Lunai Bioworks Inc. 10-K/A

United states SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K/A (Amendment No. 2) ☒ ANNUAL report under section 13 Or 15( d ) of the securities exchange act of 1934 For the fiscal year ended June 30 , 2024 ☐ TRANSITION report under section 13 Or 15( d ) of the securities exchange act of 1934 For the transition period from Commission file number 001-38758 RENOVARO INC. (Name of registrant in its charter) Delaware 45-2559340 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 2080 Century Park East , Suite 906 Los Angeles , CA 90067 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) +1( 305 ) 918-1980 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Trading Symbol Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share RENB The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, $0.0001 par value Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the last 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large-accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large-accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No On December 31, 2023, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates was $ 57,193,356 . As of October 3, 2024, the number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”) was 156,193,912 . DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this Report is incorporated by reference to the registrant’s Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A that was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 28, 2024. EXPLANATORY NOTE Renovaro Inc. (the “Company”, “we”, “our”, or “us”) is filing this Amendment No. 2 to its Annual Report on Form 10-K/A (this “Amendment”) to amend its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on October 10, 2024, as amended by that Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on October 28, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”) to (i) restate its financial statements as of and for the year ended June 30, 2024, which should no longer be relied on and are being restated herein; and (ii) describe the restatement and its impact on previously reported amounts. We are filing this Amendment to amend and restate the 2024 Form 10-K with modifications as necessary to reflect these restatements. Background of Restatement On February 18, 2025, the Audit Committee (the “Audit Committee”) of the Board of Directors of the Company, based on the recommendation of the Company’s management, and after consultation with the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, concluded that the Company’s previously consolidated financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2024 contained a material misstatement related to the exercising of certain warrants which impacted the change in fair value of the contingent consideration liability during February 2024. Accordingly, those financial statements should no longer be relied upon. Similarly, related reports filed with the Securities Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), earnings releases, press releases, shareholder communications, investor presentations or other communications describing relevant portions of the June 30, 2024, financial statements should no longer be relied upon. The Company is restating the June 30, 2024, financial statements within this Amendment. During the preparation of the Company’s Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2024, the Company determined that certain warrants which were exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2024, had not been appropriately reflected as a component of the change in fair value of the contingent consideration for the year ended June 30, 2024. Refer to “ Note 2 - Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements ” of “Part II - Item 8. Financial Statements” (“Note 2”) for additional information. Internal Control Considerations Due to discovery of the error, the Company’s management re-evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”) as of June 30, 2024 and believes the error relates to and is the result of a previously identified and reported material weakness which has been disclosed in our 2024 Form 10-K. The material weakness remained in place as of June 30, 2024. For a discussion of management’s consideration of disclosure controls and procedures, internal controls over financial reporting and the material weaknesses identified, see “Part II - Item 9A. Controls and Procedures” of this Amendment. Items Amended in this Amendment This Amendment amends and restates the following items included in the original filing as appropriate to reflect the restatement of the relevant periods: ● Part II - Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; ● Part II - Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations; and ● Part IV, Item 15. Exhibits. This Amendment includes new certifications by our principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 dated as of this filing in connection with this Form 10-K/A as Exhibits 31.1, 31.2, 32.1 and 32.2 hereto. Except as described in Note 2, no other information included in the 2024 Form 10-K is being amended or updated by this Amendment and, other than as described herein, this Amendment does not purport to reflect any information or events subsequent to the 2024 Form 10-K. This Amendment continues to describe the conditions as of the date of the 2024 Form 10-K and, except as expressly contained herein, we have not updated, modified or supplemented the disclosures contained in the 2024 Form 10-K. Accordingly, this Amendment should be read in conjunction with the 2024 Form 10-K and with our filings with the SEC subsequent to the 2024 Form 10-K. CONTENTS Page Forward-Looking Statements ii Part I 1 Item 1 Business 1 Item 1A Risk Factors 21 Item 1B Unresolved Staff Comments 54 Item 1C Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy 54 Item 2 Properties 55 Item 3 Legal Proceedings 55 Item 4 Mine Safety Disclosures 57 Part II 57 Item 5 Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 57 Item 6 Selected Financial Data 58 Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results Of Operations 58 Item 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 70 Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 70 Item 9 Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 71 Item 9A Controls and Procedures 71 Item 9B Other Information 72 Part III 72 Item 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 72 Item 11 Executive Compensation 72 Item 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 72 Item 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence 72 Item 14 Principal Accountant Fees and Services 72 Part IV 73 Item 15 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules 73 Signatures and Certifications 77 i Cautionary Language Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Industry Data This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 regarding the plans and objectives of management for future operations and market trends and expectations. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements are based upon our current assumptions, expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effect on our business. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: “may,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “approximately,” “estimate,” “predict,” “project,” “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning: ● Our ability to continue as a going concern and ability to raise additional capital; ● Our continuous incurrence of losses as a pre-clinical-stage biotechnology company with no products that have achieved regulatory approval; ● Our ability to generate revenue if we fail to develop marketable product; ● Our dependence on substantial additional financing to support the research, development, licensing, manufacture, and marketing of product candidates and products, and the possibility that unforeseen operational costs will arise; ● The dilutive effect on stockholders’ ownership interests of the Company raising capital through an equity issuance in connection with future equity financing or equity debt agreements; ● Our dependence on the services of experts, including third parties to research and develop product candidates in cooperation with our employees and officers; ● The difficulty or impossibility of predicting future clinical trial results and regulatory outcomes of our products based upon our pre-clinical or earlier clinical trial performance; ● The application of heightened regulatory and commercial scrutiny to our AI-based technology, gene, cell, and immunotherapy products given their novel nature and concomitant potential for actual or perceived safety issues; ● Our ability to compete in rapidly developing fields, and the potential impact to our financial condition, product marketability, and operational capacities of a competitor receiving regulatory approval before us, or a competitor developing more advanced or efficacious products; ● Potential delays or total failures of third parties, such as universities, non-profits, and clinical research centers, to perform obligations on which our product research and development rely; ● The impact on our competitive position, business operations, and financial condition of implementation of amended healthcare laws and regulations; ● The dependence of certain of our pipelines on intellectual property licensed from licensors, and the severe adverse impact to our business operations of a disruption of one of our licensing relationships; ● The potential monetary costs of defending our intellectual property rights in a dispute, and the possibility that an intellectual property dispute will not be settled in our favor; ● The possibility that our patents and patent applications, even if unchallenged, will not sufficiently protect or provide exclusive use of our intellectual property, which could jeopardize our ability to commercialize our products and dissuade companies from subsequently collaborating with us; ii ● The negative impact to our competitive position and the value of our technology of our failure to protect trade secrets through the use of non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements, or the unavailability of adequate recourse for breach of such agreements; ● The fluctuation and volatility of the market price of our Common Stock due to its limited public market, and the possibility that these issues will compound and strain our stockholders’ ability to resell their Common Stock; ● Our significant dependence on sophisticated management with highly technical expertise to oversee business operations, and our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel to sustain growth; ● Our ability to adapt to future growth by training an expanding employee base and shifting away from reliance on third-party contractors; ● The risk of liability arising from claims of environmental damage, personal injury, and property damages in connection with our research and development activities, including those that involve the use of hazardous materials; ● The possibility that enforcement actions to suspend or severely restrict our business operations will be brought against the Company for our failure to comply with laws or regulations and the potential costs of defending against such actions; ● Our reliance on adequate maintenance of the security and integrity of our information technology systems to effectively operate our business; and ● Such other factors as discussed throughout Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors herein. A forward-looking statement is neither a prediction nor a guarantee of future events or circumstances, and those future events or circumstances may not occur. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, including without limitation the risks and uncertainties described below the heading “Item 1.A. Risk Factors” in this report, that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included herein are based on current expectations and assumptions that involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Our plans and objectives are based, in part, on assumptions involving the continued expansion of our business. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control. Although we believe that our assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, any of the assumptions could prove inaccurate and, therefore, there can be no assurance that the forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report will prove to be accurate. Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not rely on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. Any or all of the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report and any other public statement made by us, including by our management, may turn out to be incorrect. We are including this cautionary note to make applicable and take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for forward-looking statements. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Information regarding market and industry statistics contained in this report is included based on information available to us that we believe is accurate. It is generally based on academic and other publications that are not produced for purposes of securities offerings or economic analysis. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and the additional uncertainties accompanying any estimates of future market size, revenue and market acceptance of products and services. Except as required by U.S. federal securities laws, we have no obligation to update forward-looking information to reflect actual results or changes in assumptions or other factors that could affect those statements. In February 2024, the Company changed its corporate name from Renovaro BioSciences Inc. to Renovaro Inc. The Company will not distinguish between its prior and current corporate name and will refer to the Company’s current corporate name throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As such, unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms “Renovaro,” “company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” in this document refer to Renovaro Inc., a Delaware corporation, and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries. iii PART I Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Renovaro” or the “Company” are to Renovaro Inc., a Delaware corporation together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, Renovaro Biosciences, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Renovaro Biosciences”), GEDi Cube Intl Ltd, a private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales (“GEDi Cube UK”), GEDi Cube B.V., a Dutch private limited company, Grace Systems B.V., a Dutch private limited company, Renovaro Biosciences Denmark ApS, a Danish limited company, organized under the Danish Act on Limited Companies of the Kingdom of Denmark, and Renovaro Technologies, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“Renovaro Technologies”). Our Business Our Business Renovaro Inc. operates through two subsidiaries, Renovaro Biosciences and Renovaro Cube. Renovaro Cube refers to GediCube Intl. Ltd. and its wholly owned subsidiaries GediCube, B.V. and Grace Systems B.V., which were acquired on February 13, 2024. Renovaro Biosciences Overview Renovaro Biosciences is a biotechnology company intending, if the necessary funding is obtained, to develop advanced allogeneic cell and gene therapies to promote stronger immune system responses potentially for long-term or life-long cancer remission in some of the deadliest cancers, and potentially to treat or cure serious infectious diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections. As a result of our acquisition of GEDi Cube Intl on February 13, 2024, we have shifted the Company’s primary focus and resources to the development of the GEDi Cube Intl technologies. Therapeutic Technologies Renovaro Bioscience aims to train the immune system to allow a person to better fight diseases through allogeneic cell and/or gene therapy. Our vision is for a world with healthy longevity, and free from toxic chemotherapy, for those with cancer and other serious diseases. Renovaro Biosciences will seek to leverage general principles and advances in the knowledge of the immune response to engineer cells with enhanced attributes to promote the recognition and elimination of disease cells. 1 Allogeneic Cell Therapy The strategic benefit of the allogeneic cell therapy technologies is to potentially allow for the manufacture of large, “off-the-shelf” banks of therapeutic cells that are readily available on demand by healthcare professionals, to potentially decrease the time between diagnosis and treatment. In certain treatments (e.g., HIV and cancer), cells taken from healthy donors are engineered to introduce signaling molecules that are designed to enhance the ability of specific immune cells to recognize diseased cells, and to help recruit other cells that will destroy cancer or virus infected cells. Gene Therapy Renovaro Biosciences may also seek to explore various approaches for gene therapy design elements to potentially eliminate virus-infected or cancer cells by the modulation of the patient’s immune system. Upon injecting into the patients, these genetically engineered allogeneic cells have little to no risk of passing those modifications to the patient since they are terminally differentiated with locked functionality to activate the host immune system. Gene modified allogeneic cells are expected to be rejected naturally once they activate the patient’s immune system therefore will have a very short survival time. Renovaro Biosciences Focus Areas: 2 Oncology: RENB-DC11: Genetically modified Allogeneic Dendritic Cell Therapeutic Vaccine as Potential Product for Long-term Remission of Solid Tumors; specifically Pancreatic tumors Allogeneic Cell Therapy Platform – Completed pre-IND, IND-enabling phase. Based on learnings from our internal research, literature reviews of ongoing clinical development for solid tumors, and recent advances in immune modulation, we have designed an innovative therapeutic vaccination platform that could potentially be used to induce life-long remission from some of the deadliest solid tumors such as pancreatic, liver, triple negative breast and head & neck cancers. The platform may one day enable broad immune enhancements that are combined with cancer specific antigens that could be applicable to a wide range of solid tumors. This approach allows us to quickly adapt our approach to any patient solid tumor using the same banked allogenic drug substance. 3 RENB-DC20: Genetically modified Allogeneic Dendritic Cell Therapeutic Vaccine as Potential Treatment Product for Long-term Remission of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that is negative for estrogens receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). TNBC is characterized by its unique molecular profile, aggressive nature, and distinct metastatic patterns that lack targeted therapies. TNBC is well known for its aggressive behavior and is characterized by onset at a younger age, high mean tumor size, and higher-grade tumors. Based upon our internal research, literature reviews of ongoing clinical development for solid tumors, and recent advances in immune modulation, we believe we may have the ability to design an innovative therapeutic vaccination platform that could potentially be used to treat some of the deadliest and hard-to-treat solid tumors that include triple negative breast cancer. Infectious Diseases: RENB-HV12: Genetically Modified Allogeneic Dendritic Cell Therapeutic Vaccine as Potential Treatment Product for Long-term Remission of HIV; A Chronic Infectious Disease The oncology therapeutic vaccine technology could potentially be adapted to target infectious disease antigens and be a viable therapeutic approach in difficult to treat chronic infectious diseases. As described above, the engineered allogenic dendritic cell drug substance is thought to be able to be loaded with various cancer antigens for specific solid tumors but could or may be loaded with infectious disease antigens to elicit a more robust immune response to viruses and other difficult to treat infections. 4 Renovaro Cube Overview Renovaro Cube is an AI-driven healthcare technology company focusing on the earliest possible detection of cancer and its recurrence. Renovaro Cube has developed a proprietary AI platform that analyzes genetics using Explainable AI (as defined below) to provide earlier and more accurate cancer diagnosis. This platform uses a multi-omics approach to search for individual biomarkers that are present even in asymptomatic patients. This approach is combined with differential molecular capabilities that are designed to identify, differentiate and pinpoint the exact source. Renovaro Cube’s process also involves the mining of biomarker panels, which are integrated into a machine learning library referred to as “RenovaroCube” to further enhance diagnosis. Renovaro Cube also aims to utilize its proprietary AI platform in the development of commercial products to support clinical, research and pharmaceutical organizations that are trying to improve patient care through precision diagnosis, prediction of success of therapy, new drug discovery, treatment protocols or clinical trials. Specifically, Renovaro Cube is focused on developing products and services aimed at (i) early cancer characterization, (ii) personalized treatment selection, (iii) prediction and tracking response to therapies, (iv) recurrence detection and efficacy monitoring, and (v) ultimately, drug discovery. Renovaro Cube was initially incorporated as Grace Systems B.V. (“Grace Systems”) in 2013 under the laws of the Netherlands to develop unique data mining algorithms to enable banking, finance and government entities to extract business insights from data. Grace Systems began applying its algorithms to biological data in 2018 to uncover cancer-associated patterns. Beginning in 2018, Grace Systems pivoted its platform to focus only on healthcare. Renovaro Cube has focused on developing its AI technology for early cancer detection. Renovaro Cube has now focused on commercialization of its AI technology. Renovaro Cube believes that it has developed a unique approach to the early detection and diagnosis of cancer and its recurrence and, in time, other rare diseases through the systematic analysis of data using AI technologies, data mining procedures and algorithms for health technology. Renovaro Cube’s technology has been trained on complex heterogeneous cancer data and appears to find patterns associated with cancer in public and private data resources. With the help of Renovaro Cube’s algorithms, discovered patterns may be translated into biomarkers that can be used in a clinical setting to target various aspects of cancer diagnosis and treatment. 5 Renovaro Cube’s Strategy Renovaro Cube’s product development focuses on four core areas: ● Early Detection. Multi-cancer early detection (“MCED”) blood tests are advanced diagnostic tools that analyze cell-derived molecules present in the bloodstream. These tests specifically look for abnormal genetic, epigenetic or proteomic patterns of these cell-derived molecules, which can indicate the presence of cancer cells. By examining the molecules shed from various cells, including cancer cells, MCED tests aim to detect cancer at an early stage. This approach holds promise for improving cancer detection and potentially saving lives. ● Recurrence of cancer . A recurrence refers to the return of cancer after a period of remission. A cancer recurrence happens because, in spite of the efforts to kill the cancer, some cells may remain, which grow and eventually cause symptoms. In rare instances, a patient may develop a new cancer that’s completely unrelated to the originally diagnosed cancer, which is referred to as a second primary cancer. An early warning system could help to identify a recurrence as early as possible, thereby helping to accelerate any treatment and diagnosis. The different types of recurrence include: o Local recurrence, meaning that the cancer has returned in the same place it first started; o Regional recurrence , meaning that the cancer has returned to the lymph nodes near the place it first started; and o Distant recurrence , meaning the cancer has returned in another part of the body. ● Response to treatment. At Renovaro Cube we aim to develop a new array of diagnostic products that can accurately identify patients that are going to respond or fail to a certain drug. In highly toxic therapies it will not only increase survival but it will also reduce unnecessary exposure to chemotherapy. Furthermore, the costs for cancer drugs are usually very high. Providing the right therapy to the right patient will therefore significantly reduce the costs of medicine in cancer. ● Clinical trials . Clinical trials involve a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes. People volunteer to take part in clinical trials to test medical interventions including drugs, cells and other biological products, surgical procedures, radiological procedures, devices, behavioral treatments and preventive care. Clinical trials are carefully designed, reviewed and completed, and need to be approved before they can start. In response to these four core areas, the key components of Renovaro Cube’s product development are to build a software and hardware platform that: ● Uses data science to develop novel insights into the characterization of diseases such as cancer. Renovaro Cube intends to apply its proprietary technology to biological data from multiple sources to enable the typification (or classification) of disease entities and sub-entities to provide insights about the nature and behavior of diseases to payers, providers, pharmaceutical companies and patients. 6 ● Enables more accurate diagnosis and earlier detection of cancer and other diseases with the goal of maximizing outcomes and minimizing the costs of treatment. Renovaro Cube intends to develop a system to understand the smallest fragments of cancer in the blood of the patient. Presently, Renovaro Cube is developing a product to analyze results from liquid biopsy run through an Oxford Nanopore Sequencer. We expect the Renovaro Cube product will subsequently identify, train and validate explainable biomarkers, panels and models on different molecular layers. Multiple models will be individually trained for optimal stratification through the entire health journey, ensuring the right accuracy for a therapeutic decision in every stage. Renovaro Cube will integrate different modalities and molecular data sources into a differential diagnostic report. Diagnostics and prognosis will be explainable with quality control reports and biomarker insights for different disciplines ensuring maximum trust and insight in medical decision making. ● Assists in clinical trials with patient cohort selection and response tracking, to be used by companies like Renovaro Biosciences in their patient cohort selection for their clinical trials, by looking at which patients are reacting positively, negatively and have no reaction. This data becomes more important through the progression of the different phases of drug development, as more and more patients are added. Renovaro Cube will provide multi-omic data analysis, looking for specific changes in the patients that might indicate a change in their molecular make-up. This can then be used for the next phase of a clinical trial to look for the specific molecular data that has showed a positive reaction in the previous phase. It also provides insights for more effective response tracking, which Renovaro Cube believes is important to the providers of care as well as the development and evaluation of new pharmaceuticals and immune therapies in clinical trials. Patient response to treatment can be used to focus the target audience for drugs in development and in subsequent clinical practice. As Renovaro Cube collects more data, longitudinal about treatment and response, it will have the ability to train prognostic models to give an insight in disease progression and treatment response, both critical for enrolling in clinical trials and eventually every treatment. Because Renovaro Cube consists of many independently trained and validated models, it will have the ability to assist in virtually every therapeutic decision, for different subtypes and groups (stratifications). The multi-omics and multi-modal pipelines could allow the use of multiple combinations of tissue samples and diagnostic platforms. The detailed diagnostic reports will allow and support insights for multiple disciplines such as cancer biology, genomics and pathology to look at underpinning biomarkers, pathways and clinical annotations. · Provides insight into patients who have had cancer previously. These insights will provide for more effective recurrence monitoring, which Renovaro Cube believes is important to the providers of care and patients during follow-up monitoring of remissions. Renovaro Cube anticipates that payers want to detect and re-treat recurrences at the earliest possible stage to maximize patients’ outcomes in terms of time and cost and that, similarly, patients with a recurrence are keen to re-engage with effective treatment at the earliest opportunity. A key aspect of this will be taking blood from the patients, sequencing this blood and running it through the Renovaro Cube platform which will identify if the patient has any indication of the recurrence of the same or a new cancer. For recurrence monitoring, Renovaro Cube will focus on a highly sensitive combination of lab and information technology. Lab protocols, sequence post processing and machine learning are all designed, trained and validated to get the best signal with the highest sensitivity to catch early signals of recurrence. This will be done on a regular basis allowing surveillance analysis over time. · Includes biomarker panels that will be extended to include as many layers of genetic information (multi-omics) as possible including mutation, gene expression, methylation status, fragmentomics, nucleosome mapping, collectively named multi-omics, with the goal to reach the highest accuracy possible, both in terms of sensitivity and specificity of each individual biomarker panel. This provides a non-invasive alternative for the current complex, expensive and cumbersome procedures. ● Create value through advancing more sophisticated typification of diseases in an effort to address some of the pressing problems faced by modern healthcare, including healthcare costs, an aging population and developments in medical technology that produce a stream of increasingly sophisticated treatments requiring more precise targeting. One additional key focus of Renovaro Cube is its multi-modal, data analysis. Multi-modal data encompasses the whole aspect of data from a patient perspective, whether genomics, imaging, phenotypic or even wearable data, which can be cross analyzed to produce data that could not be previously produced. Renovaro Cube intends to use multi-modal data to bring new insights to the clinical and research teams trying to understand what to do next with the patient. 7 Renovaro Cube’s Technology and Techniques Renovaro Cube is dedicated to the development of early cancer detection blood tests and expects to develop partnerships with third-party laboratories across the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the rest of Europe and will also expand to the United States. Renovaro Cube is focused on developing diagnostic tests and test kits that would analyze samples derived from non-invasive liquid biopsy samples and intends to perform these tests from a Renovaro’s dedicated fully certified service laboratory and engage third-party laboratories to perform these tests for end-users. For this purpose, Renovaro Cube has developed an AI platform that aims to leverage expertise in both biological and computational sciences and to go beyond traditional tumor signals by detecting the body’s early warning signs of cancer. Renovaro Cube’s goal is to provide accurate and reliable tests that can aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Renovaro Cube’s AI technology is created to detect a wide range of biological signs to enhance the accuracy and sensitivity of early cancer detection and, thereby, enable earlier intervention and potentially improved patient outcomes. Renovaro Cube’s AI technology aims to address three critical facets of medical needs within the domain of cancer diagnosis (as illustrated below): ● type-specific cancer detection; ● pan-cancer detection; and ● patient stratification. Moreover, the versatility of Renovaro Cube’s AI technology extends to encompass the realm of rare cancers, including cases such as cancer of unknown primary. Leveraging DNA methylation data, Renovaro Cube has identified and validated biomarker panels tailored for the detection of a wide range of cancers, including bladder, breast, colon, prostate, thyroid, head and neck, liver, kidney and lung cancer. 8 The foundational architecture of Renovaro Cube’s AI technology is engineered to facilitate comprehensive pan-cancer analysis through its extensive record of informative biomarkers discovered across a diverse array of cancer types. This comprehensive repository empowers Renovaro Cube’s AI technology to swiftly cross-reference biomarkers and explore molecular commonalities and distinctions that span multiple tumor categories. For example, the capabilities of Renovaro Cube’s AI technology have unearthed biomarkers capable of pinpointing a specific subgroup of thyroid cancer patients characterized by a distinct genomic alteration, the neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (“NTRK”) gene fusion. Identification of these NTRK-positive patients provides an actionable therapeutic target. Uses of Renovaro Cube’s AI Technology Renovaro Cube has developed its AI platform to support: ● AI-assisted patient diagnostics; ● multi-omic data analysis; ● genome-wide or targeted analysis; ● pan-cancer analysis; ● different technology platforms (sequence or array); ● tracking of each sample; ● AI-guided biomarker discovery for single or multiple cancer types; and ● logs of analysis steps and outcomes (data preparation, discovery, validation). Renovaro Cube’s AI platform is an enterprise software platform that is distinguished from its competitors’ technology by its core attributes encompassing AI-guided analysis and meticulous record-keeping of data handling procedures within audit trails, logs, and data discoveries. Renovaro Cube designed this technology to support and validate every phase of the process, from the initial handling of raw data to the creation of essential biomarker panels. Renovaro Cube’s AI platform also facilitates the integration of data originating from diverse sources, including public databases and collaborative partnership data. Illustrated below is the three-phase workflow behind Renovaro Cube’s AI platform for biomarker discovery using DNA methylation data. This workflow commences with the identification of pertinent single- and multi-omic data best suited to address the specific inquiries of Renovaro Cube’s clients, and the subsequent stages involve the meticulous pre-processing and loading of this data into the platform. This process culminates in the availability of a dashboard offering the client insights into the data’s characteristics, such as data quality, the technology employed, and associated metadata. 9 ● Phase I of the workflow behind Renovaro Cube’s AI platform primarily centers on the pivotal process of biomarker discovery. This intricate procedure unfolds through the application of data mining algorithms and statistical methodologies integrated into the AI platform. The paramount objective of Phase I is to reduce the plethora of genomic features displaying variations across samples, which is accomplished by systematically eliminating extraneous or inconsequential features while preserving those features that exhibit the greatest potential for accurately detecting cancer. ● Phase II of the workflow builds upon the foundation of selected biomarkers by focusing on understanding the dynamic interplay among these chosen biomarkers, culminating in the creation of composite panels. The goal of Phase II is to pinpoint biomarker combinations that not only demonstrate robustness in detecting cancer but also maintain their efficacy across diverse contexts. Renovaro Cube believes that its AI algorithms are adept at uncovering multiple combinations across a spectrum of panels, which is supported by Renovaro Cube’s AI-guided panel mining, a proprietary combinatorial optimization technique used by Renovaro Cube’s AI technology. This approach, coupled with the capacity to explore numerous panels, significantly enhances the likelihood of discovering panels that align with specific metric criteria, such as sensitivity, specificity, precision, and recall and allows for tailoring criteria to align with clients’ unique needs, such as the number of biomarkers included per panel, or the inclusion of biomarkers associated with the expression of specific genes. The performance of the top-tier panels is further fine-tuned through the application of machine learning models. Subsequently, the efficacy of these biomarker panels in detecting cancer is validated through independent data sets. ● Phase III of the workflow involves Renovaro Cube’s collaboration with its clinical partners to validate the performance of the biomarker panels. Through this collaboration, Renovaro Cube can confirm the utility and accuracy of its biomarker panels in real-world clinical contexts. AI-Assisted Diagnostics The process of biomarker discovery facilitated by Renovaro Cube’s AI technology has yielded a set of data that enables scrutiny of the genomic distinctions and commonalities inherent in diverse cancer types. This data set can support the diagnosis of cancers when their type or origin remains unidentified. In addition to this role in biomarker discovery and the development of diagnostic tests, Renovaro Cube’s AI technology also integrates AI-guided molecular profiling of patient samples and furnishes diagnostic patient reports. These diagnostic reports reflect the outcomes of molecular profiling, coupled with interpretations provided by Renovaro Cube’s team, to facilitate the process of cancer diagnostics by a qualified healthcare provider, who can consider these reports in the context of a patient’s medical history, clinical signs, and symptoms, among other factors. Quality Control Process Renovaro Cube undertakes post-processing of data generated from sequence and arrays to ensure accurate and meaningful results. These post-processing steps for omic data include: 1. Quality Control : Quality control is performed to assess the overall data quality and to identify any technical issues or anomalies. 2. Normalization : arrays can introduce various sources of technical variation, such as batch effects, intensity variations, and probe-specific biases. 3. Quality Filtering : After genotype calling, additional quality filtering may be performed to remove low-quality SNPs based on criteria like call rates, minor allele frequency, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p-values, and linkage disequilibrium. Other post-processing steps may include genotype calling, population stratification and association analysis. Specific post-processing steps may vary depending on the type of array used, the study design, and the analytical goals. 10 Planning for Commercialization Partnerships in Development To enhance multi-omic and multi-modal capacity, and to work to validate those capabilities with human samples including liquid-biopsy-based tests/test kits, Renovaro Cube is actively pursuing relationships with leading academic cancer centers, pathology and imagery centers in Europe, the USA and the Middle East. In certain cases, scopes of work are in process. This is a very attractive model for partners to be involved with Renovaro Cube to perform multi-omics genetic analysis using liquid biopsies. Resources Renovaro Cube intends to hire additional staff to increase the speed and velocity of its organization, including the development of the AI platform and the opportunities to deploy the AI platform for research perspective and ultimately for clinical practice and into clinical trials. In addition, Renovaro Cube intends to build out its infrastructure by leasing space for storage, networking and hosting facilities. Target Market Renovaro Cube’s intended customers will be hospitals, clinics, insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, biotech companies, research centers, physicians and individual patients. Renovaro Cube aims to utilize its AI technology to commercialize products and test kits for healthcare providers, hospitals, clinics and doctors that will expedite diagnosis and the selection of appropriate treatment for various types of cancer. Renovaro Cube intends to differentiate its products based on the following factors: ● Proprietary and unique panel mining algorithms to create multiple biomarker stratifications per cancer; ● Explainable AI, offering traceability between the prediction and the exact biomarkers, panels and genes; ● Differential diagnosis, inclusion and exclusion of cancer types based on facts; and ● Precision diagnosis, with a high accuracy percentage with machine-learning tuning. 11 The multi-omic design of Renovaro Cube’s AI platform enables the use of different molecular layers, such as epigenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, together with genomics and clinical data. Panel Mining The unique panel mining technique in Renovaro Cube’s technology repeatedly investigates genes to identify relevant biomarkers. The proprietary technique in Renovaro Cube’s technology not only searches for individual biomarkers, but also integrates validated panels for different cancer types into the “RenovaroCube” machine learning library. This process enables precision diagnosis, by including one cancer and excluding others based on statistically, scientifically and clinically validated machine-learning panels. Panel mining is designed to combine biomarkers into panels in such a way that the final panel meets: ● performance metric criteria; ● technical criteria, such as a minimum or maximum number of biomarkers for the selected assay; ● biological criteria, non-annotated genes inclusion; and ● stratification criteria. Explainable AI The term “Explainable AI” refers to the ability of an AI system or model to provide human-understandable explanations for its decision-making process or predictions. This feature aims to bridge the gap between the “black box” nature of many AI algorithms and the need for transparency, interpretability, and accountability in AI applications. In traditional machine learning approaches, such as deep neural networks, the internal workings of the model can be complex and difficult to interpret. This lack of interpretability poses challenges in critical domains where decisions have significant implications, such as healthcare. Renovaro Cube believes that Explainable AI is crucial for ensuring transparency, fairness, and accountability in AI systems. Renovaro Cube’s AI platform includes Explainable AI by design. All data points, calculations and results are traceable, and all calculations are verifiable and reproducible with the same result. Disease prognosis is one of the diagnostic capabilities of the Explainable AI feature of Renovaro Cube’s technology. Disease prognosis gives more insight for a specific patient that empowers healthcare providers, patients, and their families to make well-informed decisions about treatment, care, and future planning, thereby enhancing patient-centered care, optimizing resource utilization, and contributing to improved patient outcomes and quality of life. Differential Diagnosis Renovaro Cube’s AI platform offers differential diagnosis by design due to its approach with a multitude of models for different diseases and the ability to include and exclude diseases. Diseases like cancer are very homogenous, meaning that markers like TP53 or BRCA are expressed with multiple cancers. To address this homogeneity, differential diagnosis distinguishes between two or more conditions or diseases that share similar signs, symptoms or characteristics. The goal of differential diagnosis is to consider and evaluate all possible diagnoses for the patient’s symptoms to determine the most likely cause. Differential diagnosis therefore aims to identify the underlying condition accurately and guide appropriate treatment and management strategies. 12 Differential diagnosis is important for several reasons: 1. Accurate Diagnosis : Differential diagnosis helps healthcare professionals arrive at the correct diagnosis by systematically considering all possible explanations for the patient’s symptoms. This ensures that the appropriate treatment and interventions are provided, leading to better patient outcomes. 2. Avoiding Misdiagnosis : Many medical conditions have similar or overlapping symptoms, and misdiagnosis can have serious consequences. Differential diagnosis helps to avoid misdiagnosing one condition as another, preventing unnecessary treatments, delays in appropriate care or potential harm to the patient. 3. Tailored Treatment : Different conditions require different treatments. Identifying the correct diagnosis through differential diagnosis allows healthcare professionals to develop a targeted treatment plan based on the specific condition, improving the chances of successful management and recovery. 4. Avoiding Overtreatment or Undertreatment : Some conditions may require aggressive interventions, while others may resolve with minimal treatment or simply require symptomatic management. Differential diagnosis helps prevent overtreating or undertreating patients by ensuring that interventions are appropriate for the specific condition. 5. Identifying Underlying Causes : In some cases, multiple conditions may present with similar symptoms, but the underlying causes may be distinct. Differential diagnosis helps identify the root cause of the symptoms, which is crucial for implementing effective long-term management strategies and preventing complications. In summary, differential diagnosis is a critical process in healthcare that supports accurate identification of the underlying condition, tailored treatment plans, and improved patient outcomes. Precision Diagnostics Precision diagnostics and personalized care is about focusing on what is required for a specific patient, what are their individual needs, how can we understand more about them to be more precise when delivering care and identifying the right clinical pathway to move them through treatment. Renovaro Cube technology will bring a high level of detail with multi-omic data, allowing individual genes and different possible cancers under suspicion to be identified. Due to the structure of the data produced, Renovaro Cube can bring it into any format of user interface, documentation, or database. We expect to provide the flexibility to respond to the different requirements for delivering data to the right person at the right place at the right time. We will comply to user interface guidance and usability regulations (WC3C) to ensure that they meet the correct standards to enable the data to be displayed, read and understood. Personalized care is what we all in the healthcare system are striving for, we are one component that can make a huge difference. Future Development In driving towards future commercialization, Renovaro Cube intends to undertake or continue the following activities to enable the development of its AI platform, bolster the credibility of this platform and open up revenue opportunities: 13 ● Increase in-kind contribution projects with hospitals, research centers and pharmaceutical companies, focusing on rare disease, cancer diagnosis and other opportunities for clinical trials; it is expected that the investments required for these activities will be leveraged by non-dilutive funding instruments to de-risk individual projects and product development routes, ● Work to develop long-term strategic partnerships with clinical organizations, research centers and pharmaceutical companies to advance existing research in multi-modal analysis and open potential revenue streams; ● Develop Renovaro Cube’s multi-modal, multi-omics platform architecture and first prototypes, with the goal of providing integrated multi-modal solutions that would be sold as a fully deployed and fully supported solution, subject to compliance with regulatory standards for hosting and support and for production of algorithms being deployed in a clinical environment; ● Build Renovaro Cube’s service and support models for its AI platform; ● Build or lease a “supercomputer” that will be utilized for processing genomic data, the training of algorithms and the development of Renovaro Cube’s solutions; ● Continue business development across key territories in the Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”) region, starting in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany, under the management of in-country managers supported by centralized teams in Amsterdam and London and progress to rolling out in the US leveraging the Renovaro US based staff; ● Deploy a sequencing lab in the EMEA region that will allow Renovaro Cube to control the sample preparation and medical device, thereby enabling faster commercialization analysis and quality control; and ● Expand its team to include biomedical scientists, data scientists, machine-learning engineers, specialized medical doctors (oncologist, geneticist), high-performance-computer engineers and software engineers. · Renovaro Cube plans to establish a state-of-the-art fully certified (CLIA and ISO standards) service laboratories to perform liquid biopsies in a multi-omic approach for third parties (primarily research and academic institutes) and provide data analysis at the same time. This activity serves two important goals: · It provides immediate revenues for the company providing a superior service for multi-omic sequencing servicing using Oxford Nanopore Technologies for an attractive pricing and high-end services also applicable for liquid biopsies. · The Cube needs data to expand the indications, application and improve the capabilities of the system. Acquiring this data is a lengthy and expensive. We anticipate a significant number of clients will provide data sharing for a reduced price. The outcomes can be published collaboratively, and the potential products will be commercialized by Renovaro Cube. The partner will receive royalties. · A first service laboratory will be established in the Netherlands and rapidly expanded to other sites in the EU, US and rest of the world. 14 Our Intellectual Property Patents and licenses are key to our business. Our strategy is to file patent applications to protect technology, inventions, and improvements to inventions that we consider important for the development of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as continuing technological innovations, proprietary knowledge, and various third-party agreements, including, without limitation, confidentiality agreements, materials transfer agreements, research agreements, and licensing agreements, to establish and protect our proprietary rights. We aim to take advantage of all of the intellectual property rights that are available to us and seek the protection of those rights so that we can fully exploit our innovations. We also protect our proprietary information by requiring our employees, consultants, contractors, and other advisors to execute nondisclosure and assignment of invention agreements upon commencement of their respective employment or engagement. Assigned Intellectual Property On August 16, 2022, the USPTO issued U.S. Patent No. 11,413,338 B2, “Methods and Compositions Using Recombinant Dendritic Cells for Cancer Therapy”, pertaining to methods and compositions for treating cancer by eliciting an immune response by administering dendritic cells expressing heterologous proteins. This patent protects RENB-DC11: Genetically modified Allogeneic Dendritic Cells as Potential Product for Long-term Remission of Solid Tumors – Starting with Pancreatic Cancer and potential future products RENB-DC-12XX: Genetically modified Allogeneic Dendritic Cells as Potential Product for Long-term Remission of Additional Indications for twenty years. The Company owns this patent application, through assignment as of July 15, 2019. On June 17, 2020, a patent titled “Allogeneic T-Cell-Based HIV Vaccine to Induce Cellular and Humoral Immunity”, US 2021/0030795 A1 for the composition and method of use concepts for RENB-HV-12. was filed. The Company owns this patent application, through assignment as of September 28, 2021. In-Licensed Technology Trade Secrets and Proprietary Know-How In addition to intellectual property protected by patents and copyrights, we have trade secrets and proprietary know-how relating to our products, production processes, and future strategies. Competition Renovaro Cube operates in a highly competitive market with several companies developing AI-driven diagnostic platforms for early disease detection and personalized medicine. Key competitors include Grail, Freenome, and Owkin, each utilizing advanced AI and machine learning to analyze multi-omic data for cancer detection. While these companies focus primarily on specific diagnostic approaches, Renovaro Cube differentiates itself through its unique, disease-agnostic AI platform that integrates various molecular data sources for differential diagnosis. Our platform’s explainable AI system, capable of providing actionable insights and personalized treatment options, offers a distinct advantage. Despite the crowded landscape, Renovaro Cube's scalable technology, multi-omics capabilities, and ability to process diverse biopsy sources position it as a versatile leader in precision diagnostics, allowing us to address a broader range of clinical and research needs. 15 Government Regulation FDA Review and Approval Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state, and local levels, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of therapeutic products such as those we are developing. Any products we develop are likely to require regulatory review and allowance to proceed prior to conducting clinical trials and additional regulatory approvals prior to commercialization. In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and the Public Health Service Act (PHSA) and their implementing regulations govern, among other things, biopharmaceutical testing, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, advertising, and other promotional practices. Obtaining FDA approval is a costly and time-consuming process. FDA approval requires that preclinical studies be conducted in the laboratory and in animal model systems to gain preliminary information on efficacy and to identify any major safety concerns. The results of these studies are then submitted as a part of an IND, which the FDA must review and allow before human clinical trials can start. The IND includes a detailed description of the proposed clinical investigations. An independent Institutional Review Board (“IRB”) must also review and approve the clinical protocol and each clinical site. A company must submit an IND for each investigational medical product and specific indication(s) and must conduct clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product necessary to obtain FDA approval. The FDA receives reports on the progress of each phase of clinical testing and may require the modification, suspension, or termination of clinical trials if an unwarranted risk is observed in participants including patients. Obtaining FDA approval prior to marketing a biopharmaceutical product in the United States typically requires multiple phases of clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. Clinical trials are how experimental treatments are evaluated in humans and are conducted following preclinical testing. Clinical trials may be conducted within the United States or in foreign countries. If clinical trials are conducted in foreign countries, the products under development as well as the trials are subject to regulations of the FDA and/or its regulatory counterparts in the other countries. Upon successful completion of clinical trials, approval to market the treatment for a particular patient population may be requested from the FDA in the United States and/or its counterparts in other countries. 16 Applications submitted to the FDA are subject to an unpredictable and potentially prolonged approval process. Despite good-faith communication and collaboration between the applicant and the FDA during the development process, the FDA may decide, upon final review of the data, that the application does not satisfy its criteria for approval or requires additional product development or further preclinical or clinical studies. Even if FDA regulatory approval(s) are obtained, a marketed product is subject to continual review, and later discovery of previously unknown problems or failure to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements may result in restrictions on the marketing of a product or withdrawal of the product from the market as well as possible civil or criminal sanctions. Sponsors of clinical trials are required to register, and report results for, all controlled, clinical investigations, other than Phase 1 investigations, of a product subject to FDA regulation. Trial registration may require public disclosure of certain confidential commercial development data. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. FDA sanctions could include, among other actions, refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, warning letters, product recalls or withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. 17 Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Regulations Although we currently do not have any products on the market, we may also be subject to additional healthcare regulations and enforcement by the federal government and by authorities in the states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. In the United States, among other things, the research, manufacturing, distribution, sale and promotion of pharmaceutical and biological products are potentially subject to regulation and enforcement by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”), other divisions of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (e.g., the Office of Inspector General), the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, state Attorneys General and other state and local government agencies. Our current and future business activities, including for example, sales, marketing, and scientific/educational grant programs, must comply with health care regulatory laws, as applicable, including, without limitation: ● the federal anti-kickback statute, which is a criminal statute that makes it a felony for individuals or entities to knowingly and willfully offer or pay, or to solicit or receive, direct or indirect remuneration, in order to induce the purchase, order, lease, or recommending of items or services, or the referral of patients for services, that are reimbursed under a federal health care program, including Medicare and Medicaid; ● the federal False Claims Act, which prohibits, among other things, individuals and entities from knowingly submitting, or causing to be submitted, false or fraudulent claims for payment of government funds, with penalties that include three times the government’s damages plus civil penalties for each false claim; in addition, the False Claims Act permits a person with knowledge of fraud, referred to as a qui tam plaintiff, to file a lawsuit on behalf of the government against the person or business that committed the fraud, and, if the action is successful, the qui tam plaintiff is rewarded with a percentage of the recovery; ● federal criminal laws that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters; ● the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which governs the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and protects the security and privacy of protected health information; ● the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical suppliers to report annually to CMS information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, other healthcare professionals and teaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and other healthcare professionals and their immediate family members; and 18 ● state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws which may impose stricter requirements than federal law and may apply to items or services reimbursed by any payor (including commercial insurers and cash-paying patients); state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare professionals and other potential referral sources; state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare professionals or marketing expenditures; and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of such laws or any other governmental laws or regulations that apply, they may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, the curtailment or restructuring of operations, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, additional program integrity obligations, individual imprisonment, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals, refusal to permit us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, diminished profits, and future earnings, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, result of operations, and cash flows. These additional healthcare regulations could affect our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers and third-party payors. Moreover, the introduction of legislation, implementation of new regulations, or enforcement of existing regulations that have a negative impact on the commercial prospects for the types of products we are developing could negatively impact our share price and our ability to raise capital. Coverage and Reimbursement In the United States, third-party payors include federal and state healthcare programs, government authorities, private managed care providers, private health insurers and other organizations. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price, examining the medical necessity and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of medical drug products and medical services, in addition to questioning their safety and efficacy. Such payors may limit coverage to specific drug products on an approved list, also known as a formulary, which might not include all the FDA-approved drugs for a particular indication. Third-party payor coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities approve the product. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a drug product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the drug product. Further, third-party payers are increasingly challenging the price of medical products and services, and there is increasing pressure on biotechnology companies to reduce healthcare costs. If purchasers or users of our products are not able to obtain adequate reimbursement for the cost of using our products, they may forgo or reduce their use. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved healthcare products, and whether adequate third-party coverage will be available. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government funded and private payors for future products we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize potential products, and our overall financial condition. 19 Healthcare Reform In March 2010, former President Obama signed into law The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Affordable Care Act”), which substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers in the United States, and significantly affected the pharmaceutical industry. The Affordable Care Act contains a number of provisions, including those governing enrollments in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement adjustments and fraud and abuse changes. Additionally, the Affordable Care Act increases the minimum level of Medicaid rebates payable by manufacturers of brand name drugs; requires collection of rebates for drugs paid by Medicaid managed care organizations; requires manufacturers to participate in a coverage gap discount program, under which they must agree to offer point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; and imposes a non-deductible annual fee on pharmaceutical manufacturers or importers who sell “branded prescription drugs” to specified federal government programs. Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the Affordable Care Act in the future. Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Affordable Care Act was enacted, including aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers and reduced payments to several types of Medicare providers. Moreover, there has recently been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. Individual states in the United States have also become increasingly active in implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, proposing to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. We cannot predict what healthcare reform initiatives may be adopted in the future. We also are subject to various federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices, the experimental use of animals, and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, used in connection with our research. The extent of government regulation that might result from any future legislation or administrative action cannot be accurately predicted. Renovaro Cube’s AI -guided diagnostic platform operates within a highly regulated environment, particularly as it involves health data and medical diagnostics. As a Software as a Medical Device (SaMD), the platform will require compliance with various regional regulations, including but not limited to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines and European Union Medical Device Regulation (MDR). Our regulatory strategy involves a meticulous development process, adhering to international standards such as for quality management systems. Key elements include rigorous clinical validation, cybersecurity, data privacy (in compliance with HIPAA and GDPR), and quality control to ensure patient safety and diagnostic accuracy. Post-market surveillance and continuous improvement will be integral to maintaining compliance and effectiveness as we aim for global commercialization. Given the rapidly evolving regulatory landscape for AI-driven diagnostics, Renovaro Cube remains committed to working closely with regulatory bodies to navigate the approval processes and to address ethical considerations, ensuring that our products meet the highest standards of safety and efficacy. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Our business activities may be subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and similar anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, regulations, or rules of other countries in which we operate. The FCPA generally prohibits offering, promising, giving, or authorizing others to give anything of value, either directly or indirectly, to a non-U.S. government official to influence official action, or otherwise obtain or retain business. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Our business is heavily regulated and therefore involves significant interaction with public officials, including officials of non-U.S. governments. Additionally, in many other countries, the health care providers who prescribe pharmaceuticals are employed by their government, and the purchasers of pharmaceuticals are government entities; therefore, our dealings with these prescribers and purchasers are subject to regulation under the FCPA. There is no certainty that all of our employees, agents, suppliers, manufacturers, contractors, or collaborators, or those of our affiliates, will comply with all applicable laws and regulations, particularly given the high level of complexity of these laws. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, the closing down of facilities, including those of our suppliers and manufacturers, requirements to obtain export licenses, cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries, implementation of compliance programs, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries as well as difficulties in manufacturing or continuing to develop our products, and could materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, and our business, prospects, operating results, and financial condition. 20 Employees As of June 30, 2024, we had 25 full-time employees. The Company has streamlined the organization to focus on its oncology therapeutic vaccine and artificial intelligence driven healthcare technology. The Company has tailored its workforce to focus on these therapies and technology. We believe that we have good relations with our employees. Corporate Information On February 13, 2024, Renovaro Inc. acquired Renovaro Cube Intl Ltd and its subsidiaries (“Renovaro Cube”), as a wholly owned subsidiary pursuant to a stock purchase agreement. We trade on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the ticker “RENB.” Our website is http://www.renovarobio.com. We make available free of charge, on or through our website, our annual, quarterly, and current reports and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Information contained in our website is not part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this report. Item 1A. Risk Factors RISK FACTORS Risk Factor Summary The following is a summary of the risks and uncertainties that could cause our business, financial condition or operating results to be harmed. We encourage you to carefully review the full risk factors contained in this report in their entirety for additional information regarding these risks and uncertainties. ● We have incurred substantial losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial and increasing losses for the foreseeable future. ● There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which may hinder our ability to obtain future financing. ● We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts. ● Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders or restrict our operations. ● From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings, regulatory investigations or disputes, and governmental inquiries that could cause us to incur significant expenses, divert our management’s attention, and materially harm our business, financial condition, and operating results. ● Negative publicity has had and may continue to have a negative impact on our business and may have a long-term effect on our relationships with our customers, partners and collaborators. ● Renovaro Biosciences is a pre-clinical biotechnology company and may never be able to successfully develop marketable products or generate any revenue. We have a very limited relevant operating history upon which an evaluation of our performance and prospects can be made. There is no assurance that our future operations will result in profits. If we cannot generate sufficient revenues, we may suspend or cease operations. ● The market for artificial intelligence -based (“AI”) healthcare solutions is new and unproven and may decline or experience limited growth, and concerns over the use of AI may hinder the adoption of AI technologies. ● Regulators and legislators may limit our ability to develop or implement our AI algorithms and may eliminate or restrict the confidentiality of our proprietary technology, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, reputation, and financial condition. 21 ● The results of pre-clinical studies or earlier clinical studies are not necessarily predictive of future results, and if we fail to demonstrate efficacy in our pre-clinical studies and/or clinical trials in the future our future business prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially adversely affected. ● Our reliance on third parties, such as university laboratories, contract manufacturing organizations and contract or clinical research organizations, may result in delays in completing, or a failure to complete, non-clinical testing or clinical trials if they fail to perform under our agreements with them. ● We have limited experience in drug development and may not be able to successfully develop any drugs, which would cause us to cease our therapeutic development activities. ● We have licensed a portion of our intellectual property from our licensors. If we breach any of our license agreements with these licensors, or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose intellectual property rights that are important to our business. ● If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our product candidates, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection is not sufficiently broad, our ability to commercialize our product candidates successfully and to compete effectively may be adversely affected ● Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts. ● We use AI in our business, and challenges relating to the development and use of AI, including generative AI, could result in competitive harm, reputational harm, and legal liability, and adversely affect our results of operations. ● We have limited corporate infrastructure and may experience difficulties in managing growth. ● We have experienced and may continue to experience significant turnover in our management and executive leadership, which creates uncertainty and could harm our ability to operate our business effectively. ● If serious adverse events or other undesirable side effects or safety concerns attributable to our product candidates occur, they may adversely affect or delay our clinical development and commercialization of some or all of our product candidates. ● Our stock price has been and will likely continue to be volatile and may decline regardless of our operating performance. ● Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall. ● Future sales and issuances of our Common Stock or rights to purchase Common Stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall. Investing in our Common Stock involves a high degree of risk. Investors should carefully consider all of the risk factors and uncertainties described below, in addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section of this report titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before investing in our Common Stock. The risks described below may not be the only ones relating to our Company and additional risks that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect us. If any of these risks, including those described below, materialize, our business, competitive position, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects could be seriously harmed. In these circumstances, the market price of our Common Stock could decline, and investors may lose all or a part of their investment. 22 Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements We have incurred substantial losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial and increasing losses for the foreseeable future. Renovaro is a pre-clinical-stage biotechnology company and AI-driven healthcare technology company. Investment in biotechnology related to genetically modified cells is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that a product candidate will fail to prove effective, gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. We do not have any products approved by regulatory authorities and have not generated any revenues from product sales or otherwise to date, and have incurred significant research, development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations and expect to continue to incur such expenses. As a result, we have not been profitable and have incurred significant operating losses in every reporting period since our inception. For the years ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively, we reported a net loss of $88,425,828 and $39,684,056. We had an accumulated deficit of $332 million and $244 million as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We do not expect to generate revenues for the foreseeable future. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate these losses to increase as we continue to research, develop, and seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates and any additional product candidates we may acquire, in-license or develop, and potentially begin to commercialize product candidates that may achieve regulatory approval. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenues. If any of our product candidates fails in clinical studies or does not gain regulatory approval, or if approved, fails to achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the future as we continue to invest in research and development of our existing product candidates, investigate and potentially acquire new product candidates and expand our manufacturing and commercialization activities. There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which may hinder our ability to obtain future financing. Our consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024, have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern for the next twelve months. As of June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $220,467 and an accumulated deficit of $325 million. We do not believe that our cash and cash equivalents are sufficient for the next twelve months. As a result of our financial condition and other factors described herein, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern will depend on our ability to obtain additional funding, as to which no assurances can be given. We continue to analyze various alternatives, including potentially obtaining debt or equity financings or other arrangements. Our future success depends on our ability to raise capital. We cannot be certain that raising additional capital, whether through selling additional debt or equity securities or obtaining a line of credit or other loan, will be available to us or, if available, will be on terms acceptable to us. If we issue additional securities to raise funds, these securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of our Common Stock, and our current shareholders may experience dilution. If we are unable to obtain funds when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be required to curtail our current development programs, cut operating costs, forgo future development and other opportunities, or even terminate our operations. 23 We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts. We expect to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future to continue the pre-clinical development of our cell, gene and immunotherapy product candidates, and the advancement and potential expansion of our pre-clinical research pipeline. We also expect to continue to expend resources for the development and manufacturing of product candidates and the technology we have licensed or have a right to license from our licensors. These expenditures will include costs associated with research and development, potentially acquiring or licensing new product candidates or technologies, conducting pre-clinical and clinical studies and potentially obtaining regulatory approvals and manufacturing products, as well as marketing and selling products approved for sale, if any. Under the terms of certain of our license agreements, we are obligated to make payments upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones. We will also need to make significant expenditures to develop a commercial organization capable of sales, marketing, and distribution for any products, if any, that we intend to sell ourselves in the markets in which we choose to commercialize on our own. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise. Because the design and outcome of our ongoing, planned and anticipated pre-clinical and clinical studies is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates. Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including: ● the costs and payments associated with license agreements for our potential products and technologies; ● the costs of conducting pre-clinical and clinical studies and the costs of manufacturing our product candidates; ● the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining regulatory approvals for our product candidates, if clinical studies are successful, including any costs from post-market requirements; ● the cost of commercialization activities for our product candidates, if any of these product candidates is approved for sale, including marketing, sales and distribution costs; ● our ability to establish and maintain strategic licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of such agreements; ● the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, expanding, defending and enforcing patent claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation; and ● the timing, receipt and amount of sales of, or royalties on, our future products, if any. Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical studies, or other development activities for one or more of our product candidates or delay, limit, reduce or terminate our establishment of sales, marketing and distribution capabilities or other activities that may be necessary to commercialize our product candidates. Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies. Until such time as we can generate substantial product revenues, we may attempt to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings, government and/or other third-party grants or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances, and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our investors’ ownership interest will be diluted. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail one or more clinical research or development programs, which would adversely impact our potential revenues, future results of operations and financial condition. 24 From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings, regulatory investigations or disputes, and governmental inquiries that could cause us to incur significant expenses, divert our management’s attention, and materially harm our business, financial condition, and operating results. From time to time, we may be subject to claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings involving intellectual property, privacy, securities, tax, labor and employment, and other matters that could adversely affect our business operations and financial condition. Recently, we have seen a rise in the number and significance of these disputes and inquiries. The arrest and indictment of Serhat Gümrükcü, a co-founder of the Company, has, and could in the future, subject us to regulatory proceedings and litigation by governance agencies and private litigants brought against us, that regardless of their merits, could harm our reputation, divert management’s attention from our operations and result in substantial legal fees and other costs. Additionally, we have in the past been subject to intense media scrutiny, which exposes us to increasing regulation, government investigations, legal actions, and penalties. We have also been named in several lawsuits related to Mr. Gümrükcü. For example, the Company and certain of its current and former officers have been named in securities class actions by purported stockholders of ours, alleging defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, by making false and misleading statements and omissions of material fact in connection with the Company’s relationship with Mr. Gümrükcü and its commercial prospects. In addition, two stockholders filed stockholder derivative action lawsuits purportedly on behalf of the Company against certain of our executive officers and the members of our Board of Directors alleging violations of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and also setting out claims for breach of fiduciary duty, contribution and indemnification, aiding and abetting, and gross mismanagement. Additionally, from time to time, we may be, and currently are, subject to inquiries from regulators in which they seek information about us. Such further inquiries could result in more formal investigations or allegations, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and operating results. Litigation, regulatory proceedings, such as the investigations described above, as well as the related class action claims and lawsuits, and securities matters that we are currently facing or could face, can be protracted and expensive, and have results that are difficult to predict. Certain of these matters include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages and include claims for injunctive relief. Additionally, our legal costs for any of these matters, either alone or in the aggregate, could be significant. Adverse outcomes with respect to any of these legal or regulatory proceedings may result in significant settlement costs or judgments, penalties, and fines. Even if these proceedings are resolved in our favor, the time and resources necessary to resolve them could divert the resources of our management and require significant expenditures. See Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the section titled “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of litigation, investigations, claims, and regulatory proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, and determining reserves for pending litigation and other legal and regulatory matters requires significant judgment. There can be no assurance that our expectations will prove correct, and even if these matters are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results. Negative publicity has had and may continue to have a negative impact on our business and may have a long-term effect on our relationships with our customers, partners and collaborators. Our business and reputation have been negatively affected by negative publicity resulting from the arrest and indictment of Serhat Gümrükcü, a co-founder of the Company and an inventor of some of the Company’s intellectual property. If we are unable to rebuild the trust of our collaborators, research institutions and investors, and if further negative publicity continues, we could experience a substantial negative impact on our business. We have experienced claims and litigation as a consequence of these matters, including stockholder class actions in connection with a decline in our stock price and litigation with Mr. Gümrükcü. Related legal expenses of defending these claims have negatively impacted our operating results. Continuing higher legal fees, potential new claims, liabilities from existing cases and continuing negative publicity could continue to have a negative impact on our operating results. 25 Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History Renovaro Biosciences is a pre-clinical biotechnology company and may never be able to successfully develop marketable products or generate any revenue. We have a very limited relevant operating history upon which an evaluation of our performance and prospects can be made. There is no assurance that our future operations will result in profits. If we cannot generate sufficient revenues, we may suspend or cease operations. Renovaro Biosciences is an early-stage biotechnology company and has not generated any revenues to date. All of our product candidates are in the discovery stage or pre-clinical development stage. Moreover, we cannot be certain that our research and development efforts will be successful or, if successful, that our potential treatments will ever be approved for sale to generate commercial revenues. Our therapeutic pipeline includes cell, gene and immunotherapy involving genetically modified cells targeted to treat cancer and HIV, and we rely on third parties under contract in the development of product candidates in our pipeline. There is no guarantee that we will be able to manage and fund the development of a pipeline with multiple target conditions, nor that third parties will meet their obligations to us in connection with our research and development. We and certain third parties, on which we rely, have no relevant operating history upon which an evaluation of our performance and prospects can be made. We are subject to all of the business risks associated with a new enterprise, including, but not limited to, risks of unforeseen capital requirements, failure of treatments either in non-clinical testing or in clinical trials, failure to establish business relationships, failure of our third parties to meet their obligations to us and competitive disadvantages against larger and more established companies. If we fail to become profitable, we may suspend or cease operations. Renovaro Cube is an artificial intelligence (“AI”)-driven healthcare technology company operating in a rapidly evolving field and has a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate Renovaro Cube’s current business and predict Renovaro Cube’s future performance. Renovaro Cube is an AI-driven healthcare technology company operating in a rapidly evolving field and, having commenced operations in 2013, has a limited operating history. Renovaro Cube shifted its business from the financial technology (or FinTech) industry to cancer diagnostics in 2018. We currently do not have a commercial product for sale. We have never generated any revenue relating to our cancer diagnostics AI platform. Renovaro Cube’s short operating history makes any assessment of its current business or future success and viability subject to significant uncertainty. We expect to encounter risks and difficulties, including those frequently experienced by early-stage companies in rapidly evolving fields. If we do not address these risks and difficulties successfully, our business will suffer. Renovaro Cube has a history of net losses and anticipates that it may continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. Grace Systems (Renovaro Cube’s predecessor) has primarily incurred net losses since its inception in 2013 and has never generated any revenue relating to its cancer diagnostics AI platform. Renovaro Cube anticipates that it may continue to incur primarily net losses in the foreseeable future. Renovaro Cube has invested significant financial resources in research and development activities, including to develop its technology and investigational products and plan for commercial launch of its AI platform. The amount of Renovaro Cube’s future net losses will depend, in part, on the level of Renovaro Cube’s future expenditures and its ability to generate revenue following the commercialization of its AI platform. Moreover, Renovaro Cube’s net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, such that a period-to-period comparison of Renovaro Cube’s results of operations may not be a good indication of Renovaro Cube’s future performance. Renovaro Cube expects to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future if, and as, it: 26 ● attracts, hires, and retains qualified personnel; ● continues its research and development activities; ● initiates and conducts additional clinical validation to support the development and commercialization of its products; ● expands its technological and operating capabilities and introduces laboratory capacity as Renovaro Cube prepares for commercial scale; ● seeks regulatory approvals and any other marketing authorizations or clearances that may be necessary or desired for its products; ● establishes sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize its products; ● acquires or in-licenses additional intellectual property and technologies; ● makes milestone, royalty, or other payments due under any license or collaboration agreements; ● obtains, maintains, protects and enforces its intellectual property portfolio, including intellectual property obtained through license agreements; ● provides additional infrastructure to support its continued research and development operations and any planned commercialization efforts in the future; ● as part of the combined company, meets the requirements and demands of being a public company; and ● defends against any product liability claims or other lawsuits related to its products. Renovaro Cube has never generated revenue from its cancer diagnostics AI platform, and does not expect any near-term revenue to offset Renovaro Cube’s ongoing operating expenses, and may never be able to maintain profitability. Renovaro Cube’s ability to generate revenue from product sales and maintain profitability in the future depends on its ability to commercialize its products. While Renovaro Cube plans to commercially launch its AI platform in the European Union and United Kingdom in 2024, Renovaro Cube cannot be certain that it will be able to do so successfully as planned, if at all, and Renovaro Cube’s failure to do so would prevent Renovaro Cube from generating revenue. Furthermore, even if Renovaro Cube is able to launch its AI platform or other products in a timely manner, Renovaro Cube may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to offset its costs and maintain profitability. Renovaro Cube’s ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on its success in: ● completing clinical development and additional validation of Renovaro Cube’s products and continuing to improve product performance and expand product features over time; ● seeking, obtaining and maintaining marketing approvals, clearances, licenses, or exemptions that may be necessary or desired for any future products that Renovaro Cube develops; ● establishing a sales force, marketing, medical affairs and distribution infrastructure or, alternatively, collaborating with a commercialization partner sufficient to launch and commercialize its products; ● obtaining market acceptance by consumers, including self-insured employers, integrated health systems, healthcare providers, patients and third-party payors; 27 ● establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can timely and consistently provide adequate, in both amount and quality, products and services to support clinical development and the market demand for Renovaro Cube’s future products; ● achieving adequate coverage or reimbursement recognition from governments, health insurance organizations and other third-party payors for products that Renovaro Cube launches; ● addressing any technological and market developments, including competing products; ● negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing, or other arrangements into which Renovaro Cube may enter, and maintaining such existing or future arrangements; ● achieving general adoption and acceptance of Renovaro Cube’s products by the medical community; ● maintaining, protecting and expanding Renovaro Cube’s portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets, know-how and trademarks; ● defending against third-party interference or infringement claims, if any; and ● attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel. Renovaro Cube anticipates incurring substantial costs to commercialize Renovaro Cube’s products. Renovaro Cube’s expenses could increase beyond expectations if it is required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), the European Medicines Agency (the “EMA”), the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (“MHRA”) or other regulatory agencies to delay its launch, narrow or change its intended use or product claims, modify or expand its clinical validation, perform future additional clinical validation, either pre- or post-approval, or conduct clinical trials. Even if Renovaro Cube is able to generate revenue from the sale of any products, Renovaro Cube may not become profitable and may need to continue to obtain additional funding to continue its operations. Even if we commercially launch Renovaro Cube’s AI platform and other products, they may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance necessary for commercial success. The commercial success of Renovaro Cube’s AI platform and other future products will depend upon the degree of market acceptance by consumers, including self-insured employers, integrated health systems, healthcare providers, patients and, over the long-term, third-party payors. The degree of market acceptance of Renovaro Cube’s products will depend on a number of factors, including: ● the performance and clinical utility of its products as demonstrated in clinical validation and published in peer-reviewed journals; ● Renovaro Cube’s ability to demonstrate the clinical utility of its products and their potential advantages to the medical community; ● the ability of Renovaro Cube’s products to demonstrate the same performance in real-world intended use populations as in clinical validation; ● the willingness of consumers, including self-insured employers, integrated health systems, healthcare providers, patients and others in the medical community to utilize Renovaro Cube’s products; ● the willingness of commercial third-party payors and government payors to cover and reimburse for Renovaro Cube’s products, the scope and amount of which will likely affect an individual’s willingness or ability to pay for Renovaro Cube’s products and likely heavily influence healthcare providers’ decisions to recommend Renovaro Cube’s products; 28 ● with respect to products under development that Renovaro Cube intends to launch for use in a broad asymptomatic population, the concern that such products could lead to over-diagnosis or a high false-positive rate and unnecessary medical procedures and costs; ● the introduction of competing products, including the expansion of the capabilities of existing products; ● the market acceptance of existing competitive products, including tests that are currently reimbursed; ● publicity concerning Renovaro Cube’s products or competing products; and ● the strength of Renovaro Cube’s marketing and distribution support. The failure of Renovaro Cube’s AI platform, once introduced, to be listed in physician guidelines or any future clinical validation to produce favorable results or to be published in peer-reviewed journals could limit the adoption of its AI platform. In addition, healthcare providers and third-party payors, including Medicare, may rely on physician guidelines issued by industry groups, medical societies and other key organizations, such as the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, before utilizing or reimbursing the cost of any diagnostic or screening test. Although Renovaro Cube has conducted prior clinical validation of its AI platform, this platform is not yet, and may never be, listed in any such guidelines. Further, if Renovaro Cube’s products and the technology underlying them do not receive sufficient favorable exposure in peer-reviewed publications, the rate of physician and market acceptance of Renovaro Cube’s products and positive reimbursement or coverage decisions for Renovaro Cube’s products could be negatively affected. The publication of clinical data in peer-reviewed journals is a crucial step in commercializing and obtaining reimbursement or coverage for Renovaro Cube’s products, and Renovaro Cube’s inability to control when, if ever, results are published may delay or limit Renovaro Cube’s ability to derive sufficient revenues from any of its products that are developed using data from a clinical study. Failure to achieve broad market acceptance of Renovaro Cube’s products, once launched, would materially harm Renovaro Cube’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Renovaro Cube may be unable to develop and commercialize new products. Renovaro Cube continues to expand its research and development efforts to use its proprietary AI platform to develop new products, including in disease areas beyond cancer. The commercialization of any new products will require the completion of certain clinical development activities, regulatory activities and the expenditure of additional cash resources. Renovaro Cube cannot assure you that it can successfully complete the clinical development of any such products. Renovaro Cube also cannot assure you that it will be able to reduce its expenditures sufficiently, generate sufficient revenue from products that it successfully commercializes or otherwise mitigate the risks associated with its business to raise enough capital to develop and commercialize new products. In addition, once Renovaro Cube’s development efforts for a product are completed, commercialization efforts, including allocation of resources necessary to comply with applicable laws and regulations, will require significant expenditures. Any failure by Renovaro Cube to develop and commercialize new products could have a material adverse effect on Renovaro Cube’s ability to implement its strategy and grow its business. 29 One of the key elements of Renovaro Cube’s strategy is to expand access to its tests by pursuing reimbursement and/or coverage from third-party payors. If Renovaro Cube’s products do not receive adequate coverage or reimbursement from third-party payors, its ability to expand access to its tests beyond its initial sales channels and its overall commercial success will be limited. Renovaro Cube anticipates that it will not have broad-based coverage or reimbursement at the initial commercial launch. However, a key element to Renovaro Cube’s strategy is to expand access to its tests by pursuing coverage and/or reimbursement by third-party payors, including government payors. Coverage and reimbursement by third-party payors, including managed care organizations, private health insurers and government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid in the United States and similar programs in other countries, for the types of early detection and post-diagnosis service tests that Renovaro Cube provides can be limited and uncertain. Healthcare providers may not order Renovaro Cube’s products unless third-party payors cover or provide adequate reimbursement for a substantial portion of the price of Renovaro Cube’s products. If Renovaro Cube is not able to obtain adequate coverage or an acceptable level of reimbursement for its products from third-party payors, there could be a greater co-insurance or co-payment obligation for any individual for whom a test is ordered. The individual may be forced to pay the entire cost of a test out-of-pocket, which could dissuade physicians from ordering Renovaro Cube’s products and, if ordered, could result in delay in, or decreased likelihood of, Renovaro Cube’s collection of payment. Renovaro Cube believes its revenue and revenue growth will depend on its success in achieving broad coverage and adequate reimbursement for its products from third-party payors. Coverage and reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend on a number of factors, including a payor’s determination that a product is appropriate, medically necessary and cost-effective. Each payor will make its own decision as to whether to establish a policy or enter into a contract to cover Renovaro Cube’s products and the amount it will reimburse for such products. Any determination by a payor to cover and the amount it will reimburse for Renovaro Cube’s products would likely be made on an indication-by-indication basis. For example, because Renovaro Cube intends to cover a broad asymptomatic population with its future products which could potentially generate a significant number of false-positive results on an absolute basis, Renovaro Cube may face additional scrutiny in obtaining reimbursement from third-party payors given the additional costs of further diagnostic workup. As a result, obtaining approvals from third-party payors to cover Renovaro Cube’s products and establishing adequate coding recognition and reimbursement levels is an unpredictable, challenging, time-consuming and costly process and Renovaro Cube may never be successful. If third-party payors do not provide adequate coverage or reimbursement for Renovaro Cube’s products, Renovaro Cube’s ability to succeed commercially will be limited. Even if Renovaro Cube establishes relationships with payors to provide its products at negotiated rates, such agreements would not obligate any healthcare providers to order its products or guarantee that it would receive reimbursement for its products from these or any other payors at adequate levels. Thus, these payor relationships, or any similar relationships, may not result in acceptable levels of coverage or reimbursement for Renovaro Cube’s products or meaningful increases in the number of billable tests it sells to healthcare providers. Renovaro Cube believes it may take several years to achieve coverage or adequate reimbursement with a majority of third-party payors, including with those payors offering negotiated rates. In addition, Renovaro Cube cannot predict whether, under what circumstances, or at what payment levels payors will cover or reimburse for its products. If Renovaro Cube fails to establish and maintain broad-based coverage or reimbursement for its products, its ability to expand access to its products, generate increased revenue and grow its test volume and customer base will be limited and its overall commercial success will be limited. 30 If Renovaro Cube’s products, or the products of its competitors, directly or indirectly result in harm or injury to patients, Renovaro Cube could be subject to significant reputational and liability risks, and its operating results, reputation and business could suffer. Renovaro Cube’s success will depend on the market’s confidence that its developed products can provide reliable, high-quality results, once such products are launched. Renovaro Cube believes that patients, physicians and regulators are likely to be particularly sensitive to errors in the use of its products or failure of its products to perform as described, and there can be no guarantee that its products will meet their expectations. Renovaro Cube’s initial product is intended to be used to detect a cancer signal in patients, but its results are not diagnostic. If a cancer signal is detected, the product would be used to localize the origin of the cancer signal. A “cancer signal detected” test result would need to be followed up by appropriate diagnostic methods. Because this product cannot detect all cancer signals, and may not detect signals for all cancer types, a negative test would not rule out the presence of cancer. Additionally, a patient undergoing unnecessary diagnostic tests on the basis of a false-positive result or an erroneous location of cancer signal result could expose Renovaro Cube to significant liability and reputational risks notwithstanding the emotional and mental health effects to which the patient may be exposed. Similarly, a patient who receives a cancer diagnosis shortly following a “no cancer signal detected” test result may create negative publicity about Renovaro Cube’s product, which would discourage adoption. Performance failures could establish a negative perception of Renovaro Cube’s products among physicians, patients and regulators, jeopardize Renovaro Cube’s ability to successfully commercialize its products, impair Renovaro Cube’s ability to obtain regulatory approvals or secure favorable coverage or reimbursement, or otherwise result in reputational harm. In addition, Renovaro Cube may be subject to legal claims arising from any errors in the use, manufacture, design, labelling or performance of its products, including any false-positive or false-negative results. In addition, other companies are developing competing cancer detection tests and technologies focused on improving cancer care with cancer detection tests and post-diagnostic products. If any tests marketed or being developed by Renovaro Cube’s competitors that are similar to its products do not perform in accordance with expectations or cause harm or injury to patients, such failure to perform, harm or injury may result in lower confidence in early disease detection and post-diagnosis tests in general, which could potentially adversely affect confidence in Renovaro Cube’s products and result in an adverse impact on its operating results and reputation. If Renovaro Cube’s facilities or those of its third-party collaborators become inoperable, Renovaro Cube’s ability to provide its products will be significantly impaired and its business will be harmed. Renovaro Cube relies on its third-party collaborators, consultants, contractors, vendors, suppliers and service providers. The facilities of these partners could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics, pandemics, global conflict, war and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions. In addition, they may be affected by government shutdowns, changes to applicable laws, regulations and policies, or withdrawn funding. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm their ability to complete their contracted services to Renovaro Cube, which may adversely impact its operations and financial condition. Renovaro Cube’s business and results of operations will suffer if it fails to compete effectively. The testing and diagnostic products industry is intensely competitive. Renovaro Cube has competitors both in Europe and abroad, including Grail, Inc., Exact Sciences Corporation, Freenome, Inc. and Thrive Earlier Detection Corp., that have stated that they are developing tests designed to detect cancer. Renovaro Cube’s competitors have, or may have, substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and well-established marketing and sales forces, and they may operate in jurisdictions where lower standards of evidence are required to bring products to market. Renovaro Cube’s competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring, or licensing, on an exclusive basis or otherwise, tests or services that are more effective or less costly than Renovaro Cube’s products. In addition, established medical technology, biotechnology, or pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate the discovery and development of tests that could make Renovaro Cube’s products less competitive than Renovaro Cube anticipates. 31 Renovaro Cube’s ability to compete successfully will depend largely on its ability to: ● successfully commercialize its products; ● demonstrate compelling advantages in the performance and convenience of its products, including on a cost-competitive basis; ● achieve market acceptance of its products by consumers, including self-insured employers, integrated health systems, healthcare providers and patients; ● achieve adequate coverage or reimbursement by third-party payors for its products; ● differentiate its product from the other tests and products of current and potential competitors; ● attract qualified scientific, data science, clinical development, product development and commercial personnel; ● obtain, maintain, defend and enforce patents and other intellectual property rights and claims as necessary for its products; ● obtain and maintain any necessary or desirable clearance or approval from regulators in Europe, the United Kingdom, the United States and other jurisdictions; ● successfully collaborate with institutions in the discovery, development and commercialization of its products; and ● successfully expand its operations and implement a successful sales and marketing strategy to support commercialization. Renovaro Cube may not be able to compete effectively if Renovaro Cube is unable to accomplish one or more of these or similar objectives. If Renovaro Cube cannot enter new collaborations in a timely manner and on acceptable terms, its efforts to develop and commercialize its products could be delayed or adversely affected. From time to time, Renovaro Cube expects to engage in discussions with potential development and/or commercial collaborators that may or may not lead to collaborations. However, Renovaro Cube cannot guarantee that any discussions will result in development or commercial collaborations. Further, once news of discussions regarding possible collaborations are known in the general public, regardless of whether the news is accurate, failure to announce a collaboration agreement, or the entity’s announcement of a collaboration with an entity other than Renovaro Cube, could result in adverse speculation about Renovaro Cube, its products or its technology, resulting in harm to its reputation and its business. In addition, establishing collaborations is difficult and time-consuming and may require Renovaro Cube’s significant financial investment. Potential collaborators may elect not to work with Renovaro Cube based on their assessment of its financial, regulatory, or intellectual property position. Even if Renovaro Cube establishes new collaborations, they may not result in the successful development or commercialization of its products or technology. If Renovaro Cube is unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities, it may not be successful in commercializing Renovaro Cube’s products. Renovaro Cube has only limited sales and marketing infrastructures and no experience as a company in the sale, marketing and distribution of screening or diagnostic tests. In preparation of a commercial launch, Renovaro Cube is rapidly hiring additional personnel in Renovaro Cube’s sales and marketing organization. 32 Factors that may inhibit Renovaro Cube’s efforts to commercialize any of its products include: ● its inability to recruit and retain adequate numbers of effective sales, marketing, reimbursement, customer service, medical affairs and other support personnel; ● the inability of sales personnel to persuade adequate numbers of customers, including healthcare systems and healthcare providers, to use its products; ● the inability to price its products at a sufficient price point to ensure an adequate and attractive level of profitability; ● its inability to effectively market to, collaborate with, and secure coverage or reimbursement from third-party payors; ● its failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements governing the sale, marketing, reimbursement and commercialization of its products; and ● unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent commercialization organization. Risks Related to the Development of Our Product Candidates Renovaro Cube’s products are not subject to FDA or other government regulatory clearance or approval if they are not intended to be used for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease. However, as Renovaro Cube expands its product line to encompass products that are intended to be used for the diagnosis of disease, certain of its products will become subject to regulation by the FDA, or comparable international agencies, including requirements for regulatory clearance or approval of such products before they can be marketed. Such regulatory approval processes or clearances may be expensive, time-consuming, and uncertain, and Renovaro Cube’s failure to obtain or comply with such approvals and clearances could have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition, and operating results. In addition, changes to the current regulatory framework, including the imposition of additional or new regulations, could arise at any time during the development or marketing of Renovaro Cube’s future products, which may negatively affect its ability to obtain or maintain FDA or comparable regulatory approval of its products, if required. Diagnostic products are regulated as medical devices by the FDA and comparable international agencies and may require either clearance from the FDA or such other comparable agencies following the 510(k) pre-market notification process or pre-market approval from the FDA, in each case prior to marketing. Obtaining the requisite regulatory approvals can be expensive and may involve considerable delay. If Renovaro Cube fails to obtain, or experiences significant delays in obtaining, regulatory approvals for diagnostic products that it develops in the future, Renovaro Cube may not be able to launch or successfully commercialize such products in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, if Renovaro Cube’s products labelled as “For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures,” or RUO, are used, or could be used, for the diagnosis of disease, the regulatory requirements related to marketing, selling, and supporting such products could change or be uncertain, even if such use by Renovaro Cube’s customers is without its consent. If the FDA or other regulatory agencies assert that any of Renovaro Cube’s RUO products are subject to regulatory clearance or approval, Renovaro Cube’s business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. 33 Regulatory and legislative developments on the use of AI and machine learning could adversely affect Renovaro Cube’s use of such technologies in its platform and other products. As with many technological innovations, artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that could affect its adoption, and therefore our business. Uncertainty in the legal regulatory regime relating to AI may require significant resources to modify and maintain business practices to comply with U.S. and non-U.S. laws, the nature of which cannot be determined at this time. It is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United Kingdom, the European Union, the United States and/or other foreign jurisdictions, or that existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in ways that would affect the operation of Renovaro Cube’s AI platform and data analytics and the way in which Renovaro Cube uses AI and machine learning technology. Further, the cost to comply with such laws or regulations could be significant and would increase Renovaro Cube’s operating expenses, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in Europe, on April 21, 2021, the European Commission proposed a regulation seeking to establish a comprehensive, risk-based governance framework for AI in the European Union market. The proposed legislation is intended to apply to companies that develop, use and/ or provide AI in the European Union and includes requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security and accuracy, and proposes fines for breach of up to 6% of worldwide annual turnover. In addition, on September 28, 2022, the European Commission proposed the AI Liability Directive and the revised Product Liability Directive seeking to establish a harmonized civil liability regime for AI in the European Union in order to facilitate civil claims in respect of harm caused by AI and to include AI-enabled products within the scope of the European Union’s existing product liability regime. If enacted, this regulatory framework is expected to have a material impact on the way AI is regulated in the European Union, and together with developing guidance and/or decisions in this area, may affect Renovaro Cube’s use of AI and its ability to provide and to improve its services, require additional compliance measures and changes to its operations and processes, result in increased compliance costs and potential increases in civil claims against Renovaro Cube, and could adversely affect its business, operations and financial condition. On October 30, 2023, the Biden administration issued an Executive Order on the Safe, Secure and Trustworthy Development and Use of AI, emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability, and fairness in the development and use of AI, including in the healthcare industry. The order seeks to balance fostering innovation with addressing risks associated with AI by providing eight guiding principles and priorities, such as ensuring that consumers are protected from fraud, discrimination, and privacy risks related to AI. The order also calls for future regulations from various agencies, such as the Department of Commerce (to draft guidance for detecting and authenticating AI content) and the Federal Trade Commission (to ensure fair competition and reduce consumer harm). In alignment with the order, other agencies have published guidance. Other jurisdictions may decide to adopt similar or more restrictive legislation that may render the use of such technologies challenging. The FTC has issued a report expressing a concern regarding AI and bias across industry sectors, including in the healthcare space, and has suggested that such bias could lead to unfair and deceptive practices, among other concerns. Any changes to our ability to use AI or concerns about bias could require us to modify our products and services or could have other negative financial impact on our business. These compliance obligations may make it harder for us to conduct our business using AI, lead to regulatory fines or penalties, require us to change our product offerings or business practices, or prevent or limit our use of AI. If we cannot use AI, or if our use of AI is restricted, our business may be less efficient, or we may be at a competitive disadvantage. Though we have taken steps to be thoughtful in our development, training, and implementation of machine learning, including taking steps to comply with the laws and frameworks discussed above, our machine learning-related processing could pose certain risks to our end-users, including patients, clinicians, and healthcare institutions, and it is not guaranteed that regulators will agree with our approach to limiting these risks or to our compliance more generally. Any of these factors could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. 34 The results of pre-clinical studies or earlier clinical studies are not necessarily predictive of future results, and if we fail to demonstrate efficacy in our pre-clinical studies and/or clinical trials in the future our future business prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially adversely affected. The success of our therapeutic research and development efforts will depend upon our ability to demonstrate the efficacy of the treatments in our pipeline in pre-clinical studies, as well as in clinical trials following IND approval by the FDA. Pre-clinical studies involve testing potential product candidates in appropriate non-human disease models to demonstrate efficacy and safety. Success in pre-clinical studies does not ensure that later clinical studies will generate adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of an investigational drug. Currently, several of our product candidates, including RENB-DC-11, our genetically-modified allogeneic dendritic therapeutic vaccination platform for solid tumors, and RENB-HV-12, our therapeutic HIV vaccine, are currently in various stages of pre-clinical development with ongoing and planned pre-clinical studies in conjunction with research institutions and third parties. Despite preliminary data we believe is positive, this does not guarantee that any of these products will proceed to the clinical stage or to approval for commercial use. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience than us, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical studies, even after seeing promising results in earlier preclinical or clinical studies. Regulatory agencies evaluate non-clinical data carefully before they will approve clinical testing in humans. If certain non-clinical data reveals potential safety issues or the results are inconsistent with an expectation of the potential product candidates’ efficacy in humans, the regulatory agencies may require additional more rigorous testing before allowing human clinical trials. This additional testing will increase program expenses and extend timelines. We may decide to suspend further testing on our potential products or abandon the product lines altogether if, in the judgment of our management and advisors, the pre-clinical test results do not support further development, as we did with our pan-coronavirus and influenza product lines. Our novel gene, cell and immunotherapy product candidates and new therapeutic approaches could result in heightened regulatory scrutiny, delays in clinical development or delays in our ability to achieve regulatory approval or commercialization of our product candidates. Renovaro Biosciences’ future success is dependent on the successful development of novel gene, cell and immunotherapy product candidates. Because these programs, particularly our pipeline of allogeneic T-cell product candidates that are bioengineered from healthy donor cells, represent a new approach to immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, developing and commercializing our product candidates subject us to a number of challenges. Moreover, actual or perceived safety issues, including adoption of new therapeutics or novel approaches to treatment, may adversely influence the willingness of subjects to participate in clinical studies, or if approved by applicable regulatory authorities, of physicians to subscribe to the novel treatment mechanics. The FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities may ask for specific post-market requirements, and additional information informing benefits or risks of our products may emerge at any time prior to or after regulatory approval. We face significant competition in an environment of rapid technological change and there is the possibility that our competitors may achieve regulatory approval before us or develop therapies that are more advanced or effective than ours, which may adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to successfully market or commercialize our product candidates. The development of treatments in the fields of cancer and HIV is highly competitive and many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies, and other public and private research organizations may pursue the research and development of technologies, drugs or other therapeutic products for the treatment of some or all of the diseases we are targeting. Nearly all of our competitors have greater capital resources, larger overall research and development staffs and facilities, and a longer history in drug discovery and development, obtaining regulatory approval and pharmaceutical product manufacturing and marketing than we do. Techniques in gene, cell and immunotherapy are subject to rapid technological change and development and are significantly affected by existing rival products and medical procedures, new product introductions and the market activities of other participants. With additional resources, our competitors may be able to respond to rapid and significant technological changes faster than we can. The future success of Renovaro Biosciences will depend in large part on our ability to maintain a competitive position with respect to these technologies. We may also face competition from products, which have already been approved and accepted by the medical community for the treatment of these same indications. If we are unable to compete effectively with any existing products, new treatment methods and new technologies, we may be unable to commercialize therapeutic products that we may develop in the future, which could adversely impact our potential revenues, results of operations and financial condition or lead to abandonment of product candidates in our pipeline. 35 Our reliance on third parties, such as university laboratories, contract manufacturing organizations and contract or clinical research organizations, may result in delays in completing, or a failure to complete, non-clinical testing or clinical trials if they fail to perform under our agreements with them. In the course of the development of our pipeline, we have and expect to continue to engage university laboratories, non-profit organizations, independent contractors, other biotechnology companies or clinical manufacturing organizations to conduct and manage research and development, pre-clinical and clinical studies and to manufacture materials for us to be used in pre-clinical and clinical testing. Due to engagements with these organizations, many important aspects of our research have been and will be out of our direct control. If any of these organizations we may engage in the future, fail to perform their obligations under our agreements with them or fail to perform non-clinical testing and/or clinical trials in a satisfactory manner, we may face delays in completing our clinical trials, as well as commercialization of any of our product candidates. Furthermore, any loss or delay in obtaining contracts with such entities may also delay the completion of our clinical trials, regulatory filings and the potential market approval of our product candidates. Changes in healthcare law and implementing regulations, including government restrictions on pricing and reimbursement, as well as healthcare policy, may negatively impact our ability to generate revenues. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of proposed legislative and regulatory changes related to the healthcare system that could affect our ability to profitably sell or commercialize our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval in the future. The potential pricing and reimbursement environment for our product candidates may change in the future and become more challenging due to, among other reasons, policies advanced by the current or any new presidential administration, federal agencies, healthcare legislation passed by Congress, or fiscal challenges faced by all levels of government health administration authorities, or by similar changes in foreign countries. The implementation of any such changes could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, including our share price and ability to raise capital. We have limited experience in drug development and may not be able to successfully develop any drugs, which would cause us to cease operations. We have never successfully developed a new drug and brought it to market. Our management and clinical teams have experience in drug development, but they may not be able to successfully develop any drugs. Our ability to achieve revenues and profitability in our business will depend on, among other things, our ability to develop products internally or to obtain rights to them from others on favorable terms; complete laboratory testing and human studies; obtain and maintain necessary intellectual property rights to our products; successfully complete regulatory review to obtain requisite governmental agency approvals; enter into arrangements with third parties to manufacture our products on our behalf; and enter into arrangements with third parties to provide sales and marketing functions. If we are unable to achieve these objectives, we will be forced to cease operations. Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business. The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, the ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. 36 Our gene therapy product candidates are still in development and will require extensive clinical testing before we are prepared to submit an application for marketing approval to regulatory authorities. We cannot predict with any certainty if or when we might submit any such application for regulatory approval for our product candidates or whether any such application will be approved by the applicable regulatory authority in our target markets. Human clinical trials are expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. For instance, regulatory authorities may not agree with our proposed endpoints for any clinical trials of our gene therapy product candidates, which may delay the commencement of our clinical trials. Clinical trials are expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design and implement, and involve an uncertain outcome. Our therapeutic product candidates are still in development and will require extensive clinical testing before we are prepared to submit an application for marketing approval to regulatory authorities. We cannot predict with any certainty if or when we might submit any such application for regulatory approval of our product candidates or whether any such application will be approved by the applicable regulatory authority in our target markets. Human clinical trials are expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. For instance, regulatory authorities may not agree with our proposed endpoints for any clinical trials of our product candidates, which may delay the commencement of our clinical trials. The clinical trial process is also time-consuming. We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will take at least several years to complete. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials, and in the regulatory approval process. In addition, the design of a clinical trial, such as endpoints, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis plans, data access protocols and trial sizing, can determine whether its results will support approval of a product and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. If we experience delays in the commencement or completion of our clinical trials, or if we terminate a clinical trial prior to completion, the commercial prospects of our product candidates could be harmed, and our ability to generate revenues may be delayed. In addition, any delays in our clinical trials could increase our costs, cause a drop in our stock price, slow down the approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Enrollment and retention of patients in clinical trials is an expensive and time-consuming process and could be made more difficult or rendered impossible by multiple factors outside our control. We may encounter delays in enrolling, or be unable to enroll, a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our clinical trials, and even once enrolled we may be unable to retain a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our trials. Patient enrollment and retention in clinical trials depends on many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the trial protocol, the effectiveness of our patient recruitment efforts, delays in enrollment due to travel or quarantine policies, the existing body of safety and efficacy data with respect to the study candidate, the perceived risks and benefits of gene therapy approaches for the treatment of certain diseases, the number and nature of competing existing treatments for our target indications, the number and nature of ongoing trials for other product candidates in development for our target indications, perceived risk of the delivery procedure, patients with pre-existing conditions that preclude their participation in any trial, the proximity of patients to clinical sites and the eligibility criteria for the study. Furthermore, the results we have reported in clinical trials to date and any other results we may report in clinical trials of any of our gene therapy product candidates in the future may make it difficult or impossible to recruit and retain patients in other clinical trials of those gene therapy product candidates. Similarly, negative results reported by our competitors about their product candidates may negatively affect patient recruitment in our clinical trials. Delays or failures in planned patient enrollment or retention may result in increased costs, program delays or both, which could have a harmful effect on our ability to develop our gene therapy product candidates or could render further development impossible. In addition, we expect to rely on clinical trial sites to ensure proper and timely conduct of our future clinical trials and, while we intend to enter into agreements governing their services, we will be limited in our ability to control their actual performance. 37 Risks Related to Our Technology and Intellectual Property We have licensed a portion of our intellectual property from our licensors. If we breach any of our license agreements with these licensors, or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose intellectual property rights that are important to our business. We hold rights under license agreements with our licensors that are important to our business. Our research and development platform is built, in part, around patent rights licensed from such licensors. Under our existing license agreements, we are subject to various obligations, including diligence obligations with respect to development and commercialization activities, provision of support with respect to development of licensed intellectual property, prosecution of intellectual property protection, payment obligations upon achievement of certain milestones and royalties on product sales. In spite of our efforts, our licensors might conclude that we have materially breached our obligations under such license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by these license agreements. If any of these licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors or other third parties would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours and we may be required to cease our development and commercialization of product candidates covered by any such licenses. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including: ● the scope of rights granted under license agreements and other interpretation-related issues; ● payment obligations due to licensors under license agreements and other disputes related to the obligations for payment related to intellectual property protection; ● the extent to which our product candidates, technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of a licensor that is not subject to a licensing agreement; ● the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our collaborative development relationships; ● our diligence obligations under license agreements and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations; ● the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us; and ● the priority of invention of patented technology. In addition, the agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. If we do not obtain required intellectual property licenses or rights, we could encounter delays in our product development efforts while we attempt to design around other patents or even be prohibited from developing, manufacturing or selling products requiring these rights or licenses. There is also a risk that legal disputes may arise as to the rights to technology developed in collaboration with other parties, all with attendant risk, distraction, expense, and lack of predictability. 38 If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our product candidates, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection is not sufficiently broad, our ability to commercialize our product candidates successfully and to compete effectively may be adversely affected. We rely upon a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets and confidentiality agreements – either that we own or possess or that are owned or possessed by our licensors that are licensed to us – to protect the intellectual property related to our technology and product candidates. When we refer to “our” technologies, inventions, patents, provisional patents, patent applications or other intellectual property rights, we are referring to both the rights that we own or possess as well as those that we license, many of which are critical to our intellectual property protection and our business. For example, the product candidates and platform technology we have licensed from our licensors are protected primarily by patent or patent applications of our licensors that we have licensed and as confidential know-how and trade secrets. If the intellectual property that we rely on is not adequately protected, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have. The patentability of inventions and the validity, enforceability and scope of patents in the biotechnology field is uncertain because it involves complex legal, scientific and factual considerations, and it has in recent years been the subject of significant litigation. Moreover, the standards applied by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and non-U.S. patent offices in granting patents are not always applied uniformly or predictably. For example, there is no uniform worldwide policy regarding patentable subject matter or the scope of claims allowable in biotechnology patents. There is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications is known to us or has been found in the instances where searching was done. We may be unaware of prior art that could be used to invalidate an issued patent or prevent a pending patent application from issuing as a patent. There also may be prior art of which we are aware, but which we do not believe affects the validity or enforceability of a claim of one of our patents or patent applications, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to affect the validity or enforceability of such claim. We also may not be able to obtain full patent protection from provisional patents for which we have sought or will seek further patent protection. As a consequence of these and other factors, our patent applications may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our product candidates in the U.S. or in other countries. Even if patents have issued or do successfully issue from patent applications, and even if these patents cover our product candidates, third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope thereof, which may result in these patents being narrowed, invalidated or held to be unenforceable. No assurance can be given that if challenged, our patents would be declared by a court to be valid or enforceable. Even if unchallenged, our patents and patent applications or other intellectual property rights may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our product candidates or prevent others from designing around our claims. The possibility exists that others will develop products on an independent basis which have the same effect as our product candidates and which do not infringe our patents or other intellectual property rights, or that others will design around the claims of patents that we have had issued that cover our product candidates. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications with respect to our product candidates is threatened, it could jeopardize our ability to commercialize our product candidates and dissuade companies from collaborating with us. We may also desire to seek a license from a third party who owns intellectual property that may be useful for providing exclusivity for our product candidates, or for providing the ability to develop and commercialize a product candidate in an unrestricted manner. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain a license from such a third party on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. In addition, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. 39 We and our licensors have filed a number of patent applications covering our product candidates or methods of using or making those product candidates. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patents will be issued with respect to these pending patent applications, the breadth of any such patents that are ultimately issued or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Because patent applications in the U.S. and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to file any patent application related to a product candidate. We or our licensors may also become involved in proceedings regarding our patents, including patent infringement lawsuits, interference or derivation proceedings, oppositions, and inter partes and post-grant review proceedings before the USPTO, the European Patent Office and other non-U.S. patent offices. Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts. Our success will depend in part on our ability to commercialize our product candidates without infringing the proprietary rights of others. While some of the intellectual property utilized in our product candidates is owned, some is licensed from our licensors, who hold patents and provisional patents in their names. We have not conducted extensive freedom of use patent searches and no assurance can be given that patents do not exist or could be issued which would have an adverse effect on our ability to market our technology or maintain our competitive position with respect to our technology. We also cannot be sure that patents or provisional patents filed by others are valid or will be upheld if challenged. It is possible that there are additional patents that may cover certain other aspects of technology used in our product candidates that is not covered by our licensed intellectual property. If our licensed technology or other subject matter are claimed under other United States patents or other international patents or are otherwise protected by third party proprietary rights, we or our licensors may be subject to infringement actions. In such event, we may challenge the validity of such patents or other proprietary rights or we may be required to obtain licenses from such companies in order to develop, manufacture or market our technology. There can be no assurances that we would be successful in a challenge or be able to obtain such licenses or that such licenses, if available, could be obtained on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, the failure to succeed in a challenge, develop a commercially viable alternative or obtain needed licenses could have significant adverse consequences to the development of our pipeline. Adverse consequences include delays in marketing some or all of our product candidates based on our technology or the inability to proceed with the development, manufacture or sale of products requiring such licenses. If we defend ourselves against charges of patent infringement or to protect our proprietary rights against third parties, substantial costs will be incurred regardless of whether we are successful. Such proceedings are typically protracted with no certainty of success. An adverse outcome could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties and force us to curtail or cease the research and development of our technology. Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. Additionally, parties making claims against us may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional funds or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. Issues in the development and use of AI, including machine learning and computer vision, in Renovaro Cube’s AI platform may result in reputational harm or liability. 40 AI is integrated into Renovaro Cube’s platform and is a significant element of its business offerings going forward. As with many developing technologies, AI presents risks, challenges and unintended consequences that could affect its further development, adoption, and use, and therefore Renovaro Cube’s business. AI algorithms and training methodologies may be flawed. Data sets may be insufficient, of poor quality, or contain biased information. Inappropriate or controversial data practices by data scientists, engineers, and end-users of Renovaro Cube’s systems could impair the acceptance of AI solutions. If the analyses that AI applications assist in producing are deficient or inaccurate, Renovaro Cube could be subjected to competitive harm, potential legal liability, and brand or reputational harm. Some uses of AI present ethical issues, and Renovaro Cube’s judgment as to the ethical concerns may not be perceived as accurate. While Renovaro Cube aims to develop and use AI responsibly and attempts to identify and mitigate ethical and legal issues presented by its use, Renovaro Cube may be unsuccessful in identifying or resolving issues before they arise. If Renovaro Cube uses AI as part of its platform in a manner that is controversial or perceived as unethical, this may lead to adverse results for Renovaro Cube’s financial condition and operations or the financial condition and operations of its collaborators or vendors, which may further lead to Renovaro Cube experiencing competitive harm, legal liability and brand or reputational harm. In addition, AI-related issues, deficiencies and/or failures could give rise to legal and/or regulatory action, including with respect to proposed legislation regulating AI in jurisdictions such as the European Union and others, and as a result of new applications of existing data protection, privacy, intellectual property, and other laws. Failure of, or defects in, Renovaro Cube’s machine learning and cloud-based computing infrastructure, or increased regulation in the machine learning space, could impair Renovaro Cube’s ability to process its data, develop products, or provide test results, and harm its business and results of operations. The design, development, maintenance and operation of Renovaro Cube’s technology over time is expensive and complex, and may involve unforeseen difficulties including material performance problems, undetected defects or errors. Overcoming technical obstacles and correcting defects or errors could prove to be impossible or impracticable, and the costs incurred may be substantial and adversely affect Renovaro Cube’s results of operations. Additionally, regulation in the machine learning space is constantly evolving and may make it difficult for Renovaro Cube to continue using its machine learning approach. If Renovaro Cube’s technology does not function reliably, fails to meet expectations in terms of performance, or cannot be fully utilized due to increasing regulation, Renovaro Cube may be unable to provide, or its customers may stop using, its products. Renovaro Cube currently hosts all of its data on, and conducts its data analysis through, local hosting facilities. Any technical problems or outages that may arise in connection with these hosting facilities could result in the loss of Renovaro Cube’s data or delayed or ineffective data processing. A variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, viruses, malware, security attacks, fraud, spikes in customer usage, or denial of service issues could cause interruptions in Renovaro Cube’s service. Such service interruptions may reduce or inhibit Renovaro Cube’s ability to provide its products, delay any further clinical validation and any future clinical studies, and damage its relationships with its customers. Renovaro Cube could also be exposed to potential lawsuits, liability claims or regulatory actions, if, for example, Renovaro Cube’s local servers experienced a data privacy breach. If Renovaro Cube was required to transfer its data to an alternative hosting provider, the transfer and acclimation to the new provider could result in significant business delays and require additional resources. Real or perceived errors, failures, or bugs in Renovaro Cube’s platform and future products could adversely affect its business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects. Renovaro Cube’s platform is, and its future products will be, complex, and therefore, undetected errors, failures, bugs, or defects may be present in such platform or products or occur in the future in its platform or products, its technology or software or the technology or software Renovaro Cube licenses from third parties, including open source software, especially when updates or new products are released. Such software and technology is used in information technology (“IT”) environments with different operating systems, system management software, devices, databases, servers, storage, middleware, custom and third-party applications, and equipment and networking configurations, which may cause errors, failures, bugs, or defects in the IT environment into which such software and technology is deployed. This diversity increases the likelihood of errors, failures, bugs, or defects in those IT environments. Some of the features in Renovaro Cube’s platform are powered by machine learning and AI, which depend on datasets and algorithms that could be flawed, including through inaccurate, insufficient, outdated, or biased data. Despite testing by Renovaro Cube, real or perceived errors, failures, bugs, or defects may not be found until Renovaro Cube’s customers use its products. Real or perceived errors, failures, bugs, or defects in Renovaro Cube’s products could result in negative publicity, loss of or delay in market acceptance of its platform or future products and harm to its brand, loss of investor confidence, weakening of its competitive position, claims by customers for losses sustained by them, or failure to meet the stated service level commitments in its customer agreements. In such an event, Renovaro Cube may be required, or may choose, for customer relations or other reasons, to expend significant additional resources in order to help correct the problem. Any real or perceived errors, failures, bugs, or defects in Renovaro Cube’s products could also impair its ability to attract new customers, retain existing customers, or expand their use of its products, which would adversely affect Renovaro Cube’s business, results of operations and financial condition. 41 Renovaro Cube may also be subject to liability claims for damages related to real or perceived errors, failures, bugs, or defects in its platform or future products. A material liability claim or other occurrence that harms Renovaro Cube’s reputation or decreases market acceptance of its platform or future products may harm its business and results of operations. Finally, since some of Renovaro Cube’s customers use its products for compliance reasons, any errors, failures, bugs, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems with Renovaro Cube’s products may damage its customers’ businesses and could hurt its reputation. Renovaro Cube’s internal computer systems, or those expected to be used by its third-party research institution collaborators or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches. Despite the implementation of security and back-up measures, Renovaro Cube’s internal computer, server and other information technology systems as well as those of its third-party collaborators, consultants, contractors, suppliers and service providers, may be vulnerable to damage from physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, malware, ransomware, denial of service and other cyber-attacks or disruptive incidents that could result in unauthorized access to, use or disclosure of, corruption of, or loss of sensitive and/or proprietary data, including personal and health information, and could subject Renovaro Cube to significant liabilities, regulatory and enforcement actions and reputational damage. For example, the loss of clinical study data from future clinical studies could result in delays in any regulatory clearance or approval efforts and significantly increase Renovaro Cube’s costs to recover or reproduce the data, and subsequently commercialize its future products. If Renovaro Cube or its third-party collaborators, consultants, contractors, suppliers or service providers were to suffer an attack or breach, for example, that resulted in the unauthorized access to or use or disclosure of personal or health information, Renovaro Cube may have to notify physicians, patients, partners, collaborators, government authorities and the media, and may be subject to investigations, civil penalties, administrative and enforcement actions and litigation, any of which could harm Renovaro Cube’s business and reputation. Likewise, Renovaro Cube relies on its third-party research institution collaborators and other third parties to conduct clinical validation, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on Renovaro Cube’s business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, Renovaro Cube’s data or systems, or inappropriate or unauthorized access to or disclosure or use of confidential, proprietary, or other sensitive, personal, or health information, Renovaro Cube could incur liability and suffer reputational harm, and the development and commercialization of its products could be delayed. Renovaro Cube’s insurance policies may not be adequate to compensate it for the potential losses arising from such disruptions, failure, or security breach. In addition, such insurance may not be available to Renovaro Cube in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, Renovaro Cube’s insurance may not cover all claims made against it and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly, divert management attention and harm Renovaro Cube’s reputation. If Renovaro Cube is unable to protect the confidentiality of its trade secrets, Renovaro Cube’s business and competitive position would be harmed. Renovaro Cube relies on trade secrets and confidentiality agreements to protect its know-how, technology, data and other proprietary information and to maintain its competitive position. Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. Renovaro Cube expects its trade secrets and know-how to, over time, be disseminated within the industry through independent development, the publication of journal articles describing the methodology and the movement of personnel from academic to industry scientific positions. 42 Renovaro Cube seeks to protect these trade secrets and other proprietary technology, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as Renovaro Cube’s employees, directors, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract research organizations (“CROs”), contract manufacturers, suppliers, service providers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. Renovaro Cube also enters into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with its employees and consultants, and reminds departing employees when they leave their employment of their continuing confidentiality obligations. Renovaro Cube cannot guarantee that it has entered into such agreements with each party that may have, or have had, access to Renovaro Cube’s trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes. Despite Renovaro Cube’s efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose Renovaro Cube’s proprietary information, including Renovaro Cube’s trade secrets, and Renovaro Cube may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Some courts outside The Netherlands are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. For example, in China, claims regarding infringement or misappropriation of trade secrets are difficult to prove, and consequently plaintiffs are rarely successful in bringing these claims. If any of Renovaro Cube’s trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, Renovaro Cube would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with Renovaro Cube. If any of Renovaro Cube’s trade secrets were to be misappropriated by, disclosed to, or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, Renovaro Cube’s competitive position could be materially and adversely harmed. Renovaro Cube has and may enter into collaboration, license, contract research and/or manufacturing relationships with contract organizations that operate in certain countries that are at heightened risk of theft of technology, data and intellectual property through direct intrusion by private parties or foreign actors, including those affiliated with or controlled by state actors. Accordingly, Renovaro Cube’s efforts to protect and enforce Renovaro Cube’s intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that Renovaro Cube develops or licenses, and Renovaro Cube may be at heightened risk of losing its proprietary intellectual property rights around the world, including outside of such countries, to the extent such theft or intrusion destroys the proprietary nature of its intellectual property. We depend on our information technology and telecommunications systems and those of third parties, the failure or disruption of which could harm our business. We depend on information technology and telecommunications systems, including those provided by third parties and their vendors, for significant elements of our operations, such as our information management systems, research and development, scientific and medical data analysis and general administrative activities. In addition, our third-party service providers depend upon technology and telecommunications systems provided by outside vendors. We expect to expand and strengthen a number of enterprise software systems that affect a broad range of business processes and functions, including, for example, systems handling human resources, financial controls and reporting, customer relationship management, regulatory compliance, security controls and other infrastructure operations. These expansions may prove more difficult than we expect and could cause disruptions in our operations or additional expense. Information technology and telecommunications systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious human acts and natural disasters. Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptive events. Despite the precautionary measures we have taken to detect and prevent or solve problems that could affect our information technology and telecommunications systems, failures or significant downtime of these systems or those used by its third-party service providers and their vendors could prevent us from conducting tests, preparing and providing our orts to future customers, billing payors, conducting research and development activities, maintaining our financial controls and other reporting functions, and managing the administrative aspects of our business. In addition, the loss of formulas or data from completed, ongoing or planned pre-clinical studies could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and further development of our product candidates could be delayed. Any disruption or loss of information technology or telecommunications systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business. 43 Intellectual property litigation may lead to unfavorable publicity that harms our reputation. During the course of any intellectual property litigation, there could be public announcements of the initiation of the litigation as well as results of hearings, rulings on motions and other interim proceedings in the litigation. Such announcements could harm our reputation, the perceived value of our intellectual property or the potential market for our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Renovaro Cube’s success depends on its ability to develop and commercialize its technology without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property of third parties. Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that Renovaro Cube is infringing their intellectual property rights, and if they prevail, could block sales of Renovaro Cube’s products and force Renovaro Cube to make large damages and/or royalty payments, which could have a material adverse effect on the success of its business. Renovaro Cube’s commercial success in part depends upon its ability, and the ability of its collaborators, to market, sell and distribute Renovaro Cube’s products and use Renovaro Cube’s proprietary technologies without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the proprietary rights of third parties. There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the medical technology, biotechnology, diagnostic and pharmaceutical industries. Renovaro Cube may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to its products, including interference proceedings before the United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office, the European Patent Office , the United States Patent and Trademark Office and similar bodies in other jurisdictions. Third parties may assert infringement claims against Renovaro Cube based on existing patents or patents that may be issued in the future. If Renovaro Cube is found to infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate a third party’s intellectual property rights, it could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing, marketing, selling and distributing Renovaro Cube’s products, or to cease using the infringing technology. However, Renovaro Cube may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if Renovaro Cube were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving Renovaro Cube’s competitors access to the same technologies licensed to Renovaro Cube. In addition, Renovaro Cube could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages if it is found to have willfully infringed a patent and attorneys’ fees if the court finds the case to be exceptional. A finding of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation could prevent Renovaro Cube from commercializing its products or force Renovaro Cube to cease some of its operations, which could materially harm its business. Claims that Renovaro Cube has misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on Renovaro Cube’s business. Even if resolved in Renovaro Cube’s favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause Renovaro Cube to incur significant expenses and could distract Renovaro Cube’s personnel from their normal responsibilities. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase Renovaro Cube’s operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing, or distribution activities. Renovaro Cube may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of Renovaro Cube’s competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than Renovaro Cube can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on Renovaro Cube’s ability to compete in the market place. Renovaro Cube’s use of open-source software could subject Renovaro Cube’s proprietary technology to unwanted open-source license conditions that could negatively impact its business. A portion of Renovaro Cube’s technology capabilities incorporates open-source software, and Renovaro Cube may incorporate open-source software into other offerings or products in the future. If an author or other third party that distributed such open-source software to Renovaro Cube were to allege that Renovaro Cube had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, Renovaro Cube could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations. Further, the outcome of such litigation may be particularly uncertain in some cases, because there is little legal precedent governing the interpretation of certain terms of common open source licenses. In addition, if Renovaro Cube combines its proprietary software with open-source software in a certain manner and makes it available to others, under some open-source licenses, it could be required to license or make available the source code of its proprietary software, which could substantially help its competitors develop products that are similar to or better than Renovaro Cube’s and harm its business. 44 The success and growth of Renovaro Cube’s business depends upon its ability to continuously innovate and develop new products and technologies. Renovaro Cube’s solution is a technology-driven platform that relies on innovation to remain competitive. The process of developing new technologies and products is complex, and Renovaro Cube has built and seeks to further develop its own technology using the latest in AI and machine learning, cloud-based technologies and other tools to differentiate Renovaro Cube’s products and technologies. In addition, Renovaro Cube’s dedication to incorporating technological advancements into its AI platform requires significant financial and personnel resources and talent. Renovaro Cube’s development efforts with respect to these initiatives could distract management from current operations and could divert capital and other resources from other growth initiatives important to Renovaro Cube’s business. Renovaro Cube operates in an industry experiencing rapid technological change and frequent product introductions. Renovaro Cube may not be able to make technological improvements as quickly as demanded by its customers, or Renovaro Cube may not be able to accurately predict the demand or growth of its technological investments, which could harm its ability to attract customers and have a material and adverse effect on its business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects. In addition, Renovaro Cube may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services as quickly as its competitors or be successful in marketing these products and services to potential customers. If Renovaro Cube is unable to successfully and timely innovate, Renovaro Cube could experience reputational damage and decreased demand for its AI platform and other products and technologies and its growth, business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Renovaro Cube’s AI platform and other related products may become obsolete due to fast growing technological innovations or the entry of competitors with more financial and brand power. AI is a fast growing industry and Renovaro Cube must successfully adapt and manage technological advancements in AI and AI-related markets, as well as effectively compete with the emergence of additional competitors in the AI industry in order to maintain and grow Renovaro Cube’s AI business and products. Thus, the success of Renovaro Cube’s AI platform, other products and business depends in large part on its ability to keep pace with rapid technological changes in the development and implementation of AI products. For example, the development of groundbreaking technological innovations in AI, or innovations that would render AI obsolete, would harm Renovaro Cube’s business and make its platform or other products less durable. Further, the entry of competitors into the AI market that have more financial and brand power could cause Renovaro Cube’s share of the market to be significantly reduced thereby negatively affecting its business, operating results and financial condition. We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth 45 We have limited corporate infrastructure and may experience difficulties in managing growth. As of June 30, 2024, we had 25 full time employees. We rely on third-party contractors for the provision of professional, scientific, regulatory, and other services. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we may need additional managerial, scientific, operational, financial, and other resources. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day operations and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We might not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational inefficiencies, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our current and potential future product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected and our ability to generate and grow revenue could be reduced and we might not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance, our ability to commercialize product candidates, develop a scalable infrastructure and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth. Management and employee turnover creates uncertainties and could harm our business. We have experienced significant turnover in our executive leadership and management in recent years. Changes to strategic or operating goals, which oftentimes occur with the appointment of new executives and board members, can create uncertainty, may negatively impact our ability to execute quickly and effectively, and may ultimately be unsuccessful. In addition, executive leadership transition periods are often difficult as the new executives gain detailed knowledge of our operations, and friction can result from changes in strategy and management style. Management turnover inherently causes some loss of institutional knowledge, which can negatively affect strategy and execution. Until we integrate new personnel, and unless they are able to succeed in their positions, we may be unable to successfully manage and grow our business, and our financial condition and ability to become profitable may suffer. As we continue our exploration of strategic alternatives, we may experience additional turnover in our board and senior management. Departures of our management team and board members have created, and will create if they continue, significant continuity risks and challenges to our ability to operate our business, assess and manage risks and comply with applicable laws. If key members of our senior management team depart, it will be important that we attract and retain qualified managers promptly and develop and implement an effective succession plan. We expect to face significant competition in attracting experienced executives and other key personnel, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so. Further, to the extent we experience additional management turnover, competition for top management is high and it may take months to find a candidate that meets our requirements. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified management personnel, our business could suffer. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. Further, inflationary pressure may increase our costs, including employee compensation costs or result in employee attrition to the extent our compensation does not keep up with inflation, particularly if our competitors' compensation does. Renovaro Cube is highly dependent on its key personnel. If Renovaro Cube is not successful in attracting, motivating and retaining highly qualified personnel, it may not be able to successfully implement its business strategy. Renovaro Cube’s ability to compete in the highly competitive AI-driven healthcare technology industry depends upon its ability to attract, motivate and retain highly qualified personnel. Renovaro Cube is highly dependent on its executive management team and its scientific, medical, technological and engineering personnel, all of whom have been working together as a group for only a limited period of time. The loss of the services provided by any of Renovaro Cube’s executive officers, other key employees and other scientific and medical advisors, and Renovaro Cube’s inability to find suitable replacements as needed, could result in delays in commercialization of its products and harm its business. Renovaro Cube does not maintain “key person” insurance policies on the lives of these individuals or the lives of any of its other employees. 46 Renovaro Cube is headquartered in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, a region in which many other healthcare companies, technology companies and academic and research institutions are headquartered. Competition for personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high, which may limit Renovaro Cube’s ability to hire and retain highly qualified personnel on acceptable terms or at all. Renovaro Cube expects that it may need to recruit talent from outside of its region, and doing so may be costly and difficult. If Renovaro Cube is unable to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, its ability to develop and commercialize its products may be limited. If Renovaro Cube is unable to scale its operations successfully to support demand for its products following the launch of its platform, its business could suffer. As and to the extent demand increases beyond Renovaro Cube’s expectations following the launch of Renovaro Cube’s platform, Renovaro Cube will likely need to start to ramp up operating capacity. Renovaro Cube will need to implement new infrastructure, data processing capabilities, customer service, billing and systems processes, and expand Renovaro Cube’s internal quality assurance program and technology to support operations on a larger scale. Renovaro Cube will also need collaboration arrangements with third-party laboratories to process its physical tests or, if processing of such tests is not fully outsourced to support demand, will need to obtain equipment and certified and licensed laboratory personnel to process these physical tests internally. Renovaro Cube may face difficulties increasing the scale of its operations, including implementing changes in infrastructure or programs or acquiring additional equipment or personnel. As Renovaro Cube refines its products and develops additional products, Renovaro Cube may need to introduce new equipment, implement new systems, technology, controls and procedures, and hire personnel with different qualifications, licenses or certifications. The value of Renovaro Cube’s products will depend, in part, on Renovaro Cube’s ability to perform tests, whether through a licensed provider or internally, and return results to providers on a timely basis and at an appropriate quality standard, and on Renovaro Cube’s reputation for such timeliness and quality. Failure to establish necessary arrangements with licensed providers, to implement necessary procedures, to transition to new equipment or processes, or to hire the appropriately qualified personnel could result in higher costs of processing, longer turnaround times or an inability to meet market demand. There can be no assurance that Renovaro Cube or any such licensed provider will be able to perform tests on a timely basis at a level consistent with demand, that Renovaro Cube will be able to maintain the quality of its test results as Renovaro Cube scales its commercial operations, or that Renovaro Cube will be successful in responding to the potential growing complexity of its operations, including the related data analysis requirements. In addition, Renovaro Cube’s growth may place a significant strain on its management, operating and financial systems, research and development, and its sales, marketing, and administrative resources. As a result of Renovaro Cube’s growth, its operating costs may escalate even faster than planned, and some of its internal systems may need to be enhanced or replaced. If Renovaro Cube cannot effectively manage its expanding operations and its costs, Renovaro Cube may not be able to grow successfully or it may grow at a slower pace, and its business could be adversely affected. Renovaro Cube will need to grow the size and capabilities of its organization, and it may experience difficulties in managing this growth. As of June 30, 2024, Renovaro Cube had 12 full-time employees and seven independent contractors. As Renovaro Cube’s growth plan and strategies develop, it must add a significant number of additional managerial, operational, financial and other personnel. Future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including: ● identifying, recruiting, integrating, retaining and motivating additional employees; ● managing its internal development efforts effectively, including creating compliant programs and processes, and managing the regulatory requirements for its products, while complying with its contractual obligations to contractors and other third parties; ● expanding its operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures; and ● managing the increasing complexity associated with a larger organization and expanded operations. 47 Renovaro Cube’s future financial performance and its ability to commercialize its products will depend, in part, on its ability to effectively manage any future growth. Renovaro Cube’s management may also have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to manage these growth activities. Renovaro Cube’s ability to successfully manage its expected growth is uncertain given the fact that Renovaro Cube has been in full operation as an independent company focusing on cancer diagnostics AI only since 2018. Renovaro Cube’s executive management team’s lack of long-term experience working together may adversely impact their ability to effectively manage its business and growth. If Renovaro Cube is not able to effectively expand its organization by hiring new employees, it may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to commercialize its products, which would have a negative impact on Renovaro Cube’s business and result of operations. Renovaro Cube’s employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements. Renovaro Cube is exposed to the risk of fraud, misconduct, or other illegal activity by its employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and negligent conduct that fails to comply with the rules and regulations of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (the “CMS”), the FDA, the EMA, the MRHA and other comparable regulatory authorities; provide true, complete and accurate information to such regulatory authorities; comply with manufacturing and clinical laboratory standards; comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the United Kingdom, Europe and, in the future, the United States and similar fraudulent misconduct laws; or report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to Renovaro Cube. When Renovaro Cube begins commercializing its products in the United Kingdom and Europe and, in the future, the United States, its potential exposure under such laws will increase significantly, and its costs associated with compliance with such laws are also likely to increase. In particular, research, sales, marketing, education and other business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices, as well as off-label product promotion. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, educating, marketing and promotion, sales and commission, certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical validation, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to Renovaro Cube’s reputation. Renovaro Cube has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and third parties, and the precautions Renovaro Cube takes to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting Renovaro Cube from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws. If any such actions are instituted against Renovaro Cube, and Renovaro Cube is not successful in defending itself or asserting its rights, those actions could have a significant impact on Renovaro Cube’s business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions. Even if it is later determined after an action is instituted against Renovaro Cube that Renovaro Cube was not in violation of these laws, Renovaro Cube may be faced with negative publicity, incur significant expenses defending its actions and have to divert significant management resources from other matters. Risks Related To Our Business Operations Our business plan may lead to the initiation of one or more product development programs, the discontinuation of one or more development programs, or the execution of one or more transactions that investors do not agree with or that investors do not perceive as favorable to their investment in our Common Stock. We are pursuing a strategy to, dependent upon raising sufficient funding to do so, leverage our clinical experience and expertise for the clinical development and regulatory approval of our gene therapy product candidates and advance our AI-driven healthcare technology. As part of our ongoing business strategy, we continue to explore potential opportunities to acquire or license new product candidates and to collaborate on our existing products in development. We cannot be certain that our product candidates will be successfully developed, or that the early clinical trial results of our therapeutic product candidates will be predictive of future clinical trial results. During 2022, we decided to abandon our pan-coronavirus and influenza pipelines as the results did not support further development. We again may determine at any time that one or more of our in-licensed product candidates is not suitable for continued development due to cost, feasibility of obtaining regulatory approvals or any other reason, and may terminate the related license. Our business plan requires us to be successful in a number of challenging, uncertain and risky activities, including pursuing development of our gene therapy product candidates in indications for which we have limited or no human clinical data, designing and executing a nonclinical and/or clinical development program for our product candidates, building internal or outsourced gene therapy capabilities, converting early stage gene therapy research efforts into clinical development opportunities, identifying additional promising new assets for development that are available for acquisition or in-license and that fit our strategic focus and identifying potential partners to collaborate on our products. We may not be successful at one or more of the activities required for us to execute this business plan. In addition, we may consider other strategic alternatives, such as mergers, acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, partnerships and collaborations. We cannot be sure when or if any type of transaction will result. Even if we pursue a transaction, such transaction may not be consistent with our stockholders’ expectations or may not ultimately be favorable for our stockholders, either in the shorter or longer term. 48 Our growth prospects and the future value of our Company are primarily dependent on the progress of our ongoing and planned development programs for our product candidates as well as the outcome of our ongoing business development efforts and pipeline progression, together with the amount of our remaining available cash. The development of our product candidates and the outcome of our ongoing business development efforts and pipeline are highly uncertain. We expect to continue to reassess and make changes to our existing development programs and pipeline strategy. Our plans for our development programs may be affected by the results of competitors’ clinical trials of product candidates addressing our current target indications, and our business development efforts and pipeline progression may also be affected by the results of competitors’ ongoing research and development efforts. We may modify, expand or terminate some or all our development programs, clinical trials or collaborative research programs at any time as a result of new competitive information or as the result of changes to our product pipeline or business development strategy. If serious adverse events or other undesirable side effects or safety concerns attributable to our product candidates occur, they may adversely affect or delay our clinical development and commercialization of some or all of our product candidates. Undesirable side effects or safety concerns caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt our clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval. If treatment-related serious adverse events (“SAEs”) or other undesirable side effects or safety concerns, or unexpected characteristics attributable to our product candidates are observed in any future clinical trials, they may adversely affect or delay our clinical development and commercialization of the effected product candidate, and the occurrence of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial prospects. Results of our future clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of adverse side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated, and the FDA or other regulatory agency could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Additionally, if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable or unacceptable side effects or safety concerns caused by these product candidates, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including: ● regulatory authorities may withdraw, suspend, or limit approvals of such products and require us to take them off the market; ● regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, specific warnings, a contraindication or field alerts to physicians and pharmacies; ● regulatory authorities may require a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients, or that we implement a REMS or REMS-like plan to ensure that the benefits of the product outweigh its risks; 49 ● we may be required to change the way a product is distributed or administered, conduct additional clinical trials, or change the labeling of a product; ● we may be required to conduct additional post-marketing studies or surveillance; ● we may be subject to limitations on how we may promote the product; ● sales of the product may decrease significantly; ● we may be subject to regulatory investigations, ● we may be subject to government enforcement actions, litigation, or product liability claims; and ● our products may become less competitive, or our reputation may suffer. Any of these events could prevent us or any collaborators from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of our product candidates or could substantially increase commercialization costs and expenses, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating revenue from the sale of our product candidates. Renovaro Cube’s business is subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks associated with international operations. Renovaro Cube’s business is subject to risks associated with conducting business internationally. For example, some of Renovaro Cube’s suppliers and parties with whom it has collaborative relationships are located outside of the Netherlands, including in the United Kingdom and Israel. Accordingly, Renovaro Cube’s future results could be harmed by a variety of factors, including: ● economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets; ● challenges enforcing its contractual and intellectual property rights, especially in those foreign jurisdictions that do not respect and protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the Netherlands; ● changes in foreign laws, regulations and customs, tariffs and trade barriers; ● changes in foreign currency exchange rates; ● changes in a specific countries or region’s political or economic environment; ● negative consequences from changes in tax laws; ● trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements or other restrictive actions by the Netherlands or foreign governments; ● compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad; ● workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the Netherlands; ● difficulties associated with staffing and managing international operations, including differing labor relations; and ● business interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, including war and terrorism, pandemics, or natural disasters, including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires. 50 If we are sued for product or professional liability, we could face substantial liabilities that exceed our resources. Renovaro Cube’s business depends upon its ability to obtain reliable and accurate test results that incorporate rapidly evolving understanding of how to interpret minute signals detected by Renovaro Cube’s assays as indications of potential presence of disease. Actual or perceived errors resulting from laboratory or reporting errors, false positive or false negative test results, or the manufacture, design, or labelling of Renovaro Cube’s products, could subject Renovaro Cube to product liability or professional liability claims. A product liability or professional liability claim against Renovaro Cube could result in substantial damage and be costly and time-consuming to defend. Any liability claim brought against Renovaro Cube, with or without merit, could increase its insurance rates or prevent it from securing insurance coverage in the future. Additionally, any liability lawsuit could damage Renovaro Cube’s reputation or force it to delay or suspend sales of its products. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on Renovaro Cube’s business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. Risks Related to our Common Stock Our stock price has been and will likely continue to be volatile and may decline regardless of our operating performance. Our stock price has fluctuated in the past and can be expected to be volatile in the future. From October 2, 2023, through October 2, 2024, the reported sale price of our Common Stock has fluctuated between $5.18 and $0.46 per share. The stock market in general and the market for biotechnology and technology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our Common Stock. The market price of our Common Stock may be influenced by many factors, including the following: ● negative publicity; ● our compliance with Nasdaq rules and regulations; ● the success of competitive products or technologies; ● regulatory actions with respect to our product candidates or products or our competitors’ product candidates or products; ● actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors; ● announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations, or capital commitments; ● results of clinical studies of our product candidates or those of our competitors; ● regulatory or legal developments in the U.S. and other countries; ● developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights; ● the recruitment or departure of key personnel; ● the level of expenses related to any of our product candidates or clinical development programs; ● the results of our efforts to in-license or acquire additional product candidates or products; ● actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts; ● variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us; 51 ● fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us; ● inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares; ● announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts; ● sales of our Common Stock by us, our insiders or our other stockholders; ● market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors; ● general economic, industry and market conditions; and ● the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section. In addition, the stock markets in general, and the markets for biotechnology, pharmaceutical and technology stocks in particular, have experienced significant volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall. A significant portion of our Common Stock is held in restricted form, and consequentially a minority of our outstanding Common Stock actively trades in the public markets. Sales of a substantial number of such shares of our Common Stock in the public market could occur at any time. While a large majority of such shares are unregistered and subject to volume restrictions on sale pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, these restrictions could be lifted if any of our stockholders ceased to be bound by such restrictions. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our Common Stock. We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of being a public company and our management expects to devote substantial time to public company compliance programs. As a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, which require, among other things, that we file with the SEC annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market to implement provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. As a Smaller Reporting Company and Non-accelerated Filer, we are able to take advantage of certain accommodations afforded to such companies, including being exempt from the requirement to conduct an audit of our internal controls. In the event we no longer qualify as a Smaller Reporting Company and Non-accelerated Filer, we will lose such accommodations, which could involve significant costs that could affect our operations. Changes in reporting requirements, the current political environment and the potential for future regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. The rules and regulations applicable to public companies have substantially increased our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. To the extent these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 52 Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be the sole source of potential gain for our stockholders. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our Common Stock will be the sole source of gain for our stockholders for the foreseeable future. Future sales and issuances of our Common Stock or rights to purchase Common Stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall. We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To raise capital, we may sell substantial amounts of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner, we determine from time to time. These future issuances of Common Stock or Common Stock-related securities, together with the exercise of outstanding options or warrants, and any additional shares that may be issued in connection with acquisitions or licenses, if any, may result in material dilution to our investors. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of holders of our Common Stock. Pursuant to our equity incentive plans, our Compensation Committee is authorized to grant equity-based incentive awards to our employees, non-employee directors and consultants. Future grants of RSUs, options and other equity awards and issuances of Common Stock under our equity incentive plans will result in dilution and may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock. Some terms of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. Our Certificate of Incorporation, and our Bylaws, as well as Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders, or remove our current management. These include terms that: ● permit our Board of Directors to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with any rights, preferences, and privileges as they may designate; ● provide that all vacancies on our Board of Directors, including as a result of newly created directorships, may, except as otherwise required by law, be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum; ● provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide advance notice in writing, and also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice; and ● do not provide for cumulative voting rights, thereby allowing the holders of a majority of the shares of Common Stock entitled to vote in any election of directors to elect all of the directors standing for election. Any of the factors listed above may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors, who are responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring us or merging with us whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders. Under Delaware law, a corporation may not, in general, engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other things, the Board of Directors has approved the transaction. Any term of our Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Common Stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Common Stock. 53 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Not applicable. 1C. Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Renovaro has established a comprehensive cybersecurity risk management program aimed at safeguarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our essential systems and information. Central to our cybersecurity efforts is a robust incident response plan designed to address potential cyber incidents swiftly and effectively. In designing and evaluating our cybersecurity initiatives, we have adopted the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF 2.0) as a guiding principle. It's important to clarify that our use of the NIST CSF 2.0 is for guidance purposes to frame our risk identification, assessment, and management processes and does not equate to compliance with any specific technical standards or requirements. Our cybersecurity framework is seamlessly integrated broader enterprise risk management strategy, sharing methodologies, reporting mechanisms, and governance structures with other risk domains including legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risks. Key components of our cybersecurity risk management program include: · Conducting risk assessments to pinpoint material cybersecurity threats to our critical systems, data, products, services, and overall IT infrastructure. · A dedicated security team overseeing the risk assessment processes, maintenance of security controls, and coordination of responses to cybersecurity incidents. · Engagement with external service providers to evaluate, enhance, or support our security measures. · Comprehensive cybersecurity training programs for employees, incident responders, and senior management to foster a culture of security awareness. · An incident response plan outlining specific procedures for managing cybersecurity incidents. · A thorough third-party risk management process to evaluate and manage risks associated with service providers, suppliers, and vendors. To date, we have not identified any cybersecurity threats or past incidents that have had, or are likely to have, a material impact on our company's operations, business strategy, financial performance, or results of operations. Cybersecurity Governance: The governance of cybersecurity risks is a critical function of our Board of Directors, with the Audit Committee (the "Committee") playing a key role in the oversight of cybersecurity and related technology risks. The Committee is tasked with monitoring the effectiveness of our cybersecurity risk management program as implemented by management. The Committee receives regular updates from management on the state of cybersecurity risks facing the company. This includes briefings on any significant cyber incidents and ongoing risk management efforts. These updates enable the Committee to provide informed reports on cybersecurity matters to the full Board. Our Board is actively involved in our cybersecurity oversight, receiving detailed briefings from the Head of IT, internal technology teams, or external cybersecurity experts. These sessions are part of the Board's commitment to continuous learning and staying informed about issues critical to public companies, including cybersecurity. The responsibility for day-to-day management of cybersecurity risks lies with our management team, including the Chief Financial Officer. This team is at the forefront of our cybersecurity initiatives, coordinating both internal and external resources to anticipate, identify, and mitigate cyber threats. Our approach includes regular updates from internal security teams, leveraging intelligence from various sources, and utilizing advanced security tools to protect our digital environment. 54 Item 2. Properties The Company currently leases the following properties: Location Use Terms 2080 Century Park East, Suite 906 Los Angeles, CA 90067 Headquarters The Company entered into a Lease Agreement on June 19, 2018 for our corporate headquarters located at Century City Medical Plaza. We have a ten-year lease that was for approximately 2,453 square feet at this location. In February 2019, we extended our corporate headquarters to encompass the adjoining suite for approximately 1,101 square feet, bringing the total workspace to 3,554 square feet. The new base rent for this leased premises increases by 3% each year over the term, and ranges from $17,770 per month as of the date of the amendment until the end of the first year to $23,186 per month for the tenth year. The additional suite was in the form of an amendment to the original lease and will expire on the same date as the original lease. The Company was entitled to a total of $148,168 in contributions toward tenant improvements for both spaces. Fred. Roeskestraat 115 1076 EE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Renovaro Cube Renovaro Cube leases an office facility in Amsterdam, Netherlands, under a 30-month operating lease agreement commencing on September 1, 2023, with a maturity date of February 28, 2026. In determining lease asset values, the Company considers fixed and variable payment terms, prepayments, incentives, and options to extend, terminate or purchase. Item 3. Legal Proceedings Securities Class Action Litigation . On July 26, 2022 and July 28, 2022, securities class action complaints (the former, the “Chow Action” and the latter, the “Manici Action”) were filed by purported stockholders of the Company in the United States District Court for the Central District of California against the Company and certain of the Company’s current and former officers and directors. The complaints allege, among other things, that the defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, by making false and misleading statements and omissions of material fact in connection with the Company’s relationship with Serhat Gümrükcü and its commercial prospects. The complaints seek unspecified damages, interest, fees, and costs. On November 22, 2022, the Manici Action was voluntarily dismissed without prejudice, but the Chow action remains pending. On October 22, 2023, the Court appointed a lead plaintiff in the Chow Action. The lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint on December 15, 2023. The Company has filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on March 15, 2024. The Court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss on June 28, 2024. A mediation was held on September 17, 2024, and the parties have come to an agreement in principle to settle the class action. Federal Derivative Litigation . On September 22, 2022, Samuel E. Koenig filed a shareholder derivative action in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. On January 19, 2023, John Solak filed a substantially similar shareholder derivative action in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. Both derivative actions recite similar underlying facts as those alleged in the Securities Class Action Litigation. The actions, filed on behalf of the Company, name Serhat Gümrükcü and certain of the Company’s current and former directors as defendants. The actions also name the Company as a nominal defendant. The actions allege violations of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and also set out claims for breach of fiduciary duty, contribution and indemnification, aiding and abetting, and gross mismanagement. Plaintiffs do not quantify any alleged injury, but seek damages, disgorgement, restitution, and other costs and expenses. On January 24, 2023, the United States District Court for the Central District of California stayed the Koenig matter pending resolution of the defendants’ anticipated motion to dismiss in the Securities Class Action Litigation. On April 4, 2023, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware stayed the Solak matter pending resolution of the defendants’ anticipated motion to dismiss in the Securities Class Action Litigation. On June 28, 2024, the United States District Court for the Central District of California denied defendants’ motion to dismiss the Securities Class Action Litigation. The deadline for the parties to file a proposed schedule or to continue the stay or proceedings in the Koenig matter is October 21, 2024. The deadline for the parties to file a proposed schedule or to continue the stay or proceedings in the Solak matter is October 22, 2024. The defendants have not yet responded to either complaint. The Company intends to contest these matters but expresses no opinion as to the likelihood of favorable outcomes. Management is unable to determine the likelihood of a loss, including a possible range of losses, if any, arising from this matter as of the reporting date. 55 State Derivative Litigation . On October 20, 2022, Susan Midler filed a shareholder derivative action in the Superior Court of California, Los Angeles County, reciting similar underlying facts as those alleged in the Securities Class Action Litigation. The action, filed on behalf of the Company, names Serhat Gümrükcü and certain of the Company’s current and former directors as defendants. The action also names the Company as a nominal defendant. The action sets out claims for breaches of fiduciary duty, contribution and indemnification, aiding and abetting, and gross mismanagement. Plaintiff does not quantify any alleged injury, but seeks damages, disgorgement, restitution, and other costs and expenses. On January 20, 2023, the Court stayed the Midler matter pending resolution of the defendants’ anticipated motion to dismiss in the Securities Class Action Litigation. On June 28, 2024, the United States District Court for the Central District of California denied defendants’ motion to dismiss the Securities Class Action Litigation. The deadline for the parties to file a proposed schedule or to continue the stay or proceedings in the Midler matter is October 23, 2024. The defendants have not yet responded to the complaint. The Company intends to contest this matter but expresses no opinion as to the likelihood of a favorable outcome. Management is unable to determine the likelihood of a loss, including a possible range of losses, if any, arising from this matter as of the reporting date. On October 21, 2022, the Company filed a Complaint in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles against Serhat Gümrükcü, William Anderson Wittekind (“Wittekind”), G Tech Bio LLC (“G Tech”), SG & AW Holdings, LLC, and Seraph Research Institute (“SRI”) (collectively, the “Defendants”). The Complaint alleges that the Defendants engaged in a “concerted, deliberate scheme to alter, falsify, and misrepresent to the Company the results of multiple studies supporting its Hepatitis B and SARS-CoV-2/influenza pipelines.” Specifically, “Defendants manipulated negative results to reflect positive outcomes from various studies, and even fabricated studies out of whole cloth.” As a result of the Defendants’ conduct, the Company claims that it “paid approximately $25 million to Defendants and third-parties that it would not otherwise have paid.” On April 21, 2023, defendants Wittekind, G Tech, SG & AW Holdings, LLC, and SRI filed a demurrer with respect to some, but not all, of the Company’s claims, as well as a motion to strike. On September 6, 2023, the court denied in part and granted in part the pending motions. On September 7, 2023, the court entered a case management order setting the final status conference, trial, and other intervening deadlines. On December 4, 2023, the Defendants answered the Company’s First Amended Complaint and G Tech and SRI filed a Cross-Complaint. In the Cross-Complaint, G Tech and SRI seek declaratory and injunctive relief related to certain agreements between G Tech, SRI, and the Company, including, inter alia , a declaration that the Framework Agreement, effective as of November 15, 2019, the Statement of Work & License Agreement, effective as of January 31, 2020, and the Statement of Work and License Agreement for Influenza and Coronavirus Indications, effective as of April 18, 2021, have been terminated and the Company has no rights to any license under such agreements. Trial is currently scheduled to begin on March 3, 2025. The Company denies these allegations and intends to vigorously defend against the cross claims while pursuing its claims against the Defendants. On March 1, 2021, the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer, Robert Wolfe and his company, Crossfield, Inc., filed a Complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Vermont against the Company, Renovaro Biosciences Denmark ApS, and certain directors and officers. In the Complaint, Mr. Wolfe and Crossfield, Inc. asserted claims for abuse of process and malicious prosecution, alleging, inter alia, that the Company lacked probable cause to file and prosecute an earlier action, and sought millions of dollars of compensatory damages, as well as punitive damages. The allegations in the Complaint relate to an earlier action filed by the Company and Renovaro Biosciences Denmark ApS in the Vermont Superior Court, Orange Civil Division. On March 3, 2022, the court partially granted the Company’s motion to dismiss, dismissing the abuse of process claim against all defendants and all claims against Mark Dybul and Henrik Grønfeldt-Sørensen. On November 29, 2022, the Company filed a motion for summary judgment with respect to the sole remaining claim of malicious prosecution. On August 24, 2023, the court denied the motion for summary judgment. The court vacated the July 15, 2024 trial date and has yet to re-set the trial date. The Company denies the allegations set forth in the Complaint and will continue to vigorously defend against the remaining claim. On June 7, 2023, Weird Science LLC (“Weird Science”), Wittekind, the William Anderson Wittekind 2020 Annuity Trust, the William Anderson Wittekind 2021 Annuity Trust, the Dybul 2020 Angel Annuity Trust, and the Ty Mabry 2021 Annuity Trust (such trusts, collectively, the “Trusts”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed a Verified Complaint against the Company in the Court of Chancery of Delaware. In the Verified Complaint, Plaintiffs alleged that the Company breached the February 16, 2018 Investor Rights Agreement between the Company, Weird Science, and RS Group ApS (the “Investor Rights Agreement”). According to the Verified Complaint, the Investor Rights Agreement required the Company to (i) notify all “Holders” of “Registrable Securities” at least 30 days prior to filing a registration statement and (ii) afford such Holders an opportunity to have their Registrable Securities included in such registration statement. Plaintiffs alleged that the Company breached these registration rights by failing to provide the required notice in connection with S-3 registration statements filed by the Company on July 13, 2020 and February 11, 2022. The Company moved to dismiss the Verified Complaint on September 15, 2023. 56 On December 4, 2023, in lieu of opposing the motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs filed a Verified First Amended Complaint (“FAC”). In the FAC, Plaintiffs assert claims against the Company and others for purported breaches of the Investor Rights Agreement, fraud, tortious interference with a contract, and several other torts. Plaintiffs seek compensatory, exemplary, and punitive damages, as well as certain declaratory relief, specific performance, and pre- and post-judgment interest, costs, and attorneys’ fees. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the FAC on December 18, 2023. The Court scheduled oral argument on the motions to dismiss for November 15, 2024. The Company denies Plaintiffs’ allegations and intends to vigorously defend against the claims. On August 24, 2023, counsel on behalf of Weird Science, Wittekind, individually, and Wittekind, as trustee of the Trusts served a demand to inspect the Company’s books and records (the “Demand”) pursuant to Delaware General Corporation Law, § 220 (“Section 220”). The Demand seeks the Company’s books and records in connection with various issues identified in the Demand. The Company takes its obligations under Section 220 seriously and, to the extent that the requests are proper under Section 220, intends to comply with those obligations. On January 19, 2024, Weird Science and Wittekind sent the Company’s Board of Directors a letter demanding it take corrective actions with respect to twenty-one issues identified therein. On February 27, 2024, Weird Science and Wittekind sent the Company’s Board of Directors a supplemental letter that expanded their demand for corrective actions to twenty-six issues. In response to these demand letters, the Board of Directors initially formed a Special Committee (“Special Committee”) of independent directors on February 29, 2024. The Special Committee retained Stradling Yocca Carlson & Rauth LLP as its counsel to investigate the issues identified in the demand letters. The Special Committee’s investigation is ongoing. On January 23, 2024, Weird Science and Wittekind filed a shareholder derivative action in the United States District Court for the Central District of California against certain officers, directors, and investors of the Company, as well as other defendants, in connection with, inter alia , Weird Science and Wittekind’s demand for corrective action. Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on June 21, 2024. The First Amended Verified Stockholder Derivative Complaint (“Derivative Complaint”) alleges, among other claims, violations of Section 13(d) and 14(a) and Rules 10b-5(a), 10b-5(c) and 14a-9 of the Exchange Act of 1934. The Derivative Complaint also includes claims of breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste, unjust enrichment, and contribution/indemnification. Weird Science and Wittekind seek unspecified compensatory, exemplary, and punitive damages and certain injunctive relief. The Derivative Complaint names the Company as a nominal defendant. On July 19, 2024, certain of the director defendants, who had agreed to waive service of the summons and Derivative Complaint, filed a motion to dismiss the Derivative Complaint on a variety of procedural and substantive grounds. A hearing on the motion dismiss was held on October 3, 2024 and the court subsequently took the motion under submission. The director defendants deny the allegations in the Derivative Complaint and intend to vigorously defend against the claims asserted therein. On June 21, 2024, the Company filed suit against Weird Science, Wittekind, and certain trusts in connection with the February 16, 2018 merger involving the Company and two companies closely associated with Gumrukcu. In the complaint, the Company alleges that Gumrukcu and others deliberately and fraudulently concealed a murder-for-hire scheme from the Company in order to induce the Company to enter into the merger agreement, which resulted in the defendants receiving shares and compensation. The Company asserts claims for fraudulent concealment, equitable fraud, unjust enrichment, and civil conspiracy and seeks, inter alia , equitable relief, including, but not limited to, return to the Company any shares received in connection with the merger, and damages. On October 1, 2024, the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information and Holders of our Common Stock Our Common Stock trades on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “RENB”. As of October 3, 2024, the Company had 156,193,912 shares of Common Stock issued and approximately 197 stockholders of record. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. 57 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities On April 5, 2024, the Company issued 33,760 shares of common stock for consulting services valued at $94,190. On February 15, 2024, the Company issued 50,000 shares of Common Stock for consulting services valued at $100,000. Company Purchases of Equity Securities None. Dividends The Company has not declared or paid any cash dividends on its Common Stock and does not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends, if any, is within the discretion of the Board and will depend on the Company’s earnings, if any, its capital requirements and financial condition and such other factors as the Board may consider. Item 6. [Reserved] Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements, and the related notes to those statements included elsewhere in this report. In addition to the historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Our Business Renovaro Inc. operates through two subsidiaries, Renovaro Biosciences and Renovaro Cube. Renovaro Cube refers to GediCube Intl. Ltd. and its wholly owned subsidiary GediCube, B.V. and Grace Systems B.V., which were acquired on February 13, 2024. Renovaro Biosciences is a biotechnology company intending, if the necessary funding is obtained, to develop advanced allogeneic cell and gene therapies to promote stronger immune system responses potentially for long-term or life-long cancer remission in some of the deadliest cancers, and potentially to treat or cure serious infectious diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections. As a result of our acquisition of GEDi Cube Intl on February 13, 2024, we have shifted the Company’s primary focus and resources to the development of the GEDi Cube Intl technologies. To date, our operations have been funded by sales of our securities and debt financing. We have never generated any sales revenue and we expect this to continue until our products are approved for marketing in the United States and/or Europe. Even if we are successful in having our products approved for sale in the United States and/or Europe, we cannot guarantee that a market for the products will develop. We may never be profitable. Recent Developments On June 14, 2024, the Company closed a private placement of the Company’s Units, each such Unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant to purchase one-tenth of a share of Common Stock, with certain investors. The Warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $1.4726 and $1.4765 per share, payable in cash. 58 The Private Placement was completed pursuant to Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Regulation S”). In connection with the Private Placement, each Investor executed a subscription agreement (each, a “Subscription Agreement”) in the form of Exhibit 10.1 attached hereto. In the Private Placement, the Company sold 3,939,299 Units at a price per Unit equal to $1.4726 to a certain investor who settled debt and paid in cash an aggregate amount of $5,801,012 in consideration for the Units. As of June 30, 2024, the Company issued 2,325,869 shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value, at $1.4726 per share for aggregate proceeds to the Company of $3,425,075 in cash and settlement of debt. Subsequently related to the June 14, 2024, Private Placement, the Company sold 1,423,456 Units at a price per Unit equal to $1.4726 to a certain investor who paid in cash and settled debt an aggregate amount of $2,096,181 in consideration for the Units. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Private Placement for general corporate purposes. Each Subscription Agreement contains customary representations and warranties of the Company and of each Investor, including that all Investors purchasing the Securities are not “U.S. persons” as defined by Rule 902 of Regulation S. The Private Placement was made directly by the Company and no underwriter or placement agent was engaged by the Company. The Company did not engage in general solicitation or advertising and did not offer the Securities to the public in connection with the Private Placement. Going Concern and Management’s Plans The financial statements included elsewhere herein for the year ended June 30, 2024, were prepared under the assumption that we would continue our operations as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities during the normal course of business. As of June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $220,467, an accumulated deficit of $332,455,081 and total liabilities of $31,152,306. We have incurred losses from continuing operations, have used cash in our continuing operations, and are dependent on additional financing to fund operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date the financial statements are issued. The financial statements included elsewhere herein do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Management has reduced overhead and administrative costs by streamlining the organization to focus around the development and validation of its AI driven cancer diagnostics platform. The Company has tailored its workforce to focus on these activities. In addition, the Company intends to attempt to secure additional required funding through equity or debt financing. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain any sources of funding. Such additional funding may not be available or may not be available on reasonable terms, and, in the case of equity financing transactions, could result in significant additional dilution to our stockholders. If we do not obtain required additional equity or debt funding, our cash resources will be depleted and we could be required to materially reduce or suspend operations, which would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, stock price and our relationships with third parties with whom we have business relationships, at least until additional funding is obtained. If we do not have sufficient funds to continue operations, we could be required to seek bankruptcy protection or other alternatives that could result in our stockholders losing some or all of their investment in us. Funding that we may receive during fiscal 2025 is expected to be used to satisfy existing and future obligations and liabilities and working capital needs, to support commercialization of our products and conduct the clinical and regulatory work to develop our product candidates, and to begin building working capital reserves. 59 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Year ended June 30, 2024 compared to the year ended June 30, 2023. The following table sets forth our revenues, expenses and net loss for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. The financial information below is derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. For the Years Ended June 30, Increase/(Decrease) 2024 2023 $ % Operating Expenses General and administrative $ 24,557,608 $ 15,318,198 9,239,410 60 % Research and development 2,708,829 4,165,197 (1,456,368 ) (35 )% Intangible asset impairment 42,611,000 18,960,000 23,651,000 125 % Goodwill impairment 11,640,000 — 11,640,000 100 % Depreciation and amortization 121,859 113,496 8,363 7 % Total Operating Expenses 81,639,296 38,556,891 43,082,405 112 % LOSS FROM OPERATIONS (81,639,296 ) (38,556,891 ) (43,082,405 ) 112 % Other Income (Expense) Change in fair value of contingent consideration (3,048,183 ) — (3,048,183 ) 100 % Loss on extinguishment of debt (1,303,578 ) — (1,303,578 ) (100 )% Loss on extinguishment of contingent consideration liability — (419,182 ) 419,182 (100 )% Interest expense (1,011,322 ) (580,344 ) (430,978 ) 74 % Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions — (1,019 ) 1,019 (100 )% Interest and other income (expense) (1,423,449 ) (126,620 ) (1,296,829 ) 1,024 % Total Other Income (Expense) (6,786,532 ) (1,127,165 ) (5,659,367 ) 502 % NET LOSS $ (88,425,828 ) $ (39,684,056 ) (48,741,772 ) 123 % For the Years Ended June 30, Increase/(Decrease) 2024 2023 $ % Net Loss $ (88,425,828 ) $ (39,684,056 ) $ (48,741,772 ) 123 % Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Foreign Currency Translation, net of taxes (140,964 ) 554 (141,518 ) (25,545 )% Comprehensive Loss $ (88,566,792 ) $ (39,683,502 ) $ (48,883,290 ) 123 % Revenues We are a pre-revenue, pre-clinical biotechnology and artificial intelligence driven healthcare technology company. We have never generated revenues and have incurred losses since inception. We do not anticipate earning any revenues until our therapies or products are approved for marketing and sale. 60 Operating Expenses Our operating expenses for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were $81,639,296 and $38,556,891, respectively, representing an increase of $43,082,405 or 112%. The largest contributors to the increase in operating expenses for the year ended June 30, 2024, were the increase in the non-cash intangible asset impairment of $23,651,000 (see Note 66 to the Financial Statements), increase in the non-cash goodwill impairment of $11,640,000 and the increase in general and administrative expenses of $9,239,410 partially offset by the decrease in research and development expenses of $1,456,368 compared to the year ended June 30, 2023. General and administrative expenses for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, were $24,557,608 and $15,318,198, respectively, representing an increase of $9,239,410, or 60%. The increase in general and administrative expenses is primarily related to increases in non-cash consulting fees of $4,664,190, accrued expenses related to the GEDi Cube acquisition of $812,775, legal expenses of $1,360,761, investor relations expenses of $882,534, consulting expenses of $661,998, marketing expenses of $303,730 and rent expenses of $413,802, partially offset by a decrease in compensation and related expenses of $781,467. Research and development expenses for the years ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, were $2,708,829 and $4,165,197, respectively, representing a decrease of $1,456,368 or 35%. The decrease in research and development expenses is primarily related to $2,090,957 in collaborating partner expenses with CDMO and CROs related to discontinued product candidates, partially offset by an increase in consumables of $238,862 and consulting expenses of $333,894. Other Income (Expenses) Net other income (expenses) for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $(6,786,532) and $(1,127,165), respectively, representing an increase of $5,659,367 or 502%. The increase in other income was due primarily to the change in the fair value of the contingent consideration in the amount of $(3,048,183), which resulted from the mark to market adjustment on the remaining contingent consideration liability in the year ended June 30, 2024, offset by a loss on extinguishment of debt in the amount of $1,303,578 and interest and other expense of $1,423,449. Net Loss Net loss for the years ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 was $88,425,828 and $39,684,056, respectively, representing an increase in net loss of $48,741,772 or 123%. The increase in net loss was primarily due to the increase of non-cash intangible asset impairment of $23,651,000, the non-cash goodwill impairment of $11,640,000 and the increase in general and administrative expenses of $9,239,410 offset by the change in fair value of contingent consideration of $(3,048,183) and by the $1,456,368 decrease in research and development expenses. Liquidity and Capital Resources We have historically satisfied our capital and liquidity requirements through funding from stockholders, the sale of our Common Stock and warrants, and debt financing. We have never generated any sales revenue to support our operations, and we expect this to continue until our therapies or products are approved for marketing in the United States and/or Europe. Even if we are successful in having our therapies or products approved for sale in the United States and/or Europe, we cannot guarantee that a market for the therapies or products will develop. We may never be profitable. As noted above under the heading “Going Concern and Management’s Plans,” through June 30, 2024, we have incurred substantial losses. We will need additional funds both in the next twelve months and beyond for (a) research and development, (b) increases in personnel, (c) the purchase of equipment, and investment in the development and validation of our technology. The availability of any required additional funding cannot be assured. In addition, an adverse outcome in legal or regulatory proceedings in which we are currently involved or in the future may be involved could adversely affect our liquidity and financial position. We may raise such funds from time to time through public or private sales of our equity or debt securities. Such financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, and our failure to raise capital when needed could materially adversely affect our growth plans and our financial condition and results of operations. 61 As of June 30, 2024, the Company had $220,467 in cash and working capital of $(28,312,274) as compared to $1,874,480 in cash and working capital of $(8,457,693) as of June 30, 2023. The decrease in cash of $1,654,013 is primarily due to the cost of operations of $10,971,430, notes receivable prior to acquisition of $1,255,600 and repayments of finance agreement of $870,073, partially offset by funding totaling $11,387,528 related to private placements, proceeds from note payables and the exercise of warrants during the period. Equity On February 15, 2024, the Company closed a private placement of 344,827 shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value, at $2.90 per share for aggregate proceeds to the Company of $1,000,000 in cash (see Note 10 to the Financial Statements). On August 1, 2023, the Company closed a private placement of 280,505 units (the “ Units ”), each consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, (the “ Preferred Stock ”) and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant (each, a “ Warrant ”, and together with the Units and the shares of Preferred Stock, the “ Securities ”) to purchase five shares of the Company’s common stock, at a price per Unit equal to $7.13 for aggregate proceeds to the Company of $2,000,000 in cash. In addition, the Company issued 280,505 Units in connection with the conversion of $2,000,000 of the Promissory Note (see Note 10 to the Financial Statements). The Company issued an aggregate of 561,010 shares of Preferred Stock, which were initially convertible into an aggregate of 5,610,100 shares of common stock. In connection with the Private Placement, the Company sold Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,805,050 shares of common stock. The Warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $0.65 per share, payable in cash (see Note 10 to the Financial Statements). Warrant Exercises On December 4, 2023, the Company issued 525,945 shares of Common Stock pursuant to warrants exercised for cash proceeds of $341,865 (see Note 10 to the Financial Statements). On February 20, 2024, 2,953,700 warrants outstanding were exercised at prices ranging from $0.53 to $0.65 per share and the aggregate $1,750,000 of a promissory note held by the holder was applied to the exercise price of the warrants (see Note 10 to the Financial Statements). On February 20, 2024, 471,699 warrants outstanding were exercised at $0.53 per share valued at $250,000. A promissory note held by the holder was applied to the exercise price of the warrants in lieu of cash proceeds (see Note 10 to the Financial Statements). Debt Convertible Notes Payable — March 2024 Note — On March 14, 2024, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement with an investor to issue a Convertible Promissory Note in the amount of $500,000 (the “March 2024 Note”). The March 2024 Note had an interest rate of 10% per annum and was due to mature on March 15, 2025. The Company was required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the March 2024 Note. Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing, at the option of the holder, interest could accrue on this note on a quarterly basis. The March 2024 Note was convertible at the option of the holder after a qualified offering. If no qualified offering occurs prior to the maturity date, the March 2024 Note was to be repaid in cash. On June 14, 2024, the Company sold 344,966 of the Company’s units, each such unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant to purchase one-tenth of a share of Common Stock (a “Unit”), to the holder of the March 2024 Note in consideration for the total $512,361 in principal amount and interest accrued under the March 2024 Note. The warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $1.4726 per share, payable in cash ( see Note 88 to the Financial Statements). 62 The 2024 Notes — On January 11, 2024, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement with an investor to issue a Convertible Promissory Note (the “January 2024 Note I”) in the amount of $460,000. The January 2024 Note I had an interest rate of 12% per annum and was due to mature on January 11, 2025. The Company was required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the notes. Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing, at the option of the holder, interest could accrue on this note on a quarterly basis. The January 2024 Note I was convertible either at the option of the holder or automatically upon maturity into shares of the Company’s Common Stock at the conversion price of $3.38. On January 12, 2024, the Company entered into Subscription Agreements with an investor to issue a Convertible Promissory Note for an aggregate principal amount of $125,000 (the “January 2024 Note II”, and collectively with the January 2024 Note I, the “January 2024 Notes”). The Company received a total of $125,000 in gross proceeds. The January 2024 Note II bears an interest rate of 12% per annum and shall mature on December 29, 2024. The Company is required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the January 2024 Note II. The January 2024 Note II is convertible either at the option of the holder or automatically upon maturity into shares of the Company’s Common Stock at the Note Conversion Price of $3.38. On June 14, 2024, the Company sold 325,508 of the Company’s Units, each such Unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant to purchase one-tenth of a share of Common Stock, to the holder of the January 2024 Note I in consideration for the total $483,460 in principal amount and interest accrued under the January 2024 Note I. The warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $1.4726 per share, payable in cash The January 2024 Notes principal balance at June 30, 2024, is $125,000 (see Note 88 to the Financial Statements). December 2023 Notes — Between December 1, 2023, and December 29, 2023, the Company entered into Subscription Agreements with two investors to purchase Convertible Promissory Notes for an aggregate principal amount of $560,000 (the “December Notes”). The Company received a total of $560,000 in gross proceeds, consisting of $440,000 and $100,000 from the private placement prior to the end of the quarter ending December 31, 2023, and $20,000 received in January 2024. The December Notes bear an interest rate of 12% per annum and shall mature one year after their respective dates of issuance (the “Maturity Date”). The Company is required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the December Notes. Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing, at the option of the holder, interest may accrue on the December Notes on a quarterly basis. The December Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s Common Stock in whole or in part at any time and from time to time, after the original issue date and prior to the Maturity Date, at a conversion price of $3.38 per share. The December Notes will be accounted for under ASC 470-20. On June 14, 2024, in a private placement the Company sold 317,715 Units to an investor who surrendered and terminated $440,000 in aggregate principal amount and $28,453 of interest accrued on the December Notes and paid in cash an aggregate amount of $66,000 to the Company in consideration for the Units, each such Unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant to purchase one-tenth of a share of Common Stock. The warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $1.4726 per share, payable in cash. The December Notes principal balance at June 30, 2024, is $120,000 (see Note 8 to the Financial Statements). The 2023 Notes — Between September 5, 2023, and October 5, 2023, the Company entered into Subscription Agreements with five investors to purchase 5% Original Issue Discount Convertible Promissory Notes (the “2023 Notes”) for an aggregate principal amount of $2,105,263. The Company received a total of $2,000,000 in gross proceeds from the private placement, after taking into account the 5% original issue discount. The discount of $105,263 was to be accreted over the life of the 2023 Notes. The 2023 Notes had an interest rate of 12% per annum and were due to mature on September 5, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”). The Company was required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the 2023 Notes. Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing, at the option of the holder, interest could accrue on the notes on a quarterly basis. The 2023 Notes were convertible into shares of the Company’s Common Stock upon the occurrence of a Qualified Offering (as defined below) or upon the Maturity Date. 63 The 2023 Notes were subject to mandatory conversion (“Mandatory Conversion”) in the event the Company closed an offering of its Common Stock and received gross proceeds of not less than $10,000,000 (a “Qualified Offering”). The conversion price per share of Common Stock in the case of a Mandatory Conversion was to be 95% of the offering price per share in the Qualified Offering, subject to a floor of $4.50 per share. In addition, if no Qualified Offering occurred prior to the Maturity Date, the 2023 Notes were to automatically convert into shares of Common Stock on the Maturity Date at a conversion price per share equal to the closing sale price of the Common Stock on the Maturity Date, subject to a floor of $4.50 per share. On January 11, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment with one of the investors of the 2023 Notes whereas the conversion terms were amended to provide for optional conversion at a conversion price of $3.38 per share. All other terms of the Promissory Note remained the same. The Company treated this as a modification for accounting purposes. On June 14, 2024, the Company sold 1,546,449 Units to the holders of the 2023 Notes who surrendered and terminated $2,293,825 in aggregate principal amount and interest accrued thereon of the 2023 Notes and paid in cash an aggregate amount of $443,575 (of which $318,063 was applied against the Company’s Promissory Notes), to the Company in consideration for the Units, each such Unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant to purchase one-tenth of a share of Common Stock. The warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $1.4726 and $1.4765 per share, payable in cash. The 2023 Notes principal balance at June 30, 2024, is zero. For the year ended June 30, 2024, discount amortization of $78,567 was charged to interest expense and $26,696 of discount amortization was charged to other income and expense due to the early termination of the notes, respectively. In the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded interest expense of $189,614 related to the 2023 Notes. The 2023 Notes balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 is zero (see Note 8 to the Financial Statements). The Convertible Notes — On February 6, 2020, the Company issued two Convertible Notes (the “Convertible Notes”) to Paseco ApS (the “Holder”), a Danish limited company and an existing stockholder of the Company, each with a face value amount of $600,000, convertible into shares of Common Stock. The outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Notes was due and payable on February 6, 2023. Interest on the Convertible Notes commenced accruing on the date of issuance at six percent (6%) per annum, computed on the basis of twelve 30-day months, and was compounded monthly on the final day of each calendar month based upon the principal and all accrued and unpaid interest outstanding as of such compound date. The interest was payable in cash on a semi-annual basis. The conversion price was equal to $12.00 per share of Common Stock. The Holder did not exercise its conversion feature that expired on February 6, 2021. The Company evaluated the Convertible Notes in accordance with ASC 470-20 and identified that they each contain an embedded conversion feature that shall not be bifurcated from the host document (i.e., the Convertible Notes) as they are not deemed to be readily convertible into cash . Effective December 30, 2022 (the “Effective Date”), the Company amended and restated the Convertible Notes (the “Amended and Restated Secured Notes”). Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Secured Notes, the due date was extended to February 28, 2024. The Amended and Restated Secured Notes were convertible by the Holder if the Company consummated a public offering or private placement of Common Stock or securities convertible into Common Stock. The conversion price was to be the price being paid by the investors in such offering. The interest rate was increased to twelve percent (12%) per annum, which was prepaid by the Company in full on the date of amendment through the issuance of 198,439 shares of the Company’s Common Stock: 29,419 shares for accrued interest up to the Effective Date and 169,020 shares related to the prepayment of interest through the extension date of the Amended and Restated Secured Notes using the Common Stock closing market price on the Effective Date, of $1.03. The obligations of the Company under the Amended and Restated Secured Notes were secured by a security agreement (the “Security Agreement”). The Company evaluated the Amended and Restated Secured Notes and conversion feature to determine the appropriate accounting treatment based on the terms of the agreement. In accordance with ASC 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, the Company determined that the Amended and Restated Secured Notes embody an obligation that may require the Company to settle with the issuance of a variable number of shares, where the monetary value of the obligation is based predominantly on a fixed monetary amount of $1,200,000 known at inception. Accordingly, the Company recorded the Amended and Restated Secured Notes as share settled debt. The total value of the shares issued was $204,392 which included $174,090 of prepaid interest and $30,302 for accrued interest as of December 30, 2022. On June 26, 2023, the Holder notified the Company that it wished to elect to exercise its conversion right triggered by a private placement. Therefore, all outstanding $1,200,000 Amended and Restated Secured Notes were converted into 2,264,150 shares of Common Stock and warrants to purchase 1,132,075 shares of Common Stock. There were no Amended and Restated Secured Notes outstanding after the foregoing conversion. 64 Notes Payable — Bridge Loans — Between March 26, 2024 and June 4, 2024 the Company issued Paseco ApS promissory notes (the “Notes”) in the aggregate principal and interest accrued amount of $2,098,252. The Notes had an interest rate of 10% per annum and were to mature between May 1, 2024, and August 1, 2024. The Notes were accounted for under ASC 470-20, and all proceeds received from the issuance was recognized as a liability on the balance sheet. On June 14, 2024, the Company sold 1,424,862 Units at a price per Unit equal to $1.4726 to settle the bridge loan aggregate amount of $2,098,252. As of June 30, 2024 the Notes balance is zero. On February 5, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with RS Bio ApS, a Danish entity controlled by the Company’s Chairman, Rene Sindlev (“RS Bio”) to issue a 5% Original Issue Discount Secured Promissory Note for the principal amount of $105,263. The Company received $100,000 in gross proceeds after taking into account the 5% original issue discount. The note bears an interest rate of 12% per annum and matured on March 1, 2024 and was extended to December 31, 2024. The obligations under this note are secured by the Amended and Restated Security Agreement. The Company is required to pay interest on the maturity date. The note is accounted for under ASC 470-20, and all proceeds received from the issuance will be recognized as a liability on the balance sheet net of discount. For the year ended June 30, 2024, discount amortization of $5,263 was charged to interest expense. As of June 30, 2024, the Company accrued $6,316 of interest expense that is included in accrued expenses on the balance sheet. The note balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 was $105,263. On January 2, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with RS Bio to issue a 5% Original Issue Discount Secured Promissory Note for the principal amount of $526,315 (the “January 2024 Note”). The Company received a total of $500,000 in gross proceeds after taking into account the 5% original issue discount. The January 2024 Note bears an interest rate of 12% per annum and matured on March 1, 2024 and was extended to December 31, 2024. The Company is required to pay interest on the maturity date. The January 2024 Note will be accounted for under ASC 470-20, and all proceeds received from the issuance will be recognized as a liability on the balance sheet net of discount. For the year ended June 30, 2024, discount amortization of $26,315 was charged to interest expense. As of June 30, 2024, the Company accrued $31,579 of interest expense that is included in accrued expenses on the balance sheet. The Note balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 was $526,315. In connection with the entry into the January 2024 Note, the Company and Paseco ApS agreed to amend and restate a Security Agreement to add the Company’s obligations under the November 2023 Note and the January 2024 Note to the Secured Obligations (as defined in the Amended and Restated Security Agreement). On November 22, 2023, Renovaro Cube entered into a loan agreement where the holder agreed to loan the Company up to £500,000 (approximately $624,000 USD). The note had a repayment date occurring the first business day after the first anniversary of the draw down of the loan. The first draw down of £250,000 occurred on November 27, 2023, and the second draw down of approximately £250,000 occurred on December 13, 2023. The Company paid interest on the loan at the rate of 10% per annum. Interest was accrued quarterly in arrears on the last business day of March, June, September, and December and was payable on the repayment date. On June 14, 2024 the Company sold 454,708 Units to the holder and terminated $665,387 in aggregate principal amount and accrued interest and received in cash an aggregate amount of $100,400 in consideration for the Units which was applied against the loan. For the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded $36,388 of interest expense related to this loan. The total amount of the loan at June 30, 2024, is zero (see Note 8 to the Financial Statements). On November 3, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with RS Bio to issue a 5% Original Issue Discount Promissory Note for the principal amount of $1,000,000 (the “November 2023 Note”). The Company received a total of $950,000 in gross proceeds after taking into account the 5% original issue discount. The discount of $50,000 will be accreted over the life of the Note. The November 2023 Note bears an interest rate of 12% per annum and was due to mature on January 1, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”). On January 1, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment with RS Bio for the November 2023 Note to extend the maturity date to March 1, 2024 and was extended to December 31, 2024. The Company is required to pay interest on the maturity date. The November 2023 Note will be accounted for under ASC 470-20, and all proceeds received from the issuance will be recognized as a liability on the balance sheet net of discount. On February 16, 2024, the Company received notice from the holder to exercise 471,699 warrants outstanding at $0.53 per share and apply $250,000 of the note balance to the exercise price of the warrants. For the year ended June 30, 2024, discount amortization of $50,000 was charged to interest expense. As of June 30, 2024, the Company accrued $69,083 of interest expense that is included in accrued expenses on the balance sheet. The November 2023 Note balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 is $750,000 (see Note 8 to the Financial Statements) . 65 Promissory Note — On March 30, 2020 (the “Issuance Date”), the Company issued a Promissory Note in the principal amount of $5,000,000 (the “Promissory Note”) to the Holder. The principal amount of the Promissory Note was originally payable on November 30, 2021 (the “Maturity Date”). The Promissory Note bore interest at a fixed rate of 6% per annum, computed based on the number of days between the Issuance Date and the Maturity Date, and the interest was prepaid by the Company in full on the Issuance Date through the issuance of 188,485 shares of the Company’s Common Stock based on the closing market price on that date for a total value of $501,370. The Company evaluated the Promissory Note and PIK interest in accordance with ASC 470-Debt and ASC 835-Interest, respectively. Pursuant to ASC 470-20, proceeds received from the issuance are to be recognized at their relative fair value, thus the liability is shown net of the corresponding discount of $493,192, which is the relative fair value of the shares issued for the PIK interest on the closing date using the effective interest method. The discount of $493,192 will be accreted over the life of the Promissory Note. On February 11, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the Promissory Note that extended the Maturity Date to November 30, 2022. All other terms of the Promissory Note remained the same. The change in Maturity Date required an additional year of interest at the fixed rate of 6% per annum, which was prepaid by the Company in full on the date of the amendment through the issuance of 74,054 shares of the Company’s Common Stock based on the closing market price on that date for a total value of $298,178. On May 17, 2022, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Promissory Note that extended the Maturity Date to November 30, 2023 and increased the interest rate from 6% to 12% per annum. All other terms of the Promissory Note remained the same. The change in Maturity Date required an additional year of interest at the fixed rate of 12% per annum. Pursuant to the amendment, the Company prepaid interest for the period November 30, 2022 until May 30, 2023 on the date of the amendment through the issuance of 47,115 shares of the Company’s Common Stock based on the closing market price on that date for a total value of $299,178. All other accrued interest payable from May 30, 2023 to the Maturity Date was required to be paid by the Company on May 30, 2023, at the option of the Holder in either (i) cash or (ii) shares of the Company’s Common Stock, valued at the closing sale price of the Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on May 30, 2023. The Holder elected the interest be paid in cash (the “Interest Payment”). Effective December 30, 2022, the Company entered into a third amendment to the Promissory Note. Pursuant to the third amendment, the Company’s obligations under the Promissory Note were secured by a Security Agreement. To secure the Company’s obligations under each of the Amended and Restated Secured Notes and the Promissory Note, the Company entered into a Security Agreement with the Holder, pursuant to which the Company granted a lien on all assets of the Company (the “Collateral”) for the benefit of the Holder. Upon an Event of Default (as defined in the Amended and Restated Secured Notes and Promissory Note, respectively) the Holder may, among other things, collect or take possession of the Collateral, proceed with the foreclosure of the security interest in the Collateral or sell, lease, or dispose of the Collateral. (“Amended and Restated Security Agreement”). On June 12, 2023, the Holder notified the Company that it wanted to apply the Interest Payment due to it towards the Company’s next private placement. Therefore, on June 26, 2023, in conjunction with the Company’s private placement, the Company issued (i) 567,588 shares of its Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share and (ii) warrants to purchase 283,794 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.53 per share and applied the Interest Payment of $300,822 it owed to the Holder. 66 On July 31, 2023, the Company and the Holder agreed to amend the Promissory Note (the “Fourth Amendment”) to provide the Holder with limited conversion rights in connection with the Company’s next private placement. Per the terms of the Fourth Amendment, the Holder could elect to convert $2 million of the outstanding principal balance of the Promissory Note into the Units being offered in a private placement at the price per Unit being paid by the investors in the private placement (the “Conversion Right”). On August 1, 2023, the Holder notified the Company of its election to exercise the Conversion Right. As a result, $2 million of the outstanding principal balance of the Promissory Note was converted into 280,505 Units at $7.13 per unit, comprised of an aggregate of (i) 280,505 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company and (ii) Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,402,525 shares of Common Stock with an exercise price of $0.65 per share. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock acquired by the Holder was initially convertible into 2,805,050 shares of Common Stock. A $3 million principal balance remained outstanding under the Promissory Note after the foregoing conversion. The Company concluded that in accordance with ASC 470-20-40-4, the difference between the fair value of the Preferred Shares and warrants and the carrying value of the portion of the Note being converted should be recognized as an extinguishment. The extinguishment loss of $120,018 is recorded in Other Income/Loss in the Statement of Operations. On November 30, 2023, the Company and the Holder agreed to amend the Promissory Note (the “Fifth Amendment”) such that the Company and the Holder extended the maturity of the original Promissory Note until February 29, 2024. In addition, all interest payable from November 30, 2023 to the Maturity Date was payable and is currently payable by the Company as of November 30, 2023. On February 16, 2024, the Company received notice from the Holder to exercise 2,953,700 warrants outstanding ranging from $0.53 to $0.65 per share and apply $1,750,000 of the note balance to the exercise price of the warrants. On February 29, 2024, the Company and the Holder agreed to amend the Promissory Note (the “Sixth Amendment”) to where the Company and the Holder extended the maturity of the original Promissory Note until May 1, 2024. On May 1, 2024, the Company and the Holder agreed to amend the Promissory Note (the “Seventh Amendment”) to extend the maturity of the original Promissory Note until August 1, 2024. On June 14, 2024 the Holder requested the Company repay $418,503 of the Promissory Note. The Company applied $100,440 and $318,063 owed to the Company pursuant to certain Subscription Agreements. As such, payment of the 2020 Note Repayment decreased the principal amount by $418,503. For the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, discount amortization of $393,763 and $348,621 was charged to interest expense. The Promissory Note balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 is $824,418 (see Note 8 to the Financial Statements). Cash Flows Year ended June 30, 2024 compared to the year ended June 30, 2023 Following is a summary of the Company’s cash flows provided by (used in) operating, investing, and financing activities: For the Years Ended June 30, 2024 2023 Net Cash Used in Operating Activities $ (10,971,430 ) $ (11,774,549 ) Net Cash Used in Investing Activities (1,260,179 ) (29,774 ) Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities 10,517,455 4,515,056 Effect of exchange rates on cash 60,141 (8,395 ) Net (Decrease) in Cash $ (1,654,013 ) $ (7,297,662 ) At June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $220,467, a decrease of 1,654,013, when compared to the June 30, 2023 balance of $1,874,480. This decrease was primarily due to cash used in operating activities, partially offset by cash provided by financing activities. We plan to use our cash and cash equivalents to fund research and development, specifically to increase investment in the development and validation of our AI driven cancer diagnostics platform. These activities will require an increase in selling, general and administrative costs, and research and development costs to support the expected growth. As additional funds are required, we may raise such funds from time to time through public or private sales of our equity or debt securities. Cash used in operating activities represents the cash receipts and disbursements related to all of our activities other than investing and financing activities. Operating cash flow is derived by adjusting our net loss for non-cash items and changes in operating assets and liabilities. Net cash used in operating activities for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $10,971,430 and $11,774,549, respectively, representing a decrease of $803,119. The decrease is primarily related to the changes in our operating assets and liabilities. 67 Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $1,260,179 and $29,774, respectively, representing an increase of $1,230,405. The increase is primarily due to notes receivable prior to acquisition of Renovaro Cube of $1,255,600 and purchases of equipment in the current year of $70,430, partially offset by the cash acquired from the acquisition of Renovaro Cube of $65,851. Net cash provided by financing activities for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $10,517,455 and $4,515,056, respectively, representing an increase of $6,002,399. The net cash provided by financing activities in the current year consists primarily of $3,000,000 of proceeds from private placements, $8,045,663 from the issuance of notes, and $341,865 of proceeds from the exercise of warrants, partially offset by repayments of $870,073 under a finance agreement. The prior year net cash from financing activities primarily consisted of $4,011,823 in proceeds from private placements, and $ 1,625,000 of proceeds from the exercise of warrants, partially offset by repayments of $1,121,767 under a finance agreement. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of June 30, 2024, and 2023, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements. We are not aware of any material transactions which are not disclosed in our consolidated financial statements. Significant Accounting Policies and Critical Accounting Estimates Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable in the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. Our most critical accounting estimates are detailed below, and our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Intangible Assets - The Company has both definite and indefinite life intangible assets. Definite life intangible assets relate to patents. The Company accounts for definite life intangible assets in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets . Intangible assets are recorded at cost. Patent costs capitalized consist of costs incurred to acquire the underlying patent. If it is determined that a patent will not be issued, the related remaining capitalized patent costs are charged to expense. Definite life intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life. The estimated useful life of patents is twenty years from the date of application. Indefinite life intangible assets include license agreements and goodwill acquired in a business combination. The Company accounts for indefinite life intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350. License agreement costs represent the fair value of the license agreement on the date acquired and are tested annually for impairment. Goodwill - Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment annually as of June 30 or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment of Goodwill and Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets – We test for goodwill impairment at the reporting unit level, which is one level below the operating segment level. Our detailed impairment testing involves comparing the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. Fair value reflects the price a market participant would be willing to pay in a potential sale of the reporting unit and is based on discounted cash flows or relative market-based approaches. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we record an impairment loss for such excess. The annual fair value analysis performed on goodwill supported that goodwill was impaired as of June 30, 2024. The Company recorded an impairment loss of $11,640,000 related to goodwill for the year ended June 30, 2024 (see Note 6 to the financial statements). 68 For indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as licenses acquired as an In-Process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) asset, on an annual basis we determine the fair value of the asset and record an impairment loss, if any, for the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value. For the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the carrying value of the licenses acquired as an IPR&D asset exceeded its fair value, due to changes in the projected economic benefits to be realized from these assets. Therefore, the Company recorded impairment losses of $42,611,000 and $18,960,000 during the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively (see Note 6 to the financial statements). The carrying values of IPR&D and goodwill at June 30, 2024, were zero and $159,330,161, respectively. Fair Value of Financial Instruments – The Company accounts for fair value measurements for financial assets and financial liabilities in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements”. The authoritative guidance, among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the exit price, representing the amount that would either be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. There were no Level 1, 2, or 3 assets, nor any Level 1, or 2 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2024. Level 3 liabilities held as of June 30, 2024, consisted of a contingent consideration liability related to the February 13, 2024, acquisition of Renovaro Cube (see Note 4.) There were no Level 1, 2, or 3 assets, nor any Level 1, 2, or 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2023. Stock-Based Compensation - The Company has granted stock options, restricted share units (“RSUs”) and warrants to certain employees, officers, directors, and consultants. The Company accounts for options in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation . Stock based compensation costs for the vesting of options and RSUs granted to certain employees, officers, directors, and consultants for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were $4,673,129 and $3,535,051, respectively (see Note 10 to the Financial Statements). The Company recognizes compensation costs for stock option awards to employees, officers and directors based on their grant-date fair value. The value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model are the expected term of the award, the underlying stock price volatility, the risk-free interest rate, and the expected dividend yield. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. 69 The Company records stock-based compensation for services received from non-employees in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation Non-Employees . All transactions in which goods or services are the consideration received for the issuance of equity instruments are accounted for based on the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instrument issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. Equity instruments issued to consultants and the cost of the services received as consideration are measured and recognized based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued and are recognized over the consultants’ required service period, which is generally the vesting period (see Note 10 to the Financial Statements.) The Company does not have sufficient historical information to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior. Accordingly, the Company has elected to use the “simplified method” to estimate the expected term of its share-based awards. The simplified method computes the expected term as the sum of the award’s vesting term plus the original contractual term divided by two. Recently Enacted Accounting Standards For a description of recent accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our consolidated financial statements, see “Note 1: Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in the financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk The Company is a smaller reporting company and is not required to provide this information. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 70 RENOVARO INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 3627 ) F-2 Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2024 and 2023 F-5 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 F-6 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 F-7 Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 F-8 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 F-9 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements F-10 F- 1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Renovaro, Inc.: Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Renovaro, Inc. (“the Company”) as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended June 30, 2024 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended June 30, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Restatement of Financial Statements As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the financial statements as of and for the year ended June 30, 2024 have been restated to correct misstatements. Explanatory Paragraph Regarding Going Concern The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 3 to the financial statements, the Company has incurred substantial recurring losses from operations, has used cash in the Company’s continuing operations, and is dependent on additional financing to fund operations which raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 3. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) related to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgements. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. F- 2 Goodwill Impairment Assessment Critical Audit Matter Description As of June 30, 2024, the carrying value of goodwill was $159,330,161 which related in its entirety to goodwill acquired in the GediCube Intl Ltd (“GediCube”) acquisition on February 13, 2024. In addition, during the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company fully impaired previously recorded goodwill totaling $11,640,000 related to the Company’s legacy RenB reporting unit. As described in notes 1 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company tests goodwill for impairment annually at the reporting unit level, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than it’s carrying amount. The Company’s annual assessment date is June 30, 2024. In relation to goodwill related to the GediCube acquisition, the Company performed a qualitative assessment on such date and concluded that it was not more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value was less than its carrying amount. To assess the goodwill of the RenB reporting unit for impairment, management estimated the fair value of goodwill using a discounted cash flow model. The determination of the fair value requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions. How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit We identified the evaluation of the impairment analysis for goodwill as a critical audit matter because of the significant estimates and assumptions management makes in performing both the qualitative assessment on goodwill for the GediCube related goodwill and determining the fair value of the goodwill for the RenB reporting unit. These required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of such estimates and assumptions. Our audit procedures related to the following: ● In relation to the GediCube goodwill, we evaluated the Company’s qualitative assessment by considering macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, and other relevant entity specific factors. ● In relation to RenB goodwill, (1) we tested and evaluated the methods, data and significant assumptions used in developing the fair value of goodwill; and (2) we evaluated the reasonableness and consistency of the selected valuation methodology and assumptions utilized by the Company including the Company’s intent and ability to carry out a particular course of action. In addition, professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were utilized by the Firm to assist in the performance of these procedures. Business Combination Critical Audit Matter Description On February 13, 2024, the Company completed a business acquisition acquiring GediCube Intl Ltd. for consideration with a fair value of $156,599,131. The Company accounted for this acquisition as a business combination and accordingly, the purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at fair value as of the transaction date. The consideration consisted of common stock with a fair value of $136,001,631 and contingent consideration of approximately $20,557,500. The contingent consideration represents contingent shares to be issued to the seller upon the exercise of conversion of common stock equivalents in the Company that existed at the acquisition date. The Company utilized a third-party valuation specialist to assist in determining the fair value of contingent consideration issued. The fair value of the contingent consideration liability was estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model and a Monte-Carlo option pricing model. We identified the estimation of the fair value of the contingent consideration granted to be a critical audit matter. F- 3 We identified the estimation of the fair value of the contingent consideration granted to be a critical audit matter because of the significant estimates and assumptions management made to determine the fair value of certain of this element. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of valuation methodologies applied and the assumptions used, such as stock price, exercise price and volatility assumptions. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to the following: ● Testing management’s process for developing the fair value measurements for contingent consideration. ● Evaluating significant assumptions used by management in this fair value estimates including stock price, exercise price and volatility assumptions related to outstanding common stock equivalents. ● Testing the accuracy and completeness of the common stock equivalents utilized in determining the fair value of the contingent consideration. ● Obtaining the valuation report prepared by valuation specialist engaged by management to assist in the determination of fair values assigned to acquired contingent consideration and evaluating the qualifications of the specialist. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to assist in evaluating the valuation methodologies deployed and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used. /s/ Sadler, Gibb & Associates, LLC We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018. Draper, UT October 10, 2024, (February 18, 2025, as to the effect of the restatement described in Note 2) F- 4 RENOVARO INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS June 30, 2024 2023 (As restated) ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: Cash $ 220,467 $ 1,874,480 Insurance receivable 1,108,247 — Prepaids and other assets 668,929 690,925 Total Current Assets 1,997,643 2,565,405 Property and equipment, net 482,121 508,989 OTHER ASSETS Definite life intangible assets, net 30,043 39,676 Indefinite life intangible assets, net — 42,611,000 Goodwill 159,330,161 11,640,000 Deposits and other assets 19,849 21,741 Operating lease right-of-use assets 1,269,633 913,985 Total Other Assets 160,649,686 55,226,402 TOTAL ASSETS $ 163,129,450 $ 58,300,796 LIABILITIES CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable – trade $ 9,448,683 $ 5,296,823 Accrued expenses 5,311,324 723,173 Other current liabilities 295,361 184,733 Contingent consideration liability 12,310,000 — Convertible notes payable 245,000 — Current portion of operating lease liabilities 493,553 193,422 Notes payable – related parties, net 2,205,996 4,624,947 Total Current Liabilities 30,309,917 11,023,098 NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES: Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion 842,389 775,587 Total Non-Current Liabilities 842,389 775,587 Total Liabilities 31,152,306 11,798,685 STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding — — Common stock, par value $ 0.0001 , 350,000,000 shares authorized, 158,452,644 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024; 63,698,144 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 15,847 6,371 Additional paid-in capital 464,587,224 290,554,875 Accumulated deficit ( 332,455,081 ) ( 244,029,253 ) Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) ( 170,846 ) ( 29,882 ) Total Stockholders’ Equity 131,977,144 46,502,111 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 163,129,450 $ 58,300,796 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 5 RENOVARO INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS For the Years Ended June 30, 2024 2023 (As restated) Operating Expenses General and administrative $ 24,557,608 $ 15,318,198 Research and development 2,708,829 4,165,197 Intangible asset impairment 42,611,000 18,960,000 Goodwill impairment 11,640,000 — Depreciation and amortization 121,859 113,496 Total Operating Expenses 81,639,296 38,556,891 LOSS FROM OPERATIONS ( 81,639,296 ) ( 38,556,891 ) Other Income (Expense) Change in fair value of contingent consideration ( 3,048,183 ) — Loss on extinguishment of debt ( 1,303,578 ) — Loss on extinguishment of contingent consideration liability — ( 419,182 ) Interest expense ( 1,011,322 ) ( 580,344 ) Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions — ( 1,019 ) Interest income and other income (expense) ( 1,423,449 ) ( 126,620 ) Total Other Income (Expense) ( 6,786,532 ) ( 1,127,165 ) NET LOSS $ ( 88,425,828 ) $ ( 39,684,056 ) BASIC AND DILUTED NET LOSS PER COMMON SHARE $ ( 0.91 ) $ ( 0.71 ) WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OF COMMON STOCK OUTSTANDING - BASIC AND DILUTED 97,511,557 56,265,362 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 6 RENOVARO INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS For the Years Ended June 30, 2024 2023 (As restated) Net Loss $ ( 88,425,828 ) $ ( 39,684,056 ) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Foreign currency translation, net of taxes ( 140,964 ) 554 Comprehensive Loss $ ( 88,566,792 ) $ ( 39,683,502 ) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 7 RENOVARO INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY For the Years Ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 # of Preferred Shares Preferred Shares Amount # of Common Shares Common Stock Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total Balance June 30, 2022 — — 53,007,082 $ 5,302 $ 276,989,179 $ ( 204,345,197 ) $ ( 30,436 ) $ 72,618,848 Stock issued pursuant to warrants exercised — — 1,250,000 125 1,624,875 — — 1,625,000 Earn-out shares issued — — 1,250,000 125 2,762,375 — — 2,762,500 Shares issued for interest on $1.2 million notes payable extension — — 198,439 20 204,372 — — 204,392 Issuance of common stock and warrants under private placement offering — — 4,832,452 483 4,011,339 — — 4,011,822 Restricted shares issued for services rendered — — 200,000 20 227,980 — — 228,000 Conversion of convertible promissory notes — — 2,264,150 226 1,199,774 — — 1,200,000 Issuance of restricted commitment shares — — 696,021 70 ( 70 ) — — — Stock-based compensation — — — — 3,535,051 — — 3,535,051 Net loss — — — — — ( 39,684,056 ) — ( 39,684,056 ) Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — — 554 554 Balance June 30, 2023 — — 63,698,144 6,371 290,554,875 ( 244,029,253 ) ( 29,882 ) 46,502,111 Issuance of preferred stock and warrants in private placement 280,505 28 — — 1,999,972 — — 2,000,000 Issuance of preferred stock and warrants for conversion of Note Payable 280,505 28 — — 1,999,973 — — 2,000,001 Restricted shares issued for services rendered — — 3,083,760 308 4,663,882 — — 4,664,190 Exercise of warrants — — 3,951,344 396 2,341,470 — — 2,341,866 Issuance of common stock and warrants under private placement offering in settlement of debt — — 5,660,042 566 10,575,759 — — 10,576,106 Shares issuable for settlement of contingent consideration — — 5,615,071 562 11,295,121 — — 11,295,783 Issuance of common stock pursuant to acquisition of GEDi Cube — — 70,834,183 7,083 135,994,548 — — 136,001,631 Preferred stock converted to common stock pursuant to acquisition of GEDi Cube ( 561,010 ) ( 56 ) 5,610,100 561 ( 505 ) — — — Issuance of options for services rendered — — — — 489,000 — — 489,000 Stock-based compensation — — — — 4,673,129 — — 4,673,129 Net loss — — — — — ( 88,425,828 ) — ( 88,425,828 ) Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — — ( 140,964 ) ( 140,964 ) Balance June 30, 2024 — $ — 158,452,644 $ 15,847 $ 464,587,224 $ ( 332,455,081 ) $ ( 170,846 ) $ 131,977,144 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 8 RENOVARO INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended June 30, 2024 2023 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net loss $ ( 88,425,828 ) $ ( 39,684,056 ) ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE NET LOSS TO NET CASH USED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Depreciation and amortization 121,859 113,496 Change in fair value of contingent consideration 3,048,183 — Loss on extinguishment of contingent consideration liability — 419,182 Loss on extinguishment of debt 1,303,578 Non-cash stock-based compensation expense 4,673,129 3,535,051 Non-cash restricted shares issued for services rendered 4,664,190 228,000 Intangible asset impairment 42,611,000 18,960,000 Goodwill impairment 11,640,000 — Amortization of discount on note payable 580,605 348,621 Changes in assets and liabilities: Insurance receivable ( 1,108,247 ) 46 Prepaid expenses/deposits 1,082,267 1,070,249 Accounts payable 4,057,282 3,894,955 Other current liabilities — ( 54,060 ) Operating leases, net 11,284 ( 27,224 ) Accrued expenses 4,769,268 ( 578,809 ) NET CASH USED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES ( 10,971,430 ) ( 11,774,549 ) CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Notes receivable prior to acquisition ( 1,255,600 ) — Cash received from acquisition, net 65,851 — Purchase of property and equipment ( 70,430 ) ( 29,774 ) NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES ( 1,260,179 ) ( 29,774 ) CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Repayments of finance agreement ( 870,073 ) ( 1,121,767 ) Proceeds from exercise of warrants 341,865 1,625,000 Proceeds from private placements 3,000,000 4,011,823 Proceeds from issuance of promissory notes 3,770,512 — Proceeds from convertible notes payable 4,275,151 — NET CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES 10,517,455 4,515,056 Effect of exchange rates on cash 60,141 ( 8,395 ) NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH ( 1,654,013 ) ( 7,297,662 ) CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD 1,874,480 9,172,142 CASH, END OF PERIOD $ 220,467 $ 1,874,480 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION Cash Paid during the year for: Interest $ 20,128 $ 352,334 Income Taxes $ — $ — SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES Contingent Shares issued pursuant to Acquisition Agreement $ — $ 2,762,500 Shares in lieu of interest on $1.2 million notes payable extension $ — $ 204,392 Finance agreement entered into in exchange for prepaid assets $ 906,834 $ 1,139,875 Conversion of note payable for issuance of preferred stock $ 2,000,001 $ — Note payable settled through non-cash exercise of warrants $ 2,000,000 $ — Debt discount related to notes payable $ 339,342 $ — Common shares issued upon acquisition $ 136,001,631 $ — Contingent consideration issued upon acquisition $ 20,557,500 $ — Common shares issued upon settlement of debt $ 9,582,912 $ — Earn out shares issued in settlement of contingent liability $ 11,295,683 $ — Options issued in settlement of debt $ 489,000 $ — Settlement of notes payable $ 418,503 $ — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 9 RENOVARO INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Business – On February 13, 2024, the Company changed its corporate name from Renovaro Biosciences Inc. to Renovaro Inc. (“Renovaro”, and together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”, “we” or “us”). In August 2023, the Company changed its corporate name from Enochian Biosciences Inc. to Renovaro Biosciences Inc. The Company is an AI-driven healthcare technology company that, if it can generate sufficient funding, will also continue to engage in the research and development of pharmaceutical and biological products for the treatment of cancer and HIV with the intent to manufacture said products. On February 13, 2024, Renovaro Inc. acquired GEDi Cube Intl Ltd and its subsidiaries (“Renovaro Cube”), as a wholly owned subsidiary pursuant to a stock purchase agreement. Basis of Presentation – The Company prepares consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and follows the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Principles of Consolidation – For the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of Renovaro, and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All material inter-company transactions and accounts have been eliminated in the consolidation. Subsidiaries – Renovaro Biosciences Inc. (“Renovaro Biosciences”), formerly Renovaro Biopharma Inc., was incorporated on May 19, 2017 in Delaware and is a 100% owned subsidiary of Renovaro. Renovaro Biosciences owns a perpetual, fully paid-up, royalty-free, sublicensable, and sole and exclusive worldwide license to research, develop, use, sell, have sold, make, have made, offer for sale, import and otherwise commercialize certain intellectual property in cellular therapies for the prevention, treatment, amelioration of and/or therapy exclusively for HIV in humans, and research and development exclusively relating to HIV in humans. As of June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, zero and 1,250,000 shares of Common Stock, respectively, remain contingently issuable in connection with the acquisition of Renovaro Biosciences in February 2018 (the “Contingent Shares”). Renovaro Biosciences Denmark ApS (“Renovaro Denmark”), formerly Enochian Biosciences Denmark ApS a Danish corporation was incorporated on April 1, 2001. On February 12, 2014, in accordance with the terms and conditions of a Share Exchange Agreement, the Company acquired Renovaro Denmark and it became a 100% owned subsidiary of Renovaro subject to 185,053 shares of Common Stock of Renovaro held in escrow according to Danish law (the “Escrow Shares”). As of June 30, 2024, there are 17,414 Escrow Shares remaining (see Note 10.) On February 13, 2024, the Company acquired 100 % of Renovaro Cube. As a result of the acquisition, Renovaro Cube became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (see Note 13.) F- 10 Use of Accounting Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimated. Significant estimates include the fair value and potential impairment of intangible assets, the fair value of the contingent consideration liability, and the fair value of equity instruments issued. Functional Currency and Foreign Currency Translation – The functional currency of Renovaro Denmark is the Danish Kroner (“DKK”) and the functional currency of Renovaro Cube is the Euro (“EUR”). The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. Dollar for the purpose of these financial statements. The Company’s balance sheet accounts are translated into U.S. dollars at the period-end exchange rates and all revenue and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates prevailing during the years ended June 30, 2024, and 2023. Translation gains and losses are deferred and accumulated as a component of other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations from transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the statement of operations as incurred. Cash and Cash Equivalents – The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Concentration of Credit Risk – Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash accounts in financial institutions, which, at times, exceed the amount of deposit insurance provided within the relevant jurisdiction where the deposits are held. As of June 30, 2024, and June 30, 2023, the Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes the Company is not exposed to significant risks on such accounts. Insurance Receivable – The Company recognizes insurance receivables associated with expected recoveries of costs incurred for litigation which is probable of incurring a loss and for which it is probable the Company will receive coverage under its existing insurance policies. The Company records any such recoveries on a gross basis and does not net such amounts against any related loss contingency accruals. Property and Equipment - Property and equipment are stated at cost. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments that extend the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized and depreciated upon being placed in service. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is computed for financial statement purposes on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from four to ten years (see Note 5.) Intangible Assets - The Company has both definite and indefinite life intangible assets. Definite life intangible assets relate to patents. The Company accounts for definite life intangible assets in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets . Intangible assets are recorded at cost. Patent costs capitalized consist of costs incurred to acquire the underlying patent. If it is determined that a patent will not be issued, the related remaining capitalized patent costs are charged to expense. Definite life intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life. The estimated useful life of patents is twenty years from the date of application. Indefinite life intangible assets include license agreements and goodwill acquired in a business combination. The Company accounts for indefinite life intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350. License agreement costs represent the fair value of the license agreement on the date acquired and are tested annually for impairment on June 30 or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of the license is less than the carrying amount. Goodwill - Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment annually as of June 30 or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the reporting unit may be less than the fair value of the reporting unit. Impairment of Goodwill and Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets – We test for goodwill impairment at the reporting unit level, which is one level below the operating segment level. Our detailed impairment testing involves comparing the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. Fair value reflects the price a market participant would be willing to pay in a potential sale of the reporting unit and is based on discounted cash flows or relative market-based approaches. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we record an impairment loss for such excess. F- 11 For indefinite life intangible assets, such as IPR&D, on an annual basis on June 30th we determine the fair value of the asset and record an impairment loss, if any, for the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value. For the year ended June 30, 2023, the carrying value of the IPR&D exceeded its fair value. Therefore, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $18,960,000 during the year ended June 30, 2023. During the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $42,611,000 related to the termination of the license agreement with Weird Science LLC (see Note 6.) The carrying value of IPR&D and goodwill at June 30, 2024, were zero 0 and $ 159,330,161 , respectively. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets - Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and definite life intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Circumstances which could trigger a review include, but are not limited to: significant decreases in the market price of the asset; significant adverse changes in the business climate or legal factors; current period cash flow or operating losses combined with a history of losses or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the asset; and current expectations that the asset will more likely than not be sold or disposed of significantly before the end of its estimated useful life. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of would be separately presented in the balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell and would no longer be depreciated. The depreciable basis of assets that are impaired and continue in use are their respective fair values. No impairment of these assets was recorded during the year ended June 30, 2024 or 2023. Leases - In accordance with ASC Topic 842, the Company determined the initial classification and measurement of its right-of-use assets and lease liabilities at the lease commencement date and thereafter. The lease terms include any renewal options and termination options that the Company is reasonably assured to exercise, if applicable. The present value of lease payments is determined by using the implicit interest rate in the lease, if that rate is readily determinable; otherwise, the Company develops an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of the future payments. Rent expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis, unless the operating lease right-of-use assets have been impaired, over the reasonably assured lease term based on the total lease payments and is included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. For operating leases that reflect impairment, the Company will recognize the amortization of the operating lease right-of-use assets on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term with rent expense still included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Research and Development Expenses – The Company expenses research and development costs incurred in formulating, improving, validating, and creating alternative or modified processes related to and expanding the use of the Company’s technologies. Research and development expenses for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 amounted to $ 2,708,829 , and $ 4,165,197 , respectively. Income Taxes - The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740 Accounting for Income Taxes, which requires an asset and liability approach for accounting for income taxes (see Note 9.) F- 12 Loss Per Share - The Company calculates earnings (loss) per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260 Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per common share (EPS) are based on the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per common share are based on shares outstanding (computed as for basic EPS) and potentially dilutive common shares. Potential shares of Common Stock included in the diluted earnings per share calculation include in-the-money stock options that have been granted but have not been exercised. The shares of Common Stock outstanding at June 30, 2024 and 2023 were 152,837,573 and 63,698,144 , respectively. Because of the net loss for each of the years ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, dilutive shares for both periods were excluded from the diluted EPS calculation, as the effect of these potential shares of Common Stock is anti-dilutive. The Company had 17,146,315 and 7,949,513 potential shares of Common Stock excluded from the diluted EPS calculation for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Fair Value of Financial Instruments – The Company accounts for fair value measurements for financial assets and financial liabilities in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements”. The authoritative guidance, among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the exit price, representing the amount that would either be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. There were no Level 1, 2, or 3 assets, nor any Level 1, or 2 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2024. Level 3 liabilities held as of June 30, 2024, consisted of a contingent consideration liability related to the February 13, 2024, acquisition of Renovaro Cube (see Note 4.) There were no Level 1, 2, or 3 assets, nor any Level 1, 2, or 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2023. Stock-Based Compensation - The Company has granted stock options, restricted share units (“RSUs”) and warrants to certain employees, officers, directors, and consultants. The Company accounts for options in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation . Stock based compensation costs for the vesting of options and RSUs granted to certain employees, officers, directors, and consultants for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were $ 4,673,129 and $ 3,535,051 , respectively . The Company recognizes compensation costs for stock option awards to employees, officers and directors based on their grant-date fair value. The value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model are the expected term of the award, the underlying stock price volatility, the risk-free interest rate, and the expected dividend yield. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. The Company records stock-based compensation for services received from non-employees in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation Non-Employees . All transactions in which goods or services are the consideration received for the issuance of equity instruments are accounted for based on the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instrument issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. Equity instruments issued to consultants and the cost of the services received as consideration are measured and recognized based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued and are recognized over the consultants’ required service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company does not have sufficient historical information to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior. Accordingly, the Company has elected to use the “simplified method” to estimate the expected term of its share-based awards. The simplified method computes the expected term as the sum of the award’s vesting term plus the original contractual term divided by two. New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted - Recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB that have not yet been adopted by the Company are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s present or future consolidated financial statements. F- 13 NOTE 2 — RESTATEMENT OF PREVIOUSLY ISSUED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS During the preparation of the Company’s Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2024, the Company determined that certain warrants which were exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2024, had not been appropriately reflected as a component of the change in fair value of the contingent consideration for the year ended June 30, 2024. The number of shares underlying these warrants was 3,425,399 which had a fair value of $ 7,775,656 on the date of exercise. The impact of the restatement on these financial statements by line item is as follows: Schedule of restatement on these financial statements As Reported Change As Restated Common stock $ 15,504 $ 343 $ 15,847 Additional paid-in capital $ 456,811,911 $ 7,775,313 $ 464,587,224 Accumulated deficit $ ( 324,679,425 ) $ ( 7,775,656 ) $ ( 332,455,081 ) Change in fair value of contingent consideration $ 4,727,473 $ ( 7,775,656 ) $ ( 3,048,183 ) Net loss $ ( 80,650,172 ) $ ( 7,775,656 ) $ ( 88,425,828 ) Comprehensive loss $ ( 80,791,136 ) $ ( 7,775,656 ) $ ( 88,566,792 ) Basic and diluted net loss per share $ ( 0.84 ) $ ( 0.07 ) $ ( 0.91 ) NOTE 3 – GOING CONCERN The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared using the generally accepted accounting principles applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. However, the Company has incurred substantial recurring losses from continuing operations, has used cash in the Company’s continuing operations, and is dependent on additional financing to fund operations. The Company incurred a net loss of $ 88,425,828 and $ 39,684,056 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $ 220,467 and an accumulated deficit of $ 332,455,081 and a working capital deficit of $ 28,312,274 . These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date the financial statements are issued. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue in existence. Management has reduced overhead and administrative costs by streamlining the organization to focus around the development and validation of its AI driven cancer diagnostics platform. The Company has tailored its workforce to focus on these activities. In addition, the Company intends to attempt to secure additional required funding through equity or debt financing. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain any sources of funding. Such additional funding may not be available or may not be available on reasonable terms, and, in the case of equity financing transactions, could result in significant additional dilution to our stockholders. If we do not obtain required additional equity or debt funding, our cash resources will be depleted and we could be required to materially reduce or suspend operations, which would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, stock price and our relationships with third parties with whom we have business relationships, at least until additional funding is obtained. If we do not have sufficient funds to continue operations, we could be required to seek bankruptcy protection or other alternatives that could result in our stockholders losing some or all of their investment in us. Funding that we may receive during the fiscal year 2025 is expected to be used to satisfy existing and future obligations and liabilities and working capital needs, to support commercialization of our products, to conduct the clinical and regulatory work to develop our product candidates, and to begin building working capital reserves. NOTE 4 — FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The Company accounts for fair value measurements for financial assets and financial liabilities in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements”. The authoritative guidance among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the exit price, representing the amount that would either be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: ● Level 1. Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; ● Level 2. Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and ● Level 3. Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. There were no Level 1, 2 or 3 assets, nor any Level 1 or 2 liabilities as of June 30, 2024. Level 3 liabilities held as of June 30, 2024, consisted of a contingent consideration liability related to the February 13, 2014, acquisition of Renovaro Cube, (the “Acquisition”). As consideration for the Acquisition, the stockholders of Renovaro Cube received (i) 70,834,183 shares of Common Stock, (ii) the right to receive contingent shares pro rata upon the exercise of convertible notes, options, and warrants, which were outstanding at closing less (iii) an as of yet undefined discount of the number of shares to be issued as a result of any such exercise. The Company and the stockholders of Renovaro Cube have not determined or agreed on the amount of any such discount which may be applied towards future exercises. The contingent consideration liability was recorded at fair value of $ 20,557,500 at the time of acquisition and is subsequently remeasured to fair value at the end of each reporting period. At June 30, 2024, there were 7,613,301 contingent shares issuable in connection with the Acquisition of Renovaro Cube. F- 14 The fair value of the contingent consideration liability is estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model and a Monte-Carlo option pricing model. The key inputs to the model are all contractual or observable with the exception being volatility, which is computed based on the volatility of the Company’s underlying stock. The key inputs to valuing the contingent consideration liability as of June 30, 2024, were: Schedule of key input to valuing the contingent consideration liability Stock Price $ 1.75 Exercise Price $ 0.46 - $ 8.23 Volatility 109 % - 145 % Risk Free Rate 4.24 % - 5.21 % Expected Dividends 0 % Discount Rate (Monte-Carlo model only) 0 % Expected Term (years) 0.47 – 9.50 At initial recognition of the contingent consideration, the inputs were: Stock Price $ 1.92 Exercise Price $ 0.46 - $ 4.50 Volatility 107 % - 133 % Risk Free Rate 4.22 % - 5.14 % Expected Dividends 0 % Discount Rate (Monte-Carlo model only) 12 % Expected Term (years) 0.56 – 9.88 Unless otherwise disclosed, the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments including cash, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued expenses, lease obligations and notes payable approximate their recorded values due to their short-term maturities. The following table sets forth the Level 3 liability at June 30, 2024, which is recorded on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value on a recurring basis. As required, this liability is classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement: Schedule of fair value measurement on recurring basis Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Inputs Significant Other Observable Inputs Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) The roll forward of the contingent consideration liability is as follows: Balance June 30, 2023 — — $ — Contingent consideration in Acquisition — — 20,557,500 Settlements: contingent shares to be issued — — ( 11,295,683 ) Fair value adjustment — — 3,048,183 Contingent Consideration Liability at June 30, 2024 — — $ 12,310,000 F- 15 NOTE 5 - PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment consisted of the following at June 30, 2024 and 2023: Schedule of property and equipment Useful Life June 30, 2024 June 30, 2023 Lab equipment and instruments 4 - 7 $ 639,998 $ 576,298 Leasehold improvements 10 224,629 224,629 Furniture, fixtures, and equipment 4 - 7 195,834 172,861 Total 1,060,461 973,788 Less accumulated depreciation ( 578,340 ) ( 464,799 ) Net Property and Equipment $ 482,121 $ 508,989 Depreciation expense amounted to $ 113,563 and $ 107,321 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. NOTE 6 — INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL At June 30, 2024 and 2023, definite-life intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, consisted of patents on the Company’s products and processes of $ 30,043 and $ 39,676 , respectively. The patents are recorded at cost and amortized over twenty years from the date of application. Amortization expense for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $ 8,296 and $ 6,175 , respectively. At June 30, 2024 and 2023, indefinite life intangible assets consisted of a license agreement classified as In-Process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) intangible assets, which are not amortizable until the intangible assets provide economic benefit, and goodwill. At June 30, 2024 and 2023, definite-life and indefinite-life intangible assets consisted of the following: Schedule of definite-life and indefinite-life intangible assets Useful Life June 30, 2023 Additions Amortization Impairment Translation Adjustment June 30, 2024 Definite Life Intangible Assets Patents 20 Years $ 290,936 $ — $ — $ — $ ( 5,959 ) $ 284,977 Less Accumulated Amortization ( 251,260 ) — ( 8,296 ) — 4,622 ( 254,934 ) Net Definite-Life Intangible Assets $ 39,676 $ — $ ( 8,296 ) $ — $ ( 1,337 ) $ 30,043 Indefinite Life Intangible Assets and Goodwill Goodwill 11,640,000 159,464,039 — ( 11,640,000 ) ( 133,878 ) 159,330,161 IPR&D 42,611,000 — — ( 42,611,000 ) — — Total Indefinite Life Intangible Assets and Goodwill $ 54,251,000 $ 159,464,039 $ — $ ( 54,251,000 ) $ ( 133,878 ) $ 159,330,161 Useful Life June 30, 2022 Period Change Effect of Currency Translation June 30, 2023 Definite Life Intangible Assets Patents 20 Years $ 279,257 $ — 11,679 $ 290,936 Less Accumulated Amortization ( 234,989 ) ( 6,175 ) ( 10,096 ) ( 251,260 ) Net Definite-Life Intangible Assets $ 44,268 $ ( 6,175 ) $ 1,583 $ 39,676 Indefinite Life Intangible Assets License Agreement $ 61,571,000 $ ( 18,960,000 ) $ — $ 42,611,000 Goodwill 11,640,000 — — 11,640,000 Total Indefinite Life Intangible Assets $ 73,211,000 $ ( 18,960,000 ) $ — $ 54,251,000 F- 16 Expected future amortization expense is as follows: Schedule of expected future amortization expense Years ended June 30, 2025 $ 7,511 2026 7,511 2027 7,511 2028 7,510 Total $ 30,043 During February 2018, the Company acquired IPR&D related to a License Agreement (as licensee) to an HIV therapy which consists of a perpetual, fully paid-up, royalty-free, sub-licensable, and sole and exclusive worldwide license to research, develop, use, sell, have sold, make, have made, offer for sale, import and otherwise commercialize certain intellectual property in cellular therapies for the prevention, treatment, amelioration of and/or therapy exclusively for HIV in humans, and research and development exclusively relating to HIV in humans. The IPR&D intangible asset was classified as an indefinite life asset that was tested annually for impairment. On February 13, 2024, the Company acquired Renovaro Cube as a wholly owned subsidiary pursuant to a stock purchase agreement. As part of the acquisition of Renovaro Cube, the Company acquired goodwill valued at $159,464,039. Impairment – On March 1, 2024, the Company received a notice from the sole manager of Weird Science LLC terminating the License Agreement by and between Weird Science LLC and Enochian Biopharma, Inc. (now known as Renovaro Biosciences, Inc.), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, dated February 16, 2018. Due to the termination of the License Agreement, the Company recorded an impairment of $42,611,000 during the year ended June 30, 2024. Following the fourth quarter of each year, management performs its annual test of impairment of intangible assets by performing a assessment and determines if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the asset is greater than or equal to the carrying value of the asset. During the year ended June 30, 2023, the results of the assessment indicated that the carrying value of the licenses acquired as an IPR&D asset exceeded its fair value, due to the changes in the projected economic benefits to be realized from these assets. Therefore, an impairment adjustment of $ 18,960,000 was recorded for the year ended June 30, 2023. During the year ended June 30, 2024, the results of the assessment indicated that the carrying value of the goodwill related to the RENB reporting unit exceeded its fair value, due to the changes in the projected economic benefits to be realized from this reporting unit. Management concluded the significant driver for the change in the economic benefits was due to the Company’s continued inability to raise capital for the further development of the technologies within this reporting unit. Therefore, an impairment adjustment of $ 11,640,000 was recorded for the year ended June 30, 2024. NOTE 7 — LEASES Operating Leases — On November 13, 2017, Renovaro entered into a Lease Agreement for a term of five years and two months from November 1, 2017, with Plaza Medical Office Building, LLC, a California limited liability company, as landlord, (the “Landlord”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to lease from the Landlord approximately 2,325 rentable square feet. The base rent increased by 3% each year and ranged from approximately $8,719 per month for the first year to $10,107 per month for the two months of the sixth year. The lease was terminated early without penalties or additional costs as of September 30, 2022, that released an accrual of $70,800 related to leasehold improvements that was not utilized. On June 19, 2018, Renovaro entered into a Lease Agreement for a term of ten years from September 1, 2018, with Century City Medical Plaza Land Co., Inc., pursuant to which the Company agreed to lease approximately 2,453 rentable square feet. On February 20, 2019, Renovaro entered into an Addendum to the original Lease Agreement with an effective date of December 1, 2019, where it expanded the lease area to include another 1,101 square feet for a total rentable 3,554 square feet. The base rent increases by 3% each year, and ranges from $17,770 per month for the first year to $23,186 per month for the tenth year. The equalized monthly lease payment for the term of the lease is $20,050. Renovaro subleased the space as of June 25, 2022 through April 30, 2023. (See subsection below “ Sublease Agreement ” for details.) F- 17 Renovaro Cube leases an office facility in Amsterdam, Netherlands, under a 30-month operating lease agreement commencing on September 1, 2023, with a maturity date of February 28, 2026. In determining lease asset values, the Company considers fixed and variable payment terms, prepayments, incentives, and options to extend, terminate or purchase. The Company identified and assessed the following significant assumptions in recognizing the right-of-use assets and corresponding liabilities: Expected lease term — The expected lease term includes both contractual lease periods and, when applicable, cancelable option periods when it is reasonably certain that the Company would exercise such options. The Company’s leases have a remaining lease term of 38 and 20 months. As of June 30, 2024, the weighted-average remaining term is 2.54 years. Incremental borrowing rate — The Company’s lease agreements do not provide an implicit rate. As the Company does not have any external borrowings for comparable terms of its leases, the Company estimated the incremental borrowing rate based on the U.S. Treasury Yield Curve rate that corresponds to the length of each lease. This rate is an estimate of what the Company would have to pay if borrowing on a collateralized basis over a similar term in an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. As of June 30, 2024, the weighted-average discount rate is 5.14 %. Lease and non-lease components — In certain cases the Company is required to pay for certain additional charges for operating costs, including insurance, maintenance, taxes, and other costs incurred, which are billed based on both usage and as a percentage of the Company’s share of total square footage. The Company determined that these costs are non-lease components, and they are not included in the calculation of the lease liabilities because they are variable. Payments for these variable, non-lease components are considered variable lease costs and are recognized in the period in which the costs are incurred. Below are the lease commitments for the next 5 years: Schedule of lease commitments Years Ending June 30 Lease Expense 2025 $ 554,453 2026 457,876 2027 334,788 Thereafter 79,830 Less imputed interest ( 91,005 ) Total $ 1,335,942 Sublease Agreement On June 20, 2022, the Company entered into a sublease Agreement with One Health Labs (the “Subtenant”), whereby the Subtenant agreed to lease 3,554 square feet of space currently rented by the Company in Century City Medical Plaza as of June 25, 2022, for a period of 3.5 years with an option to renew for the remaining term of the lease that ends as of June 19, 2028. The base rent was $17,770 per month plus $750 towards utility fees that are part of the original lease agreement and would increase by 3% each year over the term of the sublease. The Company received a total of $57,022 on July 1, 2022 after execution of the sublease to cover the first month rent, utility fee and deposit. The first sublease payment began on August 1, 2022. In accordance with ASC Topic 842, the Company treated the sublease as a separate lease, as the Company was not relieved of the primary obligation under the original lease. The Company continues to account for the Century City Medical Plaza lease as a lessee and in the same manner as prior to the commencement date of the sublease. The Company accounted for the sublease as a lessor of the lease. The sublease was classified as an operating lease, as it did not meet the criteria of a sales-type or direct financing lease. F- 18 On April 18, 2023, the Company entered into a sublease termination agreement with the Subtenant, whereby the Subtenant and the Company agreed to terminate the sublease effective as of April 30, 2023. The Subtenant agreed to pay the Company $ 139,460 along with the security deposit of $ 35,540 for a total termination fee of $ 175,000 , to permit early termination of the sublease. The Company recognized operating income from the sublease on a straight-line basis in its statements of operations over the sublease term. During the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the net operating lease expenses were as follows: Schedule of net operating lease expenses Years ended June 30, 2024 2023 Operating Lease Expense $ 383,549 $ 322,447 Sub-lease Income — ( 352,700 ) Total Net Lease Expense $ 383,549 $ ( 30,253 ) Lease expense charged to general and administrative expenses for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, amounted to $ 383,549 and $ 322,447 , respectively. During the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company paid $ 380,983 and $ 439,519 under operating leases, respectively. The difference between the operating lease expense for the year ended June 30, 2023 in the amount of $ 322,447 and the cash paid of $ 439,519 , is primarily made up of the release of an accrual of $ 77,242 related to the termination of the Plaza Medical Office Building, LLC lease. NOTE 8 — DEBT Convertible Notes Payable — March 2024 Note — On March 14, 2024, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement with an investor to issue a Convertible Promissory Note in the amount of $ 500,000 (the “March 2024 Note”). The March 2024 Note had an interest rate of 10 % per annum and was due to mature on March 15, 2025 . The Company was required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the March 2024 Note. Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing, at the option of the holder, interest could accrue on this note on a quarterly basis. The March 2024 Note was convertible at the option of the holder after a qualified offering. If no qualified offering occurs prior to the maturity date, the March 2024 Note was to be repaid in cash. On June 14, 2024, the Company sold 344,966 of the Company’s units, each such unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock, $ 0.0001 par value per share and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant to purchase one-tenth of a share of Common Stock (a “Unit”), to the holder of the March 2024 Note in consideration for the total $ 512,361 in principal amount and interest accrued under the March 2024 Note. The warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $ 1.4726 per share, payable in cash. In the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded interest expense of $ 12,361 related to the March 2024 Note. The March 2024 Note balance at June 30, 2024 was zero 0 . The 2024 Notes — On January 11, 2024, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement with an investor to issue a Convertible Promissory Note (the “January 2024 Note I”) in the amount of $ 460,000 . The January 2024 Note I had an interest rate of 12 % per annum and was due to mature on January 11, 2025 . The Company was required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the notes. Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing, at the option of the holder, interest could accrue on this note on a quarterly basis. The January 2024 Note I was convertible either at the option of the holder or automatically upon maturity into shares of the Company’s Common Stock at the conversion price of $ 3.38 . On January 12, 2024, the Company entered into Subscription Agreements with an investor to issue a Convertible Promissory Note for an aggregate principal amount of $ 125,000 (the “January 2024 Note II”, and collectively with the January 2024 Note I, the “January 2024 Notes”). The Company received a total of $ 125,000 in gross proceeds. The January 2024 Note II bears an interest rate of 12 % per annum and shall mature on December 29, 2024 . The Company is required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the January 2024 Note II. The January 2024 Note II is convertible either at the option of the holder or automatically upon maturity into shares of the Company’s Common Stock at the Note Conversion Price of $ 3.38 . F- 19 On June 14, 2024, the Company sold 325,508 of the Company’s Units, each such Unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock, $ 0.0001 par value per share and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant to purchase one-tenth of a share of Common Stock, to the holder of the January 2024 Note I in consideration for the total $ 483,460 in principal amount and interest accrued under the January 2024 Note I. The warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $ 1.4726 per share, payable in cash. The January 2024 Notes principal balance at June 30, 2024, is $ 125,000 . December 2023 Notes — Between December 1, 2023, and December 29, 2023, the Company entered into Subscription Agreements with two investors to purchase Convertible Promissory Notes for an aggregate principal amount of $ 560,000 (the “December Notes”). The Company received a total of $ 560,000 in gross proceeds, consisting of $ 440,000 and $ 100,000 from the private placement prior to the end of the quarter ending December 31, 2023, and $ 20,000 received in January 2024. The December Notes bear an interest rate of 12 % per annum and shall mature one year after their respective dates of issuance (the “Maturity Date”). The Company is required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the December Notes. Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing, at the option of the holder, interest may accrue on the December Notes on a quarterly basis. The December Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s Common Stock in whole or in part at any time and from time to time, after the original issue date and prior to the Maturity Date, at a conversion price of $ 3.38 per share. The December Notes will be accounted for under ASC 470-20. On June 14, 2024, in a private placement the Company sold 317,715 Units to an investor who surrendered and terminated $ 440,000 in aggregate principal amount and $ 28,453 of interest accrued on the December Notes and paid in cash an aggregate amount of $ 66,000 to the Company in consideration for the Units, each such Unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock, $ 0.0001 par value per share and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant to purchase one-tenth of a share of Common Stock. The warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $ 1.4726 per share, payable in cash. The December Notes principal balance at June 30, 2024, is $ 120,000 . In the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company has recorded interest expense of $ 67,013 related to the January 2024 Notes and December 2023 Notes. The January 2024 Notes and December 2023 Notes balance at June 30, 2024 was $ 245,000 of which $ 120,000 is related to the December 2023 Notes and $ 125,000 is related to the January 2024 Notes. The 2023 Notes — Between September 5, 2023, and October 5, 2023, the Company entered into Subscription Agreements with five investors to purchase 5 % Original Issue Discount Convertible Promissory Notes (the “2023 Notes”) for an aggregate principal amount of $ 2,105,263 . The Company received a total of $ 2,000,000 in gross proceeds from the private placement, after taking into account the 5 % original issue discount. The discount of $ 105,263 was to be accreted over the life of the 2023 Notes. The 2023 Notes had an interest rate of 12 % per annum and were due to mature on September 5, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”). The Company was required to pay interest quarterly, in arrears, in cash, on the first day of each quarter of each year following the issue date prior to the maturity of the 2023 Notes. Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing, at the option of the holder, interest could accrue on the notes on a quarterly basis. The 2023 Notes were convertible into shares of the Company’s Common Stock upon the occurrence of a Qualified Offering (as defined below) or upon the Maturity Date. The 2023 Notes were subject to mandatory conversion (“Mandatory Conversion”) in the event the Company closed an offering of its Common Stock and received gross proceeds of not less than $ 10,000,000 (a “Qualified Offering”). The conversion price per share of Common Stock in the case of a Mandatory Conversion was to be 95 % of the offering price per share in the Qualified Offering, subject to a floor of $ 4.50 per share. In addition, if no Qualified Offering occurred prior to the Maturity Date, the 2023 Notes were to automatically convert into shares of Common Stock on the Maturity Date at a conversion price per share equal to the closing sale price of the Common Stock on the Maturity Date, subject to a floor of $ 4.50 per share. F- 20 On January 11, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment with one of the investors of the 2023 Notes whereas the conversion terms were amended to provide for optional conversion at a conversion price of $ 3.38 per share. All other terms of the Promissory Note remained the same. The Company treated this as a modification for accounting purposes. On June 14, 2024, the Company sold 1,546,449 Units to the holders of the 2023 Notes who surrendered and terminated $ 2,293,825 in aggregate principal amount and interest accrued thereon of the 2023 Notes and paid in cash an aggregate amount of $ 443,575 (of which $ 318,063 was applied against the Company’s Promissory Notes), to the Company in consideration for the Units, each such Unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock, $ 0.0001 par value per share and (ii) one common stock purchase warrant to purchase one-tenth of a share of Common Stock. The warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $ 1.4726 and $ 1.4765 per share, payable in cash. The 2023 Notes principal balance at June 30, 2024, is zero 0 . For the year ended June 30, 2024, discount amortization of $ 78,567 was charged to interest expense and $ 26,696 of discount amortization was charged to other income and expense due to the early termination of the notes, respectively. In the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded interest expense of $ 189,614 related to the 2023 Notes. The 2023 Notes balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 is zero 0 . The Convertible Notes — On February 6, 2020, the Company issued two Convertible Notes (the “Convertible Notes”) to Paseco ApS (the “Holder”), a Danish limited company and an existing stockholder of the Company, each with a face value amount of $ 600,000 , convertible into shares of Common Stock. The outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Notes was due and payable on February 6, 2023. Interest on the Convertible Notes commenced accruing on the date of issuance at six percent ( 6 %) per annum, computed on the basis of twelve 30-day months, and was compounded monthly on the final day of each calendar month based upon the principal and all accrued and unpaid interest outstanding as of such compound date. The interest was payable in cash on a semi-annual basis. The conversion price was equal to $12.00 per share of Common Stock. The Holder did not exercise its conversion feature that expired on February 6, 2021. The Company evaluated the Convertible Notes in accordance with ASC 470-20 and identified that they each contain an embedded conversion feature that shall not be bifurcated from the host document (i.e., the Convertible Notes) as they are not deemed to be readily convertible into cash. Effective December 30, 2022 (the “Effective Date”), the Company amended and restated the Convertible Notes (the “Amended and Restated Secured Notes”). Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Secured Notes, the due date was extended to February 28, 2024 . The Amended and Restated Secured Notes were convertible by the Holder if the Company consummated a public offering or private placement of Common Stock or securities convertible into Common Stock. The conversion price was to be the price being paid by the investors in such offering. The interest rate was increased to twelve percent ( 12 %) per annum, which was prepaid by the Company in full on the date of amendment through the issuance of 198,439 shares of the Company’s Common Stock: 29,419 shares for accrued interest up to the Effective Date and 169,020 shares related to the prepayment of interest through the extension date of the Amended and Restated Secured Notes using the Common Stock closing market price on the Effective Date, of $ 1.03 . The obligations of the Company under the Amended and Restated Secured Notes were secured by a security agreement (the “Security Agreement”). The Company evaluated the Amended and Restated Secured Notes and conversion feature to determine the appropriate accounting treatment based on the terms of the agreement. In accordance with ASC 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, the Company determined that the Amended and Restated Secured Notes embody an obligation that may require the Company to settle with the issuance of a variable number of shares, where the monetary value of the obligation is based predominantly on a fixed monetary amount of $ 1,200,000 known at inception. Accordingly, the Company recorded the Amended and Restated Secured Notes as share settled debt. The total value of the shares issued was $ 204,392 which included $ 174,090 of prepaid interest and $ 30,302 for accrued interest as of December 30, 2022. On June 26, 2023, the Holder notified the Company that it wished to elect to exercise its conversion right triggered by a private placement. Therefore, all outstanding $ 1,200,000 Amended and Restated Secured Notes were converted into 2,264,150 shares of Common Stock and warrants to purchase 1,132,075 shares of Common Stock. There were no Amended and Restated Secured Notes outstanding after the foregoing conversion. F- 21 Notes Payable — Bridge Loans — Between March 26, 2024 and June 4, 2024 the Company issued Paseco ApS promissory notes (the “Notes”) in the aggregate principal and interest accrued amount of $ 2,098,252 . The Notes had an interest rate of 10 % per annum and were to mature between May 1, 2024, and August 1, 2024. The Notes were accounted for under ASC 470-20, and all proceeds received from the issuance was recognized as a liability on the balance sheet. On June 14, 2024, the Company sold 1,424,862 Units at a price per Unit equal to $ 1.4726 to settle the bridge loan aggregate amount of $ 2,098,252 . As of June 30, 2024 the Notes balance is zero. On February 5, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with RS Bio ApS, a Danish entity controlled by the Company’s Chairman, Rene Sindlev (“RS Bio”) to issue a 5 % Original Issue Discount Secured Promissory Note for the principal amount of $ 105,263 . The Company received $ 100,000 in gross proceeds after taking into account the 5 % original issue discount. The note bears an interest rate of 12 % per annum and matured on March 1, 2024 and was extended to December 31, 2024. The obligations under this note are secured by the Amended and Restated Security Agreement. The Company is required to pay interest on the maturity date. The note is accounted for under ASC 470-20, and all proceeds received from the issuance will be recognized as a liability on the balance sheet net of discount. For the year ended June 30, 2024, discount amortization of $ 5,263 was charged to interest expense. As of June 30, 2024, the Company accrued $ 6,316 of interest expense that is included in accrued expenses on the balance sheet. The note balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 was $ 105,263 . On January 2, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with RS Bio to issue a 5 % Original Issue Discount Secured Promissory Note for the principal amount of $ 526,315 (the “January 2024 Note”). The Company received a total of $ 500,000 in gross proceeds after taking into account the 5 % original issue discount. The January 2024 Note bears an interest rate of 12 % per annum and matured on March 1, 2024 and was extended to December 31, 2024. The Company is required to pay interest on the maturity date. The January 2024 Note will be accounted for under ASC 470-20, and all proceeds received from the issuance will be recognized as a liability on the balance sheet net of discount. For the year ended June 30, 2024, discount amortization of $ 26,315 was charged to interest expense. As of June 30, 2024, the Company accrued $ 31,579 of interest expense that is included in accrued expenses on the balance sheet. The Note balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 was $ 526,315 . In connection with the entry into the January 2024 Note, the Company and Paseco ApS agreed to amend and restate a Security Agreement to add the Company’s obligations under the November 2023 Note and the January 2024 Note to the Secured Obligations (as defined in the Amended and Restated Security Agreement). On November 22, 2023, Renovaro Cube entered into a loan agreement where the holder agreed to loan the Company up to £500,000 (approximately $624,000 USD). The note had a repayment date occurring the first business day after the first anniversary of the draw down of the loan. The first draw down of £250,000 occurred on November 27, 2023, and the second draw down of £250,000 occurred on December 13, 2023. The Company paid interest on the loan at the rate of 10 % per annum. Interest was accrued quarterly in arrears on the last business day of March, June, September, and December and was payable on the repayment date. On June 14, 2024 the Company sold 454,708 Units to the holder and terminated $ 665,387 in aggregate principal amount and accrued interest and received in cash an aggregate amount of $ 100,400 in consideration for the Units which was applied against the loan. For the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded $ 36,388 of interest expense related to this loan. The total amount of the loan at June 30, 2024, is zero 0 . On November 3, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with RS Bio to issue a 5 % Original Issue Discount Promissory Note for the principal amount of $ 1,000,000 (the “November 2023 Note”). The Company received a total of $ 950,000 in gross proceeds after taking into account the 5 % original issue discount. The discount of $ 50,000 will be accreted over the life of the Note. The November 2023 Note bears an interest rate of 12 % per annum and was due to mature on January 1, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”). On January 1, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment with RS Bio for the November 2023 Note to extend the maturity date to March 1, 2024 and was extended to December 31, 2024. The Company is required to pay interest on the maturity date. The November 2023 Note will be accounted for under ASC 470-20, and all proceeds received from the issuance will be recognized as a liability on the balance sheet net of discount. On February 16, 2024, the Company received notice from the holder to exercise 471,699 warrants outstanding at $ 0.53 per share and apply $ 250,000 of the note balance to the exercise price of the warrants. For the year ended June 30, 2024, discount amortization of $ 50,000 was charged to interest expense. As of June 30, 2024, the Company accrued $ 69,083 of interest expense that is included in accrued expenses on the balance sheet. The November 2023 Note balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 is $ 750,000 . F- 22 Promissory Note — On March 30, 2020 (the “Issuance Date”), the Company issued a Promissory Note in the principal amount of $ 5,000,000 (the “Promissory Note”) to the Holder. The principal amount of the Promissory Note was originally payable on November 30, 2021 (the “Maturity Date”). The Promissory Note bore interest at a fixed rate of 6 % per annum, computed based on the number of days between the Issuance Date and the Maturity Date, and the interest was prepaid by the Company in full on the Issuance Date through the issuance of 188,485 shares of the Company’s Common Stock based on the closing market price on that date for a total value of $ 501,370 . The Company evaluated the Promissory Note and PIK interest in accordance with ASC 470-Debt and ASC 835-Interest, respectively. Pursuant to ASC 470-20, proceeds received from the issuance are to be recognized at their relative fair value, thus the liability is shown net of the corresponding discount of $ 493,192 , which is the relative fair value of the shares issued for the PIK interest on the closing date using the effective interest method. The discount of $ 493,192 will be accreted over the life of the Promissory Note. On February 11, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the Promissory Note that extended the Maturity Date to November 30, 2022. All other terms of the Promissory Note remained the same. The change in Maturity Date required an additional year of interest at the fixed rate of 6 % per annum, which was prepaid by the Company in full on the date of the amendment through the issuance of 74,054 shares of the Company’s Common Stock based on the closing market price on that date for a total value of $ 298,178 . On May 17, 2022, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Promissory Note that extended the Maturity Date to November 30, 2023 and increased the interest rate from 6 % to 12 % per annum. All other terms of the Promissory Note remained the same. The change in Maturity Date required an additional year of interest at the fixed rate of 12% per annum. Pursuant to the amendment, the Company prepaid interest for the period November 30, 2022 until May 30, 2023 on the date of the amendment through the issuance of 47,115 shares of the Company’s Common Stock based on the closing market price on that date for a total value of $ 299,178 . All other accrued interest payable from May 30, 2023 to the Maturity Date was required to be paid by the Company on May 30, 2023, at the option of the Holder in either (i) cash or (ii) shares of the Company’s Common Stock, valued at the closing sale price of the Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on May 30, 2023. The Holder elected the interest be paid in cash (the “Interest Payment”). Effective December 30, 2022, the Company entered into a third amendment to the Promissory Note. Pursuant to the third amendment, the Company’s obligations under the Promissory Note were secured by a Security Agreement. To secure the Company’s obligations under each of the Amended and Restated Secured Notes and the Promissory Note, the Company entered into a Security Agreement with the Holder, pursuant to which the Company granted a lien on all assets of the Company (the “Collateral”) for the benefit of the Holder. Upon an Event of Default (as defined in the Amended and Restated Secured Notes and Promissory Note, respectively) the Holder may, among other things, collect or take possession of the Collateral, proceed with the foreclosure of the security interest in the Collateral or sell, lease, or dispose of the Collateral. On June 12, 2023, the Holder notified the Company that it wanted to apply the Interest Payment due to it towards the Company’s next private placement. Therefore, on June 26, 2023, in conjunction with the Company’s private placement, the Company issued (i) 567,588 shares of its Common Stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share and (ii) warrants to purchase 283,794 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $ 0.53 per share and applied the Interest Payment of $ 300,822 it owed to the Holder. F- 23 On July 31, 2023, the Company and the Holder agreed to amend the Promissory Note (the “Fourth Amendment”) to provide the Holder with limited conversion rights in connection with the Company’s next private placement. Per the terms of the Fourth Amendment, the Holder could elect to convert $2 million of the outstanding principal balance of the Promissory Note into the Units being offered in a private placement at the price per Unit being paid by the investors in the private placement (the “Conversion Right”). On August 1, 2023, the Holder notified the Company of its election to exercise the Conversion Right. As a result, $2 million of the outstanding principal balance of the Promissory Note was converted into 280,505 Units at $7.13 per unit, comprised of an aggregate of (i) 280,505 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company and (ii) Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,402,525 shares of Common Stock with an exercise price of $0.65 per share. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock acquired by the Holder was initially convertible into 2,805,050 shares of Common Stock. A $3 million principal balance remained outstanding under the Promissory Note after the foregoing conversion. The Company concluded that in accordance with ASC 470-20-40-4, the difference between the fair value of the Preferred Shares and warrants and the carrying value of the portion of the Note being converted should be recognized as an extinguishment. The extinguishment loss of $120,018 is recorded in Other Income/Loss in the Statement of Operations. On November 30, 2023, the Company and the Holder agreed to amend the Promissory Note (the “Fifth Amendment”) such that the Company and the Holder extended the maturity of the original Promissory Note until February 29, 2024. In addition, all interest payable from November 30, 2023 to the Maturity Date was payable and is currently payable by the Company as of November 30, 2023. On February 16, 2024, the Company received notice from the Holder to exercise 2,953,700 warrants outstanding ranging from $0.53 to $0.65 per share and apply $1,750,000 of the note balance to the exercise price of the warrants. On February 29, 2024, the Company and the Holder agreed to amend the Promissory Note (the “Sixth Amendment”) to where the Company and the Holder extended the maturity of the original Promissory Note until May 1, 2024. On May 1, 2024, the Company and the Holder agreed to amend the Promissory Note (the “Seventh Amendment”) to extend the maturity of the original Promissory Note until August 1, 2024. On June 14, 2024 the Holder requested the Company repay $ 418,503 of the Promissory Note. The Company applied $ 100,440 and $ 318,063 owed to the Company pursuant to certain Subscription Agreements. As such, payment of the 2020 Note Repayment decreased the principal amount by $ 418,503 . For the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, discount amortization of $ 393,763 and $ 348,621 was charged to interest expense. The Promissory Note balance, net of discount at June 30, 2024 is $ 824,418 . Finance Agreement — On November 30, 2023, the Company entered into a premium finance agreement (the “Agreement”) related to insurance, which resulted in the recognition of a liability and prepaid expense with a principal amount of $ 906,834 at 7.90 % interest per annum, which is reflected on the consolidated balance sheet under “other current liabilities” and “prepaid assets and other assets”, respectively. The repayment of the Agreement will be made in nine equal monthly installments of $ 77,127 after a down payment of $ 235,000 . For the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 the Company made payments of $ 870,073 and $ 1,121,767 , respectively. The remaining balance at June 30, 2024 is $ 231,381 ; the amount is reflected in other current liabilities. For the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 the Company recorded total interest expense in the amount of $ 20,128 and $ 21,180 related to the Agreement. This amount is reflected in other income and expenses. Total interest expense recorded for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, was $ 1,011,322 and $ 580,344 , respectively. NOTE 9 — INCOME TAXES The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes; which requires the Company to provide a net deferred tax asset or liability equal to the expected future tax benefit or expense of temporary reporting differences between book and tax accounting and any available operating loss or tax credit carryforwards. The amount of and ultimate realization of the benefits from the deferred tax assets for income tax purposes is dependent, in part, upon the tax laws in effect, the Company’s future earnings, and other future events, the effects of which cannot be determined. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 489,177,759 and $ 476,965,239 , respectively, giving rise to defe