What changed in this filing

/stocks — the workspaceLOADING

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2025-04-30 compared with 2024-10-30 · 164 added, 298 removed, 304 unchanged (60% of the section changed)

ITEM 2 - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net income in the first nine months of 2024 was $69.3 million, which increased $5.1 million , or 8.0%, from $64.1 million for the comparable period of 2023 .

Diluted income per common share was $2.69 in the first nine months of 2024 , an increase of 8.0% from $2.49 in the comparable period of 2023 .

The increase in net income for 2024 was primarily due to an increase to noninterest income of $12.3 million, or 37.7%, and a decrease in noninterest expense of $6.8 million, or 6.7%.

Offsetting these effects was an increase in the provision for credit losses of $7.5 million, or 135.3%, and a decrease to net interest income of $3.5 million, or 2.3%.

Pretax pre-provision earnings, a non-GAAP measure calculated by adding net interest income to noninterest income and subtracting noninterest expense, were $95.5 million in the first nine months of 2024 , an increase of $15.7 million , or 19.7%, compared to $79.8 million for the comparable period of 2023 .

Annualized return on average total equity was 14.21% in the first nine months of 2024 versus 14.44% in the comparable period of 2023 .

Annualized return on average total assets was 1.40% in the first nine months of 2024 versus 1.33% for the comparable period of 2023 .

The Company's average equity to average assets ratio was 9.84% in the first nine months of 2024 versus 9.21% in the comparable period of 2023 .

Net income in the third quarter of 2024 was $23.3 million, down $1.9 million, or 7.6%, from $25.3 million for the comparable period of 2023.

Diluted earnings per common share was $0.91 in the third quarter of 2024, down 7.1% from $0.98 in the comparable period of 2023.

The decrease was driven primarily by an increase in provision for credit losses of $2.7 million and an increase in noninterest expense of $1.3 million, or 4.5%.

Offsetting these effects was an increase in noninterest income of $1.1 million, or 10.0%, and an increase in net interest income of $880,000, or 1.8%.

Pretax pre-provision earnings in the third quarter of 2024 were $30.8 million, an increase of $666,000, or 2.2%, compared to $30.1 million for the comparable period of 2023.

Annualized return on average total equity was 13.85% in the third quarter of 2024 versus 16.91% in the comparable period of 2023.

Annualized return on average total assets was 1.39% in the third quarter of 2024 versus 1.54% in the comparable period of 2023.

The average equity to average assets ratio was 10.07% in the third quarter of 2024 versus 9.12% in the comparable period of 2023.

The Company’s tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 10.47% at September 30, 2024, compared to 8.62% at September 30, 2023 and 9.91% at December 31, 2023.

Unrealized losses from available-for-sale investment securities were $154.5 million at September 30, 2024, compared to $266.4 million at September 30, 2023 and $174.6 million at December 31, 2023.

When excluding the impact of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") on tangible common equity and tangible assets, the Company's adjusted tangible common equity to adjusted tangible assets ratio, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 12.29% at September 30, 2024, compared to 11.74% at September 30, 2023 and 11.99% at December 31, 2023.

Total assets were $6.645 billion as of September 30, 2024 versus $6.524 billion as of December 31, 2023, an increase of $121.3 million, or 1.9% .

Total loans, net of the allowance for credit losses, increased $153.8 million, or 3.2%, which was the primary driver of balance sheet expansion between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024.

Offsetting the increase to loans, net of the allowance of credit losses, was a decrease in available-for-sale securities of $35.1 million, or 3.3%.

Total deposits increased by $116.8 million, or 2.0%, between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024.

Total equity increased $49.4 million, or 7.6%, from $649.8 million at December 31, 2023 to $699.2 million at September 30, 2024.

Net income in the first three months of 2025 was $20.1 million, which decreased $3.3 million , or 14.2%, from $23.4 million for the comparable period of 2024 .

Diluted income per common share was $0.78 in the first three months of 2025 , a decrease of 14.3% from $0.91 in the comparable period of 2024 .

The decrease in net income for 2025 was primarily due to an increase in the provision for credit losses of $5.3 million, or 347.4%, an increase in noninterest expense of $2.1 million, or 6.7%, and a decrease in noninterest income of $1.7 million, or 13.4%.

Offsetting these effects was an increase to net interest income of $5.5 million, or 11.5%.

Pretax pre-provision earnings, a non-GAAP measure calculated by adding net interest income to noninterest income and subtracting noninterest expense, were $31.0 million in the first three months of 2025 , an increase of $1.7 million , or 5.9%, compared to $29.3 million for the comparable period of 2024 .

Annualized return on average total equity was 11.70% in the first three months of 2025 versus 14.59% in the comparable period of 2024 .

Annualized return on average total assets was 1.20% in the first three months of 2025 versus 1.44% for the comparable period of 2024 .

The Company's average equity to average assets ratio was 10.29% in the first three months of 2025 versus 9.84% in the comparable period of 2024 .

The Company’s tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 10.09% at March 31, 2025, compared to 9.80% at March 31, 2024 and 10.19% at December 31, 2024.

Unrealized losses from available-for-sale investment securities were $188.3 million at March 31, 2025, compared to $189.9 million at March 31, 2024 and $191.1 million at December 31, 2024.

When excluding the impact of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") on tangible common equity and tangible assets, the Company's adjusted tangible common equity to adjusted tangible assets ratio, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 12.19% at March 31, 2025, compared to 12.03% at March 31, 2024 and 12.37% at December 31, 2024.

Total assets were $6.851 billion as of March 31, 2025 versus $6.678 billion as of December 31, 2024, an increase of $172.8 million, or 2.6% .

Balance sheet expansion was driven by increases to t otal loans, net of the allowance for credit losses, which increased $98.8 million, or 2.0%, cash and cash equivalents, which increased $67.0 million, or 39.8%, and available-for-sale securities, which increased $9.4 million, or 1.0%.

Funding the balance sheet expansion between December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2025 were total deposits, which increased $59.2 million, or 1.0%, and total borrowings, which increased $108.2 million.

Total equity increased $10.6 million, or 1.5%, from $683.9 million at December 31, 2024 to $694.5 million at March 31, 2025.

Retained earnings increased $7.2 million, or 1.0%, primarily as a result of net income of $20.1 million and reduced by dividends declared and paid of $12.8 million.

AOCI increased $17.1 million, or 11.0%, from improvement in the fair market values of available-for-sale investment securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

2 unchanged sentences

Estimates associated with these policies are susceptible to material changes as a result of changes in facts and circumstances.

Some of the facts and circumstances which could affect these judgments include changes in interest

rates, in the performance of the economy or in the financial condition of borrowers.

Some of the facts and circumstances which could affect these judgments include changes in interest rates, in the performance of the economy or in the financial condition of borrowers.

Management believes that its critical accounting policies include determining the allowance for credit losses.

1 unchanged sentence

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Selected income statement information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is presented in the following table:

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

Selected income statement information for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is presented in the following table:

Three Months Ended March 31,

(dollars in thousands) 2025 2024

35 unchanged sentences

However, management considers these measures of the company’s value meaningful to understanding of the company’s financial information and performance.

A reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures is provided below (dollars in thousands, except per share data).

As of and For The As of and For The

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

A reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures is provided below.

As of and For The

Three Months Ended March 31,

(dollars in thousands, except per share data) 2025 2024

19 unchanged sentences

Pretax Pre-Provision Earnings $ 31,040 $ 29,323

Adjusted core noninterest income, adjusted core noninterest expense, adjusted earnings before income taxes, core operational profitability, core operational diluted earnings per common share and adjusted core efficiency ratio are non-GAAP financial measures calculated based on GAAP amounts.

These adjusted amounts are calculated by excluding the impact of the net gain on Visa shares, legal accrual, and wire fraud loss and associated insurance and loss recoveries and adjustments to salaries and employee benefits expense for the periods presented below.

Adjusted core noninterest income, adjusted earnings before income taxes, core operational profitability, core operational diluted earnings per common share and adjusted core efficiency ratio are non-GAAP financial measures calculated based on GAAP amounts.

These adjusted amounts are calculated by excluding the impact of insurance recoveries related to the 2023 wire fraud loss for the periods presented below.

Management considers these measures of financial performance to be meaningful to understanding the company’s core business performance for these periods.

A reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures is provided below (dollars in thousands, except per share data).

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended

(dollars in thousands, except per share data) Sep.

30, 2024 Sep.

30, 2023 Sep.

30, 2024 Sep.

A reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures is provided below.

Three Months Ended

(dollars in thousands, except per share data) Mar.

31, 2025 Mar.

Noninterest Income $ 10,928 $ 12,612

Net (Gain) Loss on Visa Shares 15 0 (8,996) 0

Insurance Recoveries 0 0 (1,000) 0

Insurance Recovery 0 (1,000)

Adjusted Core Noninterest Income $ 10,928 $ 11,612

Noninterest Expense $ 30,393 $ 29,097 $ 94,431 $ 101,265

Legal Accrual 0 0 (4,537) 0

Wire Fraud Loss 0 0 0 (18,058)

Salaries and Employee Benefits (1) 0 0 0 1,850

Adjusted Core Noninterest Expense $ 30,393 $ 29,097 $ 89,894 $ 85,057

Earnings Before Income Taxes $ 24,240 $ 27,803

1 unchanged sentence

Noninterest Income 0 (1,000)

Noninterest Expense 0 0 4,537 16,208

Total Adjusted Core Impact 0 (1,000)

6 unchanged sentences

Adjusted Core Efficiency Ratio 51.35 % 52.02 %

(1) In 2023, long-term, incentive-based compensation accruals were reduced as a result of the wire fraud loss and associated insurance and loss recoveries.

(2) Core operational profitability was $11,000 higher than reported net income for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Core operational profitability was $4.1 million lower than reported net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Net income was $69.3 million in the first nine months of 2024, which increased $5.1 million , or 8.0%, from $64.1 million for the comparable period of 2023 .

Diluted income per common share was $2.69 in the first nine months of 2024 , an increase of 8.0% from $2.49 in the comparable period of 2023 .

The increase in net income for the first nine months of 2024 was primarily due to an increase to noninterest income of $12.3 million, or 37.7%, and a decrease in noninterest expense of $6.8 million, or 6.7%.

Offsetting these effects was a decrease to net interest income of $3.5 million, or 2.3%, and an increase in the provision for credit losses of $7.5 million, or 135.3%.

Net income during the third quarter of 2024 was $23.3 million, down 7.6% from $25.3 million for the comparable period of 2023.

Diluted earnings per common share was $0.91 in the third quarter of 2024, down 7.1% from $0.98 in the comparable period of 2023.

The decrease was driven primarily by an increase in the provision for credit losses of $2.7 million and an increase in noninterest expense of $1.3 million, or 4.5%, and was offset by an increase in noninterest income of $1.1 million, or 10.0% and an increase in net interest income of $880,000, or 1.8%.

(1) Core operational profitability was $751,000 lower than reported net income for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Net income was $20.1 million in the first three months of 2025, which decreased $3.3 million , or 14.2%, from $23.4 million for the comparable period of 2024 .

Diluted income per common share was $0.78 in the first three months of 2025 , a decrease of 14.3% from $0.91 in the comparable period of 2024 .

The decrease in net income for the first three months of 2025 was primarily due to an increase in the provision for credit losses of $5.3 million, or 347.4%, an increase in noninterest expense of $2.1 million, or 6.7%, and a decrease to noninterest income of $1.7 million, or 13.4%.

Offsetting these effects was an increase to net interest income of $5.5 million, or 11.5%.

N et Interest Income

The following tables set forth consolidated information regarding average balances and rates:

Nine Months Ended September 30,

(fully tax equivalent basis, dollars in thousands) Average Balance Interest Yield (1)/

Rate Average Balance Interest Yield (1)/

Earning Assets

Taxable (2)(3) $ 4,982,891 $ 252,386 6.77 % $ 4,733,421 $ 223,499 6.31 %

Tax exempt (1) 40,665 2,267 7.45 58,010 3,577 8.24

Securities (1) 1,135,304 23,987 2.82 1,210,540 25,645 2.83

Short-term investments 2,796 103 4.92 2,362 77 4.36

Interest bearing deposits 119,021 4,618 5.18 99,205 3,527 4.75

Total earning assets $ 6,280,677 $ 283,361 6.03 % $ 6,103,538 $ 256,325 5.61 %

Allowance for credit losses (76,003) (72,242)

Nonearning Assets

Cash and due from banks 65,608 71,406

Premises and equipment 58,695 58,699

Other nonearning assets 289,125 286,915

Total assets $ 6,618,102 $ 6,448,316

Interest Bearing Liabilities

Savings deposits $ 288,283 $ 141 0.07 % $ 360,535 $ 194 0.07 %

Interest bearing checking accounts 3,206,452 97,511 4.06 2,854,161 76,518 3.58

Time deposits:

In denominations under $100,000 218,755 5,702 3.48 196,914 3,296 2.24

In denominations over $100,000 814,034 27,729 4.55 616,477 15,629 3.39

Miscellaneous short-term borrowings 88,605 3,720 5.61 218,561 8,252 5.05

Total interest bearing liabilities $ 4,616,129 $ 134,803 3.90 % $ 4,246,648 $ 103,889 3.27 %

Noninterest Bearing Liabilities

Demand deposits 1,249,710 1,509,292

Other liabilities 100,806 98,313

Stockholders' Equity 651,457 594,063

Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 6,618,102 $ 6,448,316

Interest Margin Recap

Interest income/average earning assets 283,361 6.03 % 256,325 5.61 %

Interest expense/average earning assets 134,803 2.87 103,889 2.28

Net interest income and margin $ 148,558 3.16 % $ 152,436 3.33 %

(1) Tax exempt income was converted to a fully taxable equivalent basis at a 21 percent tax rate.

The tax equivalent rate for tax exempt loans and tax exempt securities acquired after January 1, 1983 included the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (“TEFRA”) adjustment applicable to nondeductible interest expenses.

Taxable equivalent basis adjustments were $3.6 million and $4.0 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

(2) Loan fees, which are immaterial in relation to total taxable loan interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 , are included as taxable loan interest income.

(3) Nonaccrual loans are included in the average balance of taxable loans.

Three Months Ended September 30,

Three Months Ended March 31,

(fully tax equivalent basis, dollars in thousands) Average Balance Interest Yield (1)/

20 unchanged sentences

Miscellaneous short-term borrowings 99,830 1,122 4.56 175,809 2,454 5.61

Long-term borrowings and subordinated debentures 254 0 0.00 — — 0.00

Total interest bearing liabilities $ 4,716,465 $ 37,580 3.23 % $ 4,532,137 $ 43,618 3.87 %

10 unchanged sentences

Taxable equivalent basis adjustments were $1.1 million and $1.3 million in the three-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

(2) Loan fees, which are immaterial in relation to total taxable loan interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, are included as taxable loan interest income .

Taxable equivalent basis adjustments were $1.1 million and $1.3 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively.

(2) Loan fees, which are immaterial in relation to total taxable loan interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 , are included as taxable loan interest income.

(3) Nonaccrual loans are included in the average balance of taxable loans.

Net interest income, on a fully tax equivalent basis, decreased $3.9 million, or 2.5%, to $148.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $152.4 million for the first nine months of 2023 .

The decline in net interest income on a fully tax equivalent basis was driven by an increase in deposit interest expense of $35.4 million , or 37.1% , from $95.6 million to $131.1 million .

Securities interest income contributed further to the decline in fully tax equivalent net interest income, declining $1.7 million , or 6.5% .

Loan interest income positively impacted fully tax equivalent net interest income, increasing $27.6 million, or 12.1%, from $227.1 million to $254.7 million between the two periods.

Borrowings expense declined $4.5 million, or 54.9%.

Total average earning assets were $6.281 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $177.1 million, or 2.9%, compared to $6.104 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 .

Average loans outstanding drove the increase to total average earning assets, increasing $232.1 million, or 4.8%, to $5.024 billion from $4.791 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively .

Net interest income, on a fully tax equivalent basis, increased $5.3 million, or 10.9%, to $54.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $48.7 million for the first three months of 2024 .

The increase in net interest income on a fully tax equivalent basis was driven by a decrease in deposit interest expense of $4.7 million , or 11.4% , from $41.2 million to $36.5 million .

Borrowings expense declined by $1.3 million, or 54.3%.

Securities interest income contributed further to the increase in fully tax equivalent net interest income, increasing by $303,000 , or 3.8% .

A decline in loan interest income negatively impacted fully tax equivalent net interest income, decreasing $1.1 million, or 1.3%, from $83.2 million to $82.1 million between the two periods.

Total average earning assets were $6.431 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $213.9 million, or 3.4%, compared to $6.217 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 .

Average loans outstanding drove the increase to total average earning assets, increasing $214.9 million, or 4.3%, to $5.186 billion from $4.971 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively .

Offsetting this increase was a decrease to average investment securities of $22.1 million, or 1.9%, to $1.136 billion from $1.159 billion between the respective periods .

Total average interest bearing liabilities were $4.616 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $369.5 million, or 8.7%, from $4.247 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

This increase was driven by increased interest bearing deposits of $499.4 million, or 12.4%, from $4.028 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to $4.528 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Offsetting the increase to average interest bearing deposits was a decrease in total average borrowings of $130.0 million, or 59.5%, to $88.6 million from $218.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 , respectively.

Total average interest bearing liabilities were $4.716 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $184.3 million, or 4.1%, from $4.532 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

This increase was driven by increased interest bearing deposits of $260.1 million, or 6.0%, from $4.356 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $4.616 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Offsetting the increase to average interest bearing deposits was a decrease in total average borrowings of $75.7 million, or 43.1%, to $100.1 million from $175.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 , respectively.

Noninterest bearing demand deposits decreased $15.8 million, or 1.2%, to $1.258 billion from $1.274 billion between the two periods.

The tax equivalent net interest margin was 3.16% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 3.33% during the first nine months of 2023, representing a 17 basis point contraction between the two periods.

The net interest margin contraction was primarily driven by an increase to interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets, which increased to 2.87% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 , up from 2.28% for the comparable period of 2023, for an increase of 59 basis points.

This increase was attributable to an increase in the rate for total interest bearing liabilities of 63 basis points from 3.27% to 3.90% between the respective periods.

This increase was driven by increased costs associated with the Company's interest bearing deposits, as depositors sought higher rates on interest bearing deposit products while competition for deposits remained high throughout the industry.

This increase was offset by reduced borrowing expense due to lower average borrowings.

The increase in interest expense for interest bearing deposits was a result of a combination of an increase in average interest bearing deposits of $499.4 million , or 12.4% , from $4.028 billion to $4.528 billion, and an increase in the average rate for interest bearing deposits of 70 basis points, from 3.17% to 3.87% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the comparable period in the prior year.

The Company anticipates the cost of funds may continue to remain elevated as a result of market competition and shifts from noninterest bearing deposits into interest bearing deposits.

Offsetting the increase to interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets was an increase to interest income as a percentage of average earning assets of 42 basis points, or 7.4%, to 6.03% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 , up from 5.61% for the comparable period of 2023.

This increase was attributable to an increase in loan yields, which was driven by the combination of an increase in average loans of $232.1 million , or 4.8% , to $5.024 billion from $4.791 billion , and an increase in average yield of 43 basis points from 6.34% to 6.77% between the respective periods.

The Company expects that easing of monetary policy by the Federal Reserve Bank, which commenced in late September 2024, will exert downward pressure on loan yields as variable rate commercial loans reprice lower;

however, deposits repricing lower is expected to offset the decline in loan yields.

Net interest income, on a fully tax equivalent basis, increased by $671,000, or 1.3% , for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023.

The increase in net interest income on a fully tax equivalent basis was driven by loan interest income, which increased by $6.3 million, or 7.9%, from $80.2 million to $86.5 million, income from short-term investments and interest bearing deposits, which increased $168,000, or 10.5%, and reduced borrowing expense, which decreased by $2.9 million, or 93.9%.

Offsetting these positive factors was an increase in deposit interest expense of $8.4 million , or 22.8% , from $37.1 million to $45.6 million and a decrease to securities interest income of $298,000 , or 3.6% .

Total average earning assets were $6.329 billion for the third quarter of 2024 , an increase of $183.4 million, or 3.0%, compared to $6.146 billion for the third quarter of 2023 .

The increase in average earning assets was driven by an increase in average loans of $214.6 million, or 4.4%, from $4.850 billion for the third quarter of 2023 to $5.064 billion for the third quarter of 2024 .

Offsetting the increase in average loans was a decrease in average investment securities, which decreased $42.7 million, or 3.6% , from $1.171 billion for the third quarter of 2023 to $1.129 billion for the third quarter of 2024.

Total average interest bearing liabilities were $4.650 billion for the third quarter of 2024 , an increase of $267.4 million, or 6.1%, from $4.382 billion for the third quarter of 2023 .

This increase was driven by growth in interest bearing deposits of $481.2 million, or 11.6%, from $4.155 billion for the third quarter of 2023 to $4.636 billion for the third quarter of 2024.

Noninterest bearing demand deposits decreased $173.5 million, or 12.2%, from $1.418 billion for the third quarter of 2023 to $1.244 billion for the third quarter of 2024 and average borrowings decreased $213.8 million, or 94.0%, from $227.6 million for the third quarter of 2023 to $13.8 million for the third quarter of 2024.

The tax equivalent net interest margin contracted by 5 basis points, or 1.6%, to 3.16% for the third quarter of 2024 , compared to 3.21% for the third quarter of 2023 .

The net interest margin contraction was primarily driven by an increase in interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets, which increased to 2.88% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 , up from 2.60% for the comparable period of 2023 , for an increase of 28 basis points.

This increase was attributable to an increase in the rate for total interest bearing liabilities of 27 basis points, or 7.5% , from 3.64% to 3.91% between the respective

This increase was driven by increased costs associated with the Company's interest bearing deposits, as depositors sought higher interest rates on interest bearing deposit products while competition for deposits remained high throughout the industry.

This increase was offset by reduced borrowings expense due to lower average borrowings.

The increase in rate for interest bearing deposits was a result of an increase in average interest bearing deposits of $481.2 million, or 11.6%, from $4.155 billion to $4.636 billion, and an increase in the average rate for interest bearing deposits of 37 basis points, from 3.54% to 3.91% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the comparable period in the prior year.

