Magyar Bancorp, Inc. 10-K

ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Table of Contents Consolidated Financial Statements: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms (PCAOB ID 74 ) 32 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 34 Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 35 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 36 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 37 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 38 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 39 31 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Magyar Bancorp, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Magyar Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiary (the “Company”) as of September 30, 2024 and 2023; the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended; and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note B to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for credit losses effective October 1, 2023, due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses . Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent, with respect to the Company, in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the Audit Committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements; and (2) involve our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter, in any way, our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. 32 Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL) – Qualitative Adjustments Description of the Matter The Company’s loan portfolio totaled $780.2 million as of September 30, 2024, and the associated ACL was $7.5 million. As discussed in Notes B and E to the consolidated financial statements, determining the amount of the ACL requires significant judgment about the expected future losses. The ACL calculation is based on an average charge-off model, to identify a baseline expected loss reserve, which is then adjusted for certain qualitative conditions. Management applies these qualitative adjustments to the baseline reserve, to reflect changes in the environment, both internal and external, that are different from the conditions that existed during the historical loss calculation period. We identified these qualitative adjustments within the ACL as a critical audit matter because they involve a high degree of subjectivity. While the determination of these qualitative adjustments includes analysis of observable data over the historical loss period, the judgments required to assess the directionality and magnitude of adjustments are highly subjective. How we addressed the matter in our audit The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included: ● Testing the design, implementation, and operating effectiveness of internal controls over the calculation of the allowance for credit losses, including the accuracy of inputs into significant factor adjustments. ● Testing the completeness and accuracy of the significant data points that management uses in their evaluation of significant qualitative adjustments. ● Testing the accuracy of other significant inputs into the calculation including loan balances, historical charge-off and recovery data, and expected loan terms. ● Evaluating the directional consistency and magnitude of management’s conclusions regarding basis points applied (whether positive or negative), based on the trends identified in the underlying data. ● Testing the clerical accuracy of the application of the qualitative adjustments to the loan segments within the ACL calculation. We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023. /s/ S.R. Snodgrass, P.C. Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania December 19, 2024 33 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Consolidated Balance Sheets (In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data) September 30, 2024 2023 Assets Cash and due from banks $ 1,577 $ 3,179 Interest earning deposits with banks 24,019 69,353 Total cash and cash equivalents 25,596 72,532 Investment securities - available for sale, at fair value 15,616 10,125 Investment securities - held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value of $ 72,617 and $ 73,728 at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively) 79,816 85,835 Federal Home Loan Bank of New York stock, at cost 2,349 2,286 Loans receivable 780,162 697,400 Allowance for credit losses-loans ( 7,548 ) ( 8,330 ) Bank owned life insurance 23,342 18,030 Accrued interest receivable 5,056 4,337 Premises and equipment, net 12,545 13,339 Other real estate owned ("OREO") 3,725 328 Other assets 11,259 11,410 Total assets $ 951,918 $ 907,292 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Liabilities Deposits $ 796,674 $ 755,453 Escrowed funds 4,310 3,494 Borrowings 28,568 29,515 Accrued interest payable 891 443 Accounts payable and other liabilities 10,927 13,597 Total liabilities 841,370 802,502 Stockholders' equity Preferred stock: $ .01 Par Value, 500,000 shares authorized; at September 30, 2024 and 2023, none issued — — Common stock: $ .01 Par Value, 14,000,000 shares authorized; 7,097,825 shares issued; 6,509,358 and 6,674,184 shares outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at cost 71 71 Additional paid-in capital 63,085 62,801 Treasury stock: 588,467 and 423,641 shares at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at cost ( 7,364 ) ( 5,362 ) Unearned Employee Stock Ownership Plan shares ( 2,972 ) ( 3,097 ) Retained earnings 58,644 52,166 Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 916 ) ( 1,789 ) Total stockholders' equity 110,548 104,790 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 951,918 $ 907,292 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 34 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Consolidated Statements of Income (In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data) Years Ended September 30, 2024 2023 Interest and dividend income Loans, including fees $ 43,106 $ 35,229 Investment securities and interest earning deposits Taxable 5,187 2,642 Tax-exempt 58 58 Federal Home Loan Bank of New York stock 220 139 Total interest and dividend income 48,571 38,068 Interest expense Deposits 19,725 9,488 Borrowings 872 846 Total interest expense 20,597 10,334 Net interest and dividend income 27,974 27,734 Provision for credit losses-loans 182 381 Recovery of credit losses-unfunded commitments ( 92 ) — Total provision for credit losses 90 381 Net interest and dividend income after provision for credit losses 27,884 27,353 Other income Service charges 1,135 1,592 Income on bank owned life insurance 433 370 Interest rate swap fees — 57 Other operating income 81 89 Gains on premises and equipment 60 9 Gains on SBA loans 599 565 Gains on OREO 1,305 — Total other income 3,613 2,682 Other expenses Compensation and employee benefits 11,823 11,134 Occupancy expenses 3,275 3,187 Professional fees 794 755 Director fees and benefits 789 784 Data processing expenses 542 579 Marketing and business development 402 366 FDIC deposit insurance premiums 421 340 Other expenses 2,351 2,149 Total other expenses 20,397 19,294 Income before income tax expense 11,100 10,741 Income tax expense 3,317 3,032 Net income $ 7,783 7,709 Earnings per share - basic $ 1.23 $ 1.20 Earnings per share - diluted $ 1.23 $ 1.20 Weighted average shares outstanding - basic 6,341,610 6,424,796 Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted 6,341,610 6,424,796 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 35 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (In Thousands) Years Ended September 30, 2024 2023 Net income $ 7,783 $ 7,709 Other comprehensive income Unrealized gain (loss) on securities available for sale 834 ( 47 ) Defined benefit pension plan gain 350 516 Other comprehensive income, before tax 1,184 469 Deferred income tax effect ( 311 ) ( 144 ) Total other comprehensive income $ 873 $ 325 Total comprehensive income $ 8,656 $ 8,034 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 36 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity For the Years Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (In Thousands, Except for Share and Per-Share Amounts) Accumulated Common Stock Additional Unearned Other Shares Par Paid-In Treasury ESOP Retained Comprehensive Outstanding Value Capital Stock Shares Earnings Loss Total Balance, September 30, 2022 6,745,128 $ 71 $ 63,734 $ ( 5,793 ) $ ( 3,169 ) $ 45,773 $ ( 2,114 ) $ 98,502 Net income — — — — — 7,709 — 7,709 Dividends paid on common stock ($ 0.20 per share) — — — — — ( 1,315 ) — ( 1,315 ) Other comprehensive income — — — — — — 325 325 Treasury stock used for restricted stock plan 32,080 — ( 405 ) 406 — ( 1 ) — — ESOP shares allocated — — 50 — 72 — — 122 Retirement of 112,996 treasury shares — — ( 1,242 ) 1,242 — — — — Purchase of treasury stock ( 103,024 ) — — ( 1,217 ) — — — ( 1,217 ) Stock-based compensation expense — — 664 — — — — 664 Balance, September 30, 2023 6,674,184 $ 71 $ 62,801 $ ( 5,362 ) $ ( 3,097 ) $ 52,166 $ ( 1,789 ) $ 104,790 Net income — — — — — 7,783 — 7,783 Dividends paid on common stock ($ 0.26 per share) — — — — — ( 1,679 ) — ( 1,679 ) Effect of adopting ASU 2016-13 — — — — — 354 — 354 Other comprehensive income — — — — — — 873 873 Treasury stock used for restricted stock plan 31,080 — ( 392 ) 372 — 20 — — ESOP shares allocated — — 30 — 125 — — 155 Purchase of treasury stock ( 195,906 ) — — ( 2,374 ) — — — ( 2,374 ) Stock-based compensation expense — — 646 — — — — 646 Balance, September 30, 2024 6,509,358 $ 71 $ 63,085 $ ( 7,364 ) $ ( 2,972 ) $ 58,644 $ ( 916 ) $ 110,548 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 37 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In Thousands) Years Ended September 30, 2024 2023 Operating activities Net income $ 7,783 $ 7,709 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation expense 890 840 Premium amortization on investment securities, net 63 137 Provision for credit losses 90 381 Originations of SBA loans held for sale ( 6,446 ) ( 6,494 ) Proceeds from the sales of SBA loans 7,045 7,059 Gains on sale of SBA loans ( 599 ) ( 565 ) Gains on other real estate owned ( 1,305 ) — Gains on the sale of premises and equipment ( 60 ) ( 9 ) ESOP compensation expense 155 122 Stock-based compensation expense 646 664 Deferred income tax expense (benefit) 33 ( 615 ) Increase in accrued interest receivable ( 719 ) ( 859 ) Income on bank owned life insurance ( 433 ) ( 370 ) Decrease (increase) in other assets 1,397 ( 795 ) Increase in accrued interest payable 448 358 (Decrease) increase in accounts payable and other liabilities ( 2,670 ) 921 Net cash provided by operating activities 6,318 8,484 Investing activities Net increase in loans receivable ( 86,668 ) ( 56,258 ) Purchases of loans receivable ( 1,000 ) ( 13,350 ) Purchases of investment securities held-to-maturity ( 6,528 ) ( 4,587 ) Purchases of investment securities available-for-sale ( 5,953 ) ( 1,965 ) Principal repayments on investment securities held-to-maturity 12,487 10,313 Principal repayments on investment securities available-for-sale 1,293 970 Purchase of bank owned life insurance ( 6,550 ) — Redemption of bank owned life insurance 1,672 — Purchases of premises and equipment, net ( 812 ) ( 309 ) Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipments 776 19 Investment in other real estate owned — ( 47 ) Proceeds from the sale of other real estate owned 1,056 — Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock ( 286 ) ( 5,820 ) Redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock 222 4,981 Net cash used in investing activities ( 90,291 ) ( 66,053 ) Financing activities Net increase in deposits 41,221 87,720 Net increase in escrowed funds 816 87 Proceeds from long-term advances 3,437 18,631 Repayments of long-term advances ( 4,384 ) ( 4,741 ) Cash dividends paid on common stock ( 1,679 ) ( 1,315 ) Purchase of treasury stock ( 2,374 ) ( 1,217 ) Net cash provided by financing activities 37,037 99,165 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents ( 46,936 ) 41,596 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 72,532 30,936 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 25,596 $ 72,532 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information Cash paid for Interest $ 20,148 $ 9,977 Income taxes $ 2,870 $ 3,255 Non-cash operating activities Real estate acquired in full satisfaction of loans in foreclosure $ 4,388 $ — Adoption of ASU 2016-13 $ 354 $ — Change in fair value of swap asset/liability $ ( 1,173 ) $ 92 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 38 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 NOTE A - ORGANIZATION The Company is a Delaware-chartered bank holding company. The Company owns 100 % of the outstanding common stock of Magyar Bank (the “Bank”), a New Jersey-chartered stock savings bank. The Bank offers consumer and commercial banking services to individuals, businesses, and nonprofit organizations throughout the central New Jersey area through its administrative office in New Brunswick, New Jersey and seven full-service branch offices in Middlesex and Somerset Counties in New Jersey. The Company is subject to regulation and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The Bank is supervised and regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance (“NJDBI”). Magyar Investment Company, a New Jersey investment corporation subsidiary of the Bank, was formed on August 15, 2006 for the purpose of buying, selling and holding investment securities. Magyar Service Corporation, a New Jersey corporation, is a wholly owned, non-bank subsidiary of the Bank. Magyar Service Corporation, which also operates under the name Magyar Financial Services, receives commissions from annuity and life insurance sales referred to a licensed, non-bank financial planner. Hungaria Urban Renewal, LLC is a Delaware limited-liability corporation established in 2002 as a qualified intermediary operating for the purpose of acquiring and developing the Bank’s new main office. The Bank owns a 100 % interest in Hungaria Urban Renewal, LLC, which has no other business other than owning the Bank’s main office site. NOTE B - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES 1. Basis of Financial Statement Presentation The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and predominant practices within the banking industry. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, the Bank, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries Magyar Investment Company, Magyar Service Corporation, and Hungaria Urban Renewal, LLC. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. The Company has evaluated subsequent events and transactions occurring subsequent to the consolidated balance sheet date of September 30, 2024, for items that should potentially be recognized or disclosed in these consolidated financial statements. The evaluation was conducted through the date these consolidated financial statements were available to be issued. In preparing financial statements in conformity with US GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The principal estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the allowance for credit losses and the deferred tax asset. The evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses includes an analysis of the individual loans and overall risk characteristics and size of the different loan portfolios, and takes into consideration current economic and market conditions, the capability of specific borrowers to pay specific loan obligations, as well as current loan collateral values. However, actual losses on specific loans, which also are encompassed in the analysis, may vary from estimated losses. The Company records income taxes using the asset and liability method. Accordingly, deferred tax assets and liabilities: (i) are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or tax returns; (ii) are attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases; and (iii) are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the years when those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Where applicable, deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance for any portions determined not likely to be realized. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income tax expense 39 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 in the period of enactment. The valuation allowance is adjusted, by a charge or credit to income tax expense, as changes in facts and circumstances warrant. 2. Cash and Cash Equivalents For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, time deposits with original maturities less than three months and overnight deposits. 3. Investment Securities and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company classifies its investment securities into one of two portfolios: held to maturity or available for sale. Investments in debt securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity securities and reported at amortized cost. Debt securities not classified as held to maturity securities are classified as available for sale securities and reported at fair value, with unrealized holding gains or losses, net of deferred income taxes, reported in the accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) component of stockholders’ equity. Equity securities, with certain exceptions, are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. If the fair value of a security is less than its amortized cost, the security is deemed to be impaired. Management evaluates all securities with unrealized losses quarterly to determine if such impairments are “temporary” or “other-than-temporary” in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. The Company accounts for temporary impairments based upon security classification as either available for sale or held to maturity. Temporary impairments on “available for sale” securities are recognized, on a tax-effected basis, through AOCI with offsetting entries adjusting the carrying value of the security and the balance of deferred taxes. Conversely, the Company does not adjust the carrying value of “held to maturity” securities for temporary impairments, although information concerning the amount and duration of impairments on held to maturity securities is generally disclosed in periodic consolidated financial statements. The Company accounts for other-than-temporary impairments based upon several considerations. First, other-than-temporary impairments on securities that the Company has decided to sell as of the close of a fiscal period, or will, more likely than not, be required to sell prior to the full recovery of their fair value to a level equal to their amortized cost, are recognized in operations. If neither of these criteria apply, then the other-than-temporary impairment is separated into credit-related and noncredit-related components. The credit-related impairment generally represents the amount by which the present value of the cash flows that are expected to be collected on an other-than-temporarily impaired security fall below its amortized cost while the noncredit-related component represents the remaining portion of the impairment not otherwise designated as credit-related. The Company recognizes credit-related, other-than-temporary impairments in earnings, while noncredit-related, other-than-temporary impairments on debt securities are recognized, net of deferred taxes, in AOCI. Premiums and discounts on all securities are amortized or accreted to maturity by use of the level-yield method considering the impact of principal amortization and prepayments on mortgage-backed securities. Gain or loss on sales of securities is recognized on the specific identification method. Allowance for Credit Losses on Held-to-Maturity Securities The Company accounts for its held-to-maturity securities in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 326-20, Financial Instruments – Credit Loss – Measured at Amortized Cost , which requires that the Company measure expected credit losses on held-to-maturity securities on a collective basis by major security type. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company classifies its held-to-maturity debt securities into the following major security types: obligations of U.S. government agencies, obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, private label mortgage-backed securities, obligations of state and political subdivisions and corporate securities. Credit ratings of held-to-maturity debt securities, which are a significant input in calculating the expected credit loss, are reviewed on a quarterly basis. Based on the credit ratings of our held-to-maturity securities and our historical experience of no losses, the Company determined that the expected credit losses on its held-to-maturity portfolio is not significant. 40 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity securities totaled $ 225 thousand as of September 30, 2024 and is included within accrued interest receivable on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. This amount is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses. Generally, held-to-maturity securities are classified as nonaccrual when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about the further collectability of principal or interest. When held-to-maturity securities are placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed against interest income. Allowance for Credit Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities The Company measures expected credit losses on available-for-sale securities when the Bank intends to sell, or when it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the amortized cost basis of the security is written down to fair value through income. For available-for-sale securities that do not meet the previously mentioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this evaluation indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, equal to the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. The allowance for credit loss on available-for-sale securities is included within the recorded balance of securities available-for-sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded within provision for credit losses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Losses are charged against the allowance when the Company believes the collectability of an available-for-sale security is in jeopardy or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities totaled $ 162 thousand as of September 30, 2024 and is included within accrued interest receivable on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. This amount is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses. Generally, available-for-sale securities are classified as nonaccrual when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about the further collectability of principal or interest. When available-for-sale securities are placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed against interest income. 4. Regulatory Stock, at Cost Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system to purchase and hold restricted stock of its district FHLB according to a predetermined formula. The Company invests in Federal Home Loan Bank of New York stock as required to support borrowing activities, as detailed in Note J to these consolidated financial statements. Although FHLB stock is an equity interest in a FHLB, it does not have a readily determinable fair value because its ownership is restricted and it lacks a market. FHLB stock can be sold back only at its par value of $ 100 per share and only to the FHLBs or to another member institution. Accordingly, the FHLB restricted stock is carried at cost, less any applicable impairment charges. 5. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, adjusted for net deferred loan fees and costs, and reduced by an allowance for credit losses. Interest on loans is accrued and credited to operations based upon the principal amounts outstanding. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for possible loan losses charged to operations. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. 41 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Income recognition of interest is discontinued when, in the opinion of management, the collectability of such interest becomes doubtful. A loan is generally classified as non-accrual when the scheduled payment(s) due on the loan is delinquent for more than 90 days. When a loan is placed on non-accrual, all previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed. Loan origination fees and certain direct origination costs are deferred and amortized over the life of the related loans as an adjustment to the yield on loans receivable using the effective interest method. Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans The Company maintains its allowance for credit loss on loans (“ACL”) at a level that management believes to be appropriate to absorb estimated credit losses as of the date of the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company established its allowance in accordance with the guidance included in Accounting Standards Codification 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASC 326”). The ACL is a valuation reserve established and maintained by charges against income. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged-off against the ACL when they are deemed uncollectible. The ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses that considers our historical loss experience, the weighted average expected lives of loans, current economic conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. The determination of an appropriate ACL is inherently subjective and may have significant changes from period to period. The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain groups of homogeneous loans that share similar risk characteristics and evaluation of loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans. The ACL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar characteristics exist. The Company’s loan portfolio is segmented by loan types that have similar risk characteristics and behave similarly during economic cycles. Historical credit loss experience is the basis for the estimate of expected credit losses. We apply our historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics using the Weighted-Average Remaining Maturity (“WARM”) method. The remaining contractual life of the pools of loans with similar risk characteristics is adjusted by expected scheduled payments and prepayments. After consideration of the historical loss calculation, management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect qualitative changes not already reflected in the historical loss information. Our reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment is based on a regional economic indicator obtained from the United States Government Publishing Office. The Company selected eight qualitative metrics which were correlated with the Bank and its peer group’s historical loss patterns. The eight qualitative metrics include: changes in lending policies and procedures, changes in national and local economic conditions as well as business conditions, changes in the nature, complexity, and volume of the portfolio, changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lenders and lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due and classified loans, changes in the value of collateral securing loans, changes in or the existence of credit concentrations, and changes in the legal and/or regulatory landscape. The adjustments are weighted for relevance before applying to each pool of loans. Each quarter, management reviews the recommended adjustment factors and applies any additional adjustments based on current conditions. The ACL for individual loans begins with the use of normal credit review procedures to identify whether a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other pooled loans and, therefore, should be individually assessed. We individually evaluate loans that meet the following criteria: (1) when it is determined that foreclosure is probable, (2) substandard, doubtful and nonperforming loans when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, or (3) when it is determined by management that a loan does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans. Credit loss estimates are calculated based on the following three acceptable methods for measuring the ACL: (1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate; (2) the loan’s observable market price; or (3) the fair value of the collateral when the loan is collateral dependent. Our individual loan evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. Collateral values are reduced to consider expected disposition costs when appropriate. A charge-off is recorded when the estimated fair value of the loan is less than the loan balance. The Company has elected to exclude $ 4.6 million of accrued interest receivable on loans as of September 30, 2024 from the measurement of its ACL. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, any outstanding accrued interest is reversed against interest income. Accrued interest on loans is reported in the accrued interest receivable line on the Consolidated Statements of Balance Sheet. Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Loan Commitments 42 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Bank is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Bank. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments is included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and is adjusted through credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur, the amount of funding that will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. 6. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation, and include capitalized expenditures for new facilities, major betterments and renewals. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the related assets for financial reporting purposes and using the mandated methods by asset type for income tax purposes. Leasehold improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method based upon the initial term of the lease. The Company accounts for the impairment of long-lived assets in accordance with US GAAP, which requires recognition and measurement for the impairment of long-lived assets to be held and used or to be disposed of by sale. The Company had no impaired long-lived assets at September 30, 2024 and 2023. 7. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Income as it is earned and when collectability is reasonably assured. The primary source of revenue is interest income from interest earning assets, which is recognized on the accrual basis of accounting using the effective interest method. The recognition of revenues from interest earning assets is based upon formulas from underlying loan agreements, securities contracts, or other similar contracts. Non-interest income is recognized on the accrual basis of accounting as services are provided or as transactions occur. Non-interest income includes earnings on bank-owned life insurance, deposit accounts, merchant services, ATM and debit card fees, mortgage banking activities, commercial loan prepayment penalties and other miscellaneous services and transactions. The Company’s contracts with customers in the scope of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, “ Revenue from Contracts with Customers ” are contracts for deposit accounts and contracts for non-deposit investment accounts through a third party service provider. Both types of contracts result in non-interest income being recognized. The revenue resulting from deposit accounts, which includes fees such as insufficient funds fees, wire transfer fees and out-of-network ATM transaction fees, is included as a component of service charges on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The revenue resulting from non-deposit investment accounts is included as a component of other operating income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Revenue from contracts with customers included in service charges was $ 1.1 million and $ 1.6 million for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Revenue from contracts with customers included in other operating income was $ 81 thousand and $ 89 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For our contracts with customers, we satisfy our performance obligations each day as services are rendered. For our deposit account revenue, we receive payment on a daily basis as services are rendered and for our non-deposit investment account revenue, we receive payment on a monthly basis from our third-party service provider as services are rendered. 8. Other Real Estate Owned Real estate acquired through foreclosure, or a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, is recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs at the date of acquisition or transfer, and subsequently at the lower of its net cost or fair value less estimated selling costs. Adjustments to the carrying value at the date of acquisition or transfer are charged to the allowance for loan losses. The carrying value of the individual properties is subsequently adjusted to the extent it exceeds estimated fair value less estimated selling costs, at which time a provision for losses on such real estate is charged to operations. The Company accounts for gains on sales of other real estate owned under ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers , which uses a principles based methodology. As it pertains to the criteria for determining how a contract 43 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 should be accounted for under the new guidance, judgment is required in evaluating if: (a) a commitment on the buyer’s part exists; (b) collection is probable in circumstances where the initial investment is minimal; and (c) the buyer has obtained control of the asset, including the significant risks and rewards of the ownership. If there is no commitment on the buyer’s part, collection is not probable or the buyer has not obtained control of the asset, then a gain cannot be recognized under the new guidance. Operating expenses of holding real estate, net of related income, are charged against income as incurred. Losses on the disposition of real estate, including expenses incurred in connection with the disposition, are charged to operations. 9. Pension and Postretirement Plans The Company sponsors a qualified defined benefit pension plan and a supplemental executive retirement plan (“SERP”). The qualified defined benefit pension plan is funded with trust assets invested in a diversified portfolio of debt and equity securities. Accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits involves estimating the cost of benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over the time period each employee works. This involves extensive use of assumptions about inflation, investment returns, mortality, turnover, and discount rates. Among other factors, changes in interest rates, investment returns and the market value of plan assets can (a) affect the level of plan funding; (b) cause volatility in the net periodic pension cost; and (c) increase our future contribution requirements. A significant decrease in investment returns or the market value of plan assets or a significant decrease in interest rates could increase our net periodic pension costs and adversely affect our results of operations. A significant increase in our contribution requirements with respect to our qualified defined benefit pension plan could have an adverse impact on our cash flow. Changes in the key actuarial assumptions would impact net periodic benefit expense and the projected benefit obligation for our defined benefit and other postretirement benefit plan. See Note L, “Pension Plan,” and Note M, “Non-Qualified Compensation Plan” for information on these plans and the assumptions used. 10. Income Taxes The Company and its subsidiaries file consolidated federal and state income tax returns. Income taxes are allocated based on the contribution of their respective income or loss to the consolidated income tax returns. The Company records income taxes on the basis of reported income using the asset and liability method. Accordingly, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. To the extent that current available evidence about the future raises doubt about the realization of a deferred tax asset, a valuation allowance is established. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company follows the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 740, which provides clarification on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. The guidance prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return, and also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, no significant income tax uncertainties have been included in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. No interest and penalties were recorded during the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The tax years subject to examination by the taxing authorities are the years ended September 30, 2019 and forward. 11. Advertising Costs The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. 12. Earnings Per Share (“EPS”) 44 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Basic income per share is calculated by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The weighted average common shares outstanding include shares allocated to the Employee Stock Ownership Plan. Diluted income per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average common shares outstanding to reflect the potential dilution that could occur using the treasury stock method if securities or other contracts to issue common stock, such as stock options and unvested restricted stock, were exercised and converted into common stock. The resulting shares issued would share in the earnings of the Company. Shares issued and shares reacquired during the period are weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding. In periods of loss, dilution is not calculated and diluted loss per share is equal to basic loss per share. The following table presents a calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Basic and diluted earnings per share were calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the periods. Years Ended September 30, 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) Income applicable to common shares $ 7,783 $ 7,709 Weighted average shares outstanding - basic 6,341,610 6,424,796 Potential diliutive common stock equivalents — — Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted 6,341,610 6,424,796 Earnings per share - basic $ 1.23 $ 1.20 Earnings per share - diluted $ 1.23 $ 1.20 All options were anti-dilutive at September 30, 2024 and 2023. 13. Comprehensive Income and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive income includes net income as well as certain other items which result in a change to equity during the period. The other items allocated to comprehensive income, as well as the related income tax effects, for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows: September 30, 2024 2023 Net of Net of Before Tax Tax Tax Before Tax Tax Tax Amount Expense Amount Amount Expense Amount (In thousands) Unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during period on: Available-for-sale investments $ 834 $ ( 205 ) $ 629 $ ( 47 ) $ 12 $ ( 35 ) Defined benefit pension plan 297 ( 91 ) 206 394 ( 122 ) 272 Total unrealized holding gain arising during period 1,131 ( 296 ) 835 347 ( 110 ) 237 Reclassification of pension costs 53 ( 15 ) 38 122 ( 34 ) 88 Other comprehensive income, net $ 1,184 $ ( 311 ) $ 873 $ 469 $ ( 144 ) $ 325 (a) All amounts are net of tax. Related income tax expense or benefit calculated using an income tax rate approximating 25 % for available-for-sale investments and 28 % for pension plan. 45 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Details about the reclassification of accumulated other comprehensive loss components and the affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows: Amount Reclassified From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Loss For the Year Ended September 30, Statements of Income 2024 2023 (In thousands) Defined benefit pension plan (1) Amortization of net gain and prior service costs $ 53 $ 122 Other expenses Related income tax benefit ( 15 ) ( 34 ) Income taxes Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive loss 38 88 Total reclassification $ 38 $ 88 (1) For additional details related to the defined benefit pension plan, see Note L- Pension Plan. The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss at September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows: September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) Available-for-sale investments, net of tax $ ( 853 ) $ ( 1,481 ) Defined benefit pension plan, net of tax ( 63 ) ( 308 ) Total accumulated other comprehensive loss $ ( 916 ) $ ( 1,789 ) 14. Bank-Owned Life Insurance The Company has purchased Bank-Owned Life Insurance (“BOLI”) policies. BOLI involves the purchasing of life insurance by the Company on directors and officers of the Bank. The proceeds are used to help defray the costs of non-qualified compensation plans. The Company is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. BOLI is recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at its cash surrender value and changes in the cash surrender value are recorded in other income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. 15. Off-Balance Sheet Credit Related Financial Instruments In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit, including commitments under commercial lines of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. The Company does not engage in the use of derivative financial instruments. See Note P, “Financial Instruments With Off-Balance Risk.” 16. Segment Reporting The Company acts as an independent, community, financial services provider, and offers traditional banking and related financial services to individual, business and government customers. The Company offers a full array of commercial and retail financial services, including the taking of time, savings and demand deposits; the making of commercial, consumer and home equity loans; and the provision of other financial services. 46 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Management does not separately allocate expenses, including the cost of funding loan demand, between the commercial and retail operations of the Company. As such, discrete financial information is not available and segment reporting would not be meaningful. 17. New Accounting Pronouncements In connection with the preparation of quarterly and annual reports in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) Securities Exchange Act of 1934, SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 11.M requires the disclosure of the impact that recently issued accounting standards will have on financial statements when they are adopted in the future. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments . ASU 2016-13 requires entities to report “expected” credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit rather than the current “incurred loss” model. These expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date are to be based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This ASU requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an entity’s portfolio. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 on October 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach. Results and disclosures for reporting periods beginning after October 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The impact of the change from the incurred loss model to the current expected credit loss model using ACL is included in the following table: October 1, 2023 Adoption Pre-adoption Impact As Reported (In thousands) Assets ACL on debt securities held-to-maturity $ — $ — $ — ACL on loans One-to-four family residential 1,259 7 1,266 Commercial real estate 5,277 ( 589 ) 4,688 Construction and land 472 ( 55 ) 417 Home equity loans and lines of credit 207 ( 87 ) 120 Commercial business 939 ( 133 ) 806 Other 176 ( 175 ) 1 Liabilities ACL on unfunded commitments — 540 540 Total $ 8,330 $ ( 492 ) $ 7,838 In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting , to provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. Under the guidance, modifications of contracts due to reference rate reform will not require contract remeasurement or reassessment of a previous accounting determination. For hedge accounting, modification of critical terms of the hedge due to changes in reference rate reform will not affect hedge accounting or dedesignate the hedging relationship. The guidance also provides specific expedients for fair value hedges, cash flow hedges, and excluded components. Further, the guidance provides a none-time election to sell or transfer held to maturity debt securities that are affected by the reference rate change. The guidance is effective upon issuance through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 , which 47 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 extends the expiration date of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 848 to December 31, 2024. ASU 2022-06 is effective for all reporting entities immediately upon issuance and must be applied on a prospective basis. These updates are not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures , which eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted ASU 2022-02 and enhances the disclosure requirements for modifications of receivables made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments in this ASU require disclosure of current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables in the existing vintage disclosures. This ASU became effective on October 1, 2023 for the Company. The adoption of this ASU resulted in updated disclosures within our financial statements but otherwise did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 18. Subsequent Events On October 31, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors has approved a quarterly cash dividend of $ 0.05 per common share to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 14, 2024, payable on November 27, 2024. On November 22, 2024, the Company declared a special dividend of $ 0.04 per common share, payable on December 20, 2024, to shareholders of record at the close of business on December 6, 2024. NOTE C – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION AND STOCK REPURCHASE PROGRAM The Company follows FASB ASC Section 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation , which covers a wide range of share-based compensation arrangements including share options, restricted share plans, performance-based awards, share appreciation rights, and employee share purchase plans. ASC 718 requires that compensation cost relating to share-based payment transactions be recognized in financial statements. The cost is measured based on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued. ASC 718 also requires the Company to realize as a financing cash flow rather than an operating cash flow, as previously required, the benefits of realized tax deductions in excess of previously recognized tax benefits on compensation expense. In accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 107, the Company classified share-based compensation for employees and outside directors within “compensation and employee benefits” in the Consolidated Statements of Income to correspond with the same line item as the cash compensation paid. Stock options generally vest over a five-year service period and expire ten years from issuance. Management recognizes compensation expense for all option grants over the awards’ respective requisite service periods. The fair values of all option grants were estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Management recognizes compensation expense for the fair values of these awards, which have graded vesting, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. Restricted shares generally vest over a five-year service period on the anniversary of the grant date. Once vested, these awards are irrevocable. The product of the number of shares granted and the grant date market price of the Company’s common stock determine the fair value of restricted shares under the Company’s restricted stock plans. Management recognizes compensation expense for the fair value of restricted shares on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company’s 2022 Equity Compensation Plan provided for grants of up to 391,000 shares to be allocated between incentive and non-qualified stock options and restricted stock awards to officers, employees and directors of the Company and Magyar Bank. At September 30, 2024, 293,200 options and 124,320 shares of restricted stock had been awarded from the plan. The following is a summary of the status of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the year ended September 30, 2024: 48 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years Aggregate Intrinsic Value Balance at September 30, 2023 293,200 $ 12.58 8.98 $ — Granted — — — — Exercised — — — — Forfeited — — — — Expired — — — — Balance at September 30, 2024 293,200 $ 12.58 7.98 $ — Exercisable at September 30, 2024 117,280 $ 12.58 7.98 $ — The following is a summary of the status and changes of the Company’s non-vested restricted shares as of September 30, 2024 and during the year then ended: Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Balance at September 30, 2023 124,320 $ 12.63 Granted — — Vested ( 31,080 ) 12.63 Forfeited — — Balance at September 30, 2024 93,240 $ 12.63 Stock option and stock award expenses included with compensation expense were $ 254 thousand and $ 392 thousand, respectively, for the year ended September 30, 2024. Stock option and stock award expenses included with compensation expense were $ 259 thousand and $ 405 thousand, respectively, for the year ended September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2024, total compensation cost not yet recognized for the Company’s unvested stock options and stock awards was $ 1.9 million. The Company had no other stock-based compensation plans as of September 30, 2024 except as disclosed below. The Company has an Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP") for the benefit of employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. The ESOP trust purchases shares of common stock in the open market using proceeds of a loan from the Company. The loan bears a fixed interest rate of 3.25 % with principal and interest payable annually in equal installments over 30 years and is secured by shares of the Company’s stock. The Bank makes cash contributions to the ESOP on an annual basis sufficient to enable the ESOP to make the required loan payments to the Company. As the debt is repaid, shares are released as collateral and allocated to qualified employees. Accordingly, the shares pledged as collateral are reported as unearned ESOP shares in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company accounts for its ESOP in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, “ Employer’s Accounting for Employee Stock Ownership Plans .” As shares are released from collateral, the Company reports compensation expense equal to the current market price of the shares, and the shares become outstanding for earnings per share computations. The following table presents the components of the ESOP shares for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: 49 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Unreleased shares at September 30, 2022 302,373 Shares released for allocation during the year ended September 30, 2023 ( 12,060 ) Unreleased shares at September 30, 2023 290,313 Shares released for allocation during the year ended September 30, 2024 ( 12,150 ) Unreleased shares at September 30, 2024 278,163 Total released shares 186,940 Total ESOP shares 465,103 At September 30, 2024, ESOP shares allocated to participants totaled 186,940 . Unallocated ESOP shares held in suspense totaled 278,163 with an aggregate fair value of $ 3.4 million. The Company's contribution expense for the ESOP was $ 155 thousand and $ 122 thousand for years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In 2022, the Company announced the authorization of a stock repurchase plan pursuant to which the Company intends to repurchase up to an additional 5 % of its outstanding shares, or up to 337,146 shares, under which 296,736 shares had been repurchased at an average price of $ 11.92 through September 30, 2024. Under this stock repurchase program, 40,410 shares of the 337,146 shares authorized remained available for repurchase as of September 30, 2024. The Company’s intended use of the repurchased shares is for general corporate purposes. The timing of the repurchases will depend on certain factors, including but not limited to, market conditions and prices, the Company’s liquidity requirements and alternative uses of capital. NOTE D - INVESTMENT SECURITIES The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair values of securities classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at September 30, 2024: September 30, 2024 Gross Gross Allowance for Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Credit Fair Cost Gains Losses Losses Value (In thousands) Securities available-for-sale: Obligations of U.S. government agencies: Mortgage backed securities - residential $ 95 $ — $ ( 6 ) $ — $ 89 Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: Mortgage-backed securities-residential 12,652 56 ( 1,202 ) — 11,506 Corporate securities 4,000 21 — — 4,021 Total securities available-for-sale $ 16,747 $ 77 $ ( 1,208 ) $ — $ 15,616 Securities held-to-maturity: Obligations of U.S. government agencies: Mortgage-backed securities - residential $ 7,209 $ — $ ( 611 ) $ — $ 6,598 Mortgage-backed securities - commercial 4,268 64 ( 23 ) — 4,309 Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: Mortgage backed securities - residential 42,701 4 ( 5,194 ) — 37,511 Debt securities 19,000 13 ( 865 ) — 18,148 Private label mortgage-backed securities - residential 190 — ( 5 ) — 185 Obligations of state and political subdivisions 3,448 3 ( 351 ) — 3,100 Corporate securities 3,000 — ( 234 ) — 2,766 Total securities held-to-maturity $ 79,816 $ 84 $ ( 7,283 ) $ — $ 72,617 Total investment securities $ 96,563 $ 161 $ ( 8,491 ) $ — $ 88,233 The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair values of securities classified as available-for-sale and held to-maturity at September 30, 2023: 50 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 September 30, 2023 Gross Gross Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Cost Gains Losses Value (In thousands) Securities available-for-sale: Obligations of U.S. government agencies: Mortgage backed securities - residential $ 106 $ — $ ( 14 ) $ 92 Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: Mortgage-backed securities-residential 11,984 — ( 1,951 ) 10,033 Total securities available-for-sale $ 12,090 $ — $ ( 1,965 ) $ 10,125 Securities held-to-maturity: Obligations of U.S. government agencies: Mortgage-backed securities - residential $ 5,070 $ — $ ( 850 ) $ 4,220 Mortgage-backed securities - commercial 2,509 — ( 16 ) 2,493 Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: Mortgage backed securities - residential 48,086 — ( 8,480 ) 39,606 Debt securities 23,497 — ( 1,947 ) 21,550 Private label mortgage-backed securities - residential 207 — ( 12 ) 195 Obligations of state and political subdivisions 3,466 — ( 605 ) 2,861 Corporate securities 3,000 — ( 197 ) 2,803 Total securities held-to-maturity $ 85,835 $ — $ ( 12,107 ) $ 73,728 Total investment securities $ 97,925 $ — $ ( 14,072 ) $ 83,853 The contractual maturities of the debt securities, municipal bonds and certain information regarding the mortgage-backed securities available-for-sale at September 30, 2024 are summarized in the following table: September 30, 2024 Amortized Fair Cost Value (In thousands) Due within 1 year $ — $ — Due after 1 but within 5 years — — Due after 5 but within 10 years 4,000 4,021 Due after 10 years — — Total debt securities 4,000 4,021 Mortgage-backed securities: Residential 12,747 11,595 Commercial — — Total $ 16,747 $ 15,616 The contractual maturities of the debt securities, municipal bonds and certain information regarding the mortgage-backed securities held-to-maturity at September 30, 2024 are summarized in the following table: 51 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 September 30, 2024 Amortized Fair Cost Value (In thousands) Due within 1 year $ 9,500 $ 9,317 Due after 1 but within 5 years 12,179 11,413 Due after 5 but within 10 years 3,769 3,284 Due after 10 years — — Total debt securities 25,448 24,014 Mortgage backed securities: Residential 50,100 44,294 Commercial 4,268 4,309 Total $ 79,816 $ 72,617 There were no sales of securities during the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, investment securities having a carrying amount of approximately $ 12.5 million and $ 13.9 million, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits. Details of available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at September 30, 2024 are as follows: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months Or Greater Total Number of Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Securities Value Losses Value Losses Value Losses (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2024 Securities available-for-sale Obligations of U.S. government agencies: Mortgage-backed securities - residential 1 $ — $ — $ 88 $ ( 6 ) $ 88 $ ( 6 ) Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises Mortgage-backed securities - residential 8 — — 7,550 ( 1,202 ) 7,550 ( 1,202 ) Total 9 $ — $ — $ 7,638 $ ( 1,208 ) $ 7,638 $ ( 1,208 ) Details of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities with unrealized losses at September 30, 2023 are as follows: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months Or Greater Total Number of Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Fair Unrealized Securities Value Losses Value Losses Value Losses (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2023 Obligations of U.S. government agencies: Mortgage-backed securities- residential 6 $ — $ — $ 4,312 $ ( 864 ) $ 4,312 $ ( 864 ) Mortgage-backed securities - commercial 2 1,926 ( 14 ) 567 ( 2 ) 2,493 ( 16 ) Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises Mortgage backed securities- residential 50 4,938 ( 49 ) 44,485 ( 10,382 ) 49,423 ( 10,431 ) Debt securities 12 — — 21,550 ( 1,947 ) 21,550 ( 1,947 ) Private label mortgage-backed securities- residential 1 — — 195 ( 12 ) 195 ( 12 ) Obligations of state and political subdivisions 7 789 ( 43 ) 2,072 ( 562 ) 2,861 ( 605 ) Corporate securities 1 — — 2,803 ( 197 ) 2,803 ( 197 ) Total 79 $ 7,653 $ ( 106 ) $ 75,984 $ ( 13,966 ) $ 83,637 $ ( 14,072 ) 52 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 The Company monitors the credit quality of held-to-maturity debt securities, primarily through their credit ratings by nationally recognized statistical ratings organizations, on a quarterly basis. At September 30, 2024, there were no non-performing held-to-maturity debt securities and no allowance for credit losses were required. The majority of the investment securities are explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the United States government, and any estimate of expected credit losses would be insignificant to the Company. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of held-to-maturity debt securities at September 30, 2024, aggregated by credit quality indicator: Credit Rating September 30, 2024 AAA/AA/A BBB/BB/B Non-rated (In thousands) Securities held to maturity: Obligations of U.S. government agencies: Mortgage-backed securities - residential $ 7,209 $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities - commercial 4,268 — — Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: Mortgage backed securities - residential 42,701 — — Debt securities 19,000 — — Private label mortgage-backed securities - residential 190 — — Obligations of state and political subdivisions 3,448 — — Corporate securities 3,000 — — Total held to maturity debt securities $ 79,816 $ — $ — The investment securities listed above currently have fair values less than amortized cost and therefore contain unrealized losses. The Company evaluated these securities and determined that the decline in value was primarily related to fluctuations in the interest rate environment and were not related to any company or industry specific event. The Company anticipates full recovery of amortized costs with respect to these securities. The Company does not intend to sell these securities and has determined that it is not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these securities prior to maturity or market price recovery. For individual debt securities classified as available-for-sale, we determine whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors. If the decline in fair value is due to credit, we will record the portion of the impairment loss relating to credit through an allowance for credit losses. Impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recorded through other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. NOTE E - LOANS RECEIVABLE, NET Loans receivable, net allowance for credit losses were comprised of the following: September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) One-to-four family residential $ 246,201 $ 237,683 Commercial real estate 461,319 389,134 Construction and land 22,722 21,853 Home equity loans and lines of credit 24,728 16,983 Commercial business 24,011 30,194 Other 2,235 2,359 Total loans receivable 781,216 698,206 Net deferred loan costs ( 1,054 ) ( 806 ) Total loans receivable, net 780,162 697,400 53 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Certain directors and executive officers of the Company have loans with the Bank. Such loans were made in the ordinary course of business at the Bank’s normal credit terms, including interest rate and collateralization, and do not represent more than a normal risk of collection. Total loans receivable from directors and executive officers, and affiliates thereof, were approximately $ 3.9 million at September 30, 2024 and $ 5.1 million at September 30, 2023. There were $ 854 thousand and $ 2.9 million in new loans or advances on existing lines of credit during the year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Total principal repayments and/or reductions due to retirements were approximately $ 2.0 million and $ 142 thousand for the year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company was servicing loans for others amounting to approximately $ 50.2 million and $ 48.1 million, respectively. The Company held mortgage servicing rights in the amount of $ 159 thousand and $ 28 thousand at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Servicing loans for others generally consists of collecting mortgage payments, maintaining escrow accounts, disbursing payments to investors, and foreclosure processing. Loan servicing income is recorded on the cash basis and includes servicing fees from investors and certain charges collected from borrowers, such as late payment fees. In connection with loans serviced for others, the Company held borrowers’ escrow balances of approximately $ 21 thousand and $ 27 thousand at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The segments of the Company’s loan portfolio are disaggregated to a level that allows management to monitor risk and performance. The residential mortgage loan segment is further disaggregated into two classes: first lien, amortizing term loans, and the combination of second lien amortizing term loans and home equity lines of credit. The commercial loan segment is further disaggregated into three classes: loans secured by multifamily structures, loans secured by owner-occupied commercial structures, and loans secured by non-owner occupied nonresidential properties. The construction loan segment consists primarily of developers or investors for the purpose of acquiring, developing and constructing residential or commercial structures and to a lesser extent one-to-four family residential construction loans made to individuals for the acquisition of and/or construction on a lot or lots on which a residential dwelling is to be built. Construction loans to developers and investors have a higher risk profile because the ultimate buyer, once development is completed, is generally not known at the time of the loan. The commercial business loan segment consists of loans made for the purpose of financing the activities of commercial customers and consists of revolving lines of credit and loans partially guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration. The consumer loan segment consists primarily of stock-secured installment loans, but also includes unsecured personal loans and overdraft lines of credit connected with customer deposit accounts. Management uses a ten point internal risk rating system to monitor the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The first six categories are considered not criticized, and are aggregated as “Pass” rated. The criticized rating categories utilized by management generally follow bank regulatory definitions. The Special Mention category includes assets that are currently protected but are potentially weak, resulting in an undue and unwarranted credit risk, but not to the point of justifying a Substandard classification. Loans in the Substandard category have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt, and have a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if the weaknesses are not corrected. Loans classified Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified Substandard with the added characteristic that collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current conditions and facts, is highly improbable. All loans greater than three months past due are considered Substandard. Any portion of a loan that has been charged off is placed in the Loss category. To help ensure that risk ratings are accurate and reflect the present and future capacity of borrowers to repay a loan as agreed, the Company has a structured loan rating process with several layers of internal and external oversight. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in the Pass categories unless a specific action, such as severe delinquency, bankruptcy, repossession, or death occurs to raise awareness of a possible credit event. The Company’s Commercial Loan Officers are responsible for the timely and accurate risk rating of the loans in their portfolios at origination and on an ongoing basis. The Company’s Asset Review Committee performs monthly reviews of all commercial relationships internally rated 6 (“Watch”) or worse. Confirmation of the appropriate risk grade is performed by an external loan review company that semi-annually reviews and assesses loans within the portfolio. Generally, the external consultant reviews commercial relationships greater than $500 thousand and/or criticized relationships greater than $250 thousand. Detailed reviews, including plans for resolution, are performed on loans classified as Substandard on a monthly basis. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio by origination year summarized by the aggregate Pass and the criticized categories of Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful for loans subject to the Company’s internal risk rating system and by performing status for all other loans as of September 30, 2024. 54 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Revolving Loans September 30, 2024 Amortized Converted Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Fiscal Year Cost Basis to Term Total 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior (In thousands) One-to-four family residential Performing $ 32,624 $ 42,084 $ 31,711 $ 25,970 $ 29,976 $ 83,378 $ 342 $ — $ 246,085 Non-performing — — 94 — 22 — — — 116 Total $ 32,624 $ 42,084 $ 31,805 $ 25,970 $ 29,998 $ 83,378 $ 342 $ — $ 246,201 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Commercial real estate Pass $ 88,597 $ 84,674 $ 66,412 $ 64,573 $ 29,568 $ 122,605 $ 3,718 $ 932 $ 461,079 Special Mention — — — — — 124 — — 124 Substandard — — — — — 116 — — 116 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total $ 88,597 $ 84,674 $ 66,412 $ 64,573 $ 29,568 $ 122,845 $ 3,718 $ 932 $ 461,319 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Construction and land Pass $ 5,650 $ 10,061 $ — $ — $ 1,156 $ 4,069 $ 1,786 $ — $ 22,722 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total $ 5,650 $ 10,061 $ — $ — $ 1,156 $ 4,069 $ 1,786 $ — $ 22,722 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Home equity loans and lines of credit Performing $ 1,585 $ 1,561 $ 1,600 $ 309 $ 247 $ 1,220 $ 17,902 $ 304 $ 24,728 Non-performing — — — — — — — — — Total $ 1,585 $ 1,561 $ 1,600 $ 309 $ 247 $ 1,220 $ 17,902 $ 304 $ 24,728 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Commercial business Pass $ 2,062 $ 507 $ 2,517 $ 2,298 $ 802 $ 2,565 $ 13,072 $ 188 $ 24,011 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total $ 2,062 $ 507 $ 2,517 $ 2,298 $ 802 $ 2,565 $ 13,072 $ 188 $ 24,011 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Other Performing $ 61 $ — $ 47 $ — $ 9 $ 1,771 $ 347 $ — $ 2,235 Non-performing — — — — — — — — — Total $ 61 $ — $ 47 $ — $ 9 $ 1,771 $ 347 $ — $ 2,235 Current period gross charge-offs — — — — — — — — — Information presented in the table above is not required for periods prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. The following table presents more comparable information of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate Pass and the criticized categories of Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful within the Bank’s internal risk rating system as of September 30, 2023. 55 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Special Pass Mention Substandard Doubtful Total (In thousands) September 30, 2023 One-to four-family residential $ 236,876 $ — $ 807 $ — $ 237,683 Commercial real estate 386,794 116 2,224 — 389,134 Construction and land 19,379 — 2,474 — 21,853 Home equity loans and lines of credit 16,983 — — — 16,983 Commercial business 30,194 — — — 30,194 Other 2,359 — — — 2,359 Total $ 692,585 $ 116 $ 5,505 $ — $ 698,206 Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the age of the portfolio as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The Bank was not accruing interest on any loans delinquent 90 days or greater as of September 30, 2024 or September 30, 2023. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aging categories of performing loans and nonaccrual loans for the periods presented: 30-59 60-89 Days Days 90 Days + Total Current Past Due Past Due Past Due Loans (In thousands) September 30, 2024 One-to-four family residential $ 245,458 $ — $ 627 $ 116 $ 246,201 Commercial real estate 461,203 — — 116 461,319 Construction and land 22,722 — — — 22,722 Home equity loans and lines of credit 24,492 — 236 — 24,728 Commercial business 23,870 141 — — 24,011 Other 2,235 — — — 2,235 Total $ 779,980 $ 141 $ 863 $ 232 $ 781,216 30-59 60-89 Days Days 90 Days + Total Current Past Due Past Due Past Due Loans (In thousands) September 30, 2023 One-to four-family residential $ 236,729 $ — $ 568 $ 386 $ 237,683 Commercial real estate 386,794 — 116 2,224 389,134 Construction and land 19,379 — — 2,474 21,853 Home equity loans and lines of credit 16,983 — — — 16,983 Commercial business 30,047 147 — — 30,194 Other 2,359 — — — 2,359 Total $ 692,291 $ 147 $ 684 $ 5,084 $ 698,206 The following tables present our non-accrual loans by loan type as of September 30, 2024 and the non-accrual loans and specific reserves by loan type as of September 30, 2023. 56 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Total Non-Accrual Non-Accrual Non-Accrual with ACL without ACL (In thousands) September 30, 2024 One-to-four family residential $ 116 $ — $ 116 Commercial real estate 116 — 116 Total $ 232 $ — $ 232 Non- Specific Accrual Reserve (In thousands) September 30, 2023 One-to four-family residential $ 386 $ — Commercial real estate 2,224 — Construction and land 2,474 — Total $ 5,084 $ — The following table identifies our non-performing, collateral dependent loans by collateral type as of September 30, 2024: September 30, 2024 Real-estate type: (In thousands) One- to four-family residential $ 116 Commercial real estate 116 Total $ 232 The Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-13 eliminated the requirement to disclose impaired loans. The following table presents impaired loans by class, segregated by those for which a specific allowance was required and those for which a specific allowance was not necessary as of September 30, 2023: Impaired Loans with Impaired Loans with No Specific Specific Allowance Allowance Total Impaired Loans Unpaid Recorded Related Recorded Recorded Principal Investment Allowance Investment Investment Balance September 30, 2023 (In thousands) One-to four-family residential $ — $ — $ 2,031 $ 2,031 $ 2,031 Commercial real estate — — 2,969 2,969 2,969 Construction and land — — 2,474 2,474 2,539 Commercial business — — 147 147 147 Total impaired loans $ — $ — $ 7,621 $ 7,621 $ 7,686 An allowance for credit losses is maintained to absorb losses from the loan portfolio. Management reviews the loan portfolio on a quarterly basis using a defined, consistently applied process in order to make appropriate and timely adjustments to the ACL. When information confirms all or part of specific loans to be uncollectible, these amounts are 57 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 promptly charged off against the ACL. Since loans individually evaluated for impairment are promptly written down to their fair value, typically there is no portion of the ACL for loans individually evaluated for impairment. ASU 2016-13 requires estimated credit losses on loans to be determined based on an expected life of loan model, as compared to an incurred loss model (in effect for periods prior to October 1, 2023). Accordingly, the allowance for credit losses disclosures subsequent to October 1, 2023 are not always comparable to prior dates. In addition, certain new disclosures required under ASU 2016-13 are not applicable to prior periods. As a result, the following tables present disclosures separately for each period, where appropriate. New disclosures required under ASU 2016-13 are only shown for the current period. Please refer to Note B “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for a summary of the impact of adopting the provisions of ASU 2016-13 on October 1, 2023. The following tables set forth the allocation of the Bank’s allowance for credit losses by loan category at the dates indicated. The portion of the allowance for credit losses allocated to each loan category does not represent the total available for future losses which may occur within the loan category since the total allowance for credit losses is a valuation allocation applicable to the entire loan portfolio. The Company generally charges-off the collateral or discounted cash flow deficiency on all loans at 90 days past due and all loans rated substandard or worse that are 90 days past due. The following tables present, by loan category, the changes in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. One-to Four- Home Equity Family Commercial Construction Loans and Lines Commercial Residential Real Estate and Land of Credit Business Other Unallocated Total (In thousands) Balance-September 30, 2023 $ 1,259 $ 5,277 $ 472 $ 207 $ 939 $ 2 $ 174 $ 8,330 Effect of adopting ASU 2016-13 7 ( 589 ) ( 55 ) ( 87 ) ( 133 ) ( 1 ) ( 174 ) ( 1,032 ) Charge-offs — — — — — — — — Recoveries 1 — 65 — 2 — — 68 Provision (credit) ( 512 ) 646 142 ( 90 ) ( 3 ) ( 1 ) — 182 Balance-September 30, 2024 $ 755 $ 5,334 $ 624 $ 30 $ 805 $ — $ — $ 7,548 One-to Four- Home Equity Family Commercial Construction Loans and Lines Commercial Residential Real Estate and Land of Credit Business Other Unallocated Total (In thousands) Balance-September 30, 2022 $ 1,223 $ 4,612 $ 461 $ 263 $ 1,484 $ 1 $ 389 $ 8,433 Charge-offs — — — — ( 488 ) — — ( 488 ) Recoveries 4 — — — — — — 4 Provision (credit) 32 665 11 ( 56 ) ( 57 ) 1 ( 215 ) 381 Balance-September 30, 2023 $ 1,259 $ 5,277 $ 472 $ 207 $ 939 $ 2 $ 174 $ 8,330 During the year ended September 30, 2024, the provision for credit loss decreased $ 512 thousand for one-to four-family residential loans due primarily to economic data indicating the appreciation in collateral values securing such loans while the provision for credit loss increased $ 646 thousand for commercial real estate loans due to higher balances of such loans at September 30, 2024. The following table presents, by loan category, segregated into the amount required for loans individually evaluated for impairment and the amount required for loans collectively evaluated for impairment as of and September 30, 2023. 58 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 One-to-Four Home Equity Family Commercial Construction Loans and Lines Commercial Residential Real Estate and Land of Credit Business Other Unallocated Total (In thousands) Balance - September 30, 2023 $ 1,259 $ 5,277 $ 472 $ 207 $ 939 $ 2 $ 174 $ 8,330 Individually evaluated for impairment — — — — — — — — Collectively evaluated for impairment 1,259 5,277 472 207 939 2 174 8,330 Loans receivable: Balance - September 30, 2023 $ 237,683 $ 389,134 $ 21,853 $ 16,983 $ 30,194 $ 2,359 $ — $ 698,206 Individually evaluated for impairment 2,031 2,969 2,474 — 147 — — 7,621 Collectively evaluated for impairment 235,652 386,165 19,379 16,983 30,047 2,359 — 690,585 During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company did not make any loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. During the year ended September 30, 2023, there was one loan modified that was identified as a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) and there were no TDRs that subsequently defaulted within twelve months of modification. The following table presents information on TDRs for the year ended September 30, 2023: Number of Investment Before Investment After Loans TDR Modification TDR Modification (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2023 One-to four-family residential 1 $ 97 $ 106 Total 1 $ 97 $ 106 There were no loans in the process of foreclosure at September 30, 2024. Total loans pledged as collateral against Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) borrowings were $ 410.6 million and $ 341.6 million as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. NOTE F - PREMISES AND EQUIPMENTS Premises and equipment consist of the following: Estimated September 30, Useful Lives 2024 2023 (In thousands) Land Indefinite $ 3,095 $ 3,811 Buildings and improvements 10 - 40 years 22,441 21,923 Furniture, fixtures and equipment 5 - 10 years 4,154 3,860 29,690 29,594 Less accumulated depreciation ( 17,145 ) ( 16,255 ) Premises and equipment, net $ 12,545 $ 13,339 For the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, depreciation expense included in occupancy expense amounted to approximately $ 890 thousand and $ 840 thousand, respectively. 59 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 NOTE G - OTHER REAL ESTATE OWNED The Company held $ 3.7 million of real estate owned properties at September 30, 2024 and $ 328 thousand at September 30, 2023. The Company did not have any write-downs on these properties for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Further declines in real estate values may result in increased foreclosed real estate expense in the future. Routine holding costs are charged to expense as incurred and improvements to real estate owned that enhance the value of the real estate are capitalized. NOTE H - DEPOSITS A summary of deposits by type of account follows: September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) Demand accounts $ 132,837 $ 188,550 Savings accounts 52,853 62,168 NOW accounts 146,744 115,182 Money market accounts 304,588 284,885 Certificate of deposit 146,674 92,725 Retirement accounts 12,978 11,943 Total deposits $ 796,674 $ 755,453 Included in the Company’s deposits at September 30, 2024 were $ 29.6 million in brokered certificates of deposits and $ 20.0 million in certificates of deposits obtained through a national deposit listing service. At September 30, 2023 the Company had $ 13.8 million in brokered certificates of deposits and $ 14.0 million in certificates of deposits obtained through a national deposit listing service. At September 30, 2024, certificates of deposit (including retirement accounts and brokered certificate deposit accounts) have contractual maturities as follows (in thousands): Years Ending September 30, 2025 $ 99,174 2026 18,096 2027 6,896 2028 19,409 2029 14,993 2030 and after 1,084 Total $ 159,652 At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate deposits in amounts greater than $ 250 thousand, which is the maximum amount for federal deposit insurance, were $ 380.0 million and $ 429.9 million, respectively. Related party deposits totaled $ 3.2 million and $ 3.5 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. NOTE I - BORROWINGS 1. Federal Home Loan Bank of New York Advances Long term FHLBNY advances at September 30, 2024 and 2023 totaled $ 28.6 million and $ 29.5 million, respectively. The weighted average interest rates on advances outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023 were 2.90 % and 3.27 %, respectively. The advances were collateralized by unencumbered qualified assets consisting of one-to-four family 60 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 residential and commercial real estate mortgage loans. Advances are made pursuant to several different credit programs offered from time to time by the FHLBNY. Long term FHLBNY advances as of September 30, 2024 mature as follows (in thousands): Years Ending September 30, 2025 $ 3,500 2026 1,631 2027 9,437 2028 14,000 2029 — Thereafter — Total $ 28,568 Additionally, the Company has established an Overnight Line of Credit arrangement with the FHLBNY. The total amount available under the line of credit is based on the amount of eligible collateral pledged to the FHLBNY. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had available credit from the FHLBNY totaling $ 123.7 million and $ 122.2 million, respectively. Information concerning short-term arrangement with the FHLBNY is summarized as follows: September 30, 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Balance at end of year $ — $ — Weighted average balance during the year $ — $ 1,283 Maximum month-end balance during the year $ — $ 16,450 Average interest rate during the year N/A 4.65 % NOTE J – SERVICING POLICY The Company originates and sells loans receivable secured by one-to four-family residential properties and commercial business loans guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (the “SBA”). The Company has sold loans on a servicing retained basis and on a servicing released basis. Loans sold with servicing retained and servicing released during the year ended September 30, 2024 were $ 6.4 million and $ 0 , respectively. Loans sold with servicing retained and servicing released during the year ended September 30, 2023 were $ 6.5 million and $ 0 , respectively. The Company accounts for sales in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. Upon sale, the receivables are removed from the balance sheet, mortgage servicing rights are recorded as an asset for servicing rights retained, and a gain on sale, if applicable, is recognized for the difference between the carrying value of the receivables and the sales proceeds, net of origination costs. Gains on sales of loans, representing the difference between the total sales price received for the loans and the allocated cost of the loans, are recognized when loans are sold and delivered to the purchasers. Loans are accounted for as sold when control of the loan is surrendered. Control over the loans is deemed surrendered when (a) the loans have been isolated from the Company; (b) the buyer has the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the loans; and (c) the Company does not maintain effective control over the loans through either (a) an agreement that entitles and obligates the Company to repurchase or redeem the loans before maturity, or (b) the ability to unilaterally cause the buyer to return specific loans. The Company services one-to-four family residential mortgage loans and SBA 7(a) loans for investors in the secondary market, which are not included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s fee is a percentage of the principal balance and is recognized as income when received. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company was servicing mortgage loans sold in the amount of $ 1.4 million and $ 1.9 million, respectively, and SBA loans sold in the amount of $ 38.4 million and $ 35.5 million, respectively. Loan servicing includes collecting and remitting loan payments, accounting for principal and interest, contacting delinquent mortgagors, supervising foreclosures and property dispositions in the event 61 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 of unremedied defaults, making certain insurance and tax payments on behalf of the borrowers and generally administering the loans. Mortgage servicing rights are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing revenues and are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Activity in loan servicing rights during the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are summarized as follows: September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) Beginning balance $ 28 $ — Origination of mortgage servicing rights 151 28 Amortization ( 20 ) — Ending balance $ 159 $ 28 Loan servicing rights are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. Fair values are estimated using discounted cash flows based on a current market interest rate. NOTE K - INCOME TAXES The Company’s income tax expense is comprised of the following components for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: For the Year Ended September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) Current $ 3,423 $ 3,647 Deferred ( 106 ) ( 615 ) Total income tax expense $ 3,317 $ 3,032 A reconciliation of income tax at the statutory tax rate to the effective income tax expense for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows: September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) Income tax expense at statutory rate $ 2,331 $ 2,256 Increase (decrease) resulting from: State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit 1,005 931 Tax-exempt income, net ( 103 ) ( 90 ) BOLI policy surrender tax 277 — Nondeductible expenses 56 58 Share based compensation 40 54 Employee stock ownership plan 6 11 Other, net ( 295 ) ( 188 ) Total income tax expense $ 3,317 $ 3,032 The major sources of temporary differences and their deferred tax effect at September 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows: 62 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) Allowance for credit losses $ 2,248 $ 2,342 Net unrealized loss, investment securities available-for-sale 278 483 Deferred loan fees 296 287 Unrealized loss, minimum pension liability 132 132 Employee benefits 340 265 Allowance for transaction expense 6 11 Straight line rent 54 72 Gross deferred tax asset 3,354 3,592 Depreciation ( 551 ) ( 588 ) Mortgage servicing rights ( 45 ) ( 8 ) Gross deferred tax liability ( 596 ) ( 596 ) Net deferred tax asset, included in other assets $ 2,758 $ 2,996 In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences are deductible and carry forwards are available. There were no valuation allowances for the year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The Company has considered future market growth, forecasted earnings, future taxable income, feasible and permissible tax planning strategies in determining the realizability of deferred tax assets. If the Company was to determine that it would not be able to realize a portion of its net deferred tax asset in the future for which there is currently no valuation allowance, an adjustment to the net deferred tax asset would be charged to earnings in the period such determination was made. The Bank’s statutory income tax rate in the State of New Jersey was 9.0 % for the years ending September 30, 2024 and 2023. The State of New Jersey has imposed a temporary surtax on corporations earning New Jersey allocated income in excess of $ 1 million for the Company’s tax year ended September 30, 2023 and has imposed a surtax on corporations earning New Jersey allocated income in excess of $ 10 million for the Company’s tax year ended September 30, 2024. The surtax is set at a rate of 2.5 % and it currently effective through 2029. Accordingly, the Company used an 11.5 % State tax rate for the calculation of its State income tax expense for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. NOTE L - PENSION PLAN The Company had a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the “Plan”) covering all eligible employees. On January 26, 2006, the Plan was frozen and amended to eliminate future benefit accruals after February 15, 2006. The following table sets forth the Plan’s funded status and amounts recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023. 63 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) Actuarial present value of benefit obligations $ 3,697 $ 3,495 Change in benefit obligations Projected benefit obligation, beginning $ 3,495 $ 3,735 Interest cost 193 190 Actuarial (gain) loss 283 ( 181 ) Annuity payments and lump sum distributions ( 274 ) ( 249 ) Projected benefit obligation, end $ 3,697 $ 3,495 Change in plan assets Fair value of assets, beginning $ 4,076 $ 3,886 Actual return on plan assets 816 438 Annuity payments and lump sum distributions ( 274 ) ( 248 ) Fair value of assets, end $ 4,618 $ 4,076 Funded status included with other assets $ 921 $ 580 Net pension cost for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 included the following components: September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) Service cost benefits earned during the year $ — $ — Interest cost on projected benefit obligation 193 190 Expected return on plan assets ( 236 ) ( 226 ) Amortization of unrecognized net loss 53 122 Net pension cost $ 10 $ 86 Current Asset Allocation The Plan’s weighted-average asset allocations at September 30, 2024 and 2023, by asset category are as follows: September 30, 2024 2023 Equity securities 65 % 63 % Debt securities (bond mutual funds) 32 % 36 % Other (money market fund) 2 % 2 % Total 100 % 100 % Expected Contributions For the fiscal year ending September 30, 2025, the Company does not expect to make a contribution to the Plan. Estimated Future Benefit Payments 64 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 The following benefit payments are expected to be paid as follows (in thousands): October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025 $ 276 October 1, 2025 through September 30, 2026 275 October 1, 2026 through September 30, 2027 274 October 1, 2027 through September 30, 2028 271 October 1, 2028 through September 30, 2029 269 October 1, 2029 through September 30, 2034 1,263 Total $ 2,628 Included in the funded status of the Plan at September 30, 2024 and 2023, are actuarial losses of $ 91 thousand and $ 440 thousand , respectively. These amounts are included, net of related income tax effects of $ 132 thousand in the accumulated other comprehensive loss component of stockholders’ equity at September 30, 2024 and 2023. The following table presents the Plan assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy under ASC Topic 820. Financial assets are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. See Note Q for further detail regarding fair value hierarchy. Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using: Quoted Prices Significant in Active Markets Other Significant for Identical Observable Unobservable Total Assets (Level 1) Inputs (Level 2) Inputs (Level 3) (In thousands) At September 30, 2024 Investment Type Mutual Funds - Equity Large - Cap Value $ 738 $ 738 $ — $ — Large - Cap Core 628 628 — — Mid - Cap Core 591 591 — — Small - Cap Core 484 484 — — Non - U.S. Core 581 581 — — Mutual Funds - Fixed Income Intermediate Duration 707 707 — — Short - Duration Corporate 787 787 — — Cash Equivalents Money Market 102 102 — — Total Investment $ 4,618 $ 4,618 $ — $ — At September 30, 2023 Investment Type Mutual Funds - Equity Large - Cap Value $ 682 $ 682 $ — $ — Large - Cap Core 525 525 — — Mid - Cap Core 459 459 — — Small - Cap Core 429 429 — — Non - U.S. Core 465 465 — — Mutual Funds - Fixed Income Intermediate Duration 634 634 — — Short - Duration Corporate 816 816 — — Cash Equivalents Money Market 65 65 — — Total Investment $ 4,075 $ 4,075 $ — $ — 65 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Equity and debt securities are reported at fair value in the table above utilizing exchange quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments (Level 1 inputs). NOTE M - NONQUALIFIED COMPENSATION PLAN The Company maintains a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”) for the benefit of its senior officers. In addition, the Company also adopted voluntary Deferred Income and Retirement Plans on behalf of its directors. The SERP provides the Company with the opportunity to supplement the retirement income of selected officers to achieve equitable wage replacement at retirement while the Deferred Income Plan provides participating directors with an opportunity to defer all or a portion of their fees into a tax deferred accumulation account for future retirement. The Director Retirement Plan enables the Company to reward its directors for longevity of service in consideration of their availability and consultation. The SERP is based upon achieving a total retirement benefit equal to a percentage of the participants’ final annual salary. Under the Director Supplemental Retirement Income Plan (the “Plan”), directors that began service before 2002 are entitled to a benefit upon attainment of his/her benefit age. The directors will receive an annual amount in monthly installments based on his/her total Board and Committee fees in the twelve months prior to attainment of his/her benefit age. The amount will be 10% plus 2 1/2% for each year of service as a Director, with a minimum of 50%, provided the Director has served for at least five years, and a maximum of 60%. The maximum benefit increases for any Director serving as Chairman of the Board for at least five years to 75%. The Company funds the plans through modified endowment contracts. Income recorded for the plans represents life insurance income as recorded based on the projected increases in cash surrender values of life insurance policies. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s life insurance contracts had cash surrender values of approximately $ 23.3 million and $ 18.0 million, respectively. The Company is recording benefit costs so that the cost of each participant’s retirement benefits is being expensed and accrued over the participant’s active employment so as to result in a liability at retirement date equal to the present value of the benefits expected to be provided. The total expense for nonqualified retirement benefits recorded during the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $ 384 thousand and $ 375 thousand, respectively. Included in accounts payable and other liabilities at September 30, 2024 and 2023 were accrued retirement benefits totaling $ 1.0 million and $ 828 thousand, respectively, for these plans. NOTE N - 401(K) EMPLOYEE CONTRIBUTION PLAN The Company has a defined contribution 401(k) plan covering all employees, as defined under the plan document. Employees may contribute to the plan, as defined under the plan document, and the Company can make discretionary contributions. The Company contributed $ 255 thousand and $ 257 thousand to the plan for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and is included in compensation and employee benefits in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. NOTE O - COMMITMENTS 1. Lease Commitments Accounting Standard Update ASC 842, “ Leases ” requires lessees to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset, measured at the present value of the future minimum lease payments, at the lease commencement date. The Company has operating leases for six branch locations. Our leases have remaining lease terms of up to 10 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 10 additional years. Operating leases are recorded as ROU assets and lease liabilities and are included within other assets and accounts payable and other liabilities, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. 66 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 On April 1, 2024, the Bank entered into a lease agreement to rent a retail office space in Martinsville, New Jersey to increase its presence in Somerset County. The initial term of the lease is for five years, ending on March 31, 2029, but does include the option for two additional terms of five years each. In accordance with ASC 842, a lease liability and ROU asset in the amount of $ 180 thousand was recognized on April 1, 2024 within accounts payable and other liabilities and other assets, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The discount rate used to determine the lease liability was 4.22 % and derived from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York advance rate for the same term. Operating lease ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement base on the present value of the remaining lease payments using a discount rate that represents our incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate used by the Company to value its operating leases is based on the interpolated term advance rate available from the FHLBNY, based on the remaining lease term. The following table presents the balance sheet information related to our leases: September 30, September 30, 2024 2023 (Dollars in thousands) Operating lease right-of-use asset $ 2,223 $ 2,687 Operating lease liabilities $ 2,413 $ 2,944 Weighted average remaining lease term in years 6.0 6.4 Weighted average discount rate 2.4 % 2.2 % The following table summarizes the maturity of our remaining lease liabilities by year: September 30, 2024 (In thousands) For the Year Ending: 2025 558 2026 490 2027 370 2028 337 2029 318 2030 and thereafter 600 Total lease payments 2,673 Less imputed interest ( 260 ) Present value of lease liabilities $ 2,413 Total rental expense, included in occupancy expense, was approximately $ 809 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. 2. Contingencies The Company and its subsidiaries, from time to time, are a party to routine litigation that arises in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the resolution of this litigation, if any, would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations. NOTE P - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE-SHEET RISK The Company may use derivative financial instruments, such as interest rate floors and collars, as part of its interest rate risk management. Interest rate caps and floors are agreements whereby one party agrees to pay or receive a floating 67 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 rate of interest on a notional principal amount for a predetermined period of time if certain market interest rate thresholds are met. The Company considers the credit risk inherent in these contracts to be negligible. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not hold any interest rate floors or collars. The Company is a party to interest rate derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments. Under a program, the Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial lending customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. These interest rate swaps with customers are simultaneously offset by interest rate swaps that the Bank executes with a third-party financial institution, such that the Bank minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. Because the interest rate swaps associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting swaps are recognized directly in earnings. The changes in the fair value of the swaps offset each other, except for the credit risk of the counterparties, which is determined by taking into consideration the risk rating, probability of default and loss given default for all counterparties and did not have a significant impact on fair value. The Company had $0 in cash pledged for collateral on its interest rate swaps with financial institutions at September 30, 2024 and 2023. The following table presents summary information regarding these derivatives for September 30, 2024 and 2023. Notional Amount Average Maturity (Years) Weighted Average Fixed Rate Weighted Average Variable Rate Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2024 Classified in Other Assets: Customer interest rate swaps $ 34,890 3.2 4.96 % 1 Mo. BSBY + 2.44 $ 1,405 Total $ 34,890 3.2 4.96 % $ 1,405 Classified in Other Liabilities: 3rd Party interest rate swaps $ 34,890 3.2 4.96 % 1 Mo. BSBY + 2.44 $ 1,405 Total $ 34,890 3.2 4.96 % $ 1,405 September 30, 2023 Classified in Other Assets: Customer interest rate swaps $ 36,020 4.2 4.96 % 1 Mo. BSBY + 2.44 $ 2,579 Total $ 36,020 4.2 4.96 % $ 2,579 Classified in Other Liabilities: 3rd Party interest rate swaps $ 36,020 4.2 4.96 % 1 Mo. BSBY + 2.44 $ 2,579 Total $ 36,020 4.2 4.96 % $ 2,579 At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had outstanding commitments (substantially all of which expire within one year) to originate one-to four-family residential loans, construction loans, commercial real estate loans, commercial business loans and consumer loans. These commitments were comprised of fixed and variable rate loans. 68 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 September 30, 2024 2023 (In thousands) Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent credit risk Letters of credit $ 620 $ 1,073 Unused lines of credit 88,272 89,933 Fixed rate loan commitments 1,804 3,578 Variable rate loan commitments 26,843 26,472 Total $ 117,539 $ 121,056 NOTE Q - FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. The Company’s securities available-for-sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets or liabilities on a non-recurring basis, such as held-to-maturity securities, mortgage servicing rights, loans receivable and other real estate owned, or OREO. These non-recurring fair value adjustments involve the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. In accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), the Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are: Level 1- Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. Level 2- Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. Level 3- Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include the use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques. The results cannot be determined with precision and may not be realized in an actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability. The Company bases its fair values on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 requires the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Securities available-for-sale The Company’s available-for-sale portfolio is carried at estimated fair value on a recurring basis, with any unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. The securities available-for-sale portfolio consists of U.S. government and government-sponsored enterprise obligations and mortgage-backed securities. The fair values of these securities are obtained from an independent nationally recognized pricing service. An independent pricing service provides prices which are categorized as Level 2, as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets are generally not available for the securities. The following tables provide the level of valuation assumptions used to determine the carrying value of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2024 and 2023: 69 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (In thousands) September 30, 2024 Assets: Securities available for sale: Obligations of U.S. government agencies: Mortgage-backed securities - residential $ 89 $ — $ 89 $ — Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: Mortgage-backed securities-residential 11,506 — 11,506 — Corporate securities 4,021 — 4,021 — Total securities available for sale $ 15,616 $ — $ 15,616 $ — Derivative assets 1,405 — 1,405 — Total assets $ 17,021 $ — $ 17,021 $ — Liabilities: Derivative liabilities $ 1,405 $ — $ 1,405 $ — Total Liabilities $ 1,405 $ — $ 1,405 $ — September 30, 2023 Assets: Securities available for sale: Obligations of U.S. government agencies: Mortgage-backed securities - residential $ 92 $ — $ 92 $ — Obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: Mortgage-backed securities-residential 10,033 — 10,033 — Total securities available for sale $ 10,125 $ — $ 10,125 $ — Derivative assets 2,579 — 2,579 — Total assets $ 12,704 $ — $ 12,704 $ — Liabilities: Derivative liabilities $ 2,579 $ — $ 2,579 $ — Total Liabilities $ 2,579 $ — $ 2,579 $ — The following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Impaired Loans Loans which meet certain criteria are evaluated individually for impairment. A loan is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. All amounts due according to the contractual terms means that both the contractual interest and principal payments of a loan will be collected as scheduled in the loan agreement. Three impairment measurement methods are used, depending upon the collateral securing the asset: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; 2) the asset’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral if the asset is collateral dependent. The regulatory agencies require this method for loans from which repayment is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral. The Company’s impaired loans are generally collateral dependent and, as such, are carried at the estimated fair value of the collateral less estimated selling and disposition costs. Fair value is estimated through current appraisals, and adjusted as necessary, by management, to reflect current market conditions and, as such, are generally classified as Level 3. There were no such loans at September 30, 2024. 70 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Appraisals of collateral securing impaired loans are conducted by approved, qualified, and independent third-party appraisers. Such appraisals are ordered via the Bank’s credit administration department, independent from the lender who originated the loan, once the loan is deemed impaired, as described in the previous paragraph. Impaired loans are generally re-evaluated with an updated appraisal within one year of the last appraisal. However, the Company also obtains updated appraisals on performing construction loans that are approaching their maturity date to determine whether or not the fair value of the collateral securing the loan remains sufficient to cover the loan amount prior to considering an extension. The Company discounts the appraised “as is” value of the collateral for estimated selling and disposition costs and compares the resulting fair value of collateral to the outstanding loan amount. If the outstanding loan amount is greater than the discounted fair value, the Company requires a reduction in the outstanding loan balance or additional collateral before considering an extension to the loan. If the borrower is unwilling or unable to reduce the loan balance or increase the collateral securing the loan, it is deemed impaired and the difference between the loan amount and the fair value of collateral, net of estimated selling and disposition costs, is charged off through a reduction of the allowance for loan loss. Other Real Estate Owned Other real estate owned is carried at lower of cost or estimated fair value less disposal costs. The estimated fair value of the real estate is determined through current appraisals, and adjusted as necessary, by management, to reflect current market conditions. As such, other real estate owned is generally classified as Level 3. There were no valuation write-downs for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded valuation write-ups on three properties received through foreclosure. Collateral Dependent Loans Collateral dependent loans are measured and reported at fair value through specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The following table provides the level of valuation assumptions used to determine the carrying value of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2024 and 2023: Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 September 30, 2024 (In thousands) Other real estate owned $ 1,501 — — $ 1,501 Total $ 1,501 $ — $ — $ 1,501 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 September 30, 2023 (In thousands) Impaired loans $ 777 $ — $ — $ 777 Total $ 777 — — $ 777 The following tables present additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value at September 30, 2024 and 2023: Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Valuation September 30, 2024 Estimate Techniques Unobservable Input Range (Weighted Average) Other real estate owned $ 1,501 Appraisal Liquidation expenses (2) -13.0% to -19.6% (-14.6%) 71 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Valuation September 30, 2023 Estimate Techniques Unobservable Input Range (Weighted Average) Impaired loans $ 777 Appraisal of collateral (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) -50% to -8.0% (-19.4%) (1) Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals for the underlying collateral, which generally include various level 3 inputs which are not identifiable. (2) Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range and weighted average of liquidation expenses and other appraisal adjustments are presented as a percent of the appraisal. The following presents the carrying amount, fair value, and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments carried at cost or amortized cost as of September 30, 2024 and 2023. This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value, which includes cash and cash equivalents, FHLBNY stock, bank owned life insurance, accrued interest receivable, interest and non-interest bearing demand, savings deposits, and accrued interest payable. For short-term financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. For financial liabilities such as interest-bearing demand, NOW, and money market savings deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity. The Company’s bank-owned life insurance is not a marketable asset and may generally only be redeemed with the insurance company, and is therefore not included in the table below. Carrying Fair Fair Value Measurement Placement Value Value (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) (In thousands) September 30, 2024 Financial instruments - assets Investment securities held to maturity $ 79,816 $ 72,617 $ — $ 72,617 $ — Loan receivable net allowance for credit losses 772,614 766,822 — — 766,822 Financial instruments - liabilities Certificates of deposit including retirement certificates 159,652 159,582 — 159,582 — Borrowings 28,568 28,151 — 28,151 — September 30, 2023 Financial instruments - assets Investment securities held-to-maturity $ 85,835 $ 73,728 $ — $ 73,728 $ — Loan receivable net allowance for credit losses 689,070 664,331 — — 664,331 Financial instruments - liabilities Certificates of deposit including retirement certificates 104,668 101,216 — 101,216 — Borrowings 29,515 28,177 — 28,177 — NOTE R - REGULATORY CAPITAL The Company and Bank are required to maintain minimum amounts of capital to total “risk-weighted” assets, as defined by the banking regulators. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s and Bank’s assets, liabilities, and certain off balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. 72 MAGYAR BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements September 30, 2024 and 2023 As of September 30, 2024, the most recent notification from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. The following tables set forth the Company’s and the Bank’s actual and required capital levels under those measures: To be well- capitalized under Required for capital prompt corrective September 30, 2024 Company Bank adequacy purposes action provisions Tier 1 leverage ratio 11.64 % 11.11 % ≥ 4.00 % ≥ 5.00 % CET1 15.44 % 14.75 % ≥ 7.00 % (1) ≥ 6.50 % Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio 15.44 % 14.75 % ≥ 8.50 % (1) ≥ 8.00 % Total risk-based capital ratio 16.55 % 15.85 % ≥ 10.50 % (1) ≥ 10.00 % September 30, 2023 Tier 1 leverage ratio 12.15 % 11.11 % ≥ 4.00 % ≥ 5.00 % CET1 16.37 % 14.97 % ≥ 7.00 % (1) ≥ 6.50 % Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio 16.37 % 14.97 % ≥ 8.50 % (1) ≥ 8.00 % Total risk-based capital ratio 17.62 % 16.22 % ≥ 10.50 % (1) ≥ 10.00 % (1) Includes 2.50 % capital conservation buffer 73 ITEM 9. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None.