Life360, Inc. 10-K

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms (Deloitte and Touche LLP; San Francisco, CA; PCAOB ID # 34 and BDO USA, LLP.; San Francisco, CA; PCAOB ID # 243 ) 74 Financial Statements Consolidated Balance Sheets 77 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss 78 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity 79 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 81 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 83 73 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Shareholders and Board of Directors Life360, Inc. San Mateo, California Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Life360, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ BDO USA, LLP We served as the Company's auditor from 2018 to 2023. San Francisco, California March 23, 2023 74 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Life360, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Life360, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 29, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Subscription revenue — Refer to Note 2 to the financial statements Critical Audit Matter Description The Company derives a significant amount of its revenue from subscription sales. Subscriptions are considered single combined performance obligations and the subscription fees are fixed and recognized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancellable contractual term of the agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized subscription revenue of $220.8 million. We identified subscription revenue as a critical audit matter given the significant volume of transactions. This required an increased extent of audit effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to the accuracy and occurrence of subscription revenue. 75 How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to the Company's subscription revenue included the following, among others: • We tested the effectiveness of controls relating to the subscription revenue recognition process, including controls over the accuracy and occurrence of subscription revenue recognized. • We tested the internal listing of subscriptions sold used by the Company to calculate subscription revenue by comparing the subscriptions sold to third-party information and cash receipts. • We recalculated the amount of subscription revenue recorded using the internal listing of subscriptions sold. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP San Francisco, California February 29, 2024 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023. 76 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (Dollars in U.S. $, in thousands, except share and per share data) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Assets Current Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 68,964 $ 75,444 Restricted cash, current — 13,274 Accounts receivable, net 42,180 33,125 Inventory 4,099 10,826 Costs capitalized to obtain contracts, net 1,010 1,438 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 15,174 8,548 Total current assets 131,427 142,655 Restricted cash, noncurrent 1,749 1,647 Property and equipment, net 730 393 Costs capitalized to obtain contracts, noncurrent 834 626 Prepaid expenses and other assets, noncurrent 6,848 7,134 Operating lease right-of-use asset 1,014 802 Intangible assets, net 45,441 52,699 Goodwill 133,674 133,674 Total Assets $ 321,717 $ 339,630 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current Liabilities: Accounts payable $ 5,896 $ 13,791 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 27,538 27,015 Escrow liability — 13,274 Convertible notes, current ($ 3,449 and $ 3,513 measured at fair value, respectively) 3,449 3,513 Deferred revenue, current 33,932 30,056 Total current liabilities 70,815 87,649 Convertible notes, noncurrent ($ 0 and $ 3,425 measured at fair value, respectively) 1,056 4,060 Derivative liability, noncurrent 217 101 Deferred revenue, noncurrent 1,842 2,706 Other liabilities, noncurrent 723 576 Total Liabilities $ 74,653 $ 95,092 Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11) Stockholders’ Equity Common Stock, $ 0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 68,155,830 and 65,239,843 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively 70 67 Additional paid-in capital 532,128 501,763 Notes due from affiliates — ( 314 ) Accumulated deficit ( 285,143 ) ( 256,972 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 9 ( 6 ) Total stockholders’ equity 247,064 244,538 Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $ 321,717 $ 339,630 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 77 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Dollars in U.S. $, in thousands, except share and per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Subscription revenue $ 220,794 $ 153,287 $ 86,551 Hardware revenue 58,178 47,884 952 Other revenue 25,546 27,134 25,140 Total revenue 304,518 228,305 112,643 Cost of subscription revenue 30,975 30,659 17,807 Cost of hardware revenue 47,384 45,441 1,340 Cost of other revenue 3,522 3,607 3,621 Total cost of revenue 81,881 79,707 22,768 Gross profit 222,637 148,598 89,875 Operating expenses: Research and development 100,965 102,480 50,994 Sales and marketing 99,072 92,419 47,473 General and administrative 52,583 48,110 23,670 Total operating expenses 252,620 243,009 122,137 Loss from operations ( 29,983 ) ( 94,411 ) ( 32,262 ) Other income (expense): Convertible notes fair value adjustment ( 684 ) 1,786 ( 511 ) Derivative liability fair value adjustment ( 116 ) 1,295 ( 733 ) Other income (expense), net 3,228 13 ( 178 ) Total other income (expense), net 2,428 3,094 ( 1,422 ) Loss before income taxes ( 27,555 ) ( 91,317 ) ( 33,684 ) Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 616 312 ( 127 ) Net loss ( 28,171 ) ( 91,629 ) ( 33,557 ) Net loss per share, basic $ ( 0.42 ) $ ( 1.47 ) $ ( 0.65 ) Net loss per share, diluted (Note 18) $ ( 0.42 ) $ ( 1.50 ) $ ( 0.65 ) Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic 66,748,542 62,209,545 51,656,195 Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, diluted (Note 18) 66,748,542 62,839,593 51,656,195 Comprehensive loss Net loss $ ( 28,171 ) $ ( 91,629 ) $ ( 33,557 ) Change in foreign currency translation adjustment 15 ( 6 ) — Total comprehensive loss $ ( 28,156 ) $ ( 91,635 ) $ ( 33,557 ) See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 78 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Dollars in U.S. $, in thousands, except share and per share data) Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Notes Due from Affiliates Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total Stockholders’ Equity Shares Amount Balance at December 31, 2020 50,035,408 $ 50 $ 196,852 $ ( 927 ) $ ( 131,786 ) $ — $ 64,189 Exercise of stock options 1,056,352 1 3,542 — — — 3,543 Exercise of warrants 37,410 — — — — — — Vesting of restricted stock units 547,882 1 ( 1 ) — — — — Taxes paid related to net settlement of equity awards — — ( 4,725 ) — — — ( 4,725 ) Issuance of warrants with convertible note (Note 9) — — 844 — — — 844 Beneficial conversion feature associated with convertible note (Note 9) — — 603 — — — 603 Issuance of common stock in connection with an acquisition 765,733 1 13,820 — — — 13,821 Issuance of common stock net of issuance costs of $ 5,757 7,779,014 8 193,056 — — — 193,064 Vested option awards assumed in connection with an acquisition — — 533 — — — 533 Stock-based compensation expense — — 11,754 — — — 11,754 Interest accrued relating to notes due from affiliates — — — ( 24 ) — — ( 24 ) Net loss — — — — ( 33,557 ) — ( 33,557 ) Balance at December 31, 2021 60,221,799 $ 61 $ 416,278 $ ( 951 ) $ ( 165,343 ) $ — $ 250,045 Exercise of stock options 458,422 1 2,393 — — — 2,394 Exercise of warrants 87,795 — 1 — — — 1 Vesting of restricted stock units 762,488 1 ( 1 ) — — — — Taxes paid related to net settlement of equity awards — — ( 4,077 ) — — — ( 4,077 ) Issuance of common stock in connection with an acquisition 763,183 1 15,408 — — — 15,409 Issuance of common stock net of issuance costs of $ 1,050 2,645,503 3 32,212 — — — 32,215 Repayment of notes due from affiliate — — 648 648 — — 1,296 Issuance of common stock in settlement of contingent consideration 376,573 — 4,221 — — — 4,221 Stock-based compensation expense — — 34,680 — — — 34,680 Interest accrued relating to notes due from affiliates — — — ( 11 ) — — ( 11 ) Cancellation of revesting stock ( 75,920 ) — — — — — — Net loss — — — — ( 91,629 ) — ( 91,629 ) Change in foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — ( 6 ) ( 6 ) Balance at December 31, 2022 65,239,843 $ 67 $ 501,763 $ ( 314 ) $ ( 256,972 ) $ ( 6 ) $ 244,538 Exercise of stock options 935,007 $ 1 $ 5,810 $ — $ — $ — $ 5,811 79 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Vesting of restricted stock units 1,980,980 2 ( 2 ) — — — — Taxes paid related to net settlement of equity awards — — ( 14,033 ) — — — ( 14,033 ) Repayment of notes due from affiliate — — 78 274 — — 352 Stock-based compensation expense — — 38,512 — — — 38,512 Interest accrued relating to notes due from affiliates — — — 40 — — 40 Change in foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — 15 15 Net loss — — — — ( 28,171 ) — ( 28,171 ) Balance at December 31, 2023 68,155,830 $ 70 $ 532,128 $ — $ ( 285,143 ) $ 9 $ 247,064 80 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in U.S. $, in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net loss $ ( 28,171 ) $ ( 91,629 ) $ ( 33,557 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 9,141 9,199 876 Amortization of costs capitalized to obtain contracts 2,125 2,928 4,014 Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset 842 — — Stock-based compensation expense 38,512 34,680 11,754 Compensation expense in connection with revesting notes 73 ( 87 ) 184 Non-cash interest expense, net 462 474 166 Convertible notes fair value adjustment 684 ( 1,786 ) 511 Derivative liability fair value adjustment 116 ( 1,295 ) 733 (Gain)/loss on revaluation of contingent consideration — ( 5,279 ) 3,600 Non-cash revenue from investment ( 1,608 ) ( 1,504 ) — Inventory write-off 916 — — Adjustment in connection with membership benefit ( 2,172 ) — — Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: Accounts receivable, net ( 9,055 ) 6,474 ( 2,689 ) Prepaid expenses and other assets ( 6,667 ) 10,629 ( 943 ) Inventory 5,811 ( 497 ) ( 859 ) Costs capitalized to obtain contracts, net ( 1,905 ) ( 3,343 ) ( 1,713 ) Accounts payable ( 7,895 ) ( 12,654 ) 559 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 2,193 ( 7,722 ) 4,720 Deferred revenue 4,620 4,660 1,671 Other liabilities, noncurrent ( 498 ) ( 303 ) ( 1,180 ) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 7,524 ( 57,055 ) ( 12,153 ) Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired — ( 110,933 ) ( 2,983 ) Internal use software ( 1,715 ) ( 701 ) — Purchase of property and equipment ( 506 ) — ( 81 ) Cash advance on convertible note receivable — — ( 4,000 ) Net cash used in investing activities ( 2,221 ) ( 111,634 ) ( 7,064 ) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Indemnity escrow payment in connection with an acquisition ( 13,128 ) — — Proceeds from the exercise of options 5,811 2,394 3,543 Taxes paid related to net settlement of equity awards ( 14,033 ) ( 4,077 ) ( 4,725 ) Proceeds from repayment of notes due from affiliates 314 648 — Payments on borrowings — — ( 41 ) Proceeds from capital raise, net of $ 0 , $ 1,050 , and $ 5,757 of transaction costs, respectively — 32,215 193,064 Repayment of convertible notes ( 3,919 ) ( 3,471 ) — Cash received in advance of the issuance of convertible notes — — 2,110 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ( 