The Company anticipates the cost of funds may continue to remain elevated as a result of market competition, shifts from noninterest bearing deposits to interest bearing deposits, and elevated wholesale funding costs.

Offsetting the increase to interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets was an increase to interest income as a percentage of average earning assets of 23 basis points, or 4.0%, to 6.04% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, up from 5.81% for the comparable period of 2023.

This increase was attributable to an increase in loan yields, which was driven by an increase in average loans of $214.6 million, or 4.4%, to $5.064 billion from $4.850 billion, and an increase in average yield of 23 basis points from 6.56% to 6.79% between the respective periods.

The Company expects that easing of monetary policy by the Federal Reserve Bank will exert downward pressure on loan yields as variable rate commercial loans reprice lower, however the impact of the policy easing on loan yields will partly depend on the extent and timing of future rate cuts.

The tax equivalent net interest margin was 3.40% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to 3.15% during the first three months of 2024, representing a 25 basis point expansion between the two periods.

The net interest margin increase was primarily driven by a decrease to interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets, which decreased to 2.37% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 , down from 2.82% for the comparable period of 2024, for a decrease of 45 basis points.

This decline was attributable to a decrease in the rate for total interest bearing liabilities of 64 basis points from 3.87% to 3.23% between the respective periods.

This decrease was driven by reduced costs associated with the repricing of the Company's interest bearing deposits as a result of monetary policy easing from the Federal Reserve Bank.

The decrease in interest expense for interest bearing deposits was a result of a decrease in the average rate for interest bearing deposits of 60 basis points, from 3.80% to 3.20%.

Offsetting the decrease in average rate was an increase in average interest bearing deposits of $260.1 million , or 6.0% , from $4.356 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $4.616 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The decline provided by the reduction in interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets was amplified further by reduced borrowings expense as compared to the prior year.

The Company anticipates the cost of funds would continue to respond favorably to any further monetary policy easing by the Federal Reserve Bank.

The improvement in interest expense as a percentage of average earning assets was offset by a 20 basis point decrease in interest income as a percentage of average earning assets, which declined fro m 5.97% to 5.77%.

This decrease was attributable to a decline in average loan yields, which decreased 31 basis to 6.42% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, down from 6.73% for the comparable period of 2024.

Offsetting the impact the decline in average yield had on interest income as a percentage of average earning assets was an increase in average loans of $214.9 million , or 4.3% , to $5.186 billion from $4.971 billion between the respective periods.

The Company expects that any continued easing of monetary policy by the Federal Reserve Bank, which commenced in September 2024, would exert downward pressure on loan yields as variable rate commercial loans reprice lower;

however, this decline may be countered by further reductions in deposit pricing.

Provision for Credit Losses

The Company recorded provision for credit losses expense of $13.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to provision expense of $5.6 million during the comparable period of 2023, an increase of $7.5 million, or 135.3%.

Net charge-offs were $1.4 million during the nine month period ended September 30, 2024, compared to $6.1 million during the comparable period of 2023, a decrease of $4.6 million, or 76.8%.

The decrease in charge-offs between the respective periods was the result of a charge-off of $5.5 million attributable to a single commercial borrower that occurred during the first quarter of 2023.

The Company recorded provision expense of $3.1 million during the third quarter of 2024, compared to $400,000 during the third quarter of 2023.

Provision expense during the quarter was primarily driven by an increase in the specific reserve allocation from the downgrade of a single $43.3 million commercial relationship, an industrial company in Northern Indiana, that was placed on nonperforming status during the second quarter of 2024.

Net charge-offs were $143,000 during the third quarter of 2024, compared to $353,000 during the third quarter of 2023.

Additional factors considered by management included key loan quality metrics, including reserve coverage of nonperforming loans and economic conditions in the Company’s markets, and changes in the facts and circumstances of watch list credits, which includes the security position of the borrower.

The Company recorded provision for credit losses expense of $6.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to provision expense of $1.5 million during the comparable period of 2024, an increase of $5.3 million, or 347.4%.

Net charge-offs were $327,000 during the three month period ended March 31, 2025, compared to $312,000 during the comparable period of 2024, an increase of $15,000, or 4.8%.

The increase in provision expense between the respective periods was primarily attributable to an increase in the specific reserve allocation for the previously disclosed $43.4 million nonperforming credit to an industrial company in Northern Indiana.

Additional factors considered by management included key loan quality metrics, reserve coverage of nonperforming loans, economic conditions in the Company’s markets, and changes in the facts and circumstances of watch list credits, which includes the security position of the borrower.

Management’s overall view on current credit quality was also a factor in the determination of the provision for credit losses.

1 unchanged sentence

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income categories for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are shown in the following tables:

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

(dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 Dollar Change Percent Change

Wealth advisory fees $ 7,770 $ 6,769 $ 1,001 14.8 %

Investment brokerage fees 1,438 1,370 68 5.0

Service charges on deposit accounts 8,332 8,091 241 3.0

Loan and service fees 8,855 8,782 73 0.8

Merchant and interchange fee income 2,653 2,744 (91) (3.3)

Bank owned life insurance income 2,994 2,393 601 25.1

Interest rate swap fee income 0 794 (794) (100.0)

Mortgage banking income (loss) 68 (184) 252 (137.0)

Net securities gains (losses) (46) (16) (30) 187.5

Net gain (loss) on Visa shares 8,996 0 8,996 100.0

Other income 3,908 1,907 2,001 104.9

Total noninterest income $ 44,968 $ 32,650 $ 12,318 37.7 %

Noninterest income to total revenue 23.67 % 18.03 %

Noninterest income categories for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are shown in the following tables:

Three Months Ended

September 30,

(dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Dollar Change Percent Change

3 unchanged sentences

Loan and service fees 2,884 2,852 32 1.1

Merchant card fee income 898 938 (40) (4.3)

Merchant and interchange fee income 822 863 (41) (4.8)

Bank owned life insurance income 322 1,036 (714) (68.9)

1 unchanged sentence

Net securities gains (losses) 0 (46) 46 100.0

Net gain (loss) on Visa shares (15) 0 (15) (100.0)

Other income 858 2,187 (1,329) (60.8)

1 unchanged sentence

Noninterest income to total revenue 17.13 % 21.01 %

Noninterest income increased by $12.3 million, or 37.7%, to $45.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $32.7 million for the prior year nine-month period.

The increase in noninterest income was driven primarily by the net gain on Visa shares of $9.0 million.

Additionally, other income increased $2.0 million, or 104.9%, wealth advisory fees increased $1.0 million, or 14.8%, bank owned life insurance income increased $601,000, or 25.1%, and mortgage banking income increased $252,000.

Other income increased primarily from improved performance from limited partnership investment income and the receipt of a $1.0 million insurance recovery related to the 2023 wire fraud loss.

Improved market performance of the Company's variable bank owned life insurance policies, which are tied to the performance of the equity markets, drove the increase to bank owned life insurance income.

Mortgage banking income increased from pipeline expansion and a related positive impact to mortgage rate lock income.

Offsetting these increases was a decrease to interest rate swap fee income of $794,000, or 100.0%, due to no new swap fee activity during the period.

Adjusted core noninterest income, a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes the effects of certain non-routine events, was $35.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $2.3 million, or 7.1%, compared to $32.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The Company’s noninterest income increased $1.1 million, or 10.0%, to $11.9 million for the third quarter of 2024, compared to $10.8 million for the third quarter of 2023.

Wealth advisory fees increased $420,000, or 18.3%, driven by growth in customers and favorable market performance.

Other income increased $429,000, or 71.7%, primarily from an improvement to income from the Company's limited partnership investments.

Adjusted core noninterest income was $11.9 million for the third quarter of 2024, an increase of $1.1 million, or 10.1%, compared to $10.8 million for the third quarter of 2023.

Noninterest income decreased $1.7 million, or 13.4%, to $10.9 million for the first quarter of 2025, compared to $12.6 million for the first quarter of 2024.

Adjusted core noninterest income, a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes the effect of the insurance recovery recorded during the first quarter of 2024, was $11.6 million for the first quarter of 2024, a decrease of $684,000, or 5.9%, compared to $10.9 million for the first quarter of 2025.

Wealth advisory fees increased $412,000, or 16.8%, driven by growth in customers and assets under management.

Deposit fees increased $83,000, or 3.1%, driven primarily by growth in our treasury management services.

Other income decreased $1.3 million, or 60.8%.

Other income during the first quarter of 2024 benefited from a $1.0 million insurance recovery related to the wire fraud loss from 2023 and death benefits received from the Company's bank owned life insurance program.

Bank owned life insurance income decreased $714,000, or 68.9%, primarily due to a reduction in the market performance of the Company's variable bank owned life insurance policies, which are tied to the equity markets.

Noninterest Expense

Noninterest expense categories for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are shown in the following tables:

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

(dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 Dollar Change Percent Change

Salaries and employee benefits $ 49,467 $ 43,414 $ 6,053 13.9 %

Net occupancy expense 5,159 4,874 285 5.8

Equipment costs 4,207 4,189 18 0.4

Data processing fees and supplies 11,419 10,305 1,114 10.8

Corporate and business development 4,015 3,930 85 2.2

FDIC insurance and other regulatory fees 2,571 2,469 102 4.1

Professional fees 6,675 6,284 391 6.2

Wire fraud loss 0 18,058 (18,058) (100.0)

Other expense 10,918 7,742 3,176 41.0

Total noninterest expense $ 94,431 $ 101,265 $ (6,834) (6.7) %

Efficiency ratio 49.71 % 55.92 %

Noninterest expense categories for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are shown in the following tables:

Three Months Ended

September 30,

(dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Dollar Change Percent Change

9 unchanged sentences

Efficiency ratio 51.35 % 51.15 %

Noninterest expense decreased by $6.8 million, or 6.7%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, to $94.4 million compared to $101.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The $18.1 million wire fraud loss recorded during the second quarter of 2023 was the primary driver of the decrease between the comparative periods.

Offsetting this decrease were increases to salaries and employee benefits expense of $6.1 million, or 13.9%, other expense of $3.2 million or 41.0%, data processing fees of $1.1 million, or 10.8%, and professional fees of $391,000, or 6.2%.

The increase to salaries and benefits expense resulted primarily from increases to salaries and wages of $2.3 million, performance-based incentive compensation of $2.2 million, health insurance expense of $695,000 and variable deferred compensation related to the Company's variable bank owned life insurance of $536,000.

Other expense increased due to the recognition of a $4.5 million legal accrual during the second quarter of 2024.

The increase for data processing fees resulted from continued investment in customer-facing and operational technology solutions.

Professional fees increased due to higher costs to implement technology solutions.

Adjusted core noninterest expense, a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes the impact of certain non-routine events, was $89.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $4.8 million, or 5.7%, from $85.1 million recorded during the comparable period of 2023.

Noninterest expense increased $1.3 million, or 4.5%, to $30.4 million for the third quarter of 2024, compared to $29.1 million during the third quarter of 2023.

Driving the third quarter 2024 increase to noninterest expense were increases to salaries and benefits expense of $499,000, or 3.1%, data processing fees and supplies expense of $389,000, or 11.5%, and corporate and business development expense of $168,000, or 14.0%, as compared to the third quarter of 2023.

Adjusted core noninterest expense was $30.4 million for the third quarter of 2024, an increase of $1.3 million, or 4.5%, compared to $29.1 million for the third quarter of 2023.

The Company's income tax expense increased $3.0 million, or 30.1%, to $13.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $10.1 million for the same period in 2023.

The effective tax rate was 16.0% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 13.6% for the comparable period of 2023.

The year-to-date effective tax rate was increased due to adoption of ASU 2023-02, to account for the Company's investment in low-income housing tax credit structures, as well as a reduction in the tax benefit recognized from stock-based compensation vesting of shares for plan participants.

Noninterest expense increased $2.1 million, or 6.7%, to $32.8 million for the first quarter of 2025, compared to $30.7 million during the first quarter of 2024.

Salaries and benefits expense increased by $1.1 million, or 6.4%, driven by performance-based incentive compensation expense of $1.3 million and salary expense of $524,000.

These increases were offset by reduced deferred compensation expense of $687,000, which moves in tandem with the market performance of the Company's variable bank owned life insurance.

Data processing fees and supplies expense increased $426,000, or 11.1%, from continued investment in customer-facing and operational technology solutions.

The Company's income tax expense decreased $247,000, or 5.6%, to $4.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $4.4 million for the same period in 2024.

The effective tax rate was 17.1% in the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to 15.8% for the comparable period of 2024, driven by a reduction in the tax benefit recognized from stock-based compensation vesting of shares for plan participants.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Total assets were $6.645 billion as of September 30, 2024 versus $6.524 billion as of December 31, 2023, an increase of $121.3 million, or 1.9% .

Total loans, net of the allowance for credit losses, increased $153.8 million, or 3.2%, between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024.

Offsetting the increase to loans, net of the allowance for credit losses, was a decrease in available-for-sale securities of $35.1 million, or 3.3%.

Total deposits increased $116.8 million, or 2.0%, between December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024.

The increase in total deposits was driven by an increase in interest bearing deposits of $185.7 million, or 4.3%, and was offset by a decrease in noninterest bearing deposits of $69.0 million, or 5.1%.

Total equity increased $49.4 million, or 7.6%, from $649.8 million at December 31, 2023 to $699.2 million at September 30, 2024.

Total assets were $6.851 billion as of March 31, 2025 versus $6.678 billion as of December 31, 2024, an increase of $172.8 million, or 2.6% .

Funding the balance sheet expansion between December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2025 were increases to total deposits, which increased $59.2 million, or 1.0%, and total borrowings, which increased $108.2 million.

The increase in total deposits was driven by an increase in interest bearing deposits of $59.8 million, or 1.3%, and was offset by a decrease in noninterest bearing deposits of $549,000.

Total equity increased $10.6 million, or 1.5%, from $683.9 million at December 31, 2024 to $694.5 million at March 31, 2025.

Retained earnings increased $7.2 million, or 1.0%, as a result of net income of $20.1 million but was reduced by dividends declared and paid of $12.8 million.

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), increased $17.1 million, or 11.0%, due primarily to an improvement in available-for-sale securities fair market values during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Uses of Funds

Total Cash and Cash Equivalents

Total cash and cash equivalents increased by $8.4 million, or 5.5%, to $160.2 million at September 30, 2024, from $151.8 million at December 31, 2023.

Total cash and cash equivalents increased by $67.0 million, or 39.8%, to $235.2 million at March 31, 2025, from $168.2 million at December 31, 2024.

Cash and cash equivalents include short-term investments.

The fluctuation in cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2024 was driven by an increase in cash and due from banks of $16.3 million, or 23.2%, and a decrease in interest bearing short-term investment accounts of $8.0 million, or 9.8%.

The fluctuation in cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 was driven by an increase in cash and due from banks of $17.6 million, or 24.5%, and an increase in interest bearing short-term investment accounts of $49.4 million, or 51.2%.

Investment Portfolio

The amortized cost and the fair value of securities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023

The amortized cost and the fair value of securities as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

March 31, 2025 December 31, 2024

(dollars in thousands) Amortized

9 unchanged sentences

Total Investment Portfolio $ 1,321,114 $ 1,110,356 $ 1,314,069 $ 1,104,533

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S.

government agencies and government sponsored entities, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity.

2 unchanged sentences

This is taken into consideration when evaluating the gain or loss of investment securities in the portfolio and the potential for an allowance for credit losses.

There were no purchases of available-for-sale securities in the first nine months of 2024.

Investment securities represented 17.3% of total assets on September 30, 2024, compared to 18.1% of total assets on December 31, 2023.

The ratio of investment securities as a percentage of total assets remains elevated over historical levels of approximately 12% to 14%.

The Company expects the investment securities portfolio as a percentage of assets to continue to decrease over time as the proceeds from pay downs, sales and maturities are used to fund loan portfolio growth and for general liquidity purposes.

Tax equivalent adjusted effective duration for the investment securities portfolio was 6.3 years at September 30, 2024 and 6.5 years at December 31, 2023.

Tax equivalent adjusted effective duration of the portfolio remains elevated as compared to 4.0 at December 31, 2019, prior to the deployment of excess liquidity to the investment portfolio and the rise in interest rates from the recent tightening cycle by the Federal Reserve.

Paydowns from prepayments and scheduled payments of $44.6 million were received in the first nine months of 2024, and the amortization of premiums, net of the accretion of discounts, was $3.6 million.

Sales of available-for-sale investment securities totaled $7.1 million in the first nine months of 2024 and resulted in net losses of $46,000.

No allowance for credit losses was recognized for available-for-sale or held-to-maturity securities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The Company anticipates receiving principal and interest cash flows of approximately $26.4 million throughout the remainder of 2024 from its investment securities portfolio.

The fair value of the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio as of September 30, 2024 included net unrealized losses of $154.5 million, compared to net unrealized losses of $174.6 million as of December 31, 2023.

Unrealized losses in the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio resulted from the declines in market values of the investment securities.

The improvement in market value seen since December 31, 2023 was driven partly by the commencement of monetary policy easing by the Federal Reserve during the third quarter of 2024, but available-for-sale securities fair values remain depressed compared to fair values prior to the policy tightening cycle during 2022 and 2023.

Purchases of available-for-sale securities were $22.2 million in the first three months of 2025.

Investment securities represented 16.5% of total assets on March 31, 2025, compared to 16.8% of total assets on December 31, 2024.

The Company anticipates receiving principal and interest cash flows of approximately $82.3 million during the remainder of 2025 from the

investment securities portfolio and plans to use that liquidity to fund loan growth and to reinvest cash flows into the investment securities portfolio.

Tax equivalent adjusted effective duration for the investment securities portfolio was 5.9 years at March 31, 2025 and 6.0 years at December 31, 2024.

Tax equivalent adjusted effective duration of the portfolio remains elevated as compared to 4.0 years at December 31, 2019.

Paydowns from prepayments and scheduled payments of $14.7 million were received in the first three months of 2025, and the amortization of premiums, net of the accretion of discounts, was $1.0 million.

There were no sales of available-for-sale investment securities in the first three months of 2025.

No allowance for credit losses was recognized for available-for-sale or held-to-maturity securities as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The fair value of the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio as of March 31, 2025 included net unrealized losses of $188.3 million, compared to net unrealized losses of $191.1 million as of December 31, 2024.

Unrealized losses in the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio resulted from the declines in market values of the investment securities resulting from the rise in interest rates.

The investment portfolio is managed by a third-party firm to provide for an appropriate balance between liquidity, credit risk, interest rate risk management and investment return and to limit the Company’s exposure to credit risk in the investment securities portfolio.

1 unchanged sentence

Real Estate Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

Real estate mortgage loans held-for-sale increased by $2.0 million, or 171.8%, to $3.1 million at September 30, 2024, from $1.2 million at December 31, 2023.

Real estate mortgage loans held-for-sale decreased by $405,000, or 23.8%, to $1.3 million at March 31, 2025, from $1.7 million at December 31, 2024.

The balance of this asset category is subject to a high degree of variability depending on, among other factors, recent mortgage loan rates and the timing of loan sales into the secondary market.

The Company generally sells conforming qualifying mortgage loans it originates on the secondary market.

Proceeds from sales of residential mortgages totaled $12.7 million in the first nine months of 2024, compared to $6.1 million in the first nine months of 2023.

Management expects the volume of loans originated for sale in the secondary market could increase due to lower market rates for mortgage loans, however any uptick in activity may be encumbered by limited inventory, and existing homeowners being locked in at historically low rates.

Proceeds from sales of residential mortgages totaled $3.0 million in the first three months of 2025, compared to $4.1 million in the first three months of 2024.

Management expects the volume of loans originated for sale in the secondary market to increase if long-term interest rates decline from current levels.

Demand for mortgage loans has been impacted by limited housing inventory and existing home owners locked in at historically low rates.

Mortgage loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The unpaid principal balances of loans serviced for others were $315.5 million and $333.1 million, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The unpaid principal balances of loans serviced for others were $307.6 million and $313.0 million, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Loan Portfolio

The loan portfolio by portfolio segment as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is summarized as follows:

(dollars in thousands) September 30,

The loan portfolio by portfolio segment as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is summarized as follows:

(dollars in thousands) March 31,

2025 December 31,

10 unchanged sentences

Loans, net $ 5,130,788 $ 5,031,988 $ 98,800

Total loans, excluding real estate mortgage loans held-for-sale and deferred fees, increased by $153.8 million, or 3.2%, to $4.998 billion at September 30, 2024 from $4.845 billion at December 31, 2023.

The increase was primarily driven by originations of loans concentrated in the commercial and industrial and commercial real estate and multi-family residential loans categories and was offset by paydowns in the agri-business and agricultural loans segment which traditionally experiences seasonal fluctuations in activity.

The following table summarizes the Company’s non-performing assets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(dollars in thousands) September 30,

Total loans, excluding real estate mortgage loans held-for-sale and deferred fees, increased by $98.8 million, or 2.0%, to $5.131 billion at March 31, 2025 from $5.032 billion at December 31, 2024.

The increase was primarily driven by originations of loans concentrated in the commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate and multi-family residential loans and consumer 1-4 family mortgage loans categories and was offset by paydowns in the agri-business and agricultural loans segment which traditionally experiences seasonal fluctuations in activity.

The following table summarizes the Company’s non-performing assets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

(dollars in thousands) March 31,

2025 December 31,

8 unchanged sentences

Nonperforming assets to total assets 0.84 % 0.85 %

Total nonperforming assets increased by $41.9 million, or 260.4%, to $58.1 million during the nine month period ended September 30, 2024.

The ratio of nonperforming assets to total assets increased 62 basis points from 0.25% at December 31, 2023 to 0.87% at September 30, 2024.

The increase in nonperforming assets was primarily driven by the downgrade of a single $43.3 million commercial relationship, an industrial company in Northern Indiana, that was moved to nonperforming status in late June during the second quarter of 2024.

Total nonperforming assets increased by $1.0 million, or 1.7%, to $57.9 million during the three month period ended March 31, 2025.

The ratio of nonperforming assets to total assets decreased 1 basis point from 0.85% at December 31, 2024 to 0.84% at March 31, 2025.

A loan is individually analyzed when full payment under the original loan terms is not expected.

1 unchanged sentence

If a loan is individually analyzed, a portion of the allowance may be allocated so that the loan is reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral.

Total individually analyzed loans increased by $61.5 million, or 381.6%, to $77.7 million at September 30, 2024 from $16.1 million at December 31, 2023.

The increase to individually analyzed loans was primarily related to the downgrade of two commercial relationships.

Total individually analyzed loans increased by $2.7 million, or 3.4%, to $81.3 million at March 31, 2025 from $78.6 million at December 31, 2024.

The increase to individually analyzed loans was primarily related to the downgrade of one commercial relationship to nonperforming status, and a working capital credit line increase for an unrelated relationship currently on performing status.

Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the principal is uncollectible.

12 unchanged sentences

If an asset or portion thereof is classified as a loss, the Company’s policy is to either establish specified allowances for credit losses in the amount of 100% of the portion of the asset classified loss or charge-off such amount.

At September 30, 2024, the allowance for credit losses was 1.65% of total loans, an increase of 19 basis points from 1.46% at December 31, 2023.

At September 30, 2024, management believed the allowance for credit losses was at a level commensurate with the overall risk exposure of the loan portfolio.

At March 31, 2025, the allowance for credit losses was 1.77% of total loans, an increase of 9 basis points from 1.68% at December 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2025, management believed the allowance for credit losses was at a level commensurate with the overall risk exposure of the loan portfolio.

However, if economic conditions deteriorate, certain borrowers may experience difficulty and the level of nonperforming loans, charge-offs and delinquencies could rise and require increases in the allowance for credit losses.

2 unchanged sentences

Traditionally, this type of lending may have more credit risk than other types of lending because of the size and diversity of the credits.

The Company manages this risk by utilizing relatively conservative credit structures, by adjusting its pricing to the perceived risk of each individual credit and by diversifying the portfolio by customer, product, industry and market area.

The Company manages this risk by utilizing relatively conservative credit structures, by adjusting its pricing to the perceived risk of each individual credit and by

diversifying the portfolio by customer, product, industry and market area.

The Company has limited exposure to commercial office space borrowers, all of which are located in the Bank's Indiana markets.

Loans totaling $102.6 million for this sector represented 2.0% of total loans at September 30, 2024.

Additionally, commercial real estate loans secured by multi-family residential properties and secured by non-farm non-residential properties were approximately 210% of the Bank's risk-based capital at September 30, 2024.

As of September 30, 2024, based on management’s review of the loan portfolio, the Company had 91 credit relationships totaling $267.6 million on the classified loan list versus 68 credit relationships totaling $183.1 million as of December 31, 2023.

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $181.2 million of assets classified as Special Mention, $42.1 million classified as Substandard, $44.3 million classified as Doubtful and $0 classified as Loss as compared to $143.6 million, $39.4 million, $0 and $0, respectively, at December 31, 2023.

Watch list loans as a percentage of total loans increased to 5.27% as of September 30, 2024 from 3.72% as of December 31, 2023.

The increase to the classified loan listing during 2024 was primarily driven by downgrades to four commercial relationships individually greater than $10.0 million, net of paydowns, payoffs and upgrades to other relationships.

Loans totaling $100.6 million for this sector represented 1.9% of total loans at March 31, 2025.

Additionally, commercial real estate loans secured by multi-family residential properties and secured by non-farm non-residential properties were approximately 214.0% of the Bank's risk-based capital at March 31, 2025.

As of March 31, 2025, based on management’s review of the loan portfolio, the Company had 82 credit relationships with principal balances totaling $215.6 million on the classified loan list versus 81 credit relationships with principal balances totaling $211.1 million as of December 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company had $124.5 million of assets classified as Special Mention, $47.7 million classified as Substandard, $43.4 million classified as Doubtful and $0 classified as Loss as compared to $123.6 million, $44.0 million, $43.5 million and $0, respectively, at December 31, 2024.

Watch list loans as a percentage of total loans were 4.13% as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Allowance estimates are developed by management after taking into account actual loss experience adjusted for current economic conditions and a reasonably supportable forecast period.

3 unchanged sentences

For a more thorough discussion of the allowance for credit losses methodology see the "Critical Accounting Policies" section of this Item 2.

The allowance for credit losses increased $11.7 million, or 16.2%, from $72.0 million at December 31, 2023 to $83.6 million at September 30, 2024.

The increase was a result of provision expense of $13.1 million which was offset by net charge-offs of $1.4 million.

Provision expense recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily attributable to an increase in the specific reserve allocation from the downgrade of a single $43.3 million commercial relationship, an industrial company in Northern Indiana, that was placed on nonperforming status during the second quarter of 2024.

The allowance for credit losses increased $6.5 million, or 7.5%, from $86.0 million at December 31, 2024 to $92.4 million at March 31, 2025.

The increase was a result of provision expense of $6.8 million which was offset by net charge-offs of $327,000.

Provision expense recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable an increase in the specific allocation for the previously disclosed $43.3 million nonperforming credit to an industrial company in Northern Indiana.

The remainder of the increase was attributable to the downgrade of an unrelated $1.0 million unsecured credit to nonperforming status and to loan growth between the two periods.

As the bulk of the Company’s lending activity is concentrated in the commercial loan portfolio, which can result in overall asset quality being influenced by a small number of credits, management has historically considered growth and portfolio composition when determining credit loss allocations.

3 unchanged sentences

In addition, the Company has access to unsecured borrowing capacity through long established relationships within the brokered deposit markets, Federal Funds lines from correspondent bank partners and Insured Cash Sweep (ICS) one-way buy funds available from the Intrafi network.

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had access to $3.66 billion in unused liquidity available from these aggregate sources as compared to $3.41 billion at December 31, 2023.

The average daily deposits and borrowings together with average rates paid on those deposits and borrowings for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in the following table:

Nine months ended September 30,

As of March 31, 2025, the Company had access to $3.519 billion in unused liquidity available from these aggregate sources as compared to $3.681 billion at December 31, 2024.

The average daily deposits and borrowings together with average rates paid on those deposits and borrowings for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are summarized in the following table:

Three months ended March 31,

(dollars in thousands) Balance Rate Balance Rate

9 unchanged sentences

Total funding sources $ 5,974,809 2.55 % $ 5,806,240 3.02 %

Average total deposits were $5.777 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $239.9 million, or 4.3%, from the comparable period in 2023.

Average total borrowings were $88.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $130.0 million, or 59.5%, from the comparable period in 2023.

Total average deposit costs increased 72 basis points from 2.31% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, to 3.03% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Total average borrowing costs increased 56 basis points from 5.05% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to 5.61% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

As a result, total funding costs increased by 66 basis points from 2.41% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, to 3.07% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

This increase was driven by an increase in rates on interest bearing deposits and a shift from noninterest bearing deposits to interest bearing deposits.

Average total deposits were $5.875 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $244.3 million, or 4.3%, from the comparable period in 2024.

Average total borrowings were $100.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, a decrease of $75.7 million, or 43.1%, from the comparable period in 2024.

Total average deposit costs decreased 42 basis points from 2.94% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 2.52% for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Total average borrowing costs decreased 107 basis points from 5.61% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to 4.54% for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

As a result, total funding costs decreased by 47 basis points from 3.02% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 2.55% for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The decrease in funding costs between the two periods was attributable to easing of monetary policy by the Federal Reserve Bank which allowed deposit costs to reprice to lower levels and reduced the borrowings average rates.

Deposits and Borrowings

As of September 30, 2024, total deposits increased by $116.8 million, or 2.0%, from December 31, 2023.

Core deposits, which excludes brokered deposits, increased by $155.7 million, or 2.8%, to $5.741 billion as of September 30, 2024 from $5.585 billion as of December 31, 2023.

Total brokered deposits were $96.5 million at September 30, 2024, compared to $135.4 million at December 31, 2023, a decrease of $38.9 million, or 28.7%.

The following table summarizes deposit composition at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(dollars in thousands) September 30,

As of March 31, 2025, total deposits increased by $59.2 million, or 1.0%, from December 31, 2024.

Core deposits, which excludes brokered deposits, decreased by $24.6 million, or 0.4%, to $5.835 billion as of March 31, 2025 from $5.859 billion as of December 31, 2024.

Total brokered deposits were $125.4 million at March 31, 2025, compared to $41.6 million at December 31, 2024, an increase of $83.8 million, or 201.8%.

The following table summarizes deposit composition at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

(dollars in thousands) March 31,

2025 Percentage of Total December 31,

6 unchanged sentences

Total deposits $ 5,960,194 100.0 % $ 5,900,966 100.0 % $ 59,228

Core deposits, which excludes brokered deposits, expanded $155.7 million, or 2.8%, during the first nine months of 2024.

Utilization of brokered deposits as a wholesale funding alternative has returned to pre-pandemic levels.

On September 30, 2024, commercial deposits represented 39.5% of total deposits versus 38.9% at December 31, 2023.

Retail deposits represented 29.3% at September 30, 2024 versus 31.4% at December 31, 2023.

Public Funds deposits represented 29.6% at September 30, 2024 versus 27.3% at December 31, 2023.

Brokered deposits represented 1.6% of total deposits at September 30, 2024 versus 2.4% at December 31, 2023.

Commercial deposits expanded $76.9 million, or 3.5%, from $2.23 billion at December 31, 2023 to $2.30 billion at September 30, 2024;

retail deposits contracted $85.1 million, or 4.7%, from $1.79 billion at December 31, 2023 to $1.71 billion at September 30, 2024;

and public funds deposits expanded $163.9 million, or 10.5%, from $1.56 billion at December 31, 2023 to $1.73 billion at September 30, 2024.

Deposits not covered by FDIC deposit insurance were 61% as of September 30, 2024, versus 57% at December 31, 2023.

Deposits not covered by FDIC deposit insurance or the Indiana Public Deposit Insurance Fund (which insures public fund deposits in Indiana), were 32% of total deposits as of September 30, 2024, versus 31% as of December 31, 2023.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, 98% of deposit accounts had deposit balances less than $250,000.

As of September 30, 2024, total stockholders’ equity was $699.2 million, an increase of $49.4 million, or 7.6%, from $649.8 million at December 31, 2023.

On March 31, 2025, commercial deposits represented 39.2% of total deposits versus 38.4% at December 31, 2024.

Retail deposits represented 30.0% at March 31, 2025 versus 30.2% at December 31, 2024.

Public Funds deposits represented 28.7% at March 31, 2025 versus 30.7% at December 31, 2024.

Brokered deposits represented 2.1% of total deposits at March 31, 2025 versus 0.7% at December 31, 2024.

Commercial deposits expanded $67.9 million, or 3.0%, from $2.269 billion at December 31, 2024 to $2.337 billion at March 31, 2025;

retail deposits expanded $7.3 million, or 0.4%, from $1.781 billion at December 31, 2024 to $1.788 billion at March 31, 2025;

and public funds deposits contracted $99.7 million, or 5.5%, from $1.810 billion at December 31, 2024 to $1.710 billion at March 31, 2025, due to seasonal activity.

Deposits not covered by FDIC deposit insurance were 57.2% as of March 31, 2025, versus 62.1% at December 31, 2024.

Deposits not covered by FDIC deposit insurance or the Indiana Public Deposit Insurance Fund (which insures public fund deposits in Indiana), were 28.9% of total deposits as of March 31, 2025, versus 32.3% as of December 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 97.8% and 98.0% of deposit accounts had deposit balances less than $250,000, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025, total stockholders’ equity was $694.5 million, an increase of $10.6 million, or 1.5%, from $683.9 million at December 31, 2024.

The increase to total stockholders' equity was driven by net income of $20.1 million and was reduced by dividends declared and paid of $12.8 million and an increase of $2.6 million in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

3 unchanged sentences

banking organizations.

As of September 30, 2024, the Company's capital levels remained characterized as “well-capitalized”.

The actual capital amounts and ratios of the Company and the Bank as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are presented in the table below.

Capital ratios for September 30, 2024 are preliminary until the Call Report and FR Y-9C are filed.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company's capital levels remained characterized as “well-capitalized”.

The actual capital amounts and ratios of the Company and the Bank as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, are presented in the table below.

Capital ratios for March 31, 2025 are preliminary until the Call Report and FR Y-9C are filed.

Actual Minimum Required For Capital Adequacy Purposes For Capital Adequacy Purposes Plus Capital Conservation Buffer Minimum Required to Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations

(dollars in thousands) Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio

As of September 30, 2024:

As of March 31, 2025:

Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)

30 unchanged sentences

• the effects of future economic, business and market conditions and changes, particularly in our Indiana market area, including prevailing interest rates and the rate of inflation;

• governmental monetary and fiscal policies;

• governmental trade, monetary and fiscal policies;

• the risks of changes in interest rates on the levels, composition and costs of deposits, loan demand and the values and liquidity of loan collateral, securities and other interest sensitive assets and liabilities;

2 unchanged sentences

• the performance of our commercial real estate loan portfolio, including the effects of the elevated interest rate environment, the strength of the commercial real estate market in our Indiana markets, and recent changes in retail and office usage patterns;

• the effects of disruption and volatility in capital markets on the value of our investment portfolio;

• risk of cyber-security attacks that could result in damage to the Company's or third-party service providers' networks or data of the Company;

• risk of cybersecurity attacks that could result in damage to the Company's or third-party service providers' networks or data of the Company;

• the timing and scope of any legislative and regulatory changes, including changes in banking, securities and tax laws and regulations and their application by our regulators;

1 unchanged sentence

• the effects of war or other conflicts, acts of terrorism or other catastrophic events, including storms, droughts, tornados and flooding, that may affect general economic conditions, including agricultural production and demand and prices for agricultural goods and land used for agricultural purposes, generally and in our markets;

• the impact of litigation and other claims we may be subject to from time to time;

• changes in the scope and cost of FDIC insurance, the state of Indiana’s Public Deposit Insurance Fund and other coverages;

• the effects of disruption and volatility in capital markets on the value of our investment portfolio;

• changes in the prices, values and sales volumes of residential real estate;

• the impact of labor shortages, and changes in trade policy and tariffs;

• changes in the scope and cost of FDIC insurance, the state of Indiana’s Public Deposit Insurance Fund and other coverages;

• the impact of litigation and other claims we may be subject to from time to time;

• the effects of fraud by or affecting employees, customers or third parties;

1 unchanged sentence

• changes in technology or products that may be more difficult or costly, or less effective than anticipated;

• the risks related to mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, including, without limitation, the related time and costs of implementing such transactions, integrating operations as part of these transactions and possible failures to achieve expected gains, revenue growth and/or expense savings from such transactions;

• changes in accounting policies, rules and practices;

• the risks noted in the Risk Factors discussed under Item 1A of Part 1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as well as other risks and uncertainties set forth from time to time in the Company’s other filings with the SEC.

1 unchanged sentence

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis