Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes thereto included in Part II, “Item 8-Financial Results and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In this section, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “LanzaTech,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar terms refer to LanzaTech Global, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to “AMCI” refer to AMCI Acquisition Corp. II prior to the Business Combination. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties about our business and operations. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include without limitation those discussed in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and those identified in Part I, “Item 1A-Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Overview
We are a nature-based carbon refining company that develops technology to transform waste carbon into the chemical building blocks for consumer goods such as fuels, fabrics, and packaging that people use in their daily lives. Our customers leverage our proven proprietary gas fermentation technology platform to convert certain feedstocks, including waste carbon gases, into fuels and chemicals such as ethanol. Today, we are focused on taking advantage of the many uses of ethanol while capitalizing on the growing preference among major companies for renewable products and environmentally-conscious manufacturing processes. We have also developed the capabilities to produce single cell protein as a primary product from our gas fermentation platform.
LanzaTech employs a licensing business model whereby our customers build, own and operate facilities that use our technology, and in return, we are paid a royalty fee based on the revenue generated from the use of
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our technology. We are augmenting our technology licensing business model to incorporate incremental ownership and operatorship in the biorefining value chain, enabling greater control over development, financing, and product access. We began operations in 2005. In 2018, through our joint venture with Shougang LanzaTech (also referred as “SGLT” herein), we established the world’s first commercial waste gas-to-ethanol plant in China, followed by three more plants between 2021 and 2023. With additional partnerships, we established two more commercial plants, one in India, and one in Belgium, respectively, and we currently have other plants in various states of development in various countries around the world. We also perform research and development (“R&D”) services related to novel technologies and development of biocatalysts for commercial applications, mainly to produce fuels and chemicals. In June 2024, the Company and LanzaJet launched CirculAir™, a new joint offering and end-to-end solution utilizing LanzaTech’s gas fermentation technology in conjunction with LanzaJet’s Alcohol-to-Jet (“ATJ”) platform to produce sustainable aviation fuel and renewable diesel from a wide range of waste feedstocks.
We have not achieved operating profitability since our formation. Our net losses after tax were $49.0 million and $137.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 we had an accumulated deficit of $1,018.6 million compared to an accumulated deficit of $969.6 million as of December 31, 2024. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses until we sufficiently commercialize our technology.
LanzaTech is focused on shifting its core operations from research and development to globally deploying the Company’s proven technology. We are streamlining our priorities to sharpen our business focus and improve our cost structure and evaluating other liquidity enhancing initiatives, including pursuing capital raising, partnership or asset-related opportunities, and other strategic options.
Recent Developments
Reverse Stock Split and Reduction in Authorized Shares
On August 15, 2025,the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the “Delaware Secretary of State”) two Certificates of Amendment to the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to (1) decrease the par value of the Company’s common stock from $0.0001 to $0.0000001 per share (the “Par Value Change”) and increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from 600,000,000 to 2,580,000,000 (the “Authorized Share Increase”), effective 4:59 p.m. Eastern Time on August 18, 2025, and (2) effect a 1-for-100 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock and proportionately decrease the number of authorized shares of common stock to 25,800,000 (the “Proportionate Authorized Share Decrease” and, together with the Par Value Change, Authorized Share Increase and Reverse Stock Split, the “Charter Amendments”), effective 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on August 18, 2025 (the “Reverse Split Effective Time”). The Charter Amendments were approved by the Board of Directors of the Company and by stockholders of the Company at the Company’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on July 28, 2025, as detailed in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for such annual meeting, filed with the SEC on June 18, 2025 (as supplemented by the proxy supplement filed with the SEC on July 17, 2025).
At the Reverse Split Effective Time, every 100 shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock were automatically reclassified and combined into one share of common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Instead, any fractional shares resulting from the Reverse Stock Split were rounded up to the nearest whole share at the registered holder and participant level with The Depository Trust Company. Proportionate adjustments were made to the number of shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the Company’s outstanding equity awards. With respect to the Company’s warrants, every 100 shares of common stock that may be purchased pursuant to the exercise of warrants prior to the Reverse Split Effective Time represent one share of common stock that may be purchased pursuant to such warrants following the Reverse Split Effective Time. Correspondingly, the exercise price per share of such warrants has been proportionately increased, such that the exercise price per share of such warrants immediately following the Reverse Stock Split is $1,150, which equals the product of 100 multiplied by $11.50, the exercise price per share immediately prior to the Reverse Stock Split.
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The Reverse Stock Split affected all stockholders uniformly and did not alter any stockholder’s percentage interest in the Company’s equity (other than as a result of the rounding of shares to the nearest whole share in lieu of issuing fractional shares).
Unless otherwise indicated, all common stock share and per share data for all periods presented herein have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split and the Par Value Change.
January 2026 Financing and Related Transactions
On January 21, 2026, the Company completed a private placement of its common stock to certain existing and new institutional investors pursuant to subscription agreements, issuing 4,000,000 shares (“Subscribed Shares”) at $5.00 per share for gross proceeds of $20.0 million, and 510,968 bonus shares to such investors (the “January 2026 Financing”). The securities were issued pursuant to an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.
On January 21, 2026, the Company filed a Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation for its Series A Convertible Senior Preferred Stock, which, upon the closing of the January 2026 Financing, resulted in the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of Preferred Stock into 3,250,322 shares of common stock (the “Preferred Stock Conversion”) and eliminated the Preferred Stock’s mandatory redemption provisions.
Concurrently with the January 2026 Financing and pursuant to the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company issued to the Preferred Stockholder the PIPE Warrant.
In connection with the foregoing, the Company and the Preferred Stockholder entered into a waiver under which the Preferred Stockholder waived the original deadline for filing a resale registration statement for the PIPE Warrant Shares and the Company agreed to file such resale registration statement within 60 business days following issuance of the PIPE Warrant Shares to the Preferred Stockholder.
LanzaJet Transaction
On February 11, 2026, LanzaTech, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a Series A Preferred Stock Purchase and Exchange Agreement (the “LanzaJet Series A Stock Purchase Agreement”) with LanzaJet and certain investors (the “Series A Investors”). The Series A Stock Purchase Agreement provides for (i) the issuance and sale by LanzaJet of its Series A Preferred Stock, (ii) the exchange by certain holders of LanzaJet common stock and warrants for newly created Class C common stock and corresponding warrants on a 1:1 basis, and (iii) the exchange or conversion of certain LanzaJet convertible securities into newly created preferred stock of LanzaJet (collectively, the “Series A Transaction”). The Series A Transaction may occur in one or more closings, including an initial closing that occurred effective February 11, 2026 (the “Initial Closing”).
At the Initial Closing, the Company purchased 455,522 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $2.0 million and exchanged 60,316,250 shares of LanzaJet common stock for 60,316,250 shares of newly issued Class C Common Stock.
In connection with the Series A Transaction, LanzaJet filed a Fifth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to authorize the Series A Preferred Stock and Class C Common Stock and to establish the rights and preferences of these securities. LanzaJet, the Company and certain other stockholders also entered into a Third Amended and Restated Stockholders’ Agreement, which, among other matters, updates governance, transfer and other provisions and provides the Company with the right to designate one member of the seven‑member LanzaJet board of directors so long as the Company and its affiliates beneficially own at least 5% of LanzaJet’s fully diluted common shares.
As a result of the Series A Transaction, the Company’s ownership interest in LanzaJet decreased from approximately 53% as of December 31, 2025 to approximately 46% on a fully diluted basis as of February 11, 2026. The Company continues to account for its investment in LanzaJet under the equity method of accounting.
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Second Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement
On February 11, 2026, LanzaJet Freedom Pines Fuels LLC (“FPF”) and the holders of the LanzaJet Notes entered into a Second Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement (the “Second NPA Amendment”). Among other changes, the Second NPA Amendment (i) amended the repayment terms of the LanzaJet Notes to defer the commencement of principal payments until the later of the first semi-annual payment date following the six-month anniversary of the commencement of commercial operations and June 30, 2027 and (ii) permits up to $25,000,000 in debt to rank senior in priority to the LanzaJet Notes.
Management evaluated the impact of the above transactions and determined that they represent a non‑recognized subsequent event under ASC 855. Accordingly, no adjustments have been made to the accompanying consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025.
Strategic Outlook
During 2025, LanzaTech continued implementing strategic actions designed to streamline commercialization across its operational structure, enhance capital efficiency, and accelerate deployment of its platform technology. These actions reflect a continued shift away from one-off projects and toward greater execution consistency, capital discipline, and long-term revenue generation.
Under this cohort-based operating model, commercial projects are grouped into cohorts based on their stage of maturity, financing readiness, and offtake progress. Under this model, each cohort progresses through defined development stages—from early-stage services and engineering support to equipment deployment, licensing, and ultimately recurring revenue from product sales and potential carbon credits.
This model is intended to:
• Systematically de-risk execution by applying learnings from prior deployments;
• Align resources and capital allocation around milestone-based progression; and
• Build revenue visibility as projects advance toward operations.
As of December 31, 2025, the Company has four projects in its first cohort. The lead project is nearing completion of offtake negotiations, which we expect will unlock financing capital and serve as a blueprint for future deployments. Subsequent projects in this cohort are advancing through development pipelines with staged progression aligned to regulatory approvals, customer readiness, and financing, with the earliest targeted to be in first half of 2027.
A portion of anticipated near-term revenue remains linked to projects supported directly or indirectly by U.S. government programs, including those administered by the Department of Energy (DOE). Timing of certain project milestones is dependent on government funding processes and related approvals. Any delays in government funding, including those arising from administrative delays or federal budget disruptions, could result in the postponement of grant awards or cooperative agreements and financing bottlenecks for cost-share projects reliant on DOE commitments.
Such delays could defer expected revenue recognition from project services, equipment sales, or offtake-linked products, particularly for projects in earlier cohorts where DOE involvement plays a key role.
The Company continues to actively manage funding risk by pursuing diversified project funding sources, engaging private capital partners, and sequencing project cohorts to align with available capital. However, these efforts may not be successful, and prolonged government funding delays could negatively impact the timing of certain revenue streams and increase working capital pressure in the near term.
Looking ahead, scaling the cohort-based commercialization model remains central to the Company’s long-term strategy. Execution will depend on continued access to capital, disciplined project selection, and effective coordination across technical, regulatory, and financing workstreams.
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Basis of Presentation
LanzaTech’s consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our consolidated financial statements for a full description of our basis of presentation.
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Key Financial Metrics
The key elements of the Company’s performance for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are summarized in the tables below:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except for percentages) 2025 2024 Variance
% Change
GAAP Measures:
Revenue $ 55,845 $ 49,592 $ 6,253 13 %
Net income (loss) (48,951) (137,731) 88,780 64 %
Key Performance Indicators:
One-Time Revenue (1)
34,891 37,868 (2,977) (8) %
Recurring Revenue (2)
20,954 11,724 9,230 79 %
Total Revenue 55,845 49,592 6,253 13 %
Cost of Revenues (ex. Depreciation) (3)
30,544 25,970 4,574 18 %
Selling, general & administrative expense 47,046 49,981 (2,935) (6) %
Adjusted EBITDA (4)
$ (71,312) $ (88,212) $ 16,900 19 %
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(1) One-time revenue includes all other revenue other than licensing and sales of microbes and media.
(2) Includes revenue from licensing and sales of microbes and media.
(3) Consists of cost of revenues from contracts with customers and grants (exclusive of depreciation), cost of revenues from collaboration agreements (exclusive of depreciation) and cost of revenues from related party transactions (exclusive of depreciation).
(4) Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, is calculated as net loss, excluding the impact of depreciation, interest income, net, stock-based compensation expense, change in fair value of warrant liabilities, loss on the Brookfield SAFE extinguishment, change in fair value of the Brookfield SAFE and the Brookfield Loan liabilities, change in fair value of the FPA Put Option liability and Fixed Maturity Consideration (net of interest accretion reversal), change in fair value of the Convertible Note, change in fair value of the PIPE Warrant and loss from equity method investees, net. Adjusted EBITDA is a supplemental measure that is not a substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA does not represent, and should not be considered, an alternative to net income (loss), as determined in accordance with GAAP. See “ Non-GAAP Financial Measures ” for additional information and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, its most directly comparable GAAP measure.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated:
Years Ended December 31,
2025
2024
Variance
% Change
(In thousands, except for per share amounts)
Total revenue
$
55,845
$
49,592
$
6,253
12.6
%
Cost of revenues 1
30,544
25,970
4,574 17.6 %
Operating expenses:
Research and development
53,184
77,007
(23,823) (30.9) %
Depreciation expense
4,227
5,567
(1,340) (24.1) %
Selling, general and administrative expense
47,046
49,981
(2,935) (5.9) %
Total operating expenses
$ 104,457 $ 132,555 $ (28,098) (21.2) %
Loss from operations
(79,156)
(108,933)
29,777 27.3 %
Other income (expense):
Interest income, net 1,214
3,162
(1,948) (61.6) %
Other income (expense), net 41,539
(17,726)
59,265 334.3 %
Total other income (expense), net 42,753 (14,564)
57,317 393.6 %
Loss before income taxes
(36,403)
(123,497)
87,094 70.5 %
Loss from equity method investees, net
(12,548)
(14,234)
1,686 11.8 %
Net loss
$
(48,951)
$
(137,731)
$ 88,780 64.5 %
Other comprehensive loss:
Changes in credit risk of fair value instruments
1,091
(1,096)
2,187 (199.5) %
Foreign currency translation adjustments
(1,040)
124
(1,164) (938.7) %
Comprehensive loss
$
(48,900)
$
(138,703)
$ 89,803 64.7 %
(1) exclusive of depreciation
Revenue
Total revenue increased $6.3 million, or 12.6%, in the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by $8.5 million in licensing revenue received from LanzaJet for their sublicensing of our technology. The increase was also driven by a $6.7 million increase in revenue from sales of CarbonSmart product by expanded commercialization and higher customer adoption. The increase was partially offset by a $3.8 million reduction in JDA revenue reflecting project completions and the absence of new contracts following workforce reductions. The increase was also partially offset by a $3.6 million decrease in engineering and other services revenue primarily due to the completion of projects with existing customers and a decrease in revenue from new customers.
Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues increased $4.6 million, or 17.6%, in the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by a $6.6 million increase in costs associated with CarbonSmart product sales and a $0.6 million increase in engineering and other services, which increases were consistent with higher production and sales volumes during the period. These increases were partially offset by a $1.9 million decrease in costs related to JDAs, and a $0.8 million decrease in costs associated with other contract
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research activities. The change in cost composition reflects the company’s evolving business model, with a greater share of costs now attributable to product manufacturing and commercialization rather than service-based project activity.
Research and Development
R&D expense decreased $23.8 million, or 30.9%, in the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily driven by an $11.2 million reduction in external R&D services expenses related to project development costs. In addition, personnel and contractor expenses declined by $7.4 million and facilities and consumables expenses decreased by $5.2 million, reflecting the impact of the Company’s cost optimization and organizational streamlining initiatives including headcount reductions implemented during the year. These reductions align with management’s ongoing focus on prioritizing core R&D programs and improving operating efficiency.
Selling, general and administrative expense
SG&A expense decreased $2.9 million, or 5.9%, in the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $9.6 million reduction in personnel and contractor expenses, driven by headcount reductions during the year and a decline of $1.0 million in facilities-related expenses. The decrease was partially offset by a $7.7 million increase in professional fees associated with the Company’s restructuring efforts and initiatives to realign business priorities.
Interest income, net
Interest income, net decreased $1.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the same period in the prior year. This was primarily attributable to interest earned on lower cash balances held in savings and money market accounts.
Other Income, net
Other income, net increased $59.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the same period in the prior year. This increase was primarily driven by a $55.7 million gain related to the change in the fair value of the convertible note (the “Convertible Note”) issued in August 2024 and converted into common stock in May 2025, a $23.2 million gain on the change in fair value of the FPA recorded in the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2024, with no change in the current period. The PIPE Warrant liability decreased in fair value by $5.7 million as it was reclassified into equity in the third quarter of 2025.
These increases were partially offset by a loss of $23.4 million due to the increase in fair value of the Brookfield Loan from February 14, 2025 through December 31, 2025 and a loss of $2.5 million due to the increase in fair value of the Brookfield SAFE.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand, demand deposits at banks, and other short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturity of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
The following table shows the balances of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
December 31, December 31,
(In thousands, except for percentages) 2025 2024 Variance % Change
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 17,051 $ 45,737 $ (28,686) (62.7) %
As of December 31, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024, LanzaTech’s cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash decreased by $28.7 million , or 62.7% , primarily due to losses from operations and the partial settlement of the Brookfield Loan, partially offset by proceeds from maturity of debt securities held for investment, and preferred stock issuance.
Management continues to evaluate opportunities to preserve liquidity and align expenditures with near-term revenue priorities. The Company’s expense optimization initiatives, coupled with its project prioritization framework, are intended to improve cash efficiency and extend its operating runway. However, as discussed above and below under “Going Concern”, obtaining additional financing is essential.
Debt Security Investments
Debt security investments comprise mainly held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury and high-quality corporate securities that the Company has both the ability and intent to hold to maturity. As of December 31, 2025, held-to-maturity security investments all matured, compared to $12.4 million as of December 31, 2024.
Sources and Uses of Capital
Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through equity and debt financing. Our ability to successfully develop products and expand our business depends on many factors, including our ability to meet working capital needs, the availability of equity or debt financing and, over time, our ability to generate cash flows from operations.
As of December 31, 2025, our capital structure consisted of equity (comprising issued capital, and accumulated deficit), and the Brookfield Loan. We are not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements. As of December 31, 2025, our outstanding debt comprised the Brookfield Loan, the FPA Put Option liability and the Fixed Maturity Consideration, which are all classified as liabilities for accounting purposes, on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2025. For a description of these investments see Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Note 7 – Brookfield Investments and Note 9 – Forward Purchase Agreement in our consolidated financial statements for further information.
In the normal course of our business, we also enter into purchase commitments or other transactions in which we make representations and warranties that relate to the performance of our goods and services. We do not expect material losses related to these transactions.
Going Concern
We have recurring net losses and anticipate continuing to incur losses. We had cash and cash equivalents of $13.2 million and an accumulated deficit of $(1,018.6) million as of December 31, 2025, along with cash outflows from operations of $(64.9) million and net loss of $(49.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2025. We have
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historically funded our operations through the Business Combination, issuances of equity securities, debt financing, as well as from revenue generating activities with commercial and governmental entities.
In light of the Company’s operating requirements and projected capital expenditure under its current business plan, the Company is projecting that its existing cash and short-term debt securities will not be sufficient to fund its operations through the next twelve months from the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025 included in this Annual Report. These conditions and events raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
The Company is focusing on streamlining its business priorities, taking actions to reduce its cost structure and evaluating other liquidity enhancing initiatives, including pursuing capital raising, partnership or asset-related opportunities, and other strategic options. In accordance with Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-15, “Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40),” management has evaluated in aggregate the conditions and events that raise substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern through the next twelve months from the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025 included in this Annual Report and has determined that the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on its ability to raise significant amounts of additional capital, implement other strategic options, and execute its business plan.
On the Preferred Stock Closing Date, the Company and the Preferred Stockholder entered into the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 20,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock (subsequently converted into 3,250,322 shares of our common stock) to the Preferred Stockholder for an aggregate purchase price of $40.0 million. Additionally, on January 21, 2026, the Company issued and sold a total of 4,000,000 shares of common stock to certain private placement investors at a per share purchase price equal of $5.00, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $20.0 million, and also issued 510,968 bonus shares of common stock to such investors. See “Recent Developments—Convertible Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” and “Recent Developments—January 2026 Financing and Related Transactions” above for additional information about these transactions.
Management has concluded that the financing transactions completed in 2025 and in January 2026 and our additional plans to raise additional capital, which remain subject to uncertainty, do not alleviate substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
The consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025 included in this Annual Report do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Cash Flows
The following table provides a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2025 2024
Net cash used in operating activities $ (64,854) $ (89,060)
Net cash provided by investing activities 11,150 28,352
Net cash provided by financing activities 25,619 30,213
Effects of currency translation on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (601) (52)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ (28,686) $ (30,547)
Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities decreased $24.2 million, or 27.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to the company’s
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efforts to reduce operational costs and increased revenues during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year period.
Cash Flows Provided by Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities was $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $28.4 million of net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease of $(17.2) million was primarily due to lower proceeds from the maturities of debt securities, partially offset by a reduction in capital expenditure.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash from financing activities was $25.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $30.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The change was driven by lower cash from financing activities from the issuance of $40.0 million of Series A Preferred Stock and $12.5 million partial repayment of the Brookfield Loan, compared to prior year net financing activities from the issuance of the Convertible Note and the settlement of the FPA.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and related disclosures. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical to the consolidated financial statements if the estimate is complex in nature or requires a high degree of judgment and actual results may differ from these estimates with any such differences being potentially material. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements, we believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance:
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue from our contracts with customers in accordance with ASC 606. The Company also has certain partnership agreements that are within the scope of ASC 808 and contracts with governmental entities that are accounted for as grant contributions. We primarily earn revenue from services related to feasibility studies and basic engineering design of commercial plants, joint development, and contract R&D activities to develop novel biocatalysts and related technologies. When accounting for these arrangements, we must develop assumptions that require judgment such as determining the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price for the contract and stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified, and measuring progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligations.
The determination of whether goods and services qualify as distinct performance obligations is based on the contract terms and our view of the business. Typically, our goods and services provided under a contract with a customer are viewed as a single performance obligation. Most of our arrangements provide fixed consideration, however, when there are variable consideration elements, we estimate the transaction price and whether revenue should be constrained. Significant estimates and judgments are also used when a material right is provided to the customer. In these instances, management estimates the stand-alone selling price and apportions the total transaction price to this material right. We regularly reassess our estimates and assumptions and any changes in these estimates are reflected in our revenue from contracts with customers in the period in which they occur.
Most performance obligations on our non-governmental arrangements are recognized over time. We typically use percentage completion when certain revenue recognition requirements are met. We exercise judgment when determining the percentage of completion against the total transaction price initially estimated. For
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arrangements with government agencies, we measure the satisfaction of performance obligations over time using the input method which requires judgment when selecting the most indicative measure of such performance.
Convertible Note
The Company had elected to measure the Convertible Note using the fair value option under ASC 825. The fair value of the Convertible Note was remeasured at each reporting date using a binomial lattice model. This model incorporates transaction details such as stock price, contractual terms, conversions scenarios, dividend yield, risk-free rate, adjusted equity volatility, credit rating, market credit spread, and estimated yield. On May 7, 2025, the Company consummated a “Qualified Equity Financing” with the preferred stock issuance, resulting in the conversion of the Convertible Note into 340,543 shares of common stock pursuant to the mandatory conversion provision of the Convertible Note.
Brookfield SAFE Valuation
Under the Brookfield SAFE, we agreed to issue to Brookfield the right to certain shares of Legacy LanzaTech’s capital stock, in exchange for the payment of $50.0 million. The Brookfield SAFE was classified as a liability on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024. The Company elected to record the instrument using the Fair Value Option (“FVO”) under ASC 825. The Brookfield SAFE was terminated on February 14, 2025. Refer to Note 6 — Brookfield Instruments in our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Brookfield Loan Valuation
The Brookfield Loan is a legal form debt and the Company has elected to apply FVO with the Brookfield Loan classified as a mark-to-market liability. The fair value of the Brookfield Loan was determined using a scenario-weighted discounted cash flow model on the adjusted remaining portion of the Brookfield Loan.
The discounted cash flow model is based on our best estimate of amounts and timing of future cash flows related to the Brookfield Loan. Our estimates require judgmental assumptions about (i) the percentage of qualifying projects presented to and funded by Brookfield within the term of the Brookfield Loan, (ii) the weight on each scenarios related to certain business and strategic plans, and (iii) the discount rate. The sensitivity of the fair value calculation to these method, assumptions, and estimates included could create materially different results under different conditions or using different assumptions.
Series A Convertible Senior Preferred Stock – Mezzanine Equity
On May 7, 2025, the Company issued Series A Convertible Senior Preferred Stock pursuant to the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement. Due to contractual provisions that could require redemption upon the occurrence of certain events—such as a deemed liquidation event (e.g., change of control)—that are not solely within the Company’s control, management determined that classification as mezzanine equity (temporary equity) outside of permanent equity was appropriate. This classification is in accordance with applicable SEC guidance and ASC 480.
The determination of classification requires significant judgment in evaluating the contractual terms of the instrument, including the likelihood and timing of potential redemption events. Management’s assessment involves consideration of all relevant facts and circumstances at issuance and on an ongoing basis. These judgments directly affect the Company’s presentation of equity and liquidity metrics and could materially impact future results if redemption becomes probable or if the instrument is subsequently reclassified.
PIPE Warrant – Fair Value Measurement
Effective August 18, 2025, following the Authorized Share Increase and the Proportionate Authorized Share Decrease in connection with the Reverse Stock Split, the Company obtained sufficient authorized but unissued shares to be able to settle the PIPE Warrant in shares when it is due. As a result, and in accordance with ASC 815-40, the PIPE Warrant no longer met the criteria for liability classification. The PIPE Warrant was therefore remeasured to fair value immediately prior to reclassification and subsequently reclassified from a current liability to Additional Paid-in Capital within stockholders’ equity. Changes in the fair value of the PIPE Warrant were
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recognized in other income (expense), net within the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Following this reclassification, no further fair value adjustments will be recognized for the PIPE Warrant so long as the settlement conditions continue to permit equity classification.
The valuation of the PIPE Warrant involves the use of significant unobservable inputs and management judgment. As of December 31, 2025, the fair value was determined based on the Company’s common stock price, adjusted for the probability of warrant issuance and exercisability, as well as applicable discounts reflecting liquidity, dilution, and other financing-related risks. Because these assumptions are highly sensitive to changes in market conditions, the fair value of the PIPE Warrant may fluctuate materially from period to period.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the actual and expected dates of adoption and estimate effects on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition, which is incorporated herein by reference.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To supplement our financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP and to provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we have presented Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure. Adjusted EBITDA is not based on any standardized methodology prescribed by GAAP and is not necessarily comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as our net loss, excluding the impact of depreciation, interest income, net, stock-based compensation expense, change in fair value of warrant liabilities, loss on the Brookfield SAFE extinguishment, change in fair value of the Brookfield SAFE and the Brookfield Loan liabilities (net of interest accretion reversal), change in fair value of the FPA Put Option liability and Fixed Maturity Consideration, change in fair value of the Convertible Note, change in fair value of the PIPE Warrant and loss from equity method investees, net. We monitor and have presented in this Annual Report Adjusted EBITDA because it is a key measure used by our management and the Board to understand and evaluate our operating performance, to establish budgets, and to develop operational goals for managing our business. We believe Adjusted EBITDA helps identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of certain expenses that we include in net loss. Accordingly, we believe Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors, analysts, and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results and enhancing the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects.
Adjusted EBITDA is not prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation of, or as an alternative to, measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. There are a number of limitations related to the use of Adjusted EBITDA rather than net loss, which is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. For example, Adjusted EBITDA: (i) excludes stock-based compensation expense because it is a significant non-cash expense that is not directly related to our operating performance; (ii) excludes depreciation expense and, although this is a non-cash expense, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future; (iii) excludes gain or losses on equity method investee; and (iv) excludes certain income or expense items that do not provide a comparable measure of our business performance. In addition, the expenses and other items that we exclude in our calculations of Adjusted EBITDA may differ from the expenses and other items, if any, that other companies may exclude from Adjusted EBITDA when they report their operating results. In addition, other companies may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial measures as tools for comparison.
The following table reconciles Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP:
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Reconciliation of Net Loss to Adjusted EBITDA
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)
2025
2024
Net loss
$
(48,951)
$
(137,731)
Depreciation
4,227
5,567
Interest income, net
(1,214)
(3,162)
Stock-based compensation expense and change in fair value of Brookfield SAFE and warrant liabilities (1)
3,732
(4,679)
Loss on Brookfield SAFE extinguishment
6,216
—
Change in fair value of the FPA Put Option and Fixed Maturity Consideration liabilities
—
23,283
Change in fair value of Convertible Note and related transaction costs
(42,980)
14,276
Change in fair value of PIPE Warrant
(8,800) —
Change in fair value of the Brookfield Loan (net of interest accretion reversal)
5,310
—
Change in fair value of the Amended Brookfield Loan
(1,400) —
Loss from equity method investees, net
12,548
14,234
Adjusted EBITDA
$
(71,312)
$
(88,212)
__________________
(1) Stock-based compensation expense represents expense related to equity compensation plans.
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Item 7a. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
As a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we are not required to provide information required by this item.
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