24,955 ) 27,709 193,951 Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash ( 19,652 ) ( 140,980 ) 174,734 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at the Beginning of the Period 90,365 231,345 56,611 81 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at the End of the Period $ 70,713 $ 90,365 $ 231,345 Supplemental disclosure: Cash paid during the period for taxes 697 — 33 Cash paid during the period for interest 640 514 24 Non-cash investing and financing activities: Fair value of stock issued in connection with an acquisition $ — $ 15,409 $ 13,821 Fair value of warrants held as investment — 5,474 — Fair value of stock issued in settlement of contingent consideration — 4,221 — Right of use asset recognized in connection with lease modification 1,054 — — Operating lease liability recognized in connection with lease modification 1,054 — — Fair value of convertible debt issued in connection with an acquisition — — 11,597 Fair value of contingent consideration issued in connection with an acquisition — — 5,900 Fair value of vested options assumed in connection with an acquisition — — 533 Relative fair value of warrants issue with convertible debt — — 844 Forgiveness of convertible debt receivable in connection with an acquisition — — 4,023 Beneficial conversion feature related to convertible debt — — 603 Fair value of bifurcated derivative related to convertible debt — — 663 Total non-cash investing and financing activities: $ 2,108 $ 25,104 $ 37,984 The following table provides a table of cash, cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the balance sheets totaling the same such amounts shown above: December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Cash and cash equivalents $ 68,964 $ 75,444 $ 230,990 Restricted cash, current — 13,274 — Restricted cash, noncurrent 1,749 1,647 355 Total cash, cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 70,713 $ 90,365 $ 231,345 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 82 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Nature of Business Life360, Inc. is a leading technology platform used to locate the people, pets and things that matter most to families. The Company was incorporated in the State of Delaware in 2007. The Company’s core offering, the Life360 mobile application, includes features that range from communications to driving safety and location sharing. The Company operates under a “freemium” model where its core offering is available to users at no charge, with three membership subscription options that are available but not required. The Company also generates revenue through Jiobit and Tile subscription services and hardware tracking devices and monetization arrangements with certain commercial third parties (“Data Revenue Partners”) through Lead Generation and license agreements including aggregated insights into the data collected from the Company’s user base. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or (“GAAP”), are presented in U.S. dollars unless otherwise stated, and include the accounts of Life360, Inc. and subsidiaries, Jiobit, Tile, Tile Europe Ltd and Tile Network Canada ULC. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates made by management include, but are not limited to, the determination of revenue recognition, including the determination of selling prices for distinct performance obligations sold in multiple-performance obligation arrangements, the period over which revenue is recognized for certain arrangements, and estimated delivery dates for orders with title transfer upon delivery, allowance for credit losses, product returns, promotional and marketing allowances, inventory valuation, average useful customer life, stock-based compensation, legal contingencies, assessment of possible impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill, valuation of contingent consideration, convertible notes and embedded derivatives, useful lives of long lived assets and income taxes including valuation allowances on deferred tax assets. The Company bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Recently adopted accounting pronouncements In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments . ASU 2016-13 requires the use of the expected credit losses over the life impairment model of a broad scope of financial instruments including financial assets measured at amortized cost which includes loans, held-to-maturity debt securities and trade receivables, net investment in leases and certain off balance sheet credit exposures. The guidance requires immediate recognition of estimated expected credit losses over the life of the financial instrument. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 in January 1, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers , which requires contract assets and contract liabilities (i.e., deferred revenue) acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on the acquisition date in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . The guidance should be applied prospectively to acquisitions occurring on or after the effective date. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2024, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted, including in interim periods, for any financial statements that have not yet been issued. The Company elected to early adopt ASU 2021-08 on September 1, 2021, and the Company has recorded the acquired deferred revenue based on historical carrying value rather than fair value in the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. 83 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”), which simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. Among other changes, ASU 2020-06 removes from GAAP the liability and equity separation model for convertible instruments with a cash conversion feature, and as a result, after adoption, entities will no longer separately present in equity an embedded conversion feature for such debt. Similarly, the embedded conversion feature will no longer be amortized into income as interest expense over the life of the instrument. Instead, entities will account for a convertible debt instrument wholly as debt unless (1) a convertible instrument contains features that require bifurcation as a derivative under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging , or (2) a convertible debt instrument was issued at a substantial premium. Additionally, ASU 2020-06 requires the application of the if-converted method to calculate the impact of convertible instruments on diluted earnings per share, which will result in increased dilutive securities as the assumption of cash settlement of the notes will not be available for the purpose of calculating earnings per share. The provisions of ASU 2020-06 are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and can be adopted on either a fully retrospective or modified retrospective basis. On January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU 2020-06, and the standard did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Accounting pronouncements not yet adopted In July 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07 – Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures , to improve the disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments and address requests from investors for additional, more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. The ASU 2023-07 introduces a new requirement to disclose significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and extends certain annual disclosures to interim periods. The ASU improve reportable segment disclosure requirement through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The effective date for this amendment is for the fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. This guidance will be applied retrospectively and effective for the Company starting in its annual disclosures for 2024 and interim periods starting 2025. The Company does not expect adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The updates in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers at transaction price, an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Transaction price is calculated as selling price net of variable consideration which may include estimates for future returns and sales incentives related to current period revenue. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. Subscription Revenue The Company’s subscription revenue includes related support and is comprised of Life360 mobile application subscriptions as well as subscription service plans for hardware tracking devices. The Company’s subscription contracts with customers are established at the point of mobile application download and purchase as indicated through acceptance of the Company’s Terms of Use. The Company’s subscription agreements generally have monthly or annual contractual terms and are billed and paid in advance. 84 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The cloud-based subscriptions are considered single combined performance obligations, consisting of multiple features that can be purchased separately, but which are bundled together and delivered to the customer as a combined output. The Company provides its customers with technical support along with unspecified updates and upgrades to the platform on an if and when available basis. The subscription service plan for hardware tracking device is a distinct and separate performance obligation from the hardware. Subscription fees are fixed and recognized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancellable contractual term of the agreement, generally beginning on the date that the Company’s service is made available to the customer. The Company recognizes revenues on a straight-line basis because the customer receives and consumes the benefits of the service ratably throughout the contractual period. The Company’s contracts are generally non-cancelable and do not provide for refunds to customers in the event of cancellations. Hardware Revenue The Company derives hardware revenue from sale of hardware tracking devices and related accessories. For hardware and accessories, revenue is recognized when control is transferred to the customer. The Company offers limited rights of return and estimates reserves based on historical experience and records the reserves as a reduction of revenue and an accrued liability. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are classified as revenue, and the Company’s related shipping and handling costs incurred are classified as cost of revenue. The customers are billed upon shipment of hardware tracking devices. Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to respective governmental authorities are recorded as liabilities and are not included in revenue. The Company’s hardware and the embedded operating system are one distinct performance obligation and are separate and distinct from the subscription service plans for hardware tracking device. The Company’s embedded operating system is a component of the hardware that is integral to the functionality of the hardware and only together produce the essential functionality of the hardware. Other Revenue In January 2022, Life360 announced a new partnership agreement with a key Data Partner, a prominent provider of aggregated analytics for the retail ecosystem, in which executives of the Company have an immaterial ownership interest through a passive investment vehicle. As part of this partnership, the Data Partner will provide data processing and analytics services to Life360 and will have the right to commercialize aggregated data related to place visits during the term of the agreement. The partnership agreement includes fixed monthly revenue amounts for access to aggregated data for the duration of the three-year agreement. The Company has a stand ready obligation to provide aggregated user data over the term of the partnership agreement and recognizes revenue ratably based on the fixed monthly amounts. In connection with the agreement, the Data Partner issued the Company a warrant to purchase up to 5,100,167 shares of Series C Preferred Stock of the Data Partner at an exercise price of $ 4.90 per share (the “Investment”). The Company estimates and includes variable consideration related to the Investment, in the transaction price at contract inception to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The partnership agreement has standard payment terms that require payment within 30 days. The grant of the warrant is considered non-cash consideration, which the Company measured at fair value on the date of issuance. The warrant was valued using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the fair value of approximately $ 5.4 million has been included as variable consideration in the transaction price of the data partnership agreement, and was included in prepaid expenses and other assets, noncurrent on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The warrant is amortized over the life of the agreement. 85 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Company’s data revenue also includes Life360 data monetization arrangements with certain third parties established through Data Master Service Agreements (collectively, “Data MSAs”), which outline specific terms governing the access and use of data and related fees. The Company determines a contract to exist upon the mutual execution of a Data MSA. Those customers historically had the ability to access certain portions of the Company’s user data over the contract term, in which certain customers pay a fee based on average active monthly users. In 2023, the Company has fully moved from Data MSAs to a single aggregated data sales model. The Company recognized fees for legacy data MSAs over time based on the fee per average active monthly user as the customer simultaneously received and consumed the benefit of the services that the Company provided over the term of the agreement. Data revenue was $ 21.6 million, $ 23.2 million, and $ 18.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Partnership revenue includes agreements with third parties to provide access to advertising on the Company’s mobile platform. The Company receives a percentage of the advertising spend as a fee, which is recognized as revenue on a net basis. The variable amounts earned under partnership revenue arrangements are allocable to the month in which the advertising is placed, which is reset on a monthly basis. As such, the Company will recognize revenue monthly based on the advertising placed. Partnership revenue was $ 3.9 million, $ 3.9 million, and $ 6.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Performance Obligations Some of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, primarily hardware and subscription services for hardware tracking devices and hardware bundles (bundled Life360 subscription and hardware offerings). For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct and distinct within the context of the contract. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative stand-alone selling price (“SSP”) basis with the amounts allocated to ongoing services deferred and recognized over a period of time and amounts allocated to hardware tracking devices recognized at a point-in time with a portion of the consideration being allocated to application usage (maintenance) and support. The Company determines SSP based on observable, if available, prices for those related goods and services when sold separately. When such observable prices are not available, the Company determines SSP based on multiple factors including consumer behaviors, the Company’s internal pricing model, and relative costs incurred plus a normal margin. The factors may vary depending upon the facts and circumstances related to each performance obligation. Our hardware sales arrangements typically contain multiple performance obligations, consisting of the hardware sale, application usage, hardware support, and in some cases, subscriptions. The Company provides warranties of up to twelve months for products with manufacturing defects or hardware failures. As part of Tile Premium subscriptions, the Company offers warranties to end-users covering the contractual service period (up to 3 years) for products with manufacturing defects or hardware failures. The warranties are not sold separately and do not represent separate performance obligations. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type and are billed either in advance or have a standard payment term generally requiring payment within 30 to 60 days. Therefore, such warranties are accounted for under ASC 460, Guarantees , and the estimated costs of warranty claims are generally accrued as cost of revenue in the period the related revenue is recorded. Variable Consideration The Company recognizes hardware revenue at the net sales price, which includes certain estimates for variable consideration with its customers. The Company’s variable consideration is primarily in the form of promotional agreements and marketing development fund agreements in relation to the hardware tracking devices. These agreements are designed to enhance the sale of the Company’s products and consist of incentives to the Company’s customers. The Company estimates variable consideration using the expected value method. All forms of variable consideration are recorded as contra-revenue and a corresponding liability in its consolidated balance sheets. These estimates are based on the Company’s incentive program experience, historical and projected sales data and current contractual terms. The remaining portion of this liability is based on contractual amounts and does not require estimation. 86 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Remaining Performance Obligations Remaining performance obligations represent the amount of contracted future revenue not yet recognized as the amounts relate to undelivered performance obligations, including both deferred revenue and non-cancelable contracted amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations was $ 67.9 million as of December 31, 2023, of which the Company expects 85 % to be recognized over the next twelve months . Cost of Revenue Cost of subscription revenue includes all direct costs to deliver the Company’s subscription services. These costs include personnel-related costs associated with the Company’s cloud-based infrastructure and the Company’s customer support organization, third-party hosting fees, software, and maintenance costs, outside services associated with the delivery of the Company’s subscription services, travel-related costs, amortization of acquired intangibles and allocated overhead, such as facilities, including rent, utilities, depreciation on equipment shared by all departments, credit card and transaction processing fees, and shared information technology costs. Personnel-related expenses include salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation for operations personnel. Cost of hardware revenue consists of product costs, including hardware production, contract manufacturers for production, shipping and handling, packaging, fulfillment, personnel-related expenses, manufacturing and equipment depreciation, warehousing, tariff costs, customer support costs, credit card and transaction processing fees, warranty replacement, and write-downs of excess and obsolete inventory. Personnel-related expenses include salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation for operations personnel. Cost of other revenue consists of cloud-based hosting costs, as well as costs of product operations functions and personnel-related costs associated with the Company’s data platform. Personnel-related expenses include salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation for operations personnel. Costs Capitalized to Obtain Contracts Costs capitalized to obtain contracts comprise of revenue-share payments in connection with annual subscription sales of the Company’s mobile application on each respective third-party store platform as well as sales commissions paid to employees on hardware sales. Costs that are incremental and directly related to new customer sales contracts are accrued and capitalized upon execution of a non-cancelable customer contract, and subsequently expensed over an estimated period of benefit, which is currently estimated to be two to three years depending on the subscription type. The Company has elected the practical expedient under ASC 340-40 to expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract if the amortization periods is one year or less. Accounts Receivable and Allowances Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is based on the Company’s assessment of the collectibility of accounts by considering the age of each outstanding invoice, the collection history of each customer, and an evaluation of current expected risk of credit loss based on current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions over the life of the receivable. The Company assesses collectibility by reviewing accounts receivable on an aggregated basis where similar characteristics exist and on an individual basis when specific customers with collectibility issues are identified. The allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and total bad debt expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was immaterial. Inventory and Contract Manufacturing Inventory is comprised of raw materials and finished goods related to hardware tracking devices and accessories. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value on a weighted average basis. The Company assesses the valuation of inventory and writes down the value for estimated excess and obsolete inventory based upon estimates of future demand and market conditions. 87 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Company outsources a significant portion of its manufacturing to independent contract manufacturers in Asia. A significant portion of its cost of revenue consists of inventory purchased from these manufacturers. The Company’s inventory is held at third party warehouses and contract manufacturer premises. The Company’s manufacturers procure components and manufacture the Company’s products based on the demand forecasts provided. These forecasts are based on estimates of future demand for the Company’s products, which are in turn based on historical trends and an analysis from the Company’s sales and marketing organizations, adjusted for overall market conditions. Shipments of inventory from the contract manufacturer are recorded as finished goods inventory upon shipment when title and the significant risks and reward of ownership have passed to the Company. Concentrations of Risk and Significant Customers The Company’s business, operations, and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties including adverse global economic conditions, and competition in the Company’s industry that could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows. These important factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from any future results. Cash Deposits in Excess of Federally Insured Limits The Company currently maintains its cash balances at multiple financial institutions that are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s cash balances exceeded amounts insured by the FDIC. As a result, the Company may be impacted by adverse developments within the financial services industry which have in the past and may in the future threaten our ability to access our existing cash and cash equivalents and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. While the Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts, the recent failure of Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) exposed the Company to significant credit risk prior to the completion by the FDIC of the resolution of SVB in a manner that fully protected all depositors. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has transferred the majority of its accounts to one or more alternate depository institutions, the financial position of which management believes does not expose the Company to significant credit risk. Major Customers The Company’s customers primarily consist of individual consumers, who subscribe to the Company’s product offerings through market exchanges operated by our third-party platform providers (“Channel Partners”), data revenue customers and retail partners, who purchase hardware tracking devices from the Company and resell them directly to individual consumers. Any changes in customer preferences and trends or changes in terms of use of Channel Partners’ platforms could have an adverse impact on its results of operations and financial condition. The Company derives its accounts receivable from revenue earned from customers located in the United States and internationally. Channel and retail partners account for the majority of the Company’s revenue and accounts receivable for all periods presented. The following tables set forth the information about the Company’s Channel Partners that processed our overall revenue transactions and retail partners who represented greater than 10% of our revenue and accounts receivable, respectively: Percentage of Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Channel Partner A 53 % 49 % 57 % Channel Partner B 16 % 15 % 18 % Retail Partner A * 13 % * * Represents less than 10% 88 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Percentage of Gross Accounts Receivable As of December 31, 2023 2022 Channel Partner A 50 % 33 % Data Partner A * 11 % Retail Partner A 17 % 23 % * Represents less than 10% Supplier Concentration The Company currently outsources the manufacturing of its hardware devices to a sole contract manufacturer. Although there are a limited number of manufacturers, management believes that other suppliers could provide similar manufacturing services on comparable terms. Research and Development Costs The Company charges costs related to research and development which primarily consist of personnel-related costs for our engineering, product, and design teams, material costs of building and developing prototypes for new products, mobile app development and allocated overhead. Sales and Marketing Costs Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, brand marketing costs, lead generation costs, sales incentives, sponsorships and amortization of acquired intangibles. Revenue-share payments to Channel Partners in connection with annual subscription sales of the Company’s mobile application on Channel Partner store platforms are considered to be incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer and are deferred and typically amortized over an estimated period of benefit of two to three years depending on the subscription type. Advertising Expense Advertising expenses are recorded in the period in which cost is incurred, and are presented within sales and marketing expense on the consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expense was $ 28.6 million, $ 17.0 million, and $ 7.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investment securities with remaining maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include deposit and money market funds. Money market mutual funds are valued using quoted market prices and therefore are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Restricted Cash Deposits of $ 1.7 million and $ 14.9 million were restricted from withdrawal as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In April 2023, the Company released and paid $ 13.1 million of restricted cash which was previously held in indemnity escrow as part of the acquisition of Tile in January 2022 (the “Tile Acquisition”) for general representations and warranties, fifteen months after the acquisition date. Refer to Note 8, "Balance Sheet Components" for further details. The restricted cash, noncurrent balance of $ 1.7 million as of December 31, 2023 relates to the letters of credit issued on behalf of the Company for indebtedness to trade creditors incurred in the ordinary course of business. The restricted cash, noncurrent balance of $ 1.6 million as of December 31, 2022 relates to funds placed in an indemnity escrow fund after the acquisition of Jiobit, and facility lease agreements. 89 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company measures its financial assets at fair value each reporting period using a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of Inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows: Level 1 – Observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 – Valuations based on unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology and including data about assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available under the circumstances. The recorded carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, and accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. Refer to Note 6, "Fair Value Measurements" for further details. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Equipment, computer software, furniture, and product manufacturing equipment, which includes construction-in-process that is capitalized and depreciated when placed into service, have estimated useful lives ranging from three to ten years . Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the estimated useful life or the term of the lease with expected renewals. Costs of maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are expensed as incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reported in other income (expense), net in the period realized. Internal Use Software For development costs related to internal use software projects, the Company capitalizes costs incurred during the application development stage. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Internal use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life of three years . The Company capitalized $ 1.7 million and $ 0.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Capitalized costs are included within intangible assets, net on the consolidated balance sheet. Lease Obligations Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at commencement date. The interest rate implicit in the Company’s operating leases is not readily determinable, and therefore an incremental borrowing rate is estimated to determine the present value of future payments. The estimated incremental borrowing rate factors in a hypothetical interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms, payments, and economic environments. Operating lease right-of-use assets also include any prepaid lease payments and lease incentives. Certain operating lease agreements contain rent concession, rent escalation, and option to renew provisions. Rent concession and rent escalation provisions are considered in determining the straight-line single lease cost to be recorded over the lease term. Single lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term commencing on the date the Company has the right to use the leased property. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. The Company generally uses the base, non-cancellable, lease term when recognizing the lease assets and liabilities, unless it is reasonably certain that the renewal option will be exercised. 90 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements In addition, certain of the Company’s operating lease agreements contain tenant improvement allowances from its landlords. These allowances are accounted for as lease incentives and decrease the Company’s right-of-use asset and reduce single lease cost over the lease term. Refer to Note 8, "Balance Sheet Components" for additional lease disclosures. Restructuring and Other Charges Restructuring generally includes significant actions involving employee-related severance charges, facilities consolidation and contract termination costs. Employee-related severance charges are largely based upon substantive severance plans, while some are mandated requirements in certain foreign jurisdictions. Severance costs generally include severance payments, outplacement services, health insurance coverage and legal costs. These charges are reflected in the period when both the actions are probable, at the balance sheet date, and the amounts are reasonably estimable. Right-of-use asset impairments are recognized on the date the premises have been vacated or the Company have ceased-use of the leased facilities. On January 12, 2023, the Company announced a workforce restructure which resulted in a reduction of the Company’s workforce of approximately 14 %. The Company incurred $ 4.0 million in non-recurring personnel and severance related expenses in connection with the restructuring during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, all expenses incurred had been paid. The restructuring costs are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 as follows (in thousands): Personnel and Severance Related Expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023 Cost of subscription revenue $ 64 Cost of hardware revenue 94 Research and development 1,824 Sales and marketing 872 General and administrative 1,170 Total $ 4,024 Business Combinations The Company uses best estimates and assumptions to assign a fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations as of the acquisition date. These estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed may be recorded, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill amounts are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. The Company tests for goodwill impairment annually as of October 31 of each year. There was no impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. 91 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Intangible Assets, net Intangible assets, including acquired, trade names, customer relationships, acquired developed technology, and internal use software are carried at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The Company determines the appropriate useful life of the Company’s intangible assets by measuring the expected cash flows of acquired assets. There was no impairment of intangible assets recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets, such as property and equipment subject to depreciation and acquired intangibles subject to amortization, when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances would more likely than not reduce the fair value of its single reporting unit below its carrying value. There was no impairment of long-lived assets recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue consists primarily of payments received and accounts receivable recorded in advance of revenue recognition under the Company’s subscription arrangements. The Company primarily invoices its customers for its subscription services arrangements in advance. Amounts anticipated to be recognized within one year of the balance sheet date are recorded as deferred revenue, current; the remaining portion is recorded as deferred revenue, noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheets. Investment Investment relates to non-marketable equity securities held in a privately held company without a readily determinable market value. Non-marketable equity securities consist of warrants held to purchase shares of preferred stock of a Data Revenue Partner, refer to “Revenue Recognition ” section above for additional information regarding the Company’s Data Revenue Partner. Investments in non-public businesses that do not have readily determinable pricing, and for which the Company does not have control or does not exert significant influence, are carried at cost less impairments, if any, plus or minus changes in observable prices for those investments. Gains or losses resulting from changes in the carrying value of these investments are included as a non-operating expense to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. There have been no adjustments to the basis of the Company’s Investment to date. The carrying value of the Company’s Investment is included in prepaid expenses and other assets, noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s Investment was $ 5.5 million and $ 5.5 million, respectively. Common Stock Warrants The Company has issued freestanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock in connection with certain debt financing transactions. The warrants are recorded as equity instruments at the grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and are not subject to revaluation at each balance sheet date. In addition, the Company has issued warrants in connection with the convertible note agreements. The warrants are recorded as equity instruments at the grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value has been recorded as a debt discount that is being amortized to interest expense under the straight-line method over the term of respective convertible notes. 92 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Stock-Based Compensation The Company has an equity incentive plan under which various types of equity-based awards including, but not limited to, incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards, may be granted to employees, nonemployee directors, and nonemployee consultants. For all equity awards granted to employees, nonemployees and directors, the Company recognizes compensation expense based on the grant-date estimated fair values. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. For restricted stock units and restricted stock awards, the fair value is based on the grant date fair value of the award. The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock option awards, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, generally three to four years . Forfeitures are recorded as they occur. In 2022 and 2021, the Company issued stock options and restricted stock that have performance-based vesting conditions. For awards that include a performance condition, if the performance condition is determined to be probable of being satisfied, the Company recognizes compensation expense related to such awards using the accelerated attribution method over the required performance period. If a performance condition is not probable of being met, no compensation cost is recognized. The Company did not issue any stock options or restricted stock that had performance based vesting conditions for the year ended December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 14, "Equity Incentive Plan" for further details. Foreign Currency The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiary is the respective local currency. Translation adjustments arising from the use of a differing exchange rate from period to period are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within the consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in interest and other, net in the consolidated statements of operations and were not material during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021. All assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate during the period. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. The Company estimates actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differences in accounting for reporting purposes and tax purposes for certain items, such as accruals and allowances not currently deductible for tax purposes. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the Company’s balance sheets. In general, deferred tax assets represent future tax benefits to be received when certain expenses previously recognized in the Company’s statements of operations and comprehensive loss become deductible expenses under applicable income tax laws or when net operating loss or credit carryforwards are utilized. Accordingly, realization of the Company’s deferred tax assets is dependent on future taxable income against which these deductions, losses and credits can be utilized. The Company must assess the likelihood that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent the Company believes that recovery is not likely, the Company establishes a valuation allowance. The assessment of whether a valuation allowance is required often requires significant judgment including current and historical operating results, the forecast of future taxable income and on-going prudent and feasible tax planning initiatives. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. The Company did not accrue any interest or penalties related to income tax positions during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. Refer to Note 11, "Commitments and Contingencies" for more details. 93 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Net Loss Per Share The Company computes basic and diluted net loss per share in conformity with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share.” Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period without consideration for potentially dilutive securities as they do not share in losses. Under the if-converted method, shares related to convertible notes, to the extent dilutive, are assumed to be converted into common stock at the beginning of the period. For purposes of this calculation, options to purchase common stock, common stock warrants, and unvested restricted stock units are considered common stock equivalents but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share as the effect is antidilutive. Refer to Note 18, "Net Loss Per Share" for further details. 3. Segment and Geographic Revenue The Company operates as a single operating segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its chief executive officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, assessing financial performance, and allocating resources. All material long-lived assets are based in the United States. Revenue by geography is generally based on the address of the customer as defined in the contract with the customer. The following table sets forth revenue by geographic region (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 North America $ 272,727 $ 207,746 $ 104,740 Europe, Middle East and Africa 19,159 12,044 4,144 Other international regions 12,632 8,515 3,759 Total revenue $ 304,518 $ 228,305 $ 112,643 4. Deferred Revenue The following table represents a roll forward of the Company’s deferred revenue (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Deferred revenue, beginning of period $ 32,762 $ 13,929 Acquired deferred revenue — 10,203 Additions to deferred revenue 229,871 213,748 Recognized revenue in the period ( 226,859 ) ( 205,118 ) Deferred revenue, end of period $ 35,774 $ 32,762 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $ 30.1 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $ 13.9 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2021. 94 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 5. Costs Capitalized to Obtain Contracts The following table represents a roll forward of the Company’s costs capitalized to obtain contracts, net (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Capitalized costs to obtain contracts, beginning of period $ 2,064 $ 1,649 Acquired costs capitalized to obtain contracts — 1,184 Additions to capitalized costs to obtain contracts 1,905 2,159 Amortization of capitalized costs to obtain contracts ( 2,125 ) ( 2,928 ) Capitalized costs to obtain contracts, end of period $ 1,844 $ 2,064 6. Fair Value Measurements The fair value of these instruments as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are classified as follows (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Money market funds $ 41,981 $ — $ — $ 41,981 Total assets $ 41,981 $ — $ — $ 41,981 Liabilities: Derivative liability (Note 10) $ — $ — $ 217 $ 217 Convertible notes (Note 9) — — 3,449 3,449 Total liabilities $ — $ — $ 3,666 $ 3,666 As of December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Money market funds $ 61,227 $ — $ — $ 61,227 Total assets $ 61,227 $ — $ — $ 61,227 Liabilities: Derivative liability (Note 10) $ — $ — $ 101 $ 101 Convertible notes (Note 9) — — 6,938 6,938 Total liabilities $ — $ — $ 7,039 $ 7,039 The change in fair value of the Level 3 instruments were as follows (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 Derivative liability (Note 10) Convertible notes (Note 9) Fair value, beginning of the year $ 101 $ 6,938 Vesting of revesting notes — 72 Changes in fair value 116 684 Forfeiture of convertible notes — ( 326 ) Repayment of convertible notes (Note 9) — ( 3,919 ) Fair value, end of period $ 217 $ 3,449 95 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements As of December 31, 2022 Derivative liability (Note 10) Convertible notes (Note 9) Contingent consideration Fair value, beginning of the year $ 1,396 $ 12,293 $ 9,500 Vesting of revesting notes — 137 — Forfeiture of revesting notes — ( 235 ) — Repayment of convertible notes (Note 9) — ( 3,471 ) — Changes in fair value ( 1,295 ) ( 1,786 ) ( 5,279 ) Issuance of common stock in settlement of contingent consideration — — ( 4,221 ) Fair value, end of period $ 101 $ 6,938 $ — For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a loss associated with the change in fair value of the derivative liability and convertible notes of $ 0.1 million and $ 0.7 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had recorded a gain associated with the change in fair value of the derivative liability and convertible notes of $ 1.3 million and $ 1.8 million, respectively. The amounts have been recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had recorded a gain associated with the change in fair value of the contingent consideration of $ 5.3 million. The amounts have been recorded in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. 7. Business Combinations Jio, Inc. On September 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Jiobit, a privately held consumer electronics company that specializes in the production of low powered sensors and wearables. The company is based in Chicago, Illinois and was founded in 2015. Jiobit has developed a small and long-lasting tracking solution. The mobile app, which is run through a wireless subscription service, offers a comprehensive set of monitoring and notification features. The addition of Jiobit is expected to strengthen and extend the Company’s market leadership position by leveraging Jiobit’s developed technology and customer relationships to accelerate the Company’s own product development and augment the Company with a critical mass of talent with strong tracking/wearables experience. The aggregate purchase consideration was $ 43.2 million, of which $ 7.3 million was paid in cash, $ 5.9 of contingent consideration was payable upon reaching certain operational goals for 2021 and 2022, $ 11.6 million representing the fair value of the September 2021 Convertible Notes, $ 4.0 million representing forgiveness of Jiobit’s convertible debt held by the Company, $ 0.6 million comprised of 25,245 vested common stock options issued to Jiobit employees, and $ 13.8 million comprised of 674,516 shares of the Company’s common stock. Of the consideration transferred, $ 0.2 million in cash was placed in an indemnity escrow fund to be held for eighteen months after the acquisition date for general representations and warranties. The September 2021 Convertible Notes issued as part of the purchase consideration can be converted to common stock at any time subsequent to the acquisition at a fixed conversion price of $ 22.50 per share. On each of the first three annual anniversaries of the issuance date of the September 2021 Convertible Notes, the Company will repay 1/3rd of the unconverted principal plus accrued interest to the holders of such notes. Upon a change of control, the holder may elect to either convert at the fixed conversion price of $ 22.50 per share or be repaid in full. The Company has elected the fair value option and will remeasure the September 2021 Convertible Notes at their fair value on each reporting date and reflect the changes in fair value in earnings. The estimated fair value of the September 2021 Convertible Notes is determined using a combination of the present value of the cash flows and the Black-Scholes option pricing model using assumptions as follows: 96 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements As of December 31, As of December 31, As of September 1, 2023 2022 2021 Principal $ 3,365 $ 6,730 $ 11,206 Interest rate 5.7 % 6.6 % 4.5 % Common stock fair value per share 15.46 9.94 20.49 Conversion price per share 22.50 22.50 22.50 Risk-free interest rate 4.96 % 4.50 % 0.45 % Time to exercise (in years) 0.7 1.7 3 Volatility 29 % 53 % 37 % Annual dividend yield 0 % 0 % 0 % A total of $ 6.2 million was excluded from purchase consideration which consists of $ 1.9 million comprised of 91,217 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Revesting Stock” – Note 14) and $ 1.6 million comprised of convertible notes (“Revesting Notes”) issued to key employees, retention bonuses of $ 1.0 million, and $ 0.5 million comprised of 43,083 unvested common stock options issued to Jiobit employees (“Unvested Replacement Awards” – Note 14). The Company incurred transaction related expenses of $ 1.0 million, which were expensed as incurred and recorded under general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Revesting Stock and Revesting Notes are restricted and vest with continuous employment of certain key employees over a 3 -year period subsequent to the acquisition. The Revesting Stock is recognized in general and administrative expense as the Revesting Stock vests. In April 2022, one of the key employees exited the Company, and so the entirety of their Revesting Notes and Revesting Stock were forfeited. The Company recorded $ 0.3 million credit to stock-based compensation included in general and administrative expense related to the forfeiture of their Revesting Stock and $ 0.3 million credit to compensation included in general and administrative expense related to the forfeiture of their Revesting Notes. In January 2023, the other key employee exited the Company. As part of such employee’s separation agreement, the Company recorded $ 0.2 million to compensation included in general and administrative expense related to their Revesting Stock. Additionally, in accordance with their separation agreement, their Revesting Notes are due in their entirety at the maturity date and the Company recorded $ 0.1 million of compensation expense included in general and administrative expense. The Company recorded $ 0.2 million, $ 0.2 million and $ 0.2 million as stock-based compensation included in general and administrative expense related to the vesting of the Revesting Stock for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company records the Revesting Notes at fair value and will remeasure the Revesting Notes at fair value on each reporting date. The Revesting Notes are recognized in general and administrative expense. As the Revesting Notes vest, the changes in fair value are recorded as general and administrative expense with a corresponding entry to convertible notes. The estimated fair value of the Revesting Notes is determined using a combination of the present value of the Revesting Notes cash flows and the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The terms of the Revesting Notes are consistent with the terms of the September 2021 Convertible Notes. The Company recorded $ 0.1 million, $ 0.2 million and $ 0.2 million as general and administrative and expense related to the changes in fair value of Revesting Notes during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The retention bonuses are recognized in prepaid expenses and other assets, noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheet and vest monthly over a period of 24 months and require continuous employment. The expense associated with the Unvested Replacement Awards is recognized as stock-based compensation ratably over the remaining service period. As of December 31, 2023, all retention bonuses have been recognized and none remain outstanding on the consolidated balance sheets. 97 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The 2021 and 2022 contingent consideration is based on the achievement of a Qualifying Units Sold Target for the period January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021 (“2021 Contingent Consideration”) and for the period January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 (“2022 Contingent Consideration,” collectively, “Contingent Consideration”). The Contingent Consideration consists of 301,261 and 451,891 shares for 2021 and 2022, respectively, with the amount paid equal to the attainment relative to target in each year and settled in shares of the Company’s common stock. The Contingent Consideration shares payable is determined based on the percentage achievement relative to the target in each period, respectively, with greater than 100 % attainment resulting in 100 % payment, 90 % to 100 % attainment resulting in the number of shares equal to the percentage attainment, and less than 90 % attainment equal to no consideration. The Contingent Consideration is held at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in general and administrative expense. The estimated fair value of the Contingent Consideration is determined by using a Monte Carlo simulation scenario-based analysis that estimates the fair value of the Contingent Consideration based on the probability-weighted present value of the expected future cash flows, considering possible outcomes based on actual and forecasted results. The estimated fair value of the 2021 and 2022 Contingent Consideration upon issuance was $ 0.1 million and $ 5.8 million, respectively. The estimated fair value of the 2021 and 2022 Contingent Consideration as of December 31, 2021 was $ 6.3 million and $ 3.1 million, respectively. The Company recorded a $ 5.3 million gain and $ 3.6 million loss within general and administrative expense related to the change in the fair value of the Contingent Consideration during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The 2021 and 2022 Contingent Consideration was settled during the year ended December 31, 2022. In April 2022, the Board of Directors and previous Jiobit shareholders approved an amendment to the 2021 Contingent Consideration. The 2021 Contingent Consideration was amended to 50 % of the total potential amount of which 376,573 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued to shareholders. The fair value of the common stock of $ 4.2 million was recorded to additional paid-in capital and the contingent consideration liability was reversed. As of December 31, 2022, the Contingent Consideration was zero as it was fully settled in April 2022. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination. The total purchase price of $ 43.2 million was allocated to the net tangible and intangible assets and liabilities based on their estimated fair values on the acquisition date and the excess was recorded to goodwill. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition were recorded at their fair value on the date of acquisition as follows (in thousands): Fair Value Net tangible assets $ 5,986 Intangible assets 8,400 Goodwill 30,363 Liabilities assumed ( 1,551 ) Total acquisition consideration $ 43,198 The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets acquired (in thousands) and their estimated useful lives as of the date of acquisition: Fair Value Estimated Useful Life (in years) Developed technology $ 4,030 5 Trade name 3,380 10 Customer relationships 990 10 Total identified intangible assets $ 8,400 Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets that could not be individually identified and separately recognized, such as the acquired assembled workforce of Jiobit. In addition, goodwill represents the future benefits as a result of the acquisition that will enhance the Company’s product available to both new and existing customers and increase the Company’s competitive position. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. 98 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements In 2022, the Company estimated and recorded a net deferred tax liability of $ 0.1 million after offsetting the acquired available tax attributes with the intangible assets shown in the table above. Refer to Note 15 “Income Taxes” for discussion of the partial release of the Company’s valuation allowance relating to the deferred tax liability. The results of operations of Jiobit are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss from the date of acquisition. Jio, Inc. Pro Forma Financial Information (Unaudited) The following table presents unaudited supplemental pro forma financial information as if the acquisition of Jio, Inc. had occurred on January 1, 2021. The unaudited pro forma results set forth below are for informational purposes only and are based on estimates and assumptions that have been made solely for purposes of developing such pro forma results, including: (i) amortization associated with acquired intangible assets and (ii) the inclusion of acquisition costs as of the period presented. The unaudited pro forma results do not give effect to management adjustments, including the potential impact of current financial conditions or any anticipated revenue enhancements, cost savings or operating synergies that may have resulted from the transaction. The unaudited pro forma results set forth below are not necessarily indicative of what results would have been had the acquisition been consummated on January 1, 2021. Year Ended December 31, 2021 (unaudited, in thousands) Revenues $ 116,330 Net loss $ ( 37,356 ) 99 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Tile, Inc. On January 5, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Tile, Inc., a privately held consumer electronics company. The company is based in San Mateo, California and was founded in 2012. Tile is a smart location company whose products include a Bluetooth enabled device and related accessories that work in tandem with the Tile application (the “Application”), to enable its customers to locate lost or misplaced objects. Tile offers a comprehensive list of products to use with the application, along with optional subscription services to enhance features offered for Tile products. The addition of Tile is expected to strengthen and extend Life360’s market leadership position by leveraging Tile’s developed technology and customer relationships to accelerate the Company’s own product development and augment the Life360 team with a critical mass of talent. The aggregate purchase consideration was $ 173.5 million, of which $ 158.1 million was paid in cash and $ 15.4 million paid in equity. The $ 15.4 million in equity was comprised of 780,593 shares of the Company’s common stock valued on the date of acquisition and 534,465 shares of common stock contingent consideration which was promised upon reaching certain operational goals. Of the consideration transferred, $ 14.1 million in cash and 84,524 common shares were placed in an indemnity escrow fund to be held for fifteen months after the acquisition date for general representations and warranties. A total of $ 35.0 million was excluded from purchase consideration which consists of retention compensation of 1,499,349 shares of retention restricted stock units valued at $ 29.6 million, $ 0.4 million related to 38,730 vested common stock options issued to Tile employees as stock-based compensation on the acquisition date and change in control bonuses of $ 3.0 million which were recognized as compensation expense on the consolidated statements of operations on the acquisition date. The Company incurred transaction related expenses of $ 1.7 million, which were recorded under general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The remaining costs excluded from purchase consideration were a result of 1,561 shares granted to key employee and vested based continued employment and 4,784 shares of contingent consideration granted to a key employee and vested based on continued employment. Of the 1,499,349 shares of retention restricted stock units, 787,446 shares valued at $ 15.6 million contained performance vesting criteria based on the achievement of certain company milestones, and were scheduled to vest over a two year period. As of March 31, 2022, the vesting criteria had not been met and all 787,446 restricted stock units were forfeited. The remaining retention restricted stock units of 711,903 shares vest over a two to four year period. The contingent consideration was based on the Company’s achievement of certain targets for revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization for the three months ended December 31, 2021 and the three months ended March 31, 2022. The Company ascribed no value to the contingent consideration. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination and the total purchase consideration was allocated to the net tangible and intangible assets and liabilities based on their fair values on the acquisition date and the excess was recorded to goodwill. The provisional values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were based on estimates of fair value available and were finalized as of January 5, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company made a measurement period adjustment to the preliminary purchase price allocation which included: (i) a decrease to goodwill of $ 0.5 million, (ii) an increase to deferred revenue of $ 1.3 million, and (iii) an increase to inventory of $ 0.8 million. The measurement period adjustment was made to reflect facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and is reflected in the table below. 100 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition were recorded at their fair value on the date of acquisition, inclusive of the measurement period adjustments, as follows (in thousands): Fair Value Cash $ 32,997 Restricted cash 1,050 Accounts receivable 27,826 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 5,004 Inventory 8,320 Property and equipment 570 Prepaid expenses and other assets, noncurrent 482 Intangible assets 52,700 Goodwill 102,547 Accounts payable ( 23,197 ) Accrued expenses and other current liabilities ( 24,613 ) Deferred revenue ( 10,203 ) Total acquisition consideration $ 173,483 The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets acquired and their estimated useful lives as of the date of acquisition: Fair Value (in thousands) Estimated Useful Life (in years) Developed technology $ 18,400 5 Trade name 20,000 10 Customer relationships 14,300 8 Total identified intangible assets $ 52,700 Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets that could not be individually identified and separately recognized, such as the acquired assembled workforce of Tile. In addition, goodwill represents the future benefits as a result of the acquisition that will enhance the Company’s product available to both new and existing customers and increase the Company’s competitive position. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The results of operations of Tile are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss from the date of acquisition. 101 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Tile, Inc. Pro Forma Financial Information (Unaudited) The following table presents unaudited supplemental pro forma financial information as if the acquisition of Tile, Inc. had occurred on January 1, 2021. The unaudited pro forma results set forth below are for informational purposes only and are based on estimates and assumptions that have been made solely for purposes of developing such pro forma results, including: (i) amortization associated with acquired intangible assets; (ii) to adjust for amortization expense recorded by Tile, Inc. associated with deferred costs of revenue which were not acquired by the Company; (iii) recognition of post-combination stock-based compensation expense; (iv) the inclusion of acquisition costs as of the period presented; and (v) the associated tax impact of the acquisition and the unaudited pro forma adjustments. The unaudited pro forma results do not give effect to management adjustments, including the potential impact of current financial conditions or any anticipated revenue enhancements, cost savings or operating synergies that may have resulted from the transaction and are not necessarily indicative of what results would have been had the acquisition been consummated on January 1, 2021. Given the acquisition of Tile, Inc. took place on January 5, 2022, substantially all of the financial results of Tile, Inc. have been incorporated into the consolidated financial results for the year ended December 31, 2022. The difference between actual financial results and pro forma results is immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2022. The results are consolidated for December 31, 2023, hence there is no difference between pro forma and actual results. Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 (unaudited, in thousands) Revenues $ 228,305 $ 218,236 Net loss $ ( 91,629 ) $ ( 78,448 ) 8. Balance Sheet Components Accounts receivable, net Accounts receivable, net consists of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 2022 Accounts receivable $ 42,274 $ 33,219 Allowance for credit losses ( 94 ) ( 94 ) Accounts receivable, net $ 42,180 $ 33,125 Inventory Inventory consists of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 2022 Raw materials $ 298 $ 3,063 Finished goods 3,801 7,763 Total inventory $ 4,099 $ 10,826 102 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Company recorded a raw materials inventory write-off of $ 0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The write-off resulted from a decision made during the three months ended March 31, 2023 to discontinue a product line in the Company’s product roadmap. The raw materials have no alternative use and have been fully written off for the year ended December 31, 2023. There were no additional inventory write-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023, and there were no inventory write-offs recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 2022 Prepaid expenses $ 14,520 $ 6,925 Other receivables 654 1,623 Total prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 15,174 $ 8,548 Prepaid expenses primarily consist of certain cloud platform and customer service program costs. Other receivables primarily consist of refunds owed to the Company and other amounts which the Company may receive in future months. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 2022 Computer equipment $ 297 $ 276 Leasehold improvements 100 100 Production manufacturing equipment 839 624 Construction in progress 249 — Furniture and fixtures 29 9 Total property and equipment, gross 1,514 1,009 Less: accumulated depreciation ( 784 ) ( 616 ) Total property and equipment, net $ 730 $ 393 Depreciation expense was $ 0.1 million, $ 0.5 million, and $ 0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 , respectively. Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets, noncurrent Prepaid expenses and other assets, noncurrent consist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 2022 Prepaid expenses, noncurrent $ 1,353 $ 1,524 Investment 5,474 5,474 Other assets 21 136 Total prepaid expenses and other assets, noncurrent $ 6,848 $ 7,134 Prepaid expenses, noncurrent primarily consist of cloud platform costs. Investment relates to warrants to purchase shares of preferred stock of a current Data Revenue Partner. Refer to Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for additional information. 103 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Leases The Company leases office space under a non-cancelable operating lease with a remaining lease term of up to 2.9 years, includes the option to extend the lease. In May 2023, the Company amended its lease agreement for its headquarter office space located in San Mateo, California. The amendment extended the lease term to November 2026, reduced the Company’s leased office space and reduced the monthly lease payments. As a result, the associated right-of-use asset and lease liability were remeasured and the right-of-use asset and lease liability increased by $ 1.1 million and $ 1.1 million, respectively, upon the remeasurement date. The Company has recognized an operating lease right-of-use (ROU) asset and short term lease liabilities of $ 1.0 million and $ 0.3 million in “Operating lease right-of-use asset” and “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities,” respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. The Company has recognized a long-term lease liability of $ 0.7 million in “Other liabilities, noncurrent” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. The Company has recognized an operating lease ROU asset, and short term lease liabilities of $ 0.8 million and $ 0.8 million in “Operating lease right-of-use asset” and “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities , ” respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. No long-term lease liabilities were recorded within “Other liabilities, noncurrent,” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. The Company did not have any finance leases as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. Operating lease costs were as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Operating lease cost (1) $ 924 $ 2,345 $ 1,470 (1) Amounts include short-term leases, which are immaterial. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, payments for operating leases included in cash from operating activities were $ 0.9 million, $ 2.4 million and $ 1.6 million, respectively. Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows (in thousands, except lease term): As of December 31, As of December 31, 2023 2022 Operating lease right-of-use asset $ 1,014 $ 802 Operating lease liability, current (included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities) 335 813 Operating lease liability, noncurrent (included in other liabilities, noncurrent) 723 — Weighted-average remaining term for operating lease (in years) 2.9 0.8 The weighted-average discount rate used to measure the present value of the operating lease liabilities was 5.0 %, respectively. 104 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023, were as follows (in thousands): Operating leases 2024 $ 379 2025 390 2026 367 2027 — 2028 — Thereafter — Total future minimum lease payments 1,136 Less imputed interest ( 78 ) Total operating lease liability $ 1,058 Intangible Assets, net Intangible assets, net consists of the following (in thousands): As of December 31 2023, Gross Accumulated Amortization Net Trade name $ 23,380 $ ( 4,762 ) $ 18,618 Technology 22,430 ( 9,191 ) 13,239 Customer relationships 15,290 ( 3,782 ) 11,508 Internal use software 2,416 ( 340 ) 2,076 Total $ 63,516 $ ( 18,075 ) $ 45,441 As of December 31 2022, Gross Accumulated Amortization Net Trade name $ 23,380 $ ( 2,424 ) $ 20,956 Technology 22,430 ( 4,705 ) 17,725 Customer relationships 15,290 ( 1,895 ) 13,395 Internal use software 701 ( 78 ) 623 Total $ 61,801 $ ( 9,102 ) $ 52,699 Amortization expense was $ 9.0 million, $ 8.7 million, and $ 0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, estimated remaining amortization expense for intangible assets by fiscal year is as follows (in thousands): Amount 2024 $ 9,472 2025 9,446 2026 8,891 2027 4,328 2028 4,225 Thereafter 9,079 Total future amortization expense $ 45,441 105 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The weighted-average remaining useful lives of the Company’s acquired intangible assets are as follows: Weighted-Average Remaining Useful Life As of December 31, 2023 2022 Trade name 8.0 years 9.0 years Technology 2.9 years 3.9 years Customer relationships 6.1 years 7.1 years Internal use software 3.6 years 2.8 years Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities Accrued expenses and other liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 2022 Accrued vendor expenses $ 10,020 $ 4,868 Accrued compensation 3,349 3,900 Customer related promotions and discounts 9,049 10,871 Operating lease liability 335 813 Sales return reserves 3,285 2,952 Other current liabilities 1,500 3,611 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 27,538 $ 27,015 Other current liabilities primarily relate to warranty liabilities related to the Company’s hardware tracking devices, inventory received not yet billed, and sales tax payable. Escrow Liability The escrow liability as of December 31, 2022 relates to restricted cash associated with the Tile Acquisition, $ 13.1 million, and Jiobit Acquisition, $ 0.2 million, placed in an indemnity escrow fund to be held for fifteen months and eighteen months , respectively, after the acquisition date for general representations and warranties. The initial balances were included within total consideration transferred. As of December 31, 2023, all escrow liabilities had been released and paid as scheduled. Other Liabilities, noncurrent Other noncurrent liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 2022 Deposit liabilities $ — $ 78 Other liabilities, noncurrent — 498 Operating lease liability 723 — Total other liabilities, noncurrent $ 723 $ 576 106 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 9. Convertible Notes July 2021 Convertible Notes In July 2021, the Company issued the July 2021 Convertible Notes to investors with an underlying principal amount of $ 2.1 million. The July 2021 Convertible Notes accrue simple interest at an annual rate of 4 % and mature on July 1, 2026. The July 2021 Convertible Notes may be settled under the following scenarios at the option of the holder: (i) at any time into common shares equal to the conversion amount of outstanding principal and any accrued but unpaid interest divided by the conversion price of $ 11.96 ; (ii) at the option of the holder upon a liquidation event a) paid in cash equal to the outstanding principal and any accrued but unpaid interest or b) into common shares equal to the conversion amount of outstanding principal and any accrued but unpaid interest divided by the conversion price of $ 11.96 ; or (iii) upon maturity, settlement in cash at the outstanding accrued interest and principal amount. Certain conversion and redemption features of the July 2021 Convertible Notes were determined to not be clearly and closely associated with the risk of the debt-type host instrument and were required to be separately accounted for as derivative financial instruments. The Company bifurcated these embedded conversion and redemption (“Embedded Derivatives”) features and classified these as liabilities measured at fair value. The fair value of the derivative liability of $ 0.7 million was recorded separate from the July 2021 Convertible Notes with an offsetting amount recorded as a debt discount. The debt discount is amortized over the estimated life of the debt using the straight-line method, as the value attributable to the July 2021 Convertible Notes was zero upon issuance. As of December 31, 2023 the unamortized amount and net carrying value of the July 2021 Convertible Notes is $ 1.1 million and $ 1.1 million, respectively. The amount by which July 2021 Convertible Notes if-converted value exceeds its principal is $ 0.6 million as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022 the unamortized amount and net carrying value of the July 2021 Convertible Notes was $ 1.5 million and $ 0.6 million, respectively. The amount by which July 2021 Convertible Notes if-converted value exceeds its principal was $ 0.4 million as of December 31, 2022. In connection with the July 2021 Convertible Notes, the Company issued warrants to purchase 88,213 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $ 0.01 per share and a term of one year (Warrant Tranche 1), 44,106 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $ 11.96 per share and a term of five years (Warrant Tranche 2), and 44,106 shares of the Company’s common stock which is exercisable starting twelve months from the issuance date with an exercise price of $ 11.96 per share and a term of five years (Warrant Tranche 3). The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing method, with the following assumptions: Warrants Tranche 1 Warrants Tranche 2 Warrants Tranche 3 Fair market value of common stock $ 15.36 $ 15.36 $ 15.36 Expected dividend yield 0 % 0 % 0 % Risk-free interest rate 0.09 % 0.89 % 0.89 % Expected volatility 52.00 % 47.40 % 47.40 % Expected term (in years) 1 5 5 The warrants were recorded to additional paid-in capital during the year ended December 31, 2021. The relative fair value of the warrants issued in connection with the July 2021 Convertible Notes was $ 0.8 million and was recorded as a debt discount that is being amortized to interest expense under the straight-line method over the term of respective convertible notes. As a result of the beneficial conversion feature associated with the July 2021 Convertible Notes, $ 0.6 million was added to additional paid-in capital during the year ended December 31, 2021. The beneficial conversion feature was recorded as a debt discount and is being amortized to interest expense under the straight-line method over the term of the respective notes. 107 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Company recognized a total of $ 0.4 million, $ 0.4 million, and $ 0.2 million in non-cash interest expense related to the July 2021 Convertible Notes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Company has also issued convertible notes, September 2021 Convertible Notes, in connection with an acquisition. Refer to Note 7, "Business Combinations" for further details. Convertible notes, current and noncurrent consist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2023 2022 Convertible notes, current: September 2021 Convertible Notes $ 3,449 $ 3,455 Revesting Notes — 58 Convertible notes, noncurrent: — — July 2021 Convertible Notes 1,056 635 September 2021 Convertible Notes — 3,396 Revesting Notes — 29 Total convertible notes $ 4,505 $ 7,573 The contractual future principal payments for all convertible notes as of December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands): Amount 2024 $ 3,365 2025 — 2026 2,110 2027 — 2028 — Thereafter — Total principal outstanding 5,475 Fair value adjustment ( 970 ) Total convertible notes $ 4,505 10. Derivative Liability The Company’s derivative liability represents embedded share-settled redemption features bifurcated from its July 2021 Convertible Notes and is carried at fair value. The changes in the fair value of the derivative liability are recorded in other income (expense), net of the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Estimating fair values of derivative financial instruments requires the development of significant and subjective estimates that may, and are likely to, change over the duration of the instrument with related changes in internal and external market factors. Since derivative financial instruments are initially and subsequently carried at fair value, the Company’s income will reflect the volatility in these estimate and assumption changes. The features embedded in the July 2021 Convertible Notes are combined into one compound Embedded Derivative. The fair value of the Embedded Derivative was estimated based on the present value of the redemption discount applied to the principal amount of the July 2021 Convertible Notes adjusted to reflect the weighted probability of exercise. The discount rate was based on the risk-free interest rate. Upon the issuance of the convertible notes, the Company recorded a derivative liability of $ 0.7 million at fair value using inputs classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of the derivative liability was $ 0.2 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively. Refer to Note 6, "Fair Value Measurements" for further details. 108 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 11. Commitments and Contingencies Purchase Commitments The Company has contractual commitments with our cloud platform provider and contract manufacturer that are non-cancellable. As of December 31, 2023, future non-cancellable commitments under these arrangements were as follows (in thousands): Amount 2024 $ 29,727 2025 25,000 2026 25,500 2027 26,000 Total purchase commitments $ 106,227 Contingencies From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of business activities. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made, and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. The Company is not subject to any current pending legal matters or claims that the Company believes could have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Indemnification The Company enters into standard indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to its technology. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual after the execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future but have not yet been made. The Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of the individual. No amounts associated with such indemnifications have been recorded to date. Litigation Occasionally, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings, claims and government investigations in the ordinary course of business. The outcome of litigation and other legal matters is inherently uncertain, though the Company intends to vigorously defend the matters. In making a determination regarding accruals, using available information, the Company evaluates the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome in legal or regulatory proceedings to which the Company is a party and records a loss contingency when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonