Information provided herein reflects the impact of these changes for all periods presented. ​ Use of estimates ​ The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company considered the coronavirus (COVID-19) related impacts on its estimates, as appropriate, within its consolidated financial statements and there may be changes to those estimates in future periods. 3M believes that the accounting estimates are appropriate after giving consideration to the increased uncertainties surrounding the severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such estimates and assumptions are subject to inherent uncertainties which may result in actual amounts differing from these estimates. ​ Changes to Significant Accounting Policies ​ The following significant accounting policies have been added or changed as applicable since the Company’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K as a result of adoption of new accounting pronouncements as described in the “New Accounting Pronouncements” section. ​ Accounts receivable and allowances : Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company maintains allowances for bad debts, cash discounts, and various other items. The allowances for bad debts and cash discounts are based on the best estimate of the amount of expected credit losses in existing accounts receivable and anticipated cash discounts. The Company determines the allowances based on historical write-off experience by industry and regional economic data, current expectations of future credit losses, and historical cash discounts. The Company reviews the allowances monthly. The allowances for bad debts as well as the provision for credit losses, write-off activity and recoveries for the periods presented are not material. The Company does not have any significant off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to its customers. The Company has long-term customer receivables that do not have significant credit risk, and the origination dates of which are typically not older than five years . These long-term receivables are subject to an allowance methodology similar to other receivables. ​ Marketable securities: Marketable securities include available-for-sale debt securities and are recorded at fair value. Cost of securities sold use the first in, first out (FIFO) method. The classification of marketable securities as current or non-current is based on the availability for use in current operations. 3M reviews impairments associated with its marketable securities in accordance with the measurement guidance provided by ASC 320, Investments-Debt Securities and ASC 326-30, Available-for-Sale Debt Securities , when determining whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis has resulted from a credit loss or other factors. An impairment relating to credit losses is recorded through an allowance for credit losses. The allowance is limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. A change in the allowance for credit losses is recorded into earnings in the period of the 7 Table of Contents change. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recorded through accumulated other comprehensive income as a component of shareholders’ equity. The factors considered in determining whether a credit loss exists can include the extent to which fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, changes in the credit quality of the underlying loan obligors, credit ratings actions, as well as other factors. When a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security with the amortized cost basis of the security to determine what allowance amount, if any, should be recorded. Amounts are reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income and into earnings upon sale or a change in the portions of impairment related to credit losses and not related to credit losses. ​ Property, plant and equipment: 3M’s accounting policy with respect to property, plant and equipment, is disclosed in the Company’s notes to consolidated financial statements included in its most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, 3M records capital-related government grants earned as reductions to the cost of property, plant and equipment; and associated unpaid liabilities and grant proceeds receivable are considered non-cash changes in such balances for purposes of preparation of statement of cash flows. ​ Foreign Currency Translation ​ Local currencies generally are considered the functional currencies outside the United States with the exception of 3M’s subsidiaries in Argentina, the economy of which was considered highly inflationary beginning in 2018, and accordingly the financial statements of these subsidiaries are remeasured as if their functional currency is that of their parent. Assets and liabilities for operations in local-currency environments are translated at month-end exchange rates of the period reported. Income and expense items are translated at average monthly currency exchange rates in effect during the period. Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity. ​ 3M had a consolidated subsidiary in Venezuela, the financial statements of which were remeasured as if its functional currency were that of its parent because Venezuela’s economic environment is considered highly inflationary. The operating income of this subsidiary was immaterial as a percent of 3M’s consolidated operating income for the periods presented. In light of circumstances, including the country’s unstable environment and heightened unrest leading to sustained lack of demand, and expectation that these circumstances will continue for the foreseeable future, during May 2019, 3M concluded it no longer met the criteria of control in order to continue consolidating its Venezuelan operations. As a result, as of May 31, 2019, the Company began reflecting its interest in the Venezuelan subsidiary as an equity investment that does not have a readily determinable fair value. This resulted in a pre-tax charge of $ 162 million within other expense (income) in the second quarter of 2019. The charge primarily relates to $ 144 million of foreign currency translation losses associated with foreign currency movements before Venezuela was accounted for as a highly inflationary economy and pension elements previously included in accumulated other comprehensive loss along with write-down of intercompany receivable and investment balances associated with this subsidiary. Beginning May 31, 2019, 3M’s consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations no longer include the Venezuelan entity’s operations other than an immaterial equity investment and associated loss or income thereon largely only to the extent, if any, that 3M provides support or materials and receives funding or dividends. ​ Earnings Per Share ​ The difference in the weighted average 3M shares outstanding for calculating basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders is a result of the dilution associated with the Company’s stock-based compensation plans. Certain options outstanding under these stock-based compensation plans were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders because they would have had an anti-dilutive effect ( 18.8 million average options for the three months ended September 30, 2020; 19.6 million average options for the nine months ended September 30, 2020; 11.9 million average options for the three months ended September 30, 2019; 8.0 million average options for the nine months ended September 30, 2019). The computations for basic and diluted earnings per share follow: ​ 8 Table of Contents Earnings Per Share Computations ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended Nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ (Amounts in millions, except per share amounts) 2020 2019 2020 2019 Numerator: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income attributable to 3M ​ $ 1,413 ​ $ 1,583 ​ $ 3,995 ​ $ 3,601 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Denominator: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Denominator for weighted average 3M common shares outstanding – basic ​ 577.8 ​ 576.5 ​ 577.2 ​ 577.2 ​ Dilution associated with the Company’s stock-based compensation plans ​ 4.6 ​ 6.5 ​ 4.4 ​ 8.7 ​ Denominator for weighted average 3M common shares outstanding – diluted ​ 582.4 ​ 583.0 ​ 581.6 ​ 585.9 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders – basic ​ $ 2.45 ​ $ 2.75 ​ $ 6.92 ​ $ 6.24 ​ Earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders – diluted ​ $ 2.43 ​ $ 2.72 ​ $ 6.87 ​ $ 6.15 ​ ​ New Accounting Pronouncements ​ See the Company’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of the standards in the tables that follow, except for those pronouncements issued subsequent to the most recent Form 10-K filing date for which separate, more detailed discussion is provided below as applicable. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Standards Adopted During the Current Fiscal Year Standard Relevant Description Effective Date for 3M Impact and Other Matters ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (in conjunction with ASU Nos. 2018-19, 2019-04, 2019-05, 2019-11, and 2020-03) Introduces an approach, based on expected losses, to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments and modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities. ​ Amends the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities. For such securities with unrealized losses, entities will still consider if a portion of any impairment is related only to credit losses and therefore recognized as a reduction in income. January 1, 2020 Adopted using the modified retrospective approach. Adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact due to the nature and extent of 3M’s financial instruments in scope for this ASU (primarily accounts receivable) and the historical, current and expected credit quality of its customers as of the date of adoption. ​ See Note 1 Significant Accounting Policies for updated applicable accounting policies. ASU No. 2018-13, Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement Eliminates, amends, and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements, primarily related to Level 3 fair value measurements. January 1, 2020 This ASU relates to disclosure only. The nature and extent of 3M’s financial instruments in scope for this ASU (primarily Level 3 fair value measurements) are immaterial to 3M’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition. ASU No. 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract Aligns the accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service arrangement (i.e. hosting arrangement) with the guidance on capitalizing costs in ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software January 1, 2020 Adopted on a prospective basis. Relevant capitalizable costs are included in prepaid expenses or other non-current asset, as applicable, prospectively beginning in 2020. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 9 Table of Contents ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Standards Issued and Not Yet Adopted Standard Relevant Description Effective Date for 3M Impact and Other Matters ASU No. 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (Topic 740) Eliminates certain existing exceptions related to the general approach in ASC 740 relating to franchise taxes, reducing complexity in the interim-period accounting for year-to-date loss limitations and changes in tax laws, and clarifying the accounting for transactions outside of business combination that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. January 1, 2021 3M previously disclosed it does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations and financial condition. ASU No. 2020-01, Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Investments—Equity Securities, Topic 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures, and Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging Clarifies when accounting for certain equity securities, a Company should consider observable transactions before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method of accounting for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative. ​ Indicates when determining the accounting for certain derivatives, a Company should not consider if the underlying securities would be accounted for under the equity method or fair value option. January 1, 2021 3M previously disclosed it does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations and financial condition, but will apply such guidance, where applicable, to future circumstances. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Relevant New Standards Issued Subsequent to Most Recent Annual Report ​ In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting . This ASU provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to existing guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to facilitate the market transition from existing reference rates, such as LIBOR which is being phased out in 2021, to alternate reference rates, such as SOFR. The standard was effective upon issuance and allowed application to contract changes as early as January 1, 2020. The provisions have impact as contract modifications and other changes occur while LIBOR is phased out. The Company is in the process of evaluating the optional relief guidance provided within this ASU and is also reviewing its debt securities, bank facilities, derivative instruments and commercial contracts that utilize LIBOR as the reference rate. 3M will continue its assessment and monitor regulatory developments during the LIBOR transition period. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ NOTE 2. Revenue ​ Contract Balances: Deferred revenue primarily relates to revenue that is recognized over time for one-year software license contracts. Deferred revenue (current portion) as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was $ 390 million and $ 430 million, respectively. Approximately $ 100 million and $ 370 million of the December 31, 2019 balance was recognized as revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, while approximately $ 80 million and $ 560 million of the December 31, 2018 balance was recognized as revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. ​ Operating Lease Revenue: Net sales includes rental revenue from durable medical devices as part of operating lease arrangements, which was $ 153 million and $ 428 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. Applicable rental revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was not material. ​ ​ 10 Table of Contents Disaggregated revenue information: The Company views the following disaggregated disclosures as useful to understanding the composition of revenue recognized during the respective reporting periods: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended ​ Nine months ended ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ Net Sales (Millions) ​ 2020 2019 2020 2019 ​ Abrasives ​ $ 290 ​ $ 338 ​ $ 863 ​ $ 1,059 ​ Automotive Aftermarket ​ ​ 309 ​ ​ 307 ​ ​ 796 ​ ​ 917 ​ Closure and Masking Systems ​ ​ 242 ​ ​ 282 ​ ​ 745 ​ ​ 835 ​ Electrical Markets ​ ​ 285 ​ ​ 299 ​ ​ 829 ​ ​ 912 ​ Industrial Adhesives and Tapes ​ ​ 647 ​ ​ 684 ​ ​ 1,873 ​ ​ 2,041 ​ Personal Safety ​ ​ 1,136 ​ ​ 812 ​ ​ 3,221 ​ ​ 2,653 ​ Roofing Granules ​ ​ 114 ​ ​ 101 ​ ​ 295 ​ ​ 293 ​ Other Safety and Industrial ​ ​ 1 ​ ​ 6 ​ ​ 5 ​ ​ 19 ​ Total Safety and Industrial Business Segment ​ $ 3,024 ​ $ 2,829 ​ $ 8,627 ​ $ 8,729 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Advanced Materials ​ $ 246 ​ $ 319 ​ $ 770 ​ $ 961 ​ Automotive and Aerospace ​ ​ 410 ​ ​ 477 ​ ​ 1,125 ​ ​ 1,463 ​ Commercial Solutions ​ ​ 390 ​ ​ 443 ​ ​ 1,147 ​ ​ 1,382 ​ Electronics ​ ​ 1,024 ​ ​ 1,001 ​ ​ 2,771 ​ ​ 2,760 ​ Transportation Safety ​ ​ 245 ​ ​ 260 ​ ​ 678 ​ ​ 741 ​ Other Transportation and Electronics ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 2 ) ​ ​ ( 2 ) ​ Total Transportation and Electronics Business Segment ​ $ 2,314 ​ $ 2,500 ​ $ 6,489 ​ $ 7,305 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Drug Delivery ​ $ — ​ $ 93 ​ $ 146 ​ $ 277 ​ Food Safety ​ ​ 82 ​ ​ 86 ​ ​ 252 ​ ​ 254 ​ Health Information Systems ​ ​ 280 ​ ​ 296 ​ ​ 833 ​ ​ 853 ​ Medical Solutions ​ ​ 1,251 ​ ​ 745 ​ ​ 3,472 ​ ​ 2,319 ​ Oral Care ​ ​ 320 ​ ​ 312 ​ ​ 741 ​ ​ 991 ​ Separation and Purification Sciences ​ ​ 221 ​ ​ 191 ​ ​ 639 ​ ​ 602 ​ Other Health Care ​ ​ 6 ​ ​ ( 2 ) ​ ​ 5 ​ ​ ( 6 ) ​ Total Health Care Business Group ​ $ 2,160 ​ $ 1,721 ​ $ 6,088 ​ $ 5,290 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Consumer Health Care ​ $ 96 ​ $ 97 ​ $ 278 ​ $ 295 ​ Home Care ​ ​ 268 ​ ​ 243 ​ ​ 796 ​ ​ 747 ​ Home Improvement ​ ​ 686 ​ ​ 612 ​ ​ 1,863 ​ ​ 1,729 ​ Stationery and Office ​ ​ 323 ​ ​ 362 ​ ​ 859 ​ ​ 1,008 ​ Other Consumer ​ ​ 44 ​ ​ 28 ​ ​ 115 ​ ​ 83 ​ Total Consumer Business Group ​ $ 1,417 ​ $ 1,342 ​ $ 3,911 ​ $ 3,862 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate and Unallocated ​ $ — ​ $ 28 ​ $ ( 1 ) ​ $ 98 ​ Elimination of Dual Credit ​ ​ ( 565 ) ​ ​ ( 429 ) ​ ​ ( 1,513 ) ​ ​ ( 1,259 ) ​ Total Company ​ $ 8,350 ​ $ 7,991 ​ $ 23,601 ​ $ 24,025 ​ ​ ​ 11 Table of Contents ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, 2020 ​ Net Sales (Millions) Americas ​ Asia Pacific Europe, Middle East and Africa Other Unallocated Worldwide ​ Safety and Industrial ​ $ 1,623 ​ $ 706 ​ $ 695 ​ $ — ​ $ 3,024 ​ Transportation and Electronics ​ 640 ​ 1,357 ​ 317 ​ — ​ 2,314 ​ Health Care ​ ​ 1,335 ​ ​ 377 ​ ​ 448 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,160 ​ Consumer ​ 1,032 ​ 231 ​ 154 ​ — ​ 1,417 ​ Corporate and Unallocated ​ ( 1 ) ​ — ​ — ​ 1 ​ — ​ Elimination of Dual Credit ​ ( 282 ) ​ ( 197 ) ​ ( 86 ) ​ — ​ ( 565 ) ​ Total Company ​ $ 4,347 ​ $ 2,474 ​ $ 1,528 ​ $ 1 ​ $ 8,350 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2020 ​ Net Sales (Millions) Americas ​ Asia Pacific Europe, Middle East and Africa Other Unallocated Worldwide ​ Safety and Industrial ​ $ 4,509 ​ $ 2,080 ​ $ 2,038 ​ $ — ​ $ 8,627 ​ Transportation and Electronics ​ 1,847 ​ 3,709 ​ 933 ​ — ​ 6,489 ​ Health Care ​ ​ 3,690 ​ ​ 1,091 ​ ​ 1,307 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,088 ​ Consumer ​ 2,801 ​ 699 ​ 411 ​ — ​ 3,911 ​ Corporate and Unallocated ​ ( 1 ) ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ ( 1 ) ​ Elimination of Dual Credit ​ ( 724 ) ​ ( 550 ) ​ ( 239 ) ​ — ​ ( 1,513 ) ​ Total Company ​ $ 12,122 ​ $ 7,029 ​ $ 4,450 ​ $ — ​ $ 23,601 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, 2019 ​ Net Sales (Millions) Americas ​ Asia Pacific Europe, Middle East and Africa Other Unallocated Worldwide ​ Safety and Industrial ​ $ 1,497 ​ $ 706 ​ $ 626 ​ $ — ​ $ 2,829 ​ Transportation and Electronics ​ 749 ​ 1,388 ​ 362 ​ 1 ​ 2,500 ​ Health Care ​ ​ 973 ​ ​ 360 ​ ​ 388 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,721 ​ Consumer ​ 975 ​ 228 ​ 140 ​ ( 1 ) ​ 1,342 ​ Corporate and Unallocated ​ 27 ​ 1 ​ 1 ​ ( 1 ) ​ 28 ​ Elimination of Dual Credit ​ ( 185 ) ​ ( 193 ) ​ ( 52 ) ​ 1 ​ ( 429 ) ​ Total Company ​ $ 4,036 ​ $ 2,490 ​ $ 1,465 ​ $ — ​ $ 7,991 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2019 ​ Net Sales (Millions) Americas ​ Asia Pacific Europe, Middle East and Africa Other Unallocated Worldwide ​ Safety and Industrial ​ $ 4,532 ​ $ 2,165 ​ $ 2,033 ​ $ ( 1 ) ​ $ 8,729 ​ Transportation and Electronics ​ 2,256 ​ 3,912 ​ 1,137 ​ — ​ 7,305 ​ Health Care ​ ​ 2,916 ​ ​ 1,121 ​ ​ 1,253 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5,290 ​ Consumer ​ 2,723 ​ 718 ​ 422 ​ ( 1 ) ​ 3,862 ​ Corporate and Unallocated ​ 97 ​ 1 ​ 1 ​ ( 1 ) ​ 98 ​ Elimination of Dual Credit ​ ( 562 ) ​ ( 534 ) ​ ( 164 ) ​ 1 ​ ( 1,259 ) ​ Total Company ​ $ 11,962 ​ $ 7,383 ​ $ 4,682 ​ $ ( 2 ) ​ $ 24,025 ​ ​ ​ ​ Americas included United States net sales to customers of $ 3.7 billion and $ 3.3 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $ 10.2 billion and $ 9.7 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. 12 Table of Contents ​ NOTE 3. Acquisitions and Divestitures ​ Refer to Note 3 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on relevant pre-2020 acquisitions and divestitures. ​ Acquisitions: ​ 3M makes acquisitions of certain businesses from time to time that are aligned with its strategic intent with respect to, among other factors, growth markets and adjacent product lines or technologies. Goodwill resulting from business combinations is largely attributable to the existing workforce of the acquired businesses and synergies expected to arise after 3M’s acquisition of these businesses. ​ 2020 acquisitions: ​ There were no acquisitions that closed during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. ​ 2019 acquisitions: ​ In February 2019, 3M completed the acquisition of the technology business of M*Modal for $ 0.7 billion of cash, net of cash acquired, and assumption of $ 0.3 billion of M*Modal’s debt. The allocation of purchase consideration related to M*Modal was completed in the fourth quarter of 2019. Net sales and operating loss (inclusive of transaction and integration costs) of this business included in 3M’s consolidated results of operations for the third quarter of 2019 were approximately $ 75 million and $ 5 million, respectively. Net sales and operating loss (inclusive of transaction and integration costs) of this business included in 3M’s consolidated results of operations for the first nine months of 2019 were approximately $ 200 million and $ 40 million, respectively. M*Modal is reported within the Company’s Health Care business. ​ In October 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the ownership interests of Acelity Inc. and its KCI subsidiaries and in the first quarter of 2020 paid certain consideration previously accrued under the terms of related agreements. Adjustments in 2020 to the purchase price allocation were approximately $ 34 million and related to identification and valuation of certain acquired assets and liabilities. The change to provisional amounts did not result in material impacts to results of operations in 2020 or any portion related to earlier quarters in the measurement period. The allocation of purchase consideration related to Acelity was completed in the third quarter of 2020. Net sales and operating loss (inclusive of transaction and integration costs) of this business included in 3M’s consolidated results of operations in the fourth quarter of 2019 were approximately $ 350 million and $ 45 million, respectively. Acelity is reported within the Company’s Health Care business. ​ Divestitures: ​ 3M may divest certain businesses from time to time based upon review of the Company’s portfolio considering, among other items, factors relative to the extent of strategic and technological alignment and optimization of capital deployment, in addition to considering if selling the businesses results in the greatest value creation for the Company and for shareholders. As discussed in Note 16 (Business Segments), gains/losses on sale of businesses are reflected in Corporate and Unallocated. ​ 2020 divestitures: ​ In January 2020, 3M completed the sale of its advanced ballistic-protection business, formerly part of the Transportation and Electronics business, to Avon Rubber p.l.c for $ 86 million in cash and recognized certain contingent consideration from the outcome of pending tenders. Further contingent consideration of less than $ 25 million may be recognized depending on outcomes in the future. The business, with annual sales of approximately $ 85 million, consists of ballistic helmets, body armor, flat armor and related helmet-attachment products serving government and law enforcement. 3M reflected immaterial impacts in the third quarter of 2019 as a result of measuring this disposal group at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell and in the first quarter 2020 related to completion of the divestiture and recognition of contingent consideration. ​ In May 2020, 3M completed the sale of substantially all of its drug delivery business, formerly part of the Health Care business, to an affiliate of Altaris Capital Partners, LLC for $ 617 million in consideration including $ 487 million of cash, approximately $ 70 million in the form of an interest-bearing security, and approximately $ 60 million in the form of a 17 percent noncontrolling interest in the 13 Table of Contents new company, Kindeva Drug Delivery (Kindeva). Non-cash consideration was valued at time of initial recognition on an income-based approach using relevant estimated future cash flows and applicable market interest rates while considering impacts of restrictions related to transferability. The divested business had annual sales of approximately $ 380 million. 3M retained its transdermal drug delivery components business. 3M reflected a pre-tax gain of $ 387 million as a result of the divestiture. The Company reflects its ownership interest in Kindeva using the equity method of accounting incorporating the recording of 3M’s share of earnings/losses on a lag-basis based on availability of Kindeva financial statements. As a result, income/loss from this unconsolidated subsidiary began to be reflected in 3M’s financial statements in the third quarter of 2020. Kindeva and 3M entered into certain limited-term agreements related to post-divestiture transition and supply services. ​ In the third quarter of 2020, 3M completed the sale of a small dermatology products business, formerly part of the Health Care business, for immaterial proceeds that approximated the business’s book value. ​ 2019 divestitures: ​ During 2019, as described in Note 3 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company divested a number of businesses including: certain oral care technology comprising a business and the gas and flame detection business. 3M also reflected an earnout on a previous divestiture. ​ Operating income and held for sale amounts: The aggregate operating income of these businesses was approximately $ 40 million and $ 25 million in the first nine months of 2020 and 2019, respectively. The approximate amounts of major assets and liabilities associated with disposal groups classified as held-for-sale as of December 31, 2019 included the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, (Millions) 2019 Inventory ​ 70 ​ Property, plant and equipment ​ ​ 150 ​ Intangible assets ​ ​ 35 ​ ​ In addition, approximately $ 30 million of goodwill was estimated to be attributable to disposal groups classified as held-for-sale as of December 31, 2019 based upon relative fair value. The amounts above have not been segregated and are classified within the existing corresponding line items on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. ​ NOTE 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets ​ There was no goodwill recorded from acquisitions during the first nine months of 2020. The acquisition activity in the following table relates to the net impact of adjustments to the preliminary allocation of purchase price within the one year measurement period following prior acquisitions, which decreased goodwill by $ 34 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The amounts in the “Translation and other” row in the following table primarily relate to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The goodwill balance by business segment as of December 31, 2019 and September 30, 2020, follow: ​ Goodwill ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (Millions) ​ Safety and Industrial ​ Transportation and Electronics ​ Health Care ​ Consumer ​ Total Company ​ Balance as of December 31, 2019 ​ $ 4,621 ​ $ 1,830 ​ $ 6,739 ​ $ 254 ​ $ 13,444 ​ Acquisition activity ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 34 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 34 ) ​ Divestiture activity ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 10 ) ​ ​ ( 19 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 29 ) ​ Translation and other ​ ​ ( 7 ) ​ ​ 13 ​ ​ 143 ​ ​ 5 ​ ​ 154 ​ Balance as of September 30, 2020 ​ $ 4,614 ​ $ 1,833 ​ $ 6,829 ​ $ 259 ​ $ 13,535 ​ 14 Table of Contents ​ Accounting standards require that goodwill be tested for impairment annually and between annual tests in certain circumstances such as a change in reporting units or the testing of recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit. At 3M, reporting units correspond to a division. ​ As described in Note 16, effective in the first quarter of 2020, the Company changed its business segment reporting. For any product changes that resulted in reporting unit changes, the Company applied the relative fair value method to determine the impact on goodwill of the associated reporting units, the results of which were immaterial. In conjunction with the change in segment reporting, 3M completed an assessment indicating no goodwill impairment existed as a result of this new segment structure. ​ Acquired Intangible Assets ​ The carrying amount and accumulated amortization of acquired finite-lived intangible assets, in addition to the balance of non-amortizable intangible assets, as of September 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, follow: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, December 31, (Millions) 2020 2019 Customer related intangible assets ​ $ 4,232 ​ $ 4,316 ​ Patents ​ 530 ​ 538 ​ Other technology-based intangible assets ​ 2,099 ​ 2,124 ​ Definite-lived tradenames ​ 1,175 ​ 1,158 ​ Other amortizable intangible assets ​ 121 ​ 125 ​ Total gross carrying amount ​ $ 8,157 ​ $ 8,261 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated amortization — customer related ​ ( 1,337 ) ​ ( 1,180 ) ​ Accumulated amortization — patents ​ ( 502 ) ​ ( 499 ) ​ Accumulated amortization — other technology-based ​ ( 576 ) ​ ( 435 ) ​ Accumulated amortization — definite-lived tradenames ​ ( 367 ) ​ ( 316 ) ​ Accumulated amortization — other ​ ( 87 ) ​ ( 90 ) ​ Total accumulated amortization ​ $ ( 2,869 ) ​ $ ( 2,520 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total finite-lived intangible assets — net ​ $ 5,288 ​ $ 5,741 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Non-amortizable intangible assets (primarily tradenames) ​ 638 ​ 638 ​ Total intangible assets — net ​ $ 5,926 ​ $ 6,379 ​ ​ Certain tradenames acquired by 3M are not amortized because they have been in existence for over 60 years , have a history of leading-market share positions, have been and are intended to be continuously renewed, and the associated products of which are expected to generate cash flows for 3M for an indefinite period of time. As discussed in Note 13, 3M reflected an immaterial charge related to impairment of certain indefinite-lived assets in the first quarter of 2020. ​ Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended Nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ (Millions) 2020 2019 2020 ​ 2019 Amortization expense ​ $ 137 ​ $ 69 ​ $ 405 ​ $ 208 ​ ​ Expected amortization expense for acquired amortizable intangible assets recorded as of September 30, 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Remainder of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ After (Millions) ​ 2020 ​ 2021 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2024 ​ 2025 ​ 2025 Amortization expense ​ $ 132 ​ $ 524 ​ $ 511 ​ $ 485 ​ $ 460 ​ $ 428 ​ $ 2,748 ​ ​ 15 Table of Contents The preceding expected amortization expense is an estimate. Actual amounts of amortization expense may differ from estimated amounts due to additional intangible asset acquisitions, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, impairment of intangible assets, accelerated amortization of intangible assets and other events. 3M expenses the costs incurred to renew or extend the term of intangible assets. ​ NOTE 5. Restructuring Actions 2020 Restructuring Actions: ​ Divestiture-Related Restructuring ​ During the second quarter of 2020, following the divestiture of substantially all of the drug delivery business (see Note 3) management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions addressing corporate functional costs and manufacturing footprint across 3M in relation to the magnitude of amounts previously allocated/burdened to the divested business. These actions affected approximately 1,300 positions worldwide and resulted in a second quarter 2020 pre-tax charge of $ 55 million, within Corporate and Unallocated. The divestiture-related restructuring actions were recorded in the income statement as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (Millions) Second Quarter 2020 Cost of sales ​ $ 42 ​ Selling, general and administrative expenses ​ 12 ​ Research, development and related expenses ​ 1 ​ Total operating income impact ​ $ 55 ​ ​ Divestiture-related restructuring actions, including cash and non-cash impacts, follow: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (Millions) Employee-Related Asset-Related and Other Total Expense incurred in the second quarter of 2020 ​ $ 32 ​ $ 23 ​ $ 55 ​ Non-cash changes ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 14 ) ​ ​ ( 14 ) ​ Cash payments ​ ( 7 ) ​ — ​ ( 7 ) ​ Accrued divestiture-related restructuring action balances as of September 30, 2020 ​ $ 25 ​ $ 9 ​ $ 34 ​ ​ Remaining activities related to this divestiture-related restructuring are expected to be largely completed through the second quarter of 2021. ​ Other Restructuring ​ Additionally, in the second quarter of 2020, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions addressing structural enterprise costs and operations in certain end markets as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic impacts. These actions affected approximately 400 positions worldwide and resulted in a second quarter 2020 pre-tax charge of $ 58 million. The restructuring charges were recorded in the income statement as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (Millions) Second Quarter 2020 Cost of sales ​ $ 13 ​ Selling, general and administrative expenses ​ 37 ​ Research, development and related expenses ​ 8 ​ Total operating income impact ​ $ 58 ​ ​ ​ 16 Table of Contents The business segment operating income impact of these restructuring charges are summarized by business segment as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Second Quarter 2020 ​ (Millions) Employee-Related Asset-Related Total Safety and Industrial ​ $ 7 ​ $ — ​ $ 7 ​ Transportation and Electronics ​ ​ 11 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 11 ​ Health Care ​ ​ 12 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 12 ​ Consumer ​ ​ 5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5 ​ Corporate and Unallocated ​ — ​ 23 ​ 23 ​ Total Operating Expense ​ $ 35 ​ $ 23 ​ $ 58 ​ ​ Restructuring actions, including cash and non-cash impacts, follow: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (Millions) Employee-Related Asset-Related Total Expense incurred in the second quarter of 2020 ​ $ 35 ​ $ 23 ​ $ 58 ​ Non-cash changes ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 23 ) ​ ​ ( 23 ) ​ Adjustments ​ ​ ( 9 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 9 ) ​ Accrued restructuring action balances as of September 30, 2020 ​ $ 26 ​ $ — ​ $ 26 ​ ​ Remaining activities related to this restructuring are expected to be largely completed through the second quarter of 2021. ​ 2019 Restructuring Actions: ​ As described in Note 5 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, during the second quarter of 2019, in light of slower than expected 2019 sales, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions. These actions impacted approximately 2,000 positions worldwide, including attrition. The Company recorded second quarter 2019 pre-tax charges of $ 148 million. The restructuring charges were recorded in the income statement as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (Millions) Second Quarter 2019 Cost of sales ​ $ 18 ​ Selling, general and administrative expenses ​ 89 ​ Research, development and related expenses ​ 5 ​ Total operating income impact ​ ​ 112 ​ Other expense (income), net ​ ​ 36 ​ Total income before taxes impact ​ $ 148 ​ ​ The operating income impact of these restructuring charges are summarized by business segment as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Second Quarter 2019 ​ (Millions) Employee-Related Asset-Related Total Safety and Industrial ​ $ 11 ​ $ — ​ $ 11 ​ Transportation and Electronics ​ ​ 8 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 8 ​ Health Care ​ ​ 6 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6 ​ Consumer ​ ​ 5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5 ​ Corporate and Unallocated ​ 42 ​ 40 ​ 82 ​ Total Operating Expense ​ $ 72 ​ $ 40 ​ $ 112 ​ ​ The second quarter 2019 actions included a voluntary early retirement incentive (further discussed in Note 11), the charge for which is included in other expense (income), net above. ​ ​ 17 Table of Contents Restructuring action activity from 2019, which includes both second and fourth quarter actions, including cash and non-cash impacts, follow: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (Millions) Employee-Related Accrued restructuring action balances as of December 31, 2019 ​ $ 140 ​ Cash Payments ​ ​ ( 25 ) ​ Adjustments ​ ​ ( 55 ) ​ Accrued restructuring action balances as of September 30, 2020 ​ $ 60 ​ ​ Adjustments in the table above reflect changes in estimates from factors such as additional natural attrition and redeployment as COVID-19 delayed the start of plan execution and update of costs associated with the mix of impacted roles. Remaining activities related to this restructuring are expected to be completed largely through early 2021. ​ NOTE 6. Supplemental Income Statement Information ​ Other expense (income), net consists of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended Nine months ended ​ ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, (Millions) ​ 2020 2019 2020 ​ 2019 ​ Interest expense ​ $ 128 ​ $ 109 ​ $ 388 ​ $ 324 ​ Interest income ​ ( 5 ) ​ ( 26 ) ​ ( 24 ) ​ ( 64 ) ​ Pension and postretirement net periodic benefit cost (benefit) ​ ​ ( 19 ) ​ ​ ( 38 ) ​ ​ ( 53 ) ​ ​ ( 73 ) ​ Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 162 ​ Total ​ $ 104 ​ $ 45 ​ $ 311 ​ $ 349 ​ ​ Pension and postretirement net periodic benefit costs described in the table above include all components of defined benefit plan net periodic benefit costs except service cost, which is reported in various operating expense lines. Pension and postretirement net periodic benefit costs include a second quarter 2019 charge related to the voluntary early retirement incentive program announced in May 2019. Refer to Note 11 for additional details on the voluntary early retirement incentive program in addition to the components of pension and postretirement net periodic benefit costs. ​ In the second quarter of 2019, the Company incurred a charge of $ 162 million related to the deconsolidation of its Venezuelan subsidiary. Refer to Note 1 for additional details. ​ 18 Table of Contents ​ NOTE 7. Supplemental Equity and Comprehensive Income Information ​ Cash dividends declared and paid totaled $ 1.47 and $ 1.44 per share for the first, second, and third quarters 2020 and 2019, respectively, or $ 4.41 and $ 4.32 per share for the first nine months of 2020 and 2019, respectively. ​ Consolidated Changes in Equity ​ Three months ended September 30, 2020 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3M Company Shareholders ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Comprehensive ​ Non- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Paid-in ​ Retained ​ Treasury ​ Income ​ controlling (Millions) Total Capital Earnings Stock (Loss) Interest Balance at June 30, 2020 $ 10,915 $ 6,083 $ 42,759 $ ( 29,699 ) $ ( 8,286 ) $ 58 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income ​ 1,417 ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,413 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4 ​ Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative translation adjustment ​ 271 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 270 ​ 1 ​ Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans adjustment ​ 127 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 127 ​ — ​ Cash flow hedging instruments ​ ( 71 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 71 ) ​ — ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ​ 327 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends declared ​ ( 847 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 847 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock-based compensation ​ 42 ​ 42 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reacquired stock ​ ( 1 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Issuances pursuant to stock option and benefit plans ​ 90 ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 40 ) ​ 130 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at September 30, 2020 $ 11,943 $ 6,125 $ 43,285 $ ( 29,570 ) $ ( 7,960 ) $ 63 ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2020 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3M Company Shareholders ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Comprehensive ​ Non- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Paid-in ​ Retained ​ Treasury ​ Income ​ controlling (Millions) Total Capital Earnings Stock (Loss) Interest Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 10,126 $ 5,916 $ 42,135 $ ( 29,849 ) $ ( 8,139 ) $ 63 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income ​ 3,998 ​ ​ ​ ​ 3,995 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3 ​ Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative translation adjustment ​ ( 67 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 65 ) ​ ( 2 ) ​ Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans adjustment ​ 304 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 304 ​ — ​ Cash flow hedging instruments ​ ( 60 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 60 ) ​ — ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ​ 177 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends declared ​ ( 2,540 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 2,540 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Purchase of subsidiary shares ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ Stock-based compensation ​ 209 ​ 209 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reacquired stock ​ ( 357 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 357 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Issuances pursuant to stock option and benefit plans ​ 331 ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 305 ) ​ 636 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at September 30, 2020 $ 11,943 $ 6,125 $ 43,285 $ ( 29,570 ) $ ( 7,960 ) $ 63 ​ ​ ​ 19 Table of Contents Three months ended September 30, 2019 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3M Company Shareholders ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Comprehensive ​ Non- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Paid-in ​ Retained ​ Treasury ​ Income ​ controlling (Millions) Total Capital Earnings Stock (Loss) Interest Balance at June 30, 2019 $ 10,142 $ 5,821 $ 41,362 $ ( 29,828 ) $ ( 7,272 ) $ 59 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income ​ 1,588 ​ ​ ​ ​ 1,583 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 5 ​ Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative translation adjustment ​ ( 202 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 200 ) ​ ( 2 ) ​ Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans adjustment ​ 76 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 76 ​ — ​ Cash flow hedging instruments ​ 8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 8 ​ — ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ​ ( 118 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends declared ​ ( 828 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 828 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock-based compensation ​ 49 ​ 49 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reacquired stock ​ ( 141 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 141 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Issuances pursuant to stock option and benefit plans ​ 72 ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 32 ) ​ 104 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at September 30, 2019 $ 10,764 $ 5,870 $ 42,085 $ ( 29,865 ) $ ( 7,388 ) $ 62 ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2019 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3M Company Shareholders ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Comprehensive ​ Non- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Paid-in ​ Retained ​ Treasury ​ Income ​ controlling (Millions) Total Capital Earnings Stock (Loss) Interest Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 9,848 $ 5,652 $ 40,636 $ ( 29,626 ) $ ( 6,866 ) $ 52 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Impact of adoption of ASU No. 2018-02* ​ ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 853 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 853 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ Impact of adoption of ASU No. 2016-02* ​ ​ 14 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 14 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income ​ 3,612 ​ ​ ​ ​ 3,601 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 11 ​ Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative translation adjustment ​ ( 2 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ ( 1 ) ​ Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans adjustment ​ 356 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 356 ​ — ​ Cash flow hedging instruments ​ ( 24 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 24 ) ​ — ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ​ 330 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends declared ​ ( 2,488 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 2,488 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock-based compensation ​ 218 ​ 218 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Reacquired stock ​ ( 1,211 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 1,211 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Issuances pursuant to stock option and benefit plans ​ 441 ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 531 ) ​ 972 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at September 30, 2019 $ 10,764 $ 5,870 $ 42,085 $ ( 29,865 ) $ ( 7,388 ) $ 62 ​ *See Note 1 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. 20 Table of Contents ​ Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to 3M by Component ​ Three months ended September 30, 2020 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Defined Benefit ​ Cash Flow ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension and ​ Hedging ​ Other ​ ​ Cumulative ​ Postretirement ​ Instruments, ​ Comprehensive ​ ​ Translation ​ Plans ​ Unrealized ​ Income (Millions) ​ Adjustment ​ Adjustment ​ Gain (Loss) ​ (Loss) Balance at June 30, 2020, net of tax: ​ $ ( 2,234 ) ​ $ ( 6,032 ) ​ $ ( 20 ) ​ $ ( 8,286 ) ​ Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amounts before reclassifications ​ 237 ​ — ​ ( 72 ) ​ 165 ​ Amounts reclassified out ​ — ​ 163 ​ ( 21 ) ​ 142 ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), before tax ​ 237 ​ 163 ​ ( 93 ) ​ 307 ​ Tax effect ​ 33 ​ ( 36 ) ​ 22 ​ 19 ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ​ 270 ​ 127 ​ ( 71 ) ​ 326 ​ Balance at September 30, 2020, net of tax: ​ $ ( 1,964 ) ​ $ ( 5,905 ) ​ $ ( 91 ) ​ $ ( 7,960 ) ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2020 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Defined Benefit ​ Cash Flow ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension and ​ Hedging ​ Other ​ ​ Cumulative ​ Postretirement ​ Instruments, ​ Comprehensive ​ ​ Translation ​ Plans ​ Unrealized ​ Income (Millions) ​ Adjustment ​ Adjustment ​ Gain (Loss) ​ (Loss) Balance at December 31, 2019, net of tax: ​ $ ( 1,899 ) ​ $ ( 6,209 ) ​ $ ( 31 ) ​ $ ( 8,139 ) ​ Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amounts before reclassifications ​ ( 98 ) ​ ( 80 ) ​ ( 10 ) ​ ( 188 ) ​ Amounts reclassified out ​ — ​ 489 ​ ( 68 ) ​ 421 ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), before tax ​ ( 98 ) ​ 409 ​ ( 78 ) ​ 233 ​ Tax effect ​ 33 ​ ( 105 ) ​ 18 ​ ( 54 ) ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ​ ( 65 ) ​ 304 ​ ( 60 ) ​ 179 ​ Balance at September 30, 2020, net of tax: ​ $ ( 1,964 ) ​ $ ( 5,905 ) ​ $ ( 91 ) ​ $ ( 7,960 ) ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, 2019 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Defined Benefit ​ Cash Flow ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension and ​ Hedging ​ Other ​ ​ Cumulative ​ Postretirement ​ Instruments, ​ Comprehensive ​ ​ Translation ​ Plans ​ Unrealized ​ Income (Millions) ​ Adjustment ​ Adjustment ​ Gain (Loss) ​ (Loss) Balance at June 30, 2019, net of tax: ​ $ ( 1,912 ) ​ $ ( 5,369 ) ​ $ 9 ​ $ ( 7,272 ) ​ Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amounts before reclassifications ​ ( 149 ) ​ — ​ 31 ​ ( 118 ) ​ Amounts reclassified out ​ — ​ 101 ​ ( 21 ) ​ 80 ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), before tax ​ ( 149 ) ​ 101 ​ 10 ​ ( 38 ) ​ Tax effect ​ ( 51 ) ​ ( 25 ) ​ ( 2 ) ​ ( 78 ) ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ​ ( 200 ) ​ 76 ​ 8 ​ ( 116 ) ​ Balance at September 30, 2019, net of tax: ​ $ ( 2,112 ) ​ $ ( 5,293 ) ​ $ 17 ​ $ ( 7,388 ) ​ ​ ​ 21 Table of Contents Nine months ended September 30, 2019 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Defined Benefit ​ Cash Flow ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension and ​ Hedging ​ Other ​ ​ Cumulative ​ Postretirement ​ Instruments, ​ Comprehensive ​ ​ Translation ​ Plans ​ Unrealized ​ Income (Millions) ​ Adjustment ​ Adjustment ​ Gain (Loss) ​ (Loss) Balance at December 31, 2018, net of tax: ​ $ ( 2,098 ) ​ $ ( 4,832 ) ​ $ 64 ​ $ ( 6,866 ) ​ Impact of adoption of ASU No. 2018-02* ​ ​ ( 13 ) ​ ​ ( 817 ) ​ ​ ( 23 ) ​ ​ ( 853 ) ​ Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amounts before reclassifications ​ ( 86 ) ​ 153 ​ 14 ​ 81 ​ Amounts reclassified out ​ 142 ​ 310 ​ ( 48 ) ​ 404 ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), before tax ​ 56 ​ 463 ​ ( 34 ) ​ 485 ​ Tax effect ​ ( 57 ) ​ ( 107 ) ​ 10 ​ ( 154 ) ​ Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax ​ ( 1 ) ​ 356 ​ ( 24 ) ​ 331 ​ Balance at September 30, 2019, net of tax ​ $ ( 2,112 ) ​ $ ( 5,293 ) ​ $ 17 ​ $ ( 7,388 ) ​ *See Note 1 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. ​ Income taxes are not provided for foreign translation relating to permanent investments in international subsidiaries, but tax effects within cumulative translation does include impacts from items such as net investment hedge transactions. Reclassification adjustments are made to avoid double counting in comprehensive income items that are subsequently recorded as part of net income. ​ Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Attributable to 3M ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount Reclassified from ​ ​ Details about Accumulated Other ​ Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ​ ​ ​ Comprehensive Income Components ​ Three months ended September 30, ​ Nine months ended September 30, ​ Location on Income (Millions) ​ 2020 2019 2020 2019 ​ Statement Cumulative translation adjustment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ ( 142 ) ​ Other income (expense), net ​ Total before tax ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 142 ) ​ ​ ​ Tax effect ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ Provision for income taxes ​ Net of tax ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ ( 142 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Defined benefit pension and postretirement plans adjustments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gains (losses) associated with defined benefit pension and postretirement plans amortization ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Transition asset ​ $ ( 1 ) ​ $ — ​ $ ( 2 ) $ — See Note 11 ​ Prior service benefit ​ ​ 15 ​ ​ 18 ​ ​ 46 ​ 50 See Note 11 ​ Net actuarial loss ​ ​ ( 176 ) ​ ​ ( 119 ) ​ ​ ( 530 ) ​ ​ ( 358 ) ​ See Note 11 ​ Curtailments/Settlements ​ ( 1 ) ​ — ​ ( 3 ) — See Note 11 ​ Deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 2 ) ​ Other income (expense), net ​ Total before tax ​ ( 163 ) ​ ( 101 ) ​ ( 489 ) ​ ( 310 ) ​ ​ ​ Tax effect ​ 36 ​ 25 ​ 118 70 Provision for income taxes ​ Net of tax ​ $ ( 127 ) ​ $ ( 76 ) ​ $ ( 371 ) ​ $ ( 240 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash flow hedging instruments gains (losses) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ $ 23 ​ $ 22 ​ $ 74 $ 50 Cost of sales ​ Interest rate contracts ​ ( 2 ) ​ ( 1 ) ​ ( 6 ) ( 2 ) Interest expense ​ Total before tax ​ 21 ​ 21 ​ 68 ​ 48 ​ ​ ​ Tax effect ​ ( 5 ) ​ ( 4 ) ​ ( 16 ) ( 9 ) Provision for income taxes ​ Net of tax ​ $ 16 ​ $ 17 ​ $ 52 ​ $ 39 ​ ​ ​ Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax ​ $ ( 111 ) ​ $ ( 59 ) ​ $ ( 319 ) ​ $ ( 343 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 22 Table of Contents ​ ​ ​ NOTE 8. Income Taxes ​ The Company is under IRS examination or appeals for the tax years 2017 through 2018. The IRS has completed its field examination of the U.S. federal income tax returns for all years for 2005 through 2016, but the years have not closed as the Company is in the process of resolving issues identified during those examinations. In addition to the U.S. federal examination, there is also audit activity in several U.S. state and foreign jurisdictions where the Company is subject to ongoing tax examinations and governmental assessments, which could be impacted by evolving political environments in those jurisdictions. As of September 30, 2020, no taxing authority has proposed significant adjustments to the Company’s tax positions for which the Company is not adequately reserved. ​ It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could significantly change within the next 12 months. At this time, the Company is not able to estimate the range by which these potential events could impact 3M’s unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months. The total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are $ 1,155 million and $ 1,178 million, respectively. The change in unrecognized tax benefits during 2020 includes a $ 52 million decrease associated with the tax treatment of the 2018 agreement reached with the State of Minnesota that resolved the Natural Resources Damages (NRD) lawsuit. ​ As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had valuation allowances of $ 124 million and $ 158 million on its deferred tax assets, respectively. ​ The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2020 was 21.4 percent, compared to 19.3 percent in the third quarter of 2019, an increase of 2.1 percentage points. The primary factor contributing to the increase was nonrepeating 2019 favorable adjustments related to international tax provisions of U.S. tax reform. ​ The effective tax rate for the first nine months of 2020 was 20.0 percent, compared to 19.7 percent in the first nine months of 2019, largely consistent year-on-year. ​ The Company previously disclosed as of December 31, 2019 that approximately $ 14 billion of the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries were considered indefinitely reinvested. During the third quarter of 2020, 3M determined that approximately $ 5 billion of these earnings are no longer considered permanently reinvested. The incremental tax cost to repatriate these earnings to the US is immaterial. The Company has not provided deferred taxes on approximately $ 9 billion of undistributed earnings from non-U.S. subsidiaries as of September 30, 2020 which are indefinitely reinvested in operations. Because of the multiple avenues by which to repatriate the earnings to minimize tax cost, and because a large portion of these earnings are not liquid, it is not practical to determine the income tax liability that would be payable if such earnings were not reinvested indefinitely. ​ In March 2020, in response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. and across the globe, the United States Congress passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act. The enactment period impacts to 3M were immaterial to income tax expense. 23 Table of Contents NOTE 9. Marketable Securities and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities ​ The following is a summary of the types of investments and amounts recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet for marketable securities (current and non-current). ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (Millions) ​ September 30, 2020 ​ December 31, 2019 Corporate debt securities ​ $ 7 ​ $ — ​ Commercial paper ​ ​ 233 ​ ​ 85 ​ Certificates of deposit/time deposits ​ 47 ​ 10 ​ U.S. treasury securities ​ ​ 150 ​ ​ — ​ U.S. municipal securities ​ 3 ​ 3 ​ Current marketable securities ​ $ 440 ​ $ 98 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ U.S. municipal securities ​ $ 34 ​ $ 43 ​ Non-current marketable securities ​ $ 34 ​ $ 43 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total marketable securities ​ $ 474 ​ $ 141 ​ ​ At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, gross unrealized, gross realized, and net realized gains and/or losses (pre-tax) were not material. ​ The balances at September 30, 2020 for marketable securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (Millions) September 30, 2020 Due in one year or less ​ $ 440 ​ Due after one year through five years ​ 14 ​ Due after five years through ten years ​ 20 ​ Total marketable securities ​ $ 474 ​ ​ Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities ​ In connection with the in-substance debt defeasance of the Third Lien Notes described in Note 10, the Company purchased a $ 0.5 billion U.S. Treasury security in the fourth quarter of 2019 and transferred it to a trust with irrevocable instructions to use the proceeds from its maturity to satisfy the redemption of the Third Lien Notes that occurred in May 2020. This debt security was considered held-to-maturity due to the restrictions in satisfying and discharging the Third Lien Notes, was carried at amortized cost, and was reflected in other current assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Upon the maturity of the debt security in May 2020, the Company has no held-to-maturity debt securities. ​ NOTE 10. Long-Term Debt and Short-Term Borrowings ​ In March 2020, 3M issued $ 1.75 billion aggregate principal amount of fixed rate registered notes. These were comprised of $ 500 million of 5-year notes due 2025 with a coupon rate of 2.65 %, $ 600 million of 10-year notes due 2030 with a coupon rate of 3.05 %, and $ 650 million of 30-year notes due 2050 with a coupon rate of 3.70 %. ​ As of September 30, 2020, the Company had no commercial paper outstanding, compared to $ 150 million in commercial paper outstanding as of December 31, 2019. ​ In July 2020, 3M extended a credit facility initially expiring in July 2020 to August 2021 in the amount of 80 billion Japanese yen. In November 2019, 3M entered into a credit facility expiring in November 2020 in the amount of 150 million euros. During the third quarter of 2020, the Company paid the outstanding balances and closed these credit facilities. ​ 24 Table of Contents In conjunction with the October 2019 acquisition of Acelity (see Note 3), 3M assumed outstanding debt of the business, of which $ 445 million in principal amount of third lien senior secured notes (Third Lien Notes) maturing in 2021 with a coupon rate of 12.5 % was not immediately redeemed at closing. Instead, at closing, 3M satisfied and discharged the Third Lien Notes via an in-substance defeasance, whereby 3M transferred cash equivalents and marketable securities to a trust with irrevocable instructions to redeem the Third Lien Notes on May 1, 2020. The trust assets were restricted from use in 3M’s operations and were only used for the redemption of the Third Lien Notes that occurred in May 2020. These actions, however, did not represent a legal defeasance. Therefore, this debt was included in current portion of long-term debt and the related trust assets were included in current assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019. ​ In May 2020, 3M repaid the aggregate $ 445 million principal amount of Third Lien Notes subject to the in-substance defeasance above and repaid 650 million euros aggregate principal amount of floating-rate medium-term notes that matured. In August 2020, 3M repaid $ 500 million aggregate principal amount of floating rate medium-term notes that matured. ​ Future Maturities of Long-term Debt ​ Maturities of long-term debt in the table below reflect the impact of put provisions associated with certain debt instruments and are net of the unaccreted debt issue costs such that total maturities equal the carrying value of long-term debt as of September 30, 2020. The maturities of long-term debt for the periods subsequent to September 30, 2020 are as follows (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Remainder of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ After ​ ​ 2020 ​ 2021 ​ 2022 ​ 2023 ​ 2024 ​ 2025 ​ 2025 ​ Total $ 149 ​ $ 1,710 ​ $ 1,629 ​ $ 1,842 ​ $ 1,101 ​ $ 1,789 ​ $ 11,362 ​ $ 19,582 ​ ​ ​ NOTE 11. Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans ​ The service cost component of defined benefit net periodic benefit cost is recorded in cost of sales; selling, general and administrative expenses; and research, development and related expenses. The other components of net periodic benefit cost are reflected in other expense (income), net. Components of net periodic benefit cost and other supplemental information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 follow: ​ Benefit Plan Information ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, ​ ​ Qualified and Non-qualified ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension Benefits ​ Postretirement ​ ​ United States International ​ Benefits (Millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Operating expense ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Service cost ​ $ 66 ​ $ 63 ​ $ 39 ​ $ 32 ​ $ 11 ​ $ 10 ​ Non-operating expense ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest cost ​ $ 124 ​ $ 155 ​ $ 31 ​ $ 40 ​ $ 16 ​ $ 20 ​ Expected return on plan assets ​ ( 255 ) ​ ( 260 ) ​ ( 77 ) ​ ( 75 ) ​ ( 20 ) ​ ( 20 ) ​ Amortization of transition asset ​ — ​ — ​ 1 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ Amortization of prior service benefit ​ ( 6 ) ​ ( 6 ) ​ ( 1 ) ​ ( 3 ) ​ ( 8 ) ​ ( 9 ) ​ Amortization of net actuarial loss ​ ​ 134 ​ ​ 91 ​ ​ 30 ​ ​ 20 ​ ​ 12 ​ ​ 8 ​ Settlements, curtailments, special termination benefits and other ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 1 ​ — ​ Total non-operating expense (benefit) ​ ​ ( 3 ) ​ ​ ( 20 ) ​ ​ ( 16 ) ​ ​ ( 18 ) ​ ​ 1 ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ Total net periodic benefit cost (benefit) ​ $ 63 ​ $ 43 ​ $ 23 ​ $ 14 ​ $ 12 ​ $ 9 ​ ​ ​ 25 Table of Contents ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, ​ ​ Qualified and Non-qualified ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pension Benefits ​ Postretirement ​ ​ United States International ​ Benefits (Millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Operating expense ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Service cost ​ $ 197 ​ $ 188 ​ $ 115 ​ $ 98 ​ $ 33 ​ $ 32 ​ Non-operating expense ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest cost ​ $ 374 ​ $ 466 ​ $ 95 ​ $ 118 ​ $ 48 ​ $ 62 ​ Expected return on plan assets ​ ( 765 ) ​ ( 780 ) ​ ( 231 ) ​ ( 225 ) ​ ( 60 ) ​ ( 61 ) ​ Amortization of transition asset ​ — ​ — ​ 2 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ Amortization of prior service benefit ​ ( 18 ) ​ ( 18 ) ​ ( 4 ) ​ ( 9 ) ​ ( 24 ) ​ ( 23 ) ​ Amortization of net actuarial loss ​ ​ 402 ​ ​ 274 ​ ​ 92 ​ ​ 59 ​ ​ 36 ​ ​ 25 ​ Settlements, curtailments, special termination benefits and other ​ — ​ 35 ​ — ​ 1 ​ 3 ​ — ​ Total non-operating expense (benefit) ​ ​ ( 7 ) ​ ​ ( 23 ) ​ ​ ( 46 ) ​ ​ ( 56 ) ​ ​ 3 ​ ​ 3 ​ Total net periodic benefit cost (benefit) ​ $ 190 ​ $ 165 ​ $ 69 ​ $ 42 ​ $ 36 ​ $ 35 ​ ​ For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 contributions totaling $ 119 million were made to the Company’s U.S. and international pension plans and $ 3 million to its postretirement plans. For total year 2020, the Company expects to contribute approximately $ 200 million of cash to its global defined benefit pension and postretirement plans. The Company does not have a required minimum cash pension contribution obligation for its U.S. plans in 2020. Future contributions will depend on market conditions, interest rates and other factors. 3M’s annual measurement date for pension and postretirement assets and liabilities is December 31 each year, which is also the date used for the related annual measurement assumptions. ​ In May 2019 (as part of the 2019 restructuring actions discussed in Note 5), the Company began offering a voluntary early retirement incentive program to certain eligible participants of its U.S. pension plans who meet age and years of pension service requirements. The eligible participants who accepted the offer and retired by July 1, 2019 received an enhanced pension benefit. Pension benefits were enhanced by adding one additional year of pension service and one additional year of age for certain benefit calculations. Approximately 800 participants accepted the offer and retired before July 1, 2019. As a result, the Company incurred a $ 35 million charge related to these special termination benefits in the second quarter of 2019. ​ In May 2019, 3M modified the 3M Retiree Life Insurance Plan postretirement benefit to close it to new participants effective August 1, 2019 (which results in employees who retire on or after August 1, 2019 not being eligible to participate in the plan) and reducing the maximum life insurance and death benefit to $ 8,000 for deaths on or after August 1, 2019. Due to these changes, the plan was re-measured in the second quarter of 2019, resulting in a decrease to the accumulated projected benefit obligation liability of approximately $ 150 million and a related increase to shareholders’ equity, specifically accumulated other comprehensive income in addition to an immaterial income statement benefit prospectively. ​ In the second quarter of 2020, as a result of the divestiture of the drug delivery business, the Company recognized a curtailment in its United Kingdom Pension Plan. The resulting re-measurement of the pension plan funded status reduced long-term prepaid pension and post retirement assets (located within “other assets” of the Company’s balance sheet) by approximately $ 80 million, which was offset within accumulated other comprehensive income (located within the equity section of the Company’s balance sheet). The expense impact of this re-measurement was immaterial for the second quarter of 2020 and subsequent periods. ​ 26 Table of Contents NOTE 12. Derivatives ​ The Company uses interest rate swaps, currency swaps, commodity price swaps, and forward and option contracts to manage risks generally associated with foreign exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price fluctuations. The information that follows explains the various types of derivatives and financial instruments used by 3M, how and why 3M uses such instruments, how such instruments are accounted for, and how such instruments impact 3M’s financial position and performance. Additional information with respect to derivatives is included elsewhere as follows: ● Impact on other comprehensive income of nonderivative hedging and derivative instruments is included in Note 7. ● Fair value of derivative instruments is included in Note 13. ● Derivatives and/or hedging instruments associated with the Company’s long-term debt are described in Note 12 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. ​ Types of Derivatives/Hedging Instruments and Inclusion in Income/Other Comprehensive Income ​ Cash Flow Hedges: ​ For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current earnings. ​ Cash Flow Hedging - Foreign Currency Forward and Option Contracts: The Company enters into foreign exchange forward and option contracts to hedge against the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash flows denominated in foreign currencies. These transactions are designated as cash flow hedges. The settlement or extension of these derivatives will result in reclassifications (from accumulated other comprehensive income) to earnings in the period during which the hedged transactions affect earnings. 3M may dedesignate these cash flow hedge relationships in advance of the occurrence of the forecasted transaction. The portion of gains or losses on the derivative instrument previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income for dedesignated hedges remains in accumulated other comprehensive income until the forecasted transaction occurs or becomes probable of not occurring. Changes in the value of derivative instruments after dedesignation are recorded in earnings and are included in the Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments section below. The maximum length of time over which 3M hedges its exposure to the variability in future cash flows of the forecasted transactions is 36 months . ​ Cash Flow Hedging - Interest Rate Contracts: The Company may use forward starting interest rate swap or treasury rate lock contracts to hedge exposure to variability in cash flows from interest payments on forecasted debt issuances. Additional information regarding previously issued but terminated interest rate contracts, which have related balances within accumulated other comprehensive income being amortized over the underlying life of related debt, can be found in Note 14 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. ​ In March 2020, the Company entered into treasury rate lock contracts with a notional amount of $ 500 million that were terminated concurrently with the March 2020 issuance of registered notes as discussed in Note 10. The termination resulted in an immaterial net loss within accumulated other comprehensive income that will be amortized over the respective lives of the debt . ​ The amortization of gains and losses on forward starting interest rate swap and treasury rate lock contracts is included in the tables below as part of the gain/(loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income. ​ As of September 30, 2020, the Company had a balance of $ 91 million after-tax net unrealized loss associated with cash flow hedging instruments recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. This includes a remaining balance of $ 109 million (after-tax loss) related to the forward starting interest rate swap and treasury rate lock contracts, which will be amortized over the respective lives of the notes. Based on exchange rates as of September 30, 2020, 3M expects to reclassify approximately $ 7 million, $ 3 million, and $ 4 million of the after-tax net unrealized cash flow hedging gains to earnings over the next 12 months, over the remainder of 2020, and in 2021, respectively, in addition to reclassifying approximately $ 98 million of the after-tax net unrealized cash flow hedging losses to earnings after 2021 (with the impact offset by earnings/losses from underlying hedged items). ​ 27 Table of Contents The location in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income and amounts of gains and losses related to derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges are provided in the following table. Reclassifications of amounts from accumulated other comprehensive income into income include accumulated gains (losses) on dedesignated hedges at the time earnings are impacted by the forecasted transactions. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pretax Gain (Loss) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Recognized in Other ​ Pretax Gain (Loss) Reclassified ​ ​ Comprehensive ​ from Accumulated Other ​ ​ Income on Derivative ​ Comprehensive Income into Income Three months ended September 30, 2020 (Millions) Amount Location Amount Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ $ ( 72 ) Cost of sales ​ $ 23 ​ Interest rate contracts ​ — Interest expense ​ ( 2 ) ​ Total ​ $ ( 72 ) ​ ​ ​ $ 21 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2020 (Millions) Amount Location Amount Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ $ ( 8 ) Cost of sales ​ $ 74 ​ Interest rate contracts ​ ( 2 ) Interest expense ​ ( 6 ) ​ Total ​ $ ( 10 ) ​ ​ ​ $ 68 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, 2019 (Millions) Amount Location Amount Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ $ 105 Cost of sales ​ $ 22 ​ Interest rate contracts ​ ( 74 ) Interest expense ​ ( 1 ) ​ Total ​ $ 31 ​ ​ ​ $ 21 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2019 (Millions) Amount Location Amount Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ $ 137 Cost of sales ​ $ 50 ​ Interest rate contracts ​ ( 123 ) Interest expense ​ ( 2 ) ​ Total ​ $ 14 ​ ​ ​ $ 48 ​ ​ Fair Value Hedges: ​ For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivatives as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. ​ Fair Value Hedging - Interest Rate Swaps: The Company manages interest expense using a mix of fixed and floating rate debt. To help manage borrowing costs, the Company may enter into interest rate swaps. Under these arrangements, the Company agrees to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and floating interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. The mark-to-market of these fair value hedges is recorded as gains or losses in interest expense and is offset by the gain or loss of the underlying debt instrument, which also is recorded in interest expense. Additional information regarding designated interest rate swaps can be found in Note 14 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. ​ Refer to the section below titled Statement of Income Location and Impact of Cash Flow and Fair Value Derivative Instruments for details on the location within the consolidated statements of income for amounts of gains and losses related to derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges and similar information relative to the hedged items for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. ​ ​ 28 Table of Contents The following amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging ​ ​ Carrying Value of the ​ Adjustment Included in the Carrying Value ​ ​ Hedged Liabilities (in millions) ​ of the Hedged Liabilities (in millions) Location on the Consolidated Balance Sheet September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt $ 205 ​ $ 499 $ 5 ​ $ — ​ Long-term debt ​ ​ 581 ​ ​ 775 ​ ​ 13 ​ ​ 22 ​ Total ​ $ 786 ​ $ 1,274 ​ $ 18 ​ $ 22 ​ ​ Net Investment Hedges: ​ The Company may use non-derivative (foreign currency denominated debt) and derivative (foreign exchange forward contracts) instruments to hedge portions of the Company’s investment in foreign subsidiaries and manage foreign exchange risk. For instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of net investments in foreign operations and that meet the effectiveness requirements, the net gains or losses attributable to changes in spot exchange rates are recorded in cumulative translation within other comprehensive income. Amounts excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, including the time value of the forward contract at the inception of the hedge, are recognized in earnings using an amortization approach over the life of the hedging instrument on a straight-line basis. Any difference between the change in the fair value of the excluded component and the amount amortized into earnings during the period is recorded in cumulative translation within other comprehensive income. Recognition in earnings of amounts previously recorded in cumulative translation is limited to circumstances such as complete or substantially complete liquidation of the net investment in the hedged foreign operation. To the extent foreign currency denominated debt is not designated in or is dedesignated from a net investment hedge relationship, changes in value of that portion of foreign currency denominated debt due to exchange rate changes are recorded in earnings through their maturity date. ​ 3M’s use of foreign exchange forward contracts designated in hedges of the Company’s net investment in foreign subsidiaries can vary by time period depending on when foreign currency denominated debt balances designated in such relationships are dedesignated, matured, or are newly issued and designated. Additionally, variation can occur in connection with the extent of the Company’s desired foreign exchange risk coverage. ​ At September 30, 2020, the total notional amount of foreign exchange forward contracts designated in net investment hedges was approximately 50 million euros, along with a principal amount of long-term debt instruments designated in net investment hedges totaling 3.5 billion euros. The maturity dates of these derivative and nonderivative instruments designated in net investment hedges range from 2021 to 2031. ​ The location in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income and amounts of gains and losses related to derivative and nonderivative instruments designated as net investment hedges are as follows. There were no reclassifications of the effective portion of net investment hedges out of accumulated other comprehensive income into income for the periods presented in the table below. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pretax Gain (Loss) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Recognized as ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cumulative Translation ​ Amount of Gain (Loss) Excluded ​ ​ within Other ​ from Effectiveness Testing ​ ​ Comprehensive Income ​ Recognized in Income Three months ended September 30, 2020 (Millions) Amount Location Amount Foreign currency denominated debt ​ $ ( 154 ) Cost of sales ​ $ — ​ Foreign currency forward contracts ​ ( 3 ) Cost of sales ​ — ​ Total ​ $ ( 157 ) ​ ​ ​ $ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2020 (Millions) Amount Location Amount Foreign currency denominated debt ​ $ ( 150 ) Cost of sales ​ $ — ​ Foreign currency forward contracts ​ 2 Cost of sales ​ 5 ​ Total ​ $ ( 148 ) ​ ​ ​ $ 5 ​ 29 Table of Contents ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, 2019 (Millions) Amount Location Amount Foreign currency denominated debt ​ $ 177 Cost of sales ​ $ — ​ Foreign currency forward contracts ​ ​ 38 ​ Cost of sales ​ ​ 6 ​ Total ​ $ 215 ​ ​ ​ $ 6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2019 (Millions) Amount Location Amount Foreign currency denominated debt ​ $ 205 Cost of sales ​ $ — ​ Foreign currency forward contracts ​ ​ 43 ​ Cost of sales ​ ​ 18 ​ Total ​ $ 248 ​ ​ ​ $ 18 ​ ​ Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: ​ Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments include dedesignated foreign currency forward and option contracts that formerly were designated in cash flow hedging relationships (as referenced in the Cash Flow Hedges section above). In addition, 3M enters into foreign currency forward contracts to offset, in part, the impacts of certain intercompany activities and enters into commodity price swaps to offset, in part, fluctuations in costs associated with the use of certain commodities and precious metals. These derivative instruments are not designated in hedging relationships; therefore, fair value gains and losses on these contracts are recorded in earnings. The Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. ​ The location in the consolidated statement of income and amounts of gains and losses related to derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, 2020 ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2020 ​ ​ Gain (Loss) on Derivative Recognized in ​ ​ Gain (Loss) on Derivative Recognized in ​ ​ Income ​ ​ Income (Millions) Location Amount ​ Location Amount Foreign currency forward/option contracts Cost of sales ​ $ 1 ​ Cost of sales ​ $ 3 ​ Foreign currency forward contracts Interest expense ​ 29 ​ Interest expense ​ 2 ​ Total ​ ​ ​ $ 30 ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, 2019 ​ ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2019 ​ ​ ​ Gain (Loss) on Derivative Recognized in ​ ​ Gain (Loss) on Derivative Recognized in ​ ​ ​ Income ​ ​ Income ​ (Millions) Location Amount ​ Location Amount ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts Cost of sales ​ $ 6 ​ Cost of sales ​ $ 4 ​ Foreign currency forward contracts Interest expense ​ ( 8 ) ​ Interest expense ​ ( 26 ) ​ Total ​ ​ ​ $ ( 2 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ $ ( 22 ) ​ ​ ​ 30 Table of Contents Statement of Income Location and Impact of Cash Flow and Fair Value Derivative Instruments ​ The location in the consolidated statement of income and pre-tax amounts recognized in income related to derivative instruments designated in a cash flow or fair value hedging relationship are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Location and Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income ​ Location and Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income ​ ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, 2020 ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2020 ​ (Millions) ​ Cost of sales ​ Other expense (income), net ​ Cost of sales ​ Other expense (income), net ​ Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statement of income in which the effects of cash flow or fair value hedges are recorded ​ $ 4,303 ​ $ 104 ​ $ 12,217 ​ $ 311 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ The effects of cash flow and fair value hedging: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income ​ $ 23 ​ $ — ​ $ 74 ​ $ — ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 2 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 6 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Hedged items ​ $ — ​ $ 3 ​ $ — ​ $ 3 ​ Derivatives designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 3 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 3 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Location and Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income ​ Location and Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income ​ ​ ​ Three months ended September 30, 2019 ​ Nine months ended September 30, 2019 ​ (Millions) ​ Cost of sales ​ Other expense (income), net ​ Cost of sales ​ Other expense (income), net ​ Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statement of income in which the effects of cash flow or fair value hedges are recorded ​ $ 4,188 ​ $ 45 ​ $ 12,811 ​ $ 349 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ The effects of cash flow and fair value hedging: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income ​ $ 22 ​ $ — ​ $ 50 ​ $ — ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 2 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest rate contracts: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Hedged items ​ $ — ​ $ 1 ​ $ — ​ $ ( 11 ) ​ Derivatives designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 1 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 11 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 31 Table of Contents Location and Fair Value Amount of Derivative Instruments ​ The following tables summarize the fair value of 3M’s derivative instruments, excluding nonderivative instruments used as hedging instruments, and their location in the consolidated balance sheet. Notional amounts below are presented at period end foreign exchange rates, except for certain interest rate swaps, which are presented using the inception date’s foreign exchange rate. Additional information with respect to the fair value of derivative instruments is included in Note 13. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross Assets Liabilities ​ ​ Notional ​ ​ ​ Fair ​ ​ ​ Fair September 30, 2020 (Millions) ​ Amount ​ Location ​ Value Amount ​ Location ​ Value Amount Derivatives designated as ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ $ 1,675 Other current assets ​ $ 40 Other current liabilities ​ $ 24 ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ 722 Other assets ​ 23 Other liabilities ​ 7 ​ Interest rate contracts ​ 200 Other current assets ​ 5 Other current liabilities ​ — ​ Interest rate contracts ​ 403 ​ Other assets ​ 8 Other liabilities ​ — ​ Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 76 ​ ​ ​ $ 31 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives not designated as ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ $ 3,697 Other current assets ​ $ 19 Other current liabilities ​ $ 15 ​ Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 19 ​ ​ ​ $ 15 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total derivative instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 95 ​ ​ ​ $ 46 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross Assets Liabilities ​ ​ Notional ​ ​ ​ Fair ​ ​ ​ Fair December 31, 2019 (Millions) ​ Amount ​ Location ​ Value Amount ​ Location ​ Value Amount Derivatives designated as ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ $ 1,995 Other current assets ​ $ 64 Other current liabilities ​ $ 9 ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ ​ 1,041 ​ Other assets ​ ​ 50 ​ Other liabilities ​ ​ 3 ​ Interest rate contracts ​ 500 Other current assets ​ — Other current liabilities ​ — ​ Interest rate contracts ​ 603 Other assets ​ 17 Other liabilities ​ — ​ Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 131 ​ ​ ​ $ 12 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives not designated as ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ $ 2,684 Other current assets ​ $ 11 Other current liabilities ​ $ 8 ​ Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 11 ​ ​ ​ $ 8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total derivative instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 142 ​ ​ ​ $ 20 ​ ​ Credit Risk and Offsetting of Assets and Liabilities of Derivative Instruments ​ The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties in interest rate swaps, currency swaps, commodity price swaps, and forward and option contracts. However, the Company’s risk is limited to the fair value of the instruments. The Company actively monitors its exposure to credit risk through the use of credit approvals and credit limits, and by selecting major international banks and financial institutions as counterparties. 3M enters into master netting arrangements with counterparties when possible to mitigate credit risk in derivative transactions. A master netting arrangement may allow each counterparty to net settle amounts owed between a 3M entity and the counterparty as a result of multiple, separate derivative transactions. As of September 30, 2020, 3M has International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) agreements with 17 applicable banks and financial institutions which contain netting provisions. In addition to a master agreement with 3M supported by a primary counterparty’s parent guarantee, 3M also has associated credit support agreements in place with 16 of its primary derivative counterparties which, among other things, provide the circumstances under which either party is required to post eligible collateral (when the market value of transactions 32 Table of Contents covered by these agreements exceeds specified thresholds or if a counterparty’s credit rating has been downgraded to a predetermined rating). The Company does not anticipate nonperformance by any of these counterparties. ​ 3M has elected to present the fair value of derivative assets and liabilities within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet on a gross basis even when derivative transactions are subject to master netting arrangements and may otherwise qualify for net presentation. However, the following tables provide information as if the Company had elected to offset the asset and liability balances of derivative instruments, netted in accordance with various criteria in the event of default or termination as stipulated by the terms of netting arrangements with each of the counterparties. For each counterparty, if netted, the Company would offset the asset and liability balances of all derivatives at the end of the reporting period based on the 3M entity that is a party to the transactions. Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements are not eligible for net presentation. As of the applicable dates presented below, no cash collateral had been received or pledged related to these derivative instruments. ​ Offsetting of Financial Assets under Master Netting Agreements with Derivative Counterparties ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross Amounts not Offset in the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Consolidated Balance Sheet that are Subject ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross Amount of ​ to Master Netting Agreements ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative Assets ​ Gross Amount of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Presented in the ​ Eligible Offsetting ​ Cash ​ ​ ​ ​ Consolidated ​ Recognized ​ Collateral ​ Net Amount of September 30, 2020 (Millions) ​ Balance Sheet ​ Derivative Liabilities ​ Received ​ Derivative Assets Derivatives subject to master netting agreements ​ $ 95 ​ $ 27 ​ $ — ​ $ 68 ​ Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ — ​ Total ​ $ 95 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 68 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2019 (Millions) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives subject to master netting agreements ​ $ 142 ​ $ 14 ​ $ — ​ $ 128 ​ Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ — ​ Total ​ $ 142 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 128 ​ ​ Offsetting of Financial Liabilities under Master Netting Agreements with Derivative Counterparties ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross Amounts not Offset in the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Consolidated Balance Sheet that are Subject ​ ​ ​ ​ Gross Amount of ​ to Master Netting Agreements ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative Liabilities ​ Gross Amount of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Presented in the ​ Eligible Offsetting ​ Cash ​ Net Amount of ​ ​ Consolidated ​ Recognized ​ Collateral ​ Derivative September 30, 2020 (Millions) ​ Balance Sheet ​ Derivative Assets ​ Pledged ​ Liabilities Derivatives subject to master netting agreements ​ $ 46 ​ $ 27 ​ $ — ​ $ 19 ​ Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ — ​ Total ​ $ 46 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 19 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2019 (Millions) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivatives subject to master netting agreements ​ $ 20 ​ $ 14 ​ $ — ​ $ 6 ​ Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ — ​ Total ​ $ 20 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ $ 6 ​ ​ Currency Effects ​ 3M estimates that year-on-year foreign currency transaction effects, including hedging impacts, decreased pre-tax income by approximately $ 15 million and $ 4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. These estimates include transaction gains and losses, including derivative instruments designed to reduce foreign currency exchange rate risks. ​ 33 Table of Contents NOTE 13. Fair Value Measurements ​ 3M follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures , with respect to assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and nonrecurring basis. The Company adopted ASU No. 2018-13, Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement , as of January 1, 2020. This ASU primarily amended the disclosures around Level 3 investments, of which the Company had an immaterial amount for all periods presented. Refer to Note 1 for additional details. ​ In addition to the information above, refer to Note 15 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a qualitative discussion of the assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, a description of the valuation methodologies used by 3M, and categorization within the valuation framework of ASC 820. ​ The following tables provide information by level for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair Value Measurements Description ​ Fair Value at ​ Using Inputs Considered as (Millions) September 30, 2020 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Marketable securities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Corporate debt securities ​ $ 7 ​ $ — ​ $ 7 ​ $ — ​ Commercial paper ​ ​ 233 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 233 ​ ​ — ​ Certificates of deposit/time deposits ​ 47 ​ — ​ 47 ​ — ​ U.S. treasury securities ​ 150 ​ 150 ​ — ​ — ​ U.S. municipal securities ​ 37 ​ — ​ — ​ 37 ​ Investments ​ ​ 5 ​ ​ 5 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ Derivative instruments — assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ 82 ​ — ​ 82 ​ — ​ Interest rate contracts ​ 13 ​ — ​ 13 ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative instruments — liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ 46 ​ — ​ 46 ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair Value Measurements Description ​ Fair Value at ​ Using Inputs Considered as (Millions) December 31, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Available-for-sale: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Marketable securities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial paper ​ $ 85 ​ $ — ​ $ 85 ​ $ — ​ Certificates of deposit/time deposits ​ 10 ​ — ​ 10 ​ — ​ U.S. municipal securities ​ 46 ​ — ​ — ​ 46 ​ Investments ​ ​ 25 ​ ​ 25 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ Derivative instruments — assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ 125 ​ — ​ 125 ​ — ​ Interest rate contracts ​ 17 ​ — ​ 17 ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Derivative instruments — liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign currency forward/option contracts ​ 20 ​ — ​ 20 ​ — ​ ​ 34 Table of Contents The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of items measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the table above that used significant unobservable inputs (level 3). ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended Nine months ended Marketable securities — certain U.S. municipal securities only ​ September 30, ​ September 30, (Millions) ​ 2020 2019 ​ 2020 2019 Beginning balance ​ $ 37 ​ $ 49 ​ $ 46 ​ $ 40 ​ Total gains or losses: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Included in earnings ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ Included in other comprehensive income ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ Purchases and issuances ​ — ​ — ​ 10 ​ 9 ​ Sales and settlements ​ — ​ — ​ ( 19 ) ​ — ​ Transfers in and/or out of level 3 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ Ending balance ​ $ 37 ​ $ 49 ​ $ 37 ​ $ 49 ​ Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for securities held at the end of the reporting period ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ ​ In addition, the plan assets of 3M’s pension and postretirement benefit plans are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually). Refer to Note 13 in 3M’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. ​ Assets and Liabilities that are Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis: ​ Disclosures are required for certain assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value, but are recognized and disclosed at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in periods subsequent to initial recognition. For 3M, such measurements of fair value relate primarily to indefinite-lived and long-lived asset impairments, goodwill impairments, and adjustment in carrying value of equity securities for which the measurement alternative of cost less impairment plus or minus observable price changes is used. 3M reflected an immaterial charge related to impairment of certain indefinite-lived assets and a net charge of $ 22 million related to adjustment to the carrying value of equity securities using the measurement alternative during the first quarter of 2020. There were no material impairments of assets or adjustments to equity securities using the measurement alternative for the three months ended September 30, 2020 in addition to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. ​ Fair Value of Financial Instruments: ​ The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, held-to-maturity debt securities, accounts receivable, certain investments, accounts payable, borrowings, and derivative contracts. The fair values of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, held-to-maturity debt securities, accounts payable, and short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt approximated carrying values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. Available-for-sale marketable securities, in addition to certain derivative instruments, are recorded at fair values as indicated in the preceding disclosures. To estimate fair values (classified as level 2) for its long-term debt, the Company utilized third-party quotes, which are derived all or in part from model prices, external sources, market prices, or the third-party’s internal records. Information with respect to the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of these financial instruments follow: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30, 2020 ​ December 31, 2019 ​ Carrying Fair Carrying Fair (Millions) ​ Value ​ Value ​ Value ​ Value Long-term debt, excluding current portion ​ $ 18,429 ​ $ 20,794 ​ $ 17,518 ​ $ 18,475 ​ ​ The fair values reflected above consider the terms of the related debt absent the impacts of derivative/hedging activity. The carrying amount of long-term debt referenced above is impacted by certain fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps that are designated as fair value hedges and by the designation of certain fixed rate Eurobond securities issued by the Company as hedging instruments of the Company’s net investment in its European subsidiaries. A number of 3M’s fixed-rate bonds were trading at a premium at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 due to lower interest rates compared to issuance levels. ​ 35 Table of Contents NOTE 14. Commitments and Contingencies ​ Legal Proceedings: ​ The Company and some of its subsidiaries are involved in numerous claims and lawsuits, principally in the United States, and regulatory proceedings worldwide. These claims, lawsuits and proceedings include, but are not limited to, products liability (involving products that the Company now or formerly manufactured and sold), intellectual property, commercial, antitrust, federal False Claims Act, securities, and state and federal environmental laws. Unless otherwise stated, the Company is vigorously defending all such litigation and proceedings. From time to time, the Company also receives subpoenas or requests for information from various government agencies. The Company generally responds to such subpoenas and requests in a cooperative, thorough and timely manner. These responses sometimes require time and effort and can result in considerable costs being incurred by the Company. Such subpoenas and requests can also lead to the assertion of claims or the commencement of administrative, civil or criminal legal proceedings against the Company and others, as well as to settlements. The outcomes of legal proceedings and regulatory matters are often difficult to predict. Any determination that the Company’s operations or activities are not, or were not, in compliance with applicable laws or regulations could result in the imposition of fines, civil or criminal penalties, and equitable remedies, including disgorgement, suspension or debarment or injunctive relief. Additional information about the Company’s process for disclosure and recording of liabilities and insurance receivables related to legal proceedings can be found in Note 16 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. ​ The following sections first describe the significant legal proceedings in which the Company is involved, and then describe the liabilities and associated insurance receivables the Company has accrued relating to its significant legal proceedings. ​ Respirator Mask/Asbestos Litigation ​ As of September 30, 2020, the Company is a named defendant, with multiple co-defendants, in numerous lawsuits in various courts that purport to represent approximately 1,884 individual claimants, compared to approximately 1,727 individual claimants with actions pending on December 31, 2019. ​ The vast majority of the lawsuits and claims resolved by and currently pending against the Company allege use of some of the Company’s mask and respirator products and seek damages from the Company and other defendants for alleged personal injury from workplace exposures to asbestos, silica, coal mine dust or other occupational dusts found in products manufactured by other defendants or generally in the workplace. A minority of the lawsuits and claims resolved by and currently pending against the Company generally allege personal injury from occupational exposure to asbestos from products previously manufactured by the Company, which are often unspecified, as well as products manufactured by other defendants, or occasionally at Company premises. ​ The Company’s current volume of new and pending matters is substantially lower than it experienced at the peak of filings in 2003. The Company expects that filing of claims by unimpaired claimants in the future will continue to be at much lower levels than in the past. Accordingly, the number of claims alleging more serious injuries, including mesothelioma, other malignancies, and black lung disease, will represent a greater percentage of total claims than in the past. Over the past twenty plus years, the Company has prevailed in fourteen of the fifteen cases tried to a jury (including the lawsuits in 2018 described below). In 2018, 3M received a jury verdict in its favor in two lawsuits – one in California state court in February and the other in Massachusetts state court in December – both involving allegations that 3M respirators were defective and failed to protect the plaintiffs against asbestos fibers. In April 2018, a jury in state court in Kentucky found 3M’s 8710 respirators failed to protect two coal miners from coal mine dust and awarded compensatory damages and punitive damages. In August 2018, the trial court entered judgment and the Company appealed. During March and April 2019, the Company agreed in principle to settle a substantial majority of the coal mine dust lawsuits in Kentucky and West Virginia for $ 340 million, including the jury verdict in April 2018 in the Kentucky case mentioned above. That settlement was completed in 2019, and the appeal has been dismissed. ​ The Company has demonstrated in these past trial proceedings that its respiratory protection products are effective as claimed when used in the intended manner and in the intended circumstances. Consequently, the Company believes that claimants are unable to establish that their medical conditions, even if significant, are attributable to the Company’s respiratory protection products. Nonetheless, the Company’s litigation experience indicates that claims of persons alleging more serious injuries, including mesothelioma, other malignancies, and black lung disease, are costlier to resolve than the claims of unimpaired persons, and it 36 Table of Contents therefore believes the average cost of resolving pending and future claims on a per-claim basis will continue to be higher than it experienced in prior periods when the vast majority of claims were asserted by medically unimpaired claimants. ​ As previously reported, the State of West Virginia, through its Attorney General, filed a complaint in 2003 against the Company and two other manufacturers of respiratory protection products in the Circuit Court of Lincoln County, West Virginia, and amended its complaint in 2005. The amended complaint seeks substantial, but unspecified, compensatory damages primarily for reimbursement of the costs allegedly incurred by the State for worker’s compensation and healthcare benefits provided to all workers with occupational pneumoconiosis and unspecified punitive damages. In October 2019, the court granted the State’s motion to sever its unfair trade practices claim. In January 2020, the manufacturers filed a petition with the West Virginia Supreme Court, challenging the trial court’s rulings; that petition was heard in September 2020. No liability has been recorded for this matter because the Company believes that liability is not probable and estimable at this time. In addition, the Company is not able to estimate a possible loss or range of loss given the lack of any meaningful discovery responses by the State of West Virginia, the otherwise minimal activity in this case, and the assertions of claims against two other manufacturers where a defendant’s share of liability may turn on the law of joint and several liability and by the amount of fault, if any, a jury may allocate to each defendant if the case were ultimately tried. ​ Respirator Mask/Asbestos Liabilities and Insurance Receivables ​ The Company regularly conducts a comprehensive legal review of its respirator mask/asbestos liabilities. The Company reviews recent and historical claims data, including without limitation, (i) the number of pending claims filed against the Company, (ii) the nature and mix of those claims (i.e., the proportion of claims asserting usage of the Company’s mask or respirator products and alleging exposure to each of asbestos, silica, coal or other occupational dusts, and claims pleading use of asbestos-containing products allegedly manufactured by the Company), (iii) the costs to defend and resolve pending claims, and (iv) trends in filing rates and in costs to defend and resolve claims, (collectively, the “Claims Data”). As part of its comprehensive legal review, the Company regularly provides the Claims Data to a third party with expertise in determining the impact of Claims Data on future filing trends and costs. The third party assists the Company in estimating the costs to defend and resolve pending and future claims. The Company uses these estimates to develop its best estimate of probable liability. ​ Developments may occur that could affect the Company’s estimate of its liabilities. These developments include, but are not limited to, significant changes in (i) the key assumptions underlying the Company’s accrual, including, the number of future claims, the nature and mix of those claims, the average cost of defending and resolving claims, and in maintaining trial readiness (ii) trial and appellate outcomes, (iii) the law and procedure applicable to these claims, and (iv) the financial viability of other co-defendants and insurers. ​ As a result of its review of its respirator mask/asbestos liabilities, of pending and expected lawsuits and of the cost of resolving claims of persons who claim more serious injuries, including mesothelioma, other malignancies, and black lung disease, the Company increased its accruals in the first nine months of 2020 for respirator mask/asbestos liabilities by $ 23 million. In the first nine months of 2020, the Company made payments for legal defense costs and settlements of $ 45 million related to the respirator mask/asbestos litigation. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company recorded a pre-tax charge of $ 313 million in conjunction with an increase in the accrual as a result of the March and April 2019 settlements-in-principle of the coal mine dust lawsuits mentioned above and the Company’s assessment of other current and expected coal mine dust lawsuits (including the costs to resolve all current and expected coal mine dust lawsuits in Kentucky and West Virginia). As of September 30, 2020, the Company had an accrual for respirator mask/asbestos liabilities (excluding Aearo accruals) of $ 586 million. This accrual represents the Company’s best estimate of probable loss and reflects an estimation period for future claims that may be filed against the Company approaching the year 2050. The Company cannot estimate the amount or upper end of the range of amounts by which the liability may exceed the accrual the Company has established because of the (i) inherent difficulty in projecting the number of claims that have not yet been asserted or the time period in which future claims may be asserted, (ii) the complaints nearly always assert claims against multiple defendants where the damages alleged are typically not attributed to individual defendants so that a defendant’s share of liability may turn on the law of joint and several liability, which can vary by state, (iii) the multiple factors described above that the Company considers in estimating its liabilities, and (iv) the several possible developments described above that may occur that could affect the Company’s estimate of liabilities. ​ As of September 30, 2020, the Company’s receivable for insurance recoveries related to the respirator mask/asbestos litigation was $ 4 million. The Company continues to seek coverage under the policies of certain insolvent and other insurers. Once those claims for coverage are resolved, the Company will have collected substantially all of its remaining insurance coverage for respirator mask/asbestos claims. 37 Table of Contents ​ Respirator Mask/Asbestos Litigation — Aearo Technologies ​ On April 1, 2008, a subsidiary of the Company acquired the stock of Aearo Holding Corp., the parent of Aearo Technologies (“Aearo”). Aearo manufactured and sold various products, including personal protection equipment, such as eye, ear, head, face, fall and certain respiratory protection products. ​ As of September 30, 2020, Aearo and/or other companies that previously owned and operated Aearo’s respirator business (American Optical Corporation, Warner-Lambert LLC, AO Corp. and Cabot Corporation (“Cabot”)) are named defendants, with multiple co-defendants, including the Company, in numerous lawsuits in various courts in which plaintiffs allege use of mask and respirator products and seek damages from Aearo and other defendants for alleged personal injury from workplace exposures to asbestos, silica-related, coal mine dust, or other occupational dusts found in products manufactured by other defendants or generally in the workplace. ​ As of September 30, 2020, the Company, through its Aearo subsidiary, had accruals of $ 20 million for product liabilities and defense costs related to current and future Aearo-related asbestos and silica-related claims. This accrual represents the Company’s best estimate of Aearo’s probable loss and reflects an estimation period for future claims that may be filed against Aearo approaching the year 2050. The accrual was reduced by $ 37 million during the second quarter of 2020 after paying Aearo’s share of certain settlements under the informal arrangement described below. The accrual reflects the Company’s assessment of pending and expected lawsuits, its review of its respirator mask/asbestos liabilities, and the cost of resolving claims of persons who claim more serious injuries. Responsibility for legal costs, as well as for settlements and judgments, is currently shared in an informal arrangement among Aearo, Cabot, American Optical Corporation and a subsidiary of Warner Lambert and their respective insurers (the “Payor Group”). Liability is allocated among the parties based on the number of years each company sold respiratory products under the “AO Safety” brand and/or owned the AO Safety Division of American Optical Corporation and the alleged years of exposure of the individual plaintiff. ​ Aearo’s share of the contingent liability is further limited by an agreement entered into between Aearo and Cabot on July 11, 1995. This agreement provides that, so long as Aearo pays to Cabot a quarterly fee of $ 100,000 , Cabot will retain responsibility and liability for, and indemnify Aearo against, any product liability claims involving exposure to asbestos, silica, or silica products for respirators sold prior to July 11, 1995. Because of the difficulty in determining how long a particular respirator remains in the stream of commerce after being sold, Aearo and Cabot have applied the agreement to claims arising out of the alleged use of respirators involving exposure to asbestos, silica or silica products prior to January 1, 1997. With these arrangements in place, Aearo’s potential liability is limited to exposures alleged to have arisen from the use of respirators involving exposure to asbestos, silica, or silica products on or after January 1, 1997. To date, Aearo has elected to pay the quarterly fee. Aearo could potentially be exposed to additional claims for some part of the pre-July 11, 1995 period covered by its agreement with Cabot if Aearo elects to discontinue its participation in this arrangement, or if Cabot is no longer able to meet its obligations in these matters. ​ Developments may occur that could affect the estimate of Aearo’s liabilities. These developments include, but are not limited to: (i) significant changes in the number of future claims, (ii) significant changes in the average cost of resolving claims, (iii) significant changes in the legal costs of defending these claims, (iv) significant changes in the mix and nature of claims received, (v) trial and appellate outcomes, (vi) significant changes in the law and procedure applicable to these claims, (vii) significant changes in the liability allocation among the co-defendants, (viii) the financial viability of members of the Payor Group including exhaustion of available insurance coverage limits, and/or (ix) a determination that the interpretation of the contractual obligations on which Aearo has estimated its share of liability is inaccurate. The Company cannot determine the impact of these potential developments on its current estimate of Aearo’s share of liability for these existing and future claims. If any of the developments described above were to occur, the actual amount of these liabilities for existing and future claims could be significantly larger than the amount accrued. ​ Because of the inherent difficulty in projecting the number of claims that have not yet been asserted, the complexity of allocating responsibility for future claims among the Payor Group, and the several possible developments that may occur that could affect the estimate of Aearo’s liabilities, the Company cannot estimate the amount or range of amounts by which Aearo’s liability may exceed the accrual the Company has established. ​ Environmental Matters and Litigation ​ The Company’s operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations including those pertaining to air emissions, wastewater discharges, toxic substances, and the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes enforceable by national, state, and local 38 Table of Contents authorities around the world, and private parties in the United States and abroad. These laws and regulations provide, under certain circumstances, a basis for the remediation of contamination, for capital investment in pollution control equipment, for restoration of or compensation for damages to natural resources, and for personal injury and property damage claims. The Company has incurred, and will continue to incur, costs and capital expenditures in complying with these laws and regulations, defending personal injury and property damage claims, and modifying its business operations in light of its environmental responsibilities. In its effort to satisfy its environmental responsibilities and comply with environmental laws and regulations, the Company has established, and periodically updates, policies relating to environmental standards of performance for its operations worldwide. ​ Under certain environmental laws, including the United States Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and similar state laws, the Company may be jointly and severally liable, typically with other companies, for the costs of remediation of environmental contamination at current or former facilities and at off-site locations. The Company has identified numerous locations, most of which are in the United States, at which it may have some liability. Please refer to the section entitled “ Environmental Liabilities and Insurance Receivables” that follows for information on the amount of the accrual for such liabilities. ​ Environmental Matters ​ As previously reported, the Company has been voluntarily cooperating with ongoing reviews by local, state, federal (primarily the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)), and international agencies of possible environmental and health effects of various perfluorinated compounds, including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), or other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (collectively PFAS). As a result of its phase-out decision in May 2000, the Company no longer manufactures certain PFAS compounds including PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and their pre-cursor compounds. The Company ceased manufacturing and using the vast majority of these compounds within approximately two years of the phase-out announcement and ceased all manufacturing and the last significant use of this chemistry by the end of 2008. The Company continues to manufacture a variety of shorter chain length PFAS compounds, including, but not limited to, pre-cursor compounds to perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). These compounds are used as input materials to a variety of products, including engineered fluorinated fluids, fluoropolymers and fluorelastomers, as well as surfactants, additives, and coatings. Through its ongoing life cycle management and its raw material composition identification processes associated with the Company’s policies covering the use of all persistent and bio-accumulative materials, the Company continues to review, control or eliminate the presence of certain PFAS in purchased materials or as byproducts in some of 3M’s current fluorochemical manufacturing processes, products, and waste streams. ​ Regulatory activities concerning PFAS continue in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, and before certain international bodies. These activities include gathering of exposure and use information, risk assessment, and consideration of regulatory approaches. As the database of studies of both PFOA and PFOS has expanded, the EPA has developed human health effects documents summarizing the available data from these studies. In February 2014, the EPA initiated external peer review of its draft human health effects documents for PFOA and PFOS. The peer review panel met in August 2014. In May 2016, the EPA announced lifetime health advisory levels for PFOA and PFOS at 70 parts per trillion (ppt) (superseding the provisional levels established by the EPA in 2009 of 400 ppt for PFOA and 200 ppt for PFOS). Where PFOA and PFOS are found together, EPA recommends that the concentrations be added together, and the lifetime health advisory for PFOA and PFOS combined is also 70 ppt. Lifetime health advisories, which are non-enforceable and non-regulatory, provide information about concentrations of drinking water contaminants at which adverse health effects are not expected to occur over the specified exposure duration. To collect exposure information under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the EPA published on May 2, 2012 a list of unregulated substances, including six PFAS chemicals, required to be monitored during the period 2013-2015 by public water system suppliers to determine the extent of their occurrence. Through January 2017, the EPA reported results for 4,920 public water supplies nationwide. Based on the 2016 lifetime health advisory, 13 public water supplies exceed the level for PFOA and 46 exceed the level for PFOS (unchanged from the July 2016 EPA summary). A technical advisory issued by EPA in September 2016 on laboratory analysis of drinking water samples stated that 65 public water supplies had exceeded the combined level for PFOA and PFOS. These results are based on one or more samples collected during the period 2012-2015 and do not necessarily reflect current conditions of these public water supplies. EPA reporting does not identify the sources of the PFOA and PFOS in the public water supplies. ​ The Company is continuing to make progress in its work, under the supervision of state regulators, to remediate historic disposal of PFAS-containing waste associated with manufacturing operations at its Decatur, Alabama; Cottage Grove, Minnesota; and Cordova, Illinois plants. As previously reported, the Company entered into a voluntary remedial action agreement with the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) to remediate the presence of PFAS in the soil and groundwater at the Company’s 39 Table of Contents manufacturing facility in Decatur, Alabama associated with the historic (1978-1998) incorporation of wastewater treatment plant sludge. With ADEM’s agreement, 3M substantially completed installation of a multilayer cap on the former sludge incorporation areas. Further remediation activities, including certain on-site and off-site investigations and studies, will be conducted in accordance with the July 2020 Interim Consent Order described below in the “Other PFAS-related Matters” section. ​ The Company continues to work with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) pursuant to the terms of the previously disclosed May 2007 Settlement Agreement and Consent Order to address the presence of certain PFAS in the soil and groundwater at former disposal sites in Washington County, Minnesota (Oakdale and Woodbury) and at the Company’s manufacturing facility at Cottage Grove, Minnesota. Under this agreement, the Company’s principal obligations include (i) evaluating releases of certain PFAS from these sites and proposing response actions; (ii) providing treatment or alternative drinking water upon identifying any level exceeding a Health Based Value (HBV) or Health Risk Limit (HRL) (i.e., the amount of a chemical in drinking water determined by the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) to be safe for human consumption over a lifetime) for certain PFAS for which a HBV and/or HRL exists as a result of contamination from these sites; (iii) remediating identified sources of other PFAS at these sites that are not controlled by actions to remediate PFOA and PFOS; and (iv) sharing information with the MPCA about certain perfluorinated compounds. During 2008, the MPCA issued formal decisions adopting remedial options for the former disposal sites in Washington County, Minnesota (Oakdale and Woodbury). In August 2009, the MPCA issued a formal decision adopting remedial options for the Company’s Cottage Grove manufacturing facility. During the spring and summer of 2010, 3M began implementing the agreed upon remedial options at the Cottage Grove and Woodbury sites. 3M commenced the remedial option at the Oakdale site in late 2010. At each location the remedial options were recommended by the Company and approved by the MPCA. Remediation work has been completed at the Oakdale and Woodbury sites, and they are in an operational maintenance mode. Remediation work has been substantially completed at the Cottage Grove site, with operational and maintenance activities ongoing. ​ In August 2014, the Illinois EPA approved a request by the Company to establish a groundwater management zone at its manufacturing facility in Cordova, Illinois, which includes ongoing pumping of impacted site groundwater, groundwater monitoring and routine reporting of results. ​ In May 2017, the MDH issued new HBVs for PFOA and PFOS. The new HBVs are 35 ppt for PFOA and 27 ppt for PFOS. In connection with its announcement the MDH stated that “Drinking water with PFOA and PFOS, even at the levels above the updated values, does not represent an immediate health risk. These values are designed to reduce long-term health risks across the population and are based on multiple safety factors to protect the most vulnerable citizens, which makes them overprotective for most of the residents in our state.” In December 2017, the MDH issued a new HBV for perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) of 2 parts per billion (ppb). In February 2018, the MDH published reports finding no unusual rates of certain cancers or adverse birth outcomes (low birth rates or premature births) among residents of Washington and Dakota Counties in Minnesota. In April 2019, the MDH issued a new HBV for PFOS of 15 ppt and a new HBV for PFHxS of 47 ppt. ​ In May 2018, the EPA announced a four-step PFAS action plan, which includes evaluating the need to set Safe Drinking Water Act maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for PFOA and PFOS and beginning the steps necessary to designate PFOA and PFOS as “hazardous substances” under CERCLA. In November 2018, the EPA asked for public comment on draft toxicity assessments for two PFAS compounds, including PFBS. In February 2019, the EPA issued a PFAS Action Plan that outlines short- and long-term actions the EPA is taking to address PFAS – actions that include developing a national drinking water determination for PFOA and PFOS, strengthening enforcement authorities and evaluating cleanup approaches, nationwide drinking water monitoring for PFAS, expanding scientific knowledge for understanding and managing risk from PFAS, and developing consistent risk communication tools for communicating with other agencies and the public. With respect to groundwater contaminated with PFOA and PFOS, the EPA issued interim recommendations in December 2019, providing guidance for screening levels and preliminary remediation goals for groundwater that is a current or potential drinking water source, to inform final clean-up levels of contaminated sites. In February 2020, the EPA provided notice and requested public comment on certain preliminary determinations to regulate PFOA and PFOS under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). In June 2020, 3M submitted comments on EPA’s preliminary determinations to regulate PFOA and PFOS under the SDWA. ​ EPA announced in its Spring 2020 Regulatory Agenda, released in June 2020, that it intended to publish a notice of proposed rulemaking to designate PFOA and PFOS as hazardous substances under CERCLA in August 2020. EPA has not published this notice of proposed rulemaking. ​ 40 Table of Contents The U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) within the Department of Health and Human Services released a draft Toxicological Profile for PFAS for public review and comment in June 2018. In the draft report, ATSDR proposed draft minimal risk levels (MRLs) for PFOS, PFOA and several other PFAS. An MRL is an estimate of the daily human exposure to a hazardous substance that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse non-cancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure. MRLs are not intended to define cleanup or action levels for ATSDR or other agencies. In August 2018, 3M submitted comments on the ATSDR proposal, noting that there are major shortcomings with the current draft, especially with the MRLs, and that the ATSDR’s profile must reflect the best science and full weight of evidence known about these chemicals. ​ Several state legislatures and state agencies have been evaluating or have taken actions related to cleanup standards, groundwater values or drinking water values for PFOS, PFOA, and other PFAS, and 3M has submitted various responsive comments. In September 2019, 3M and several other parties filed a lawsuit in New Hampshire state court to enjoin PFAS regulations in New Hampshire. In November 2019, the court issued a preliminary injunction preventing the regulations from being enforced. In April 2020, the New Hampshire Supreme Court agreed to review several issues related to the preliminary injunctive order. In July 2020, the governor signed a bill passed by the New Hampshire legislature setting the same drinking water standards that had been enjoined by the court. ​ Vermont finalized drinking water standards for a combination of PFOA, PFOS and three other PFAS in March 2020. New Jersey finalized drinking water standards and designated PFOA and PFOS as hazardous substances in June 2020. New York established drinking water standards for PFOA and PFOS in July 2020. Michigan implemented final drinking water standards for certain PFAS, including PFOS and PFOA, in August 2020. Massachusetts published final regulations establishing a drinking water standard relating to six combined PFAS in October 2020. Some other states have also been evaluating or have taken actions relating to PFOA, PFOS and other PFAS in products such as food packaging, carpets and other products. ​ In October 2020, 3M and several other parties filed notices of appeal in the appellate division of the Superior Court of New Jersey to challenge the validity of the New Jersey PFOS and PFOA regulations. ​ The Company cannot predict what additional regulatory actions arising from the foregoing or other proceedings and activities, if any, may be taken regarding such compounds or the consequences of any such actions. ​ Litigation Related to Historical PFAS Manufacturing Operations in Alabama ​ As previously reported, a former employee filed a putative class action lawsuit against 3M, BFI Waste Management Systems of Alabama, and others in the Circuit Court of Morgan County, Alabama (the “St. John” case), seeking property damage from exposure to certain perfluorochemicals at or near the Company’s Decatur, Alabama, manufacturing facility. The parties have agreed to continue to stay the St. John case through December 2020, pending ongoing mediation between the parties involved in this case and another case discussed below. Two additional putative class actions filed in the same court by certain residents in the vicinity of the Decatur plant seeking relief on similar grounds (the Chandler case and the Stover case, respectively) are stayed pending the resolution of class certification issues in the St. John case. ​ In October 2015, West Morgan-East Lawrence Water & Sewer Authority (Water Authority) filed an individual complaint against 3M Company, Dyneon, L.L.C, and Daikin America, Inc., in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. The complaint also includes representative plaintiffs who brought the complaint on behalf of themselves, and a class of all owners and possessors of property who use water provided by the Water Authority and five local water works to which the Water Authority supplies water (collectively, the “Water Utilities”). The complaint seeks compensatory and punitive damages and injunctive relief based on allegations that the defendants’ chemicals, including PFOA and PFOS from their manufacturing processes in Decatur, have contaminated the water in the Tennessee River at the water intake, and that the chemicals cannot be removed by the water treatment processes utilized by the Water Authority. In April 2019, 3M and the Water Authority settled the lawsuit for $ 35 million, which will fund a new water filtration system, with 3M indemnifying the Water Authority from liability resulting from the resolution of the currently pending and future lawsuits against the Water Authority alleging liability or damages related to 3M PFAS. The putative class claims brought by the representative plaintiffs who were supplied drinking water by the Water Authority (the “Lindsey” case) remain. The parties are in active discussions regarding a negotiated resolution, and the case is currently stayed. ​ In June 2016, the Tennessee Riverkeeper, Inc. (Riverkeeper), a non-profit corporation, filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama against 3M; BFI Waste Systems of Alabama; the City of Decatur, Alabama; and the Municipal Utilities Board of Decatur, Morgan County, Alabama. The complaint alleges that the defendants violated the Resource Conservation and 41 Table of Contents Recovery Act in connection with the disposal of certain PFAS through their ownership and operation of their respective sites. The complaint further alleges such practices may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to health and/or the environment and that Riverkeeper has suffered and will continue to suffer irreparable harm caused by defendants’ failure to abate the endangerment unless the court grants the requested relief, including declaratory and injunctive relief. This case has been stayed through December 2020, pending ongoing mediation between the parties in conjunction with the St. John case. ​ In August 2016, a group of over 200 plaintiffs filed a putative class action against West Morgan-East Lawrence Water and Sewer Authority (Water Authority), 3M, Dyneon, Daikin, BFI, and the City of Decatur in state court in Lawrence County, Alabama (the “Billings” case). Plaintiffs are residents of Lawrence, Morgan and other counties who are or have been customers of the Water Authority. They contend defendants have released PFAS that contaminate the Tennessee River and, in turn, their drinking water, causing damage to their health and properties. In January 2017, the court in the St. John case, discussed above, stayed this litigation pending resolution of the St. John case. ​ In January 2017, several hundred plaintiffs sued 3M, Dyneon and Daikin America in Lawrence and Morgan Counties, Alabama (the “Owens” case). The plaintiffs are owners of property, residents, and holders of property interests who receive their water from the West Morgan-East Lawrence Water and Sewer Authority (Water Authority). They assert common law claims for negligence, nuisance, trespass, wantonness and battery, and they seek injunctive relief and punitive damages. The plaintiffs contend that the defendants own and operate manufacturing and disposal facilities in Decatur that have released and continue to release PFOA, PFOS and related chemicals into the groundwater and surface water of their sites, resulting in discharges into the Tennessee River. The plaintiffs contend that, as a result of the alleged discharges, the water supplied by the Water Authority to the plaintiffs was, and is, contaminated with PFOA, PFOS and related chemicals at a level dangerous to humans. The court denied a motion by co-defendant Daikin to stay this case pending resolution of the St. John case, and the case is progressing through discovery. ​ In November 2017, a putative class action (the “King” case) was filed against 3M, Dyneon, Daikin America and the West Morgan-East Lawrence Water and Sewer Authority (Water Authority) in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. The plaintiffs are residents of Lawrence and Morgan County, Alabama who receive their water from the Water Authority and seek injunctive relief, attorneys’ fees, compensatory and punitive damages for their alleged personal injuries. The plaintiffs contend that the defendants own and operate manufacturing and disposal facilities in Decatur, Alabama that have released and continue to release PFOA, PFOS and related chemicals into the groundwater and surface water of their sites, resulting in discharges into the Tennessee River. The plaintiffs contend that, as a result of the alleged discharges, the water supplied by the Water Authority to the plaintiffs was, and is, contaminated with PFOA, PFOS and related chemicals at a level dangerous to humans. In November 2019, the King plaintiffs amended their complaint to withdraw all class allegations, dismiss the Water Authority as a defendant and add 24 new individual plaintiffs (for a total of 59 plaintiffs). Discovery in this case is proceeding. ​ In July 2019, 3M announced that it had initiated an investigation into the possible presence of PFAS in three closed municipal landfills in Decatur that accepted waste from 3M’s Decatur plant and other companies in the 1960s through the 1980s. 3M is working with local and state entities as it conducts its investigation and will report the results and recommended remedial action, if any, to those entities and the public. 3M is also defending or has received notice of potential lawsuits in state and federal court brought by individual property owners who claim damages related to historical PFAS disposal at former area landfills near their properties. 3M has resolved for an immaterial amount some of the claims brought by property owners. ​ In September 2020, the City of Guin Water Works and Sewer Board (Guin WWSB) brought a lawsuit against 3M in Alabama state court, alleging that PFAS contamination in the Guin water system stems from manufacturing operations at 3M’s Guin facility and disposal activity at a nearby landfill. In this same month, Guin WWSB dismissed its lawsuit without prejudice and is working with 3M to further investigate the presence of chemicals in the area. ​ Litigation Related to Historical PFAS Manufacturing Operations in Minnesota ​ In July 2016, the City of Lake Elmo filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota against 3M alleging that the City suffered damages from drinking water supplies contaminated with PFAS, including costs to construct alternative sources of drinking water. In April 2019, 3M and the City of Lake Elmo agreed to settle the lawsuit for less than $ 5 million. ​ ​ 42 Table of Contents State Attorneys General Litigation related to PFAS ​ Minnesota. In December 2010, the State of Minnesota, by its Attorney General, filed a lawsuit in Hennepin County District Court against 3M seeking damages and injunctive relief with respect to the presence of PFAS in the groundwater, surface water, fish or other aquatic life, and sediments in the state of Minnesota (the “NRD Lawsuit”). In February 2018, 3M and the State of Minnesota reached a resolution of the NRD Lawsuit. Under the terms of the settlement, 3M agreed to provide an $ 850 million grant to the State for a special “3M Water Quality and Sustainability Fund.” This Fund, which is administered by the State, will enable projects that support water sustainability in the Twin Cities East Metro region, such as continued delivery of water to residents and enhancing groundwater recharge to support sustainable growth. Other purposes of the grant include habitat and recreation improvements, such as fishing piers, trails, and open space preservation. 3M recorded a pre-tax charge of $ 897 million, inclusive of legal fees and other related obligations, in the first quarter of 2018 associated with the resolution of this matter. ​ In connection with the above referenced settlement, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the Department of Natural Resources, as co-trustees of the Fund, released in September 2020 a conceptual drinking water supply plan for the communities in the East Metro area, seeking public comment on three recommended options for utilizing the Fund. ​ New York. The State of New York, by its Attorney General, has filed four lawsuits (in June 2018, February 2019, July 2019, and November 2019) against 3M and other defendants seeking to recover the costs incurred in responding to PFAS contamination allegedly caused by Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) manufactured by 3M and others. Each of the four suits was filed in Albany County Supreme Court before being removed to federal court, and each has been transferred to the multi-district litigation (MDL) proceeding for AFFF cases, which is discussed further below. The state is seeking compensatory and punitive damages, and injunctive and equitable relief in the form of a monetary fund for the State’s reasonably expected future damages, and/or requiring defendants to perform investigative and remedial work. ​ Ohio. In December 2018, the State of Ohio, by its Attorney General, filed a lawsuit in the Common Pleas Court of Lucas County, Ohio against 3M, Tyco Fire Products LP, Chemguard, Inc., Buckeye Fire Equipment Co., National Foam, Inc., and Angus Fire Armour Corp., seeking injunctive relief and compensatory and punitive damages for remediation costs and alleged injury to Ohio natural resources from AFFF manufacturers. This case was removed to federal court and transferred to the MDL. ​ New Jersey. In March 2019, the New Jersey Attorney General filed two actions against 3M, DuPont, and Chemours on behalf of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), the NJDEP’s commissioner, and the New Jersey Spill Compensation Fund regarding alleged discharges at two DuPont facilities in Pennsville, New Jersey (Salem County) and Parlin, New Jersey (Middlesex County). 3M is included as a defendant in both cases because it allegedly supplied PFOA to DuPont for use at the facilities at issue. Both cases expressly seek to have the defendants pay all costs necessary to investigate, remediate, assess, and restore the affected natural resources of New Jersey. DuPont removed these cases to federal court. In August 2019, the court stayed all proceedings in these actions pending a ruling on NJDEP’s motions to remand the cases to state court. In April 2020, the federal court denied the state’s motion to remand. In June 2020, the court entered a consent order lifting the stay and consolidating the two actions, along with two others brought by the NJDEP relating to the DuPont facilities, for case management and pretrial purposes. The case is in early stages of litigation. ​ In May 2019, the New Jersey Attorney General and NJDEP filed a lawsuit against 3M, DuPont, and six other companies, alleging natural resource damages from AFFF products and seeking damages, including punitive damages, and associated fees. This case was removed to federal court and transferred to the AFFF MDL. ​ New Hampshire. In May 2019, the New Hampshire Attorney General filed two lawsuits alleging contamination of the state’s drinking water supplies and other natural resources by PFAS chemicals. The first lawsuit was filed against 3M and seven co-defendants, alleging PFAS contamination resulting from the use of AFFF products at several sites around the state. This case was removed to federal court and transferred to the AFFF MDL. The second suit asserts PFAS contamination from non-AFFF sources and names 3M, DuPont, and Chemours as defendants. This suit remains in state court in early stages of litigation. In its June 2020 ruling on defendants’ motions to dismiss, the court dismissed the state’s trespass claim, but allowed several claims to proceed. In October 2020, the court allowed the state to file an amended complaint. ​ Vermont. In June 2019, the Vermont Attorney General filed two lawsuits alleging contamination of the state’s drinking water supplies and other natural resources by PFAS chemicals. The first lawsuit was filed against 3M and ten co-defendants, alleging PFAS 43 Table of Contents contamination resulting from the use of AFFF products at several sites around the state. This case was removed to federal court and transferred to the AFFF MDL. The second suit asserts PFAS contamination from non-AFFF sources and names 3M and several entities related to DuPont and Chemours as defendants. This suit is proceeding in state court. In May 2020, the court denied the defendants’ motion to dismiss, but dismissed the state’s trespass claim as to property the state does not own. The parties are now engaged in discovery. ​ Michigan. In May 2019, the Michigan Attorney General issued a request for proposal seeking outside legal expertise in pursuing claims against manufacturers, distributors, and other parties related to PFAS. In January 2020, the Michigan Attorney General filed a lawsuit in state court against 3M, Dyneon, DuPont, Chemours and others seeking injunctive and equitable relief and damages for alleged injury to Michigan public natural resources and its residents relating to PFAS. The defendants filed motions to dismiss, and 3M’s motion was denied in August 2020. In August 2020, the Michigan Attorney General filed two lawsuits against numerous AFFF manufacturers and distributors, and suppliers of PFAS to AFFF manufacturers. 3M is named a defendant in one of the lawsuits, filed in federal court, and the case has been transferred to the AFFF MDL, where it remains in early stages of litigation. ​ Guam. In September 2019, the Attorney General of Guam filed a lawsuit against 3M and other defendants relating to contamination of the territory’s drinking water supplies and other natural resources by PFAS, allegedly resulting from the use of AFFF products at several sites around the island. This lawsuit has been removed to federal court and transferred to the AFFF MDL. ​ Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands. In December 2019, the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. territory, filed a lawsuit against 3M and other defendants relating to contamination of the territory’s drinking water supplies and other natural resources by PFAS, allegedly resulting from the use of AFFF products. This lawsuit has been removed to federal court and transferred to the AFFF MDL. ​ In addition to the above state attorneys general actions, the Company is in discussions with several state attorneys general and agencies, responding to information and other requests relating to PFAS matters and exploring potential resolution of some of the matters raised. ​ Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Environmental Litigation ​ 3M manufactured and marketed AFFF for use in firefighting at airports and military bases from approximately 1963 to 2002. As of September 30, 2020, 784 lawsuits (including 26 putative class actions) have been filed against 3M (along with other defendants) in various state and federal courts where current or former airports, military bases, or fire training facilities are or were located. As previously noted, some of these cases have been brought by state or territory attorneys general. In most of these cases, plaintiffs typically allege that certain PFAS used in AFFF contaminated the soil and groundwater where AFFF was used and seek damages for alleged injuries such as loss of use and enjoyment of properties, diminished property values, investigation costs, remediation costs, personal injury and/or funds for medical monitoring. 278 cases filed since October 2019 have been brought by current or former firefighters who claim to have suffered personal injury as a result of exposure to AFFF while using the product. The United States, the U.S. Department of Defense and several companies have been sued along with 3M, including but not limited to Ansul Co. (acquired by Tyco, Inc.), Angus Fire, Buckeye Fire Protection Co., Chemguard, Chemours, DuPont, National Foam, Inc., and United Technologies Corp. ​ In December 2018, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (JPML) granted motions to transfer and consolidate all AFFF cases pending in federal courts to the U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina to be managed in an MDL proceeding to centralize pre-trial proceedings. Additional AFFF cases continue to be transferred into the MDL as they are filed or removed to federal court. As of September 30, 2020, there were 783 cases in the MDL, 770 of which name 3M as a defendant. The parties in the MDL are currently in the process of conducting discovery. ​ In June 2019, several subsidiaries of Valero Energy Corporation, an independent petroleum refiner, filed eight AFFF cases against 3M and other defendants, including DuPont/Chemours, National Foam, Buckeye Fire Equipment, and Kidde-Fenwal, in various state courts. Plaintiffs seek damages that allegedly have been or will be incurred in investigating and remediating PFAS contamination at their properties and replacing or disposing of AFFF products containing long-chain PFAS. Two of these cases have been removed to federal court and transferred to the AFFF MDL. Five cases remain pending in state courts where they are in early stages of litigation, after Valero dismissed its Ohio state court action without prejudice in October 2019. The parties in the state court cases have agreed to stay all five cases through November 2020. 44 Table of Contents ​ Two subsidiaries of Husky Energy filed suit in April 2020 against 3M and other AFFF manufacturers in Wisconsin state court relating to alleged PFAS contamination from AFFF use at Husky facilities in Superior, Wisconsin and Lima, Ohio. The parties have entered into a tolling agreement deferring further action on the plaintiffs’ claims. The plaintiffs filed a notice of dismissal without prejudice in September 2020. ​ As of September 30, 2020, the Company was named in nine other AFFF lawsuits filed by plaintiffs in state courts against the Company and other defendants, including three cases in which the Company was served ( one in each of Arizona, California and Missouri) . ​ Other PFAS-related Product and Environmental Litigation ​ 3M manufactured and sold products containing various PFOA and PFOS, including Scotchgard, for several decades. Starting in 2017, 3M has been served with individual and putative class action complaints in various state and federal courts alleging, among other things, that 3M’s customers’ improper disposal of PFOA and PFOS resulted in the contamination of groundwater or surface water. The plaintiffs in these cases generally allege that 3M failed to warn its customers about the hazards of improper disposal of the product. They also generally allege that contaminated groundwater has caused various injuries, including personal injury, loss of use and enjoyment of their properties, diminished property values, investigation costs, and remediation costs. Several companies have been sued along with 3M, including Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp., Honeywell International Inc. f/k/a Allied-Signal Inc. and/or AlliedSignal Laminate Systems, Inc., Wolverine World Wide Inc., Georgia-Pacific LLC, E.I. DuPont De Nemours and Co., Chemours Co., and various carpet manufacturers. ​ In New York, 3M is defending 41 individual cases and one putative class action filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York and four additional cases filed in New York state court against 3M, Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp. (Saint-Gobain), Honeywell International Inc. and E.I. DuPont De Nemours and Co. (DuPont). The plaintiffs allege that 3M manufactured and sold PFOA that was used for manufacturing purposes at Saint-Gobain’s and Honeywell’s facilities located in the Village of Hoosick Falls and the Town of Hoosick. The plaintiffs claim that the drinking water around Hoosick Falls became contaminated with unsafe levels of PFOA due to the activities of the defendants and allege that they suffered bodily injury due to the ingestion and inhalation of PFOA. The plaintiffs seek unstated compensatory, consequential, and punitive damages, as well as attorneys’ fees and costs. 3M has answered the complaints in these cases, which are now proceeding through discovery. The plaintiffs in the putative class action have moved for class certification. 3M is also defending eight additional cases in New York filed by Nassau County drinking water providers in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The plaintiffs in these cases allege that 3M, DuPont, and additional unnamed defendants are responsible for the contamination of plaintiffs’ water supply sources with various PFAS compounds. DuPont’s motion to transfer these cases to the AFFF MDL was denied in March 2020. These cases are in the preliminary stages of litigation. ​ In Michigan, one consolidated putative class action is pending in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan against 3M and Wolverine World Wide (Wolverine) and other defendants. The action arises from Wolverine’s allegedly improper disposal of materials and wastes, including 3M Scotchgard, related to Wolverine’s shoe manufacturing operations. Plaintiffs allege Wolverine used 3M Scotchgard in its manufacturing process and that chemicals from 3M’s product contaminated the environment and drinking water sources after disposal. In addition to the consolidated federal court putative class action, as of September 30, 2020, 3M has been named as a defendant in approximately 270 private individual actions in Michigan state court based on similar allegations. These cases are coordinated for pre-trial purposes. Four of these cases were selected for bellwether trials in 2020. In January 2020, the court issued the first round of dispositive motion rulings related to the first two bellwether cases, including dismissing the second bellwether case entirely and dismissing certain plaintiffs’ medical monitoring and risk of future disease claims, and granting summary judgment to the defendants on one plaintiff’s cholesterol injury claims. The parties settled the first bellwether case in early 2020. In June 2020, the court denied the plaintiffs’ motion to reconsider the dismissal of the second bellwether case, and the plaintiffs have appealed the decision to the state appellate court. The court has since allowed the addition of another bellwether case. The first of the three bellwether trials is scheduled to begin in March 2021. The parties have engaged in mediation discussions in both the putative class action and the state court mass action cases. ​ Wolverine also filed a third-party complaint against 3M in a suit by the State of Michigan and intervenor townships that seeks to compel Wolverine to investigate and address contamination associated with its historic disposal activity. 3M filed an answer and counterclaims to Wolverine’s third-party complaint in June 2019. In September and October 2019, the parties (including 3M as third- 45 Table of Contents party defendant) engaged in mediation. In December 2019, the State of Michigan, the intervening townships, and Wolverine announced that they had tentatively resolved the State and townships’ claims against Wolverine in exchange for a $ 70 million payment and certain future remediation measures by Wolverine. In February 2020, the court approved a Consent Decree that memorializes Wolverine’s ongoing remediation obligations and the State’s and intervening townships’ covenants not to bring further lawsuits as to the remediated area. 3M has been formally designated as a “Contributing Party,” and as such, the State’s and townships’ covenants will also apply to 3M. In February 2020, 3M and Wolverine executed an agreement to resolve the legal claims between the two companies. Pursuant to the agreement, 3M made a one-time financial contribution of $ 55 million in March 2020 to support Wolverine’s past and ongoing efforts to address PFAS remediation under Wolverine’s Consent Decree with the State and the townships. This amount was part of 3M’s charge taken in the fourth quarter of 2019 as discussed below in the “Environmental Liabilities and Insurance Receivables” section. ​ 3M is also a defendant, together with Georgia-Pacific as co-defendant, in a putative class action in federal court in Michigan brought by residents of Parchment, who allege that the municipal drinking water is contaminated from waste generated by a paper mill owned by Georgia-Pacific’s corporate predecessor. The defendants have moved to dismiss certain claims in the complaint, and the parties have begun discovery on the remaining claims. As a result of discussions among Georgia-Pacific, 3M and municipalities near Parchment, Georgia-Pacific and 3M have agreed to contribute to a fund of approximately $ 5 million to provide expanded municipal water service in the area. ​ In Alabama and Georgia, 3M, together with multiple co-defendants, is defending four state court cases, including three brought by municipal water utilities, relating to 3M’s sale of PFAS-containing products to carpet manufacturers in Georgia. The plaintiffs in these cases allege that the carpet manufacturers improperly discharged PFAS into the surface water and groundwater, contaminating drinking water supplies of cities located downstream along the Coosa River, including Rome, Georgia and Centre and Gadsden, Alabama. The three water utility cases remain in the early stages of litigation. One state court case was brought by individuals asserting PFAS contamination by the Georgia carpet manufacturers and seeking economic damages and injunctive relief on behalf of a putative class of Rome and Floyd County water subscribers. This case has been removed to federal court where it remains in the early stages of litigation. ​ In California, 3M and other defendants are defending an action brought in federal court by Golden State Water Company, alleging PFAS contamination of certain wells located in its water systems. The case is in early stages of litigation. ​ In Delaware, 3M, together with several co-defendants, is defending one putative class action brought by individuals alleging PFAS contamination of their water supply resulting from the operations of local metal plating facilities. Plaintiffs allege that 3M supplied PFAS to the metal plating facilities. DuPont, Chemours, and the metal platers have also been named as defendants. This case has been removed from state court to federal court, and plaintiffs have withdrawn its motion to remand to state court and filed an amended complaint. 3M has filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. ​ In New Jersey, 3M is a co-defendant in an action brought in federal court by Middlesex Water Company, alleging PFAS contamination of its water wells. 3M’s motion to transfer the case to the AFFF MDL was denied. 3M has moved to dismiss the complaint, and the case is currently in discovery. In addition, 3M, together with several co-defendants, is defending a case brought in state court by multiple individuals with private drinking water wells near DuPont and Solvay facilities that were allegedly supplied with PFAS by 3M. Plaintiffs seek medical monitoring and damages. This case has been removed to federal court, and 3M has filed a motion to dismiss. 3M and other defendants are also defending two federal court cases brought by individuals who live near the DuPont and Solvay facilities, alleging personal injury caused by PFAS exposure. Those cases are in early stages of litigation. In September 2020, a federal court case was filed against 3M and other defendants on behalf of the Borough of Hopatcong, alleging general PFAS contamination of its public water supply. ​ In October 2018, 3M and other defendants, including DuPont and Chemours, were named in a putative class action in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio brought by the named plaintiff, a firefighter allegedly exposed to PFAS chemicals through his use of firefighting foam, purporting to represent a putative class of all U.S. individuals with detectable levels of PFAS in their blood. The plaintiff brings claims for negligence, battery, and conspiracy and seeks injunctive relief, including an order “establishing an independent panel of scientists” to evaluate PFAS. 3M and other entities jointly filed a motion to dismiss in February 2019. In September 2019, the court denied the defendants’ motion to dismiss. In February 2020, the court denied 3M’s motion to transfer the case to the AFFF MDL. ​ 46 Table of Contents In West Virginia, 3M and other defendants are defending a state court action brought by Weirton Area Water Board that alleges PFAS contamination of local water supplies. This case has been removed to federal court, where 3M has moved to dismiss the case, which remains in early stages of litigation. ​ Other PFAS-related Matters ​ In July 2019, the Company received a written request from the Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Oversight and Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, seeking certain documents and information relating to the Company’s manufacturing and distribution of PFAS products. In September 2019, a 3M representative testified before and responded to questions from the Subcommittee on Environment with respect to PFAS and the Company’s environmental stewardship initiatives. The Company continues to cooperate with the Subcommittee. ​ The Company operates under a 2009 consent order issued under the federal Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (the “2009 TSCA consent order”) for the manufacture and use of two perfluorinated materials (FBSA and FBSEE) at its Decatur, Alabama site that does not permit release of these materials into “the waters of the United States.” In March 2019, the Company halted the manufacture, processing, and use of these materials at the site upon learning that these materials may have been released from certain specified processes at the Decatur site into the Tennessee River. In April 2019, the Company voluntarily disclosed the releases to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM). During June and July 2019, the Company took steps to fully control the aforementioned processes by capturing all wastewater produced by the processes and by treating all air emissions. These processes have been back on-line and in operation since July 2019. The Company continues to cooperate with the EPA and ADEM in their investigations and will work with the regulatory authorities to demonstrate compliance with the release restrictions. The Company is authorized to discharge wastewater from its Decatur plant pursuant to the terms of a Clean Water Act National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit issued by ADEM. The NPDES permit requires the Company to report on a monthly and quarterly basis the quality and quantity of pollutants discharged to the Tennessee River. In June 2019, the Company voluntarily disclosed to the EPA and ADEM that it had included incorrect values in certain of its monthly and quarterly reports. The Company has submitted the corrected values to both the EPA and ADEM. As part of ongoing work with the EPA and ADEM to address compliance matters at the Decatur facility, the Company discovered it had not fully characterized its PFAS discharge in its NPDES permit. In September 2019, the Company disclosed the matter to the EPA and ADEM and announced that it had elected to temporarily idle certain other manufacturing processes at 3M Decatur. The Company is reviewing its operations at the plant, has installed wastewater treatment controls and has restarted idled processes. ​ As a result of the Company’s discussions with ADEM to address these and other related matters in the state of Alabama, 3M and ADEM have agreed to the terms of an interim Consent Order in July 2020 to cover all PFAS-related wastewater discharges and air emissions from the Company’s Decatur facility. Under the interim Consent Order, the Company’s principal obligations include commitments related to (i) future ongoing site operations such as (a) providing certain notices or reports and performing various analytical and characterization studies and (b) future capital improvements; and (ii) remediation activities, including certain on-site and off-site investigations and studies. Obligations related to ongoing future site operations under the Consent Order will involve additional operating costs and capital expenditures over multiple years. The Company does not expect them to have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations or financial position. With respect to remediation activities, financial obligations related to certain activities under the Consent Order are probable and estimable, and are included in the Company’s accruals for “other environmental liabilities” as described in the “Environmental Liabilities and Insurance Receivables” section below. As offsite investigation activities continue, additional remediation amounts may become probable and estimable in the future. ​ In December 2019, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Alabama for documents related to, among other matters, the Company’s compliance with the 2009 TSCA consent order and unpermitted discharges to the Tennessee River. The Company is cooperating with this inquiry and is producing documents in response to the subpoena. ​ In addition, as part of its ongoing evaluation of regulatory compliance at its Cordova, Illinois facility, the Company discovered it had not fully characterized its PFAS discharge in its NPDES permit for the Cordova facility. In November 2019, the Company disclosed 47 Table of Contents this matter to the EPA, and in January 2020 disclosed this matter to the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA). The Company continues to work with the EPA and IEPA to address these issues from the Cordova facility. ​ The Company is also reviewing operations at its other plants with similar manufacturing processes, such as the plant in Cottage Grove, Minnesota, to ensure those operations are in compliance with applicable environmental regulatory requirements and Company policies and procedures. As a result of these reviews, the Company discovered it had not fully characterized its PFAS discharge in its NPDES permit for the Cottage Grove facility. In March 2020, the Company disclosed this matter to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and the EPA. In July 2020, the Company received an information request from MPCA for documents and information related to, among other matters, the Company’s compliance with the Clean Water Act at its Cottage Grove facility. The Company is cooperating with this inquiry and is producing documents and information in response to the request for information. The Company continues to work with the MPCA and EPA to address the discharges from the Cottage Grove facility. ​ Separately, in June 2020, the Company reported to EPA and MPCA that it had not fully complied with elements of the inspection, characterization and waste stream profile verification process of the Waste and Feedstream Analysis Plan (WAP/FAP) of its Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) permit for its Cottage Grove incinerator. In July 2020, the Company received an information request from MPCA related to the June 2020 disclosure, to which the Company responded in September 2020. The Company continues to work with the MPCA to address WAP/FAP implementation issues disclosed in June 2020. ​ In February 2020, the Company received an information request from EPA for documents and information related to, among other matters, the Company’s compliance with the Clean Water Act at its facilities that manufacture, process and use PFAS, including the Decatur, Cordova and Cottage Grove facilities. The Company is cooperating with this inquiry and is producing documents and information in response to the request for information. ​ The Company will continue to work with relevant state and federal agencies as it conducts these reviews. The Company cannot predict at this time the outcomes of resolving these compliance matters or what potential actions may be taken by the regulatory agencies. ​ Other Environmental Litigation ​ In July 2018, the Company, along with more than 120 other companies, was served with a complaint seeking cost recovery and contribution towards the cleaning up of approximately eight miles of the Lower Passaic River in New Jersey. The plaintiff, Occidental Chemical Corporation, alleges that it agreed to design and pay the estimated $ 165 million cost to remove and cap sediment containing eight chemicals of concern, including PCBs and dioxins. The complaint seeks to spread those costs among the defendants, including the Company. The Company’s involvement in the case relates to its past use of two commercial drum conditioning facilities in New Jersey. Whether, and to what extent, the Company may be required to contribute to the costs at issue in the case remains to be determined. ​ For environmental matters and litigation described above, unless otherwise stated, no liability has been recorded as the Company believes liability in those matters is not probable and estimable and the Company is not able to estimate a possible loss or range of loss at this time. The Company’s environmental liabilities and insurance receivables are described below. ​ Environmental Liabilities and Insurance Receivables ​ The Company periodically examines whether the contingent liabilities related to the environmental matters and litigation described above are probable and estimable based on experience and developments in those matters. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company increased its accrual for PFAS-related other environmental liabilities by $ 41 million and made related payments of $ 111 million. During the first quarter of 2019, the EPA issued its PFAS Action Plan and the Company settled the litigation with the Water Authority (both matters are described in more detail above). The Company completed a comprehensive review with the assistance of environmental consultants and other experts regarding environmental matters and litigation related to historical PFAS manufacturing operations in Minnesota; Alabama; Gendorf Germany; and at four former landfills in Alabama. As a result of these developments and of that review, the Company increased its accrual for “other environmental liabilities” by $ 235 million pre-tax (including the settlement with the Water Authority) in the first quarter of 2019. During the fourth quarter of 2019, 3M updated its evaluation of certain customer-related litigation based on continued, productive settlement discussions with multiple parties. As previously disclosed, 3M has been engaged in mediation and resolution negotiations in multiple cases. In addition, during 48 Table of Contents the fourth quarter, the Company updated its assessment of environmental matters and litigation related to its historical PFAS manufacturing operations and expanded its evaluation of other 3M sites that may have used certain PFAS-containing materials and locations at which they were disposed. As a result of these actions during the fourth quarter the Company recorded a pre-tax charge of $ 214 million. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had recorded liabilities of $ 375 million for “other environmental liabilities.” The accruals represent the Company’s best estimate of the probable loss. The Company is not able to estimate a possible loss or range of loss in excess of the established accruals at this time. ​ As of September 30, 2020, the Company had recorded liabilities of $ 23 million for estimated non-PFAS related “environmental remediation” costs to clean up, treat, or remove hazardous substances at current or former 3M manufacturing or third-party sites. The Company evaluates available facts with respect to each individual site each quarter and records liabilities for remediation costs on an undiscounted basis when they are probable and reasonably estimable, generally no later than the completion of feasibility studies or the Company’s commitment to a plan of action. Liabilities for estimated costs of environmental remediation, depending on the site, are based primarily upon internal or third-party environmental studies, and estimates as to the number, participation level and financial viability of any other potentially responsible parties, the extent of the contamination and the nature of required remedial actions. The Company adjusts recorded liabilities as further information develops or circumstances change. The Company expects that it will pay the amounts recorded over the periods of remediation for the applicable sites, currently ranging up to 20 years . ​ It is difficult to estimate the cost of environmental compliance and remediation given the uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of applicable environmental laws and regulations, the extent of environmental contamination and the existence of alternative cleanup methods. Developments may occur that could affect the Company’s current assessment, including, but not limited to: (i) changes in the information available regarding the environmental impact of the Company’s operations and products; (ii) changes in environmental regulations, changes in permissible levels of specific compounds in drinking water sources, or changes in enforcement theories and policies, including efforts to recover natural resource damages; (iii) new and evolving analytical and remediation techniques; (iv) success in allocating liability to other potentially responsible parties; and (v) the financial viability of other potentially responsible parties and third-party indemnitors. For sites included in both “environmental remediation liabilities” and “other environmental liabilities,” at which remediation activity is largely complete and remaining activity relates primarily to operation and maintenance of the remedy, including required post-remediation monitoring, the Company believes the exposure to loss in excess of the amount accrued would not be material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition. However, for locations at which remediation activity is largely ongoing, the Company cannot estimate a possible loss or range of loss in excess of the associated established accruals for the reasons described above. ​ The Company has both pre-1986 general and product liability occurrence coverage and post-1985 occurrence reported product liability and other environmental coverage for environmental matters and litigation. As of September 30, 2020, the Company’s receivable for insurance recoveries related to the environmental matters and litigation was $ 8 million. Various factors could affect the timing and amount of recovery of this and future expected increases in the receivable, including (i) delays in or avoidance of payment by insurers; (ii) the extent to which insurers may become insolvent in the future, (iii) the outcome of negotiations with insurers, and (iv) the scope of the insurers’ purported defenses and exclusions to avoid coverage. ​ Product Liability Litigation ​ As of September 30, 2020, the Company was a named defendant in 22 lawsuits in the United States involving 25 plaintiffs and one Canadian putative class action with a single named plaintiff, alleging that the Bair Hugger™ patient warming system caused a surgical site infection. ​ As previously disclosed, 3M had been a named defendant in lawsuits in federal courts involving over 5,000 plaintiffs. The plaintiffs claim they underwent various joint arthroplasty, cardiovascular, and other surgeries and later developed surgical site infections due to the use of the Bair Hugger™ patient warming system. The plaintiffs seek damages and other relief based on theories of strict liability, negligence, breach of express and implied warranties, failure to warn, design and manufacturing defect, fraudulent and/or negligent misrepresentation/concealment, unjust enrichment, and violations of various state consumer fraud, deceptive or unlawful trade practices and/or false advertising acts. ​ The U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (JPML) consolidated all cases pending in federal courts to the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota to be managed in a multi-district litigation (MDL) proceeding. In July 2019, the court excluded several of the plaintiffs’ causation experts, and granted summary judgment for 3M in all cases pending at that time in the MDL. Plaintiffs have 49 Table of Contents appealed that decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. Plaintiffs have also appealed a 2018 jury verdict in favor of 3M in the first bellwether trial in the MDL and appealed the dismissal of another bellwether case. ​ Among the 22 remaining lawsuits in the United States, 19 are in the MDL court and three are in state court. The MDL court declined to remand one case to Oklahoma state court and has stayed all 19 remaining lawsuits pending the appeal of the summary judgment decision. In February 2020, the MDL court remanded two cases to state court in Jackson County, Missouri that combined Bair Hugger product liability claims with medical malpractice claims. There is also one case in Hidalgo County, Texas that combines Bair Hugger product liability claims with medical malpractice claims. In August 2019, the MDL court enjoined the individual plaintiff from pursuing his claims in Texas state court because he had previously filed and dismissed a claim in the MDL. That plaintiff has appealed the order to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The Texas state court has stayed the entire case while the appeal is pending. ​ As previously disclosed, 3M had been named a defendant in 61 cases in Minnesota state court. In January 2018, the Minnesota state court excluded plaintiffs’ experts and granted 3M’s motion for summary judgment on general causation. Plaintiffs appealed that ruling and the state court’s punitive damages ruling. The Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed the Minnesota state court orders in their entirety and the Minnesota Supreme Court denied plaintiffs’ petition for review. Final dismissal was entered in April 2019, effectively ending the Minnesota state court cases. In June 2016, the Company was served with a putative class action filed in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice for all Canadian residents who underwent various joint arthroplasty, cardiovascular, and other surgeries and later developed surgical site infections due to the use of the Bair Hugger™ patient warming system. The representative plaintiff seeks relief (including punitive damages) under Canadian law based on theories similar to those asserted in the MDL. ​ No liability has been recorded for the Bair Hugger™ litigation because the Company believes that any such liability is not probable and estimable at this time. ​ Aearo Technologies sold Dual-Ended Combat Arms – Version 2 earplugs starting in about 2003. 3M acquired Aearo Technologies in 2008 and sold these earplugs from 2008 through 2015, when the product was discontinued. In December 2018, a military veteran filed an individual lawsuit against 3M in the San Bernardino Superior Court in California alleging that he sustained personal injuries while serving in the military caused by 3M’s Dual-Ended Combat Arms earplugs – Version 2. The plaintiff asserts claims of product liability and fraudulent misrepresentation and concealment. The plaintiff seeks various damages, including medical and related expenses, loss of income, and punitive damages. As of September 30, 2020, the Company is a named defendant in approximately 3,000 lawsuits (including 14 putative class actions) in various state and federal courts that purport to represent approximately 12,000 individual claimants making similar allegations. In April 2019, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation granted motions to transfer and consolidate all cases pending in federal courts to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida to be managed in a multi-district litigation (MDL) proceeding to centralize pre-trial proceedings. Discovery is underway. The plaintiffs and 3M filed preliminary summary judgment motions on the government contractor defense. In July 2020, based on the current record, the court granted the plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion and denied the defendants’ summary judgment motion, ruling that plaintiffs’ claims are not barred by the government contractor defense. The court denied the Company’s request to immediately certify the summary judgment ruling for appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. The first bellwether case is scheduled for April 2021. No liability has been recorded for these matters because the Company believes that any such liability is not probable and estimable at this time. ​ For product liability litigation matters described in this section for which a liability has been recorded, the amount recorded is not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition. In addition, the Company is not able to estimate a possible loss or range of loss in excess of the established accruals at this time. ​ Securities Litigation ​ In July 2019, Heavy & General Laborers’ Locals 472 & 172 Welfare Fund filed a putative securities class action against 3M Company, its former Chairman and CEO, current Chairman and CEO, and current CFO in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. In August 2019, an individual plaintiff filed a similar putative securities class action in the same district. Plaintiffs allege that defendants made false and misleading statements regarding 3M's exposure to liability associated with PFAS, and bring claims for damages under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5 against all defendants, and under Section 50 Table of Contents 20(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 against the individual defendants. In October 2019, the court consolidated the securities class actions and appointed a group of lead plaintiffs. In January 2020, the defendants filed a motion to transfer venue to the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota. In August 2020, the court denied the motion to transfer venue, and in September 2020, the defendants filed a petition for writ of mandamus to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. The suit is in the early stages of litigation. ​ In October 2019, a follow-on derivative lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against 3M and several of its current and former executives and directors. In November and December 2019, two additional derivative lawsuits were filed in a Minnesota state court. The derivative lawsuits rely on similar factual allegations as the putative securities class action discussed above. The plaintiffs have agreed to stay these cases pending a ruling on a motion to dismiss the securities class action. In October 2020, the derivative action pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey was dismissed, without prejudice, for failure to serve the complaint within the required time period. ​ In August 2020, an individual shareholder who had previously submitted a books and records demand filed an additional follow-on derivative lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against 3M and several of its current and former executives and directors. This derivative lawsuit also relies on similar factual allegations as the putative securities class action discussed above. ​ Federal False Claims Act / Qui Tam Litigation ​ In October 2019, 3M acquired Acelity, Inc. and its KCI subsidiaries, including Kinetic Concepts, Inc. and KCI USA, Inc. As previously disclosed in the SEC filings by the KCI entities, in 2009, Kinetic Concepts, Inc. received a subpoena from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General. In 2011, following the completion of the government’s review and its decision declining to intervene in two qui tam actions described further below, the qui tam relator-plaintiffs’ pleadings were unsealed. ​ The government inquiry followed two qui tam actions filed in 2008 by two former employees against Kinetic Concepts, Inc. and KCI USA, Inc. (collectively, the “KCI defendants”) under seal in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. The complaints contain allegations that the KCI Defendants violated the federal False Claims Act by submitting false or fraudulent claims to federal healthcare programs by billing for V.A.C. ® Therapy in a manner that was not consistent with the Local Coverage Determinations issued by the Durable Medical Equipment Medicare Administrative Contractors and seek monetary damages. One complaint (the “Godecke case”) also contains allegations that the KCI Defendants retaliated against the relator-plaintiff for alleged whistle-blowing behavior. ​ In October 2016, the KCI Defendants filed counterclaims in the Godecke case, asserting breach of contract and conversion. In August 2017, the relator-plaintiff’s fraud claim in the Godecke case was dismissed in favor of the KCI defendants. In January 2018, the district court stayed the retaliation claim and the KCI Defendants' counterclaims pending the relator-plaintiff’s appeal. In September 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed and remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings. The district court has ordered a stay of the proceedings pending a further status conference in November 2020. Separately, in June 2019, following discovery, the district court in the second case (the “Hartpence case”) entered summary judgment in the KCI Defendants’ favor on all of the relator-plaintiff’s claims. The plaintiff then filed an appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Oral argument in the Hartpence case was held in July 2020. The appellate court’s opinion remains pending. ​ For the matters described in this section for which a liability has been recorded, the amount recorded is not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition. ​ Compliance Matter ​ The Company, through its internal processes, discovered certain travel activities and related funding and record keeping issues raising concerns, arising from marketing efforts by certain business groups based in China. The Company initiated an internal investigation to determine whether the expenditures may have violated the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) or other potentially applicable anti-corruption laws. The Company has retained outside counsel and a forensic accounting firm to assist with the investigation. In July 2019, the Company voluntarily disclosed this investigation to both the Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission and is cooperating with both agencies. The Company cannot predict at this time the outcome of its investigation or what potential actions may be taken by the Department of Justice or Securities and Exchange Commission. 51 Table of Contents ​ ​ NOTE 15. Stock-Based Compensation ​ The 3M 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan provides for the issuance or delivery of up to 123,965,000 shares of 3M common stock pursuant to awards granted under the plan. Awards may be issued in the form of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, progressive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, other stock awards, and performance units and performance shares. As of September 30, 2020, the remaining shares available for grant under the LTIP Program are 16 million. ​ The Company’s annual stock option and restricted stock unit grant is made in February to provide a strong and immediate link between the performance of individuals during the preceding year and the size of their annual stock compensation grants. The grant to eligible employees uses the closing stock price on the grant date. Accounting rules require recognition of expense under a non-substantive vesting period approach, requiring compensation expense recognition when an employee is eligible to retire. Employees are considered eligible to retire at age 55 and after having completed ten years of service. This retiree-eligible population represents 35 percent of the annual grant stock-based compensation expense; therefore, higher stock-based compensation expense is recognized in the first quarter. ​ In addition to the annual grants, the Company makes other minor grants of stock options, restricted stock units and other stock-based grants. The Company issues cash settled restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights in certain countries. These grants do not result in the issuance of common stock and are considered immaterial by the Company. ​ Amounts recognized in the financial statements with respect to stock-based compensation programs, which include stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares and the General Employees’ Stock Purchase Plan (GESPP), are provided in the following table. Capitalized stock-based compensation amounts were not material for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. ​ Stock-Based Compensation Expense ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended ​ Nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, ​ (Millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019 Cost of sales ​ $ 9 ​ $ 8 ​ $ 41 ​ $ 39 ​ Selling, general and administrative expenses ​ 30 ​ 33 ​ 138 ​ 151 ​ Research, development and related expenses ​ 5 ​ 7 ​ 37 ​ 40 ​ Stock-based compensation expenses ​ $ 44 ​ $ 48 ​ $ 216 ​ $ 230 ​ Income tax benefits ​ ​ ( 13 ) ​ ​ ( 12 ) ​ ​ ( 67 ) ​ ​ ( 120 ) ​ Stock-based compensation expenses (benefits), net of tax ​ $ 31 ​ $ 36 ​ $ 149 ​ $ 110 ​ ​ 52 Table of Contents Stock Option Program ​ The following table summarizes stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Average ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted Remaining Aggregate ​ ​ ​ Number of ​ Average ​ Contractual ​ Intrinsic Value ​ (Options in thousands) ​ Options ​ Exercise Price ​ Life (months) ​ (millions) ​ Under option — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ January 1 33,675 ​ $ 151.15 ​ ​ ​ ​ Granted: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Annual 4,741 ​ 157.26 ​ ​ ​ Other 36 ​ 155.43 ​ ​ ​ Exercised ( 2,132 ) ​ 91.51 ​ ​ ​ Forfeited ( 250 ) ​ 179.87 ​ ​ ​ September 30 36,070 ​ $ 155.28 65 ​ $ 643 Options exercisable ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 30 28,189 ​ $ 148.59 54 ​ $ 629 ​ Stock options vest over a period from one year to three years with the expiration date at 10 years from date of grant. As of September 30, 2020, there was $ 71 million of compensation expense that has yet to be recognized related to non-vested stock option based awards. This expense is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 21 months . The total intrinsic values of stock options exercised were $ 160 million and $ 368 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Cash received from options exercised was $ 193 million and $ 304 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company’s actual tax benefits realized for the tax deductions related to the exercise of employee stock options were $ 34 million and $ 77 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. ​ For the primary 2020 annual stock option grant, the weighted average fair value at the date of grant was calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the assumptions that follow. ​ Stock Option Assumptions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Annual ​ ​ 2020 ​ Exercise price ​ $ 157.24 ​ Risk-free interest rate ​ 1.5 % Dividend yield ​ 2.7 % Expected volatility ​ 19.7 % Expected life (months) ​ 78 ​ Black-Scholes fair value ​ $ 21.58 ​ ​ Expected volatility is a statistical measure of the amount by which a stock price is expected to fluctuate during a period. For the 2020 annual grant date, the Company estimated the expected volatility based upon the following three volatilities of 3M stock: the median of the term of the expected life rolling volatility; the median of the most recent term of the expected life volatility; and the implied volatility on the grant date. The expected term assumption is based on the weighted average of historical grants. ​ ​ 53 Table of Contents Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units ​ The following table summarizes restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ Average ​ ​ Number of ​ Grant Date (Shares in thousands) ​ Shares ​ Fair Value Nonvested balance — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of January 1 1,573 ​ $ 201.11 ​ Granted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Annual 733 ​ 157.29 ​ Other 41 ​ 158.91 ​ Vested ( 560 ) ​ 176.21 ​ Forfeited ( 52 ) ​ 198.48 ​ As of September 30 1,735 ​ $ 189.72 ​ ​ As of September 30, 2020, there was $ 96 million of compensation expense that has yet to be recognized related to non-vested restricted stock and restricted stock units. This expense is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 24 months . The total fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 was $ 89 million and $ 136 million, respectively. The Company’s actual tax benefits realized for the tax deductions related to the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units was $ 17 million and $ 26 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. ​ Restricted stock units granted generally vest three years following the grant date assuming continued employment. Dividend equivalents equal to the dividends payable on the same number of shares of 3M common stock accrue on these restricted stock units during the vesting period, although no dividend equivalents are paid on any of these restricted stock units that are forfeited prior to the vesting date. Dividends are paid out in cash at the vest date on restricted stock units. Since the rights to dividends are forfeitable, there is no impact on basic earnings per share calculations. Weighted average restricted stock unit shares outstanding are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share. ​ Performance Shares ​ Instead of restricted stock units, the Company makes annual grants of performance shares to members of its executive management. The 2020 performance criteria for these performance shares (organic volume growth, return on invested capital, free cash flow conversion, and earnings per share growth) were selected because the Company believes that they are important drivers of long-term stockholder value. The number of shares of 3M common stock that could actually be delivered at the end of the three-year performance period may be anywhere from 0 % to 200 % of each performance share granted, depending on the performance of the Company during such performance period. When granted, these performance shares are awarded at 100 % of the estimated number of shares at the end of the three-year performance period and are reflected under “Granted” in the table below. Non-substantive vesting requires that expense for the performance shares be recognized over one or three years depending on when each individual became a 3M executive. The performance share grants accrue dividends; therefore, the grant date fair value is equal to the closing stock price on the date of grant. Since the rights to dividends are forfeitable, there is no impact on basic earnings per share calculations. Weighted average performance shares whose performance period is complete are included in computation of diluted earnings per share. ​ 54 Table of Contents The following table summarizes performance share activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ Average ​ ​ Number of ​ Grant Date (Shares in thousands) ​ Shares ​ Fair Value Undistributed balance — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of January 1 444 ​ $ 205.58 ​ Granted 203 ​ 153.16 ​ Distributed ( 206 ) ​ 190.84 ​ Performance change 25 ​ 166.49 ​ Forfeited ( 43 ) ​ 172.92 ​ As of September 30 423 ​ $ 188.61 ​ ​ As of September 30, 2020, there was $ 24 million of compensation expense that has yet to be recognized related to performance shares. This expense is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average earnings period of 20 months . The total fair value of performance shares that were distributed were $ 35 million and $ 45 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company’s actual tax benefits realized for the tax deductions related to the distribution of performance shares were $ 7 million and $ 9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. ​ NOTE 16. Business Segments ​ 3M’s businesses are organized, managed and internally grouped into segments based on differences in markets, products, technologies and services. 3M manages its operations in four business segments: Safety and Industrial; Transportation and Electronics; Health Care; and Consumer. 3M’s four business segments bring together common or related 3M technologies, enhancing the development of innovative products and services and providing for efficient sharing of business resources. Transactions among reportable segments are recorded at cost. 3M is an integrated enterprise characterized by substantial intersegment cooperation, cost allocations and inventory transfers. Therefore, management does not represent that these segments, if operated independently, would report the business segment operating income information shown. ​ Effective in the second quarter of 2020, the measure of segment operating performance used by 3M’s chief operating decision maker (CODM) changed and, as a result, 3M’s disclosed measure of segment profit/loss (business segment operating income) has been updated for all periods presented. The change to business segment operating income aligns with the update to how the CODM assesses performance and allocates resources for the Company’s business segments. ​ 3M discloses business segment operating income as its measure of segment profit/loss, reconciled to both total 3M operating income and income before taxes. Business segment operating income includes dual credit for certain related operating income (as described below in “Elimination of Dual Credit”). Business segment operating income excludes certain expenses and income that are not allocated to business segments (as described below in “Corporate and Unallocated”). Additionally, the following special items are excluded from business segment operating income and, instead, are included within Corporate and Unallocated: significant litigation-related charges/benefits, gain/loss on sale of businesses (see Note 3), and divestiture-related restructuring actions (see Note 5). ​ In addition, effective in the first quarter of 2020, in a continuing effort to improve the alignment of its businesses around customers and markets, the Company made the following changes: ​ Continued alignment of customer account activity ● As part of 3M’s regular customer-focus initiatives, the Company realigned certain customer account activity (“sales district”) to correlate with the primary divisional product offerings in various countries and reduce complexity for customers when interacting with multiple 3M businesses. This largely impacted the amount of dual credit certain business segments receive as a result of sales district attribution. 3M business segment reporting measures include dual credit to business segments for certain sales and operating income. This dual credit is based on which business segment provides customer account activity with respect to a particular product sold in a specific country. As a result of this change, previously reported aggregate 55 Table of Contents business segment net sales and operating income for the total year 2019 decreased $ 42 million and $ 10 million, respectively, offset by corresponding decreases in the “Elimination of Dual Credit” net sales and operating income amounts. ​ Additional actions impacting product line alignments ● The remaining retail auto care product lines formerly in the Automotive Aftermarket Division (within the Safety and Industrial business segment), were realigned to the Construction and Home Improvement Division (within the Consumer business segment). This change resulted in a decrease of previously reported net sales and operating income for total year 2019 of $ 35 million and $ 11 million, respectively, in the Safety and Industrial business segment, offset by a corresponding increase in net sales and operating income within the Consumer business segment. ● In addition, certain product lines were realigned within business segments. The transdermal drug delivery components business, formerly included in the Drug Delivery Systems Division, was realigned to the Medical Solutions Division (both of which are within the Health Care business segment) and the paint protection film business, formerly included in the Automotive and Aerospace Division, was realigned to the Commercial Solutions Division (both of which are within the Transportation and Electronics business segment). ​ The financial information presented herein reflects the impact of the preceding changes for all periods presented. ​ Business Segment Information ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Three months ended ​ Nine months ended ​ ​ September 30, ​ September 30, Net Sales (Millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019 Safety and Industrial $ 3,024 $ 2,829 $ 8,627 $ 8,729 ​ Transportation and Electronics ​ 2,314 ​ 2,500 ​ 6,489 ​ 7,305 ​ Health Care ​ 2,160 ​ 1,721 ​ 6,088 ​ 5,290 ​ Consumer ​ 1,417 ​ 1,342 ​ 3,911 ​ 3,862 ​ Corporate and Unallocated ​ — ​ 28 ​ ( 1 ) ​ 98 ​ Elimination of Dual Credit ​ ( 565 ) ​ ( 429 ) ​ ( 1,513 ) ​ ( 1,259 ) ​ Total Company $ 8,350 $ 7,991 $ 23,601 $ 24,025 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Operating Performance (Millions) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Safety and Industrial $ 823 $ 647 $ 2,185 $ 1,931 ​ Transportation and Electronics ​ 552 ​ 637 ​ 1,416 ​ 1,747 ​ Health Care ​ 508 ​ 459 ​ 1,270 ​ 1,401 ​ Consumer ​ 358 ​ 313 ​ 914 ​ 821 ​ Elimination of Dual Credit ​ ( 145 ) ​ ( 111 ) ​ ( 384 ) ​ ( 308 ) ​ Total business segment operating income $ 2,096 $ 1,945 $ 5,401 $ 5,592 ​ Corporate and Unallocated ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Special items: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Significant litigation-related (charges)/benefits ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 17 ) ​ ​ ( 548 ) ​ Gain/(loss) on sale of businesses ​ ​ — ​ ​ 106 ​ ​ 389 ​ ​ 114 ​ Divestiture-related restructuring actions ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 55 ) ​ ​ — ​ Other corporate expense - net ​ ( 187 ) ​ ( 40 ) ​ ( 406 ) ​ ( 309 ) ​ Total Corporate and Unallocated ​ ​ ( 187 ) ​ ​ 66 ​ ​ ( 89 ) ​ ​ ( 743 ) ​ Total Company operating income ​ $ 1,909 ​ $ 2,011 ​ $ 5,312 ​ $ 4,849 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other expense/(income), net ​ $ 104 ​ $ 45 ​ $ 311 ​ $ 349 ​ Income before income taxes ​ $ 1,805 ​ $ 1,966 ​ $ 5,001 ​ $ 4,500 ​ ​ ​ 56 Table of Contents Corporate and Unallocated Corporate and unallocated operating income includes a variety of miscellaneous items, such as corporate investment gains and losses, certain derivative gains and losses, certain insurance-related gains and losses, certain litigation and environmental expenses, corporate restructuring charges and certain under- or over-absorbed costs (e.g. pension, stock-based compensation) that the Company may choose not to allocate directly to its business segments and is disclosed as “other corporate expense-net”. Additionally, Corporate and Unallocated includes special items such as significant litigation-related charges/benefits, gain/loss on sale of businesses (see Note 3), and divestiture-related restructuring costs (see Note 5). Corporate and Unallocated also includes sales, costs, and income from contract manufacturing, transition services and other arrangements with the acquirer of the Communication Markets Division following its 2018 divestiture through 2019 and the acquirer of the former drug delivery business following its 2020 divestiture. Because this category includes a variety of miscellaneous items, it is subject to fluctuation on a quarterly and annual basis. ​ Elimination of Dual Credit 3M business segment reporting measures include dual credit to business segments for certain sales and related operating income. Management evaluates each of its four business segments based on net sales and operating income performance, including dual credit reporting to further incentivize sales growth. As a result, 3M reflects additional (“dual”) credit to another business segment when the customer account activity (“sales district”) with respect to the particular product sold to the external customer is provided by a different business segment. This additional dual credit is largely reflected at the division level. For example, privacy screen protection products are primarily sold by the Display Materials and Systems Division within the Transportation and Electronics business segment; however, certain sales districts within the Consumer business segment provide the customer account activity for sales of the product to particular customers. In this example, the non-primary selling segment (Consumer) would also receive credit for the associated net sales initiated through its sales district and the related approximate operating income. The assigned operating income related to dual credit activity may differ from operating income that would result from actual costs associated with such sales. The offset to the dual credit business segment reporting is reflected as a reconciling item entitled “Elimination of Dual Credit,” such that sales and operating income in total are unchanged. ​ 57 Table of Contents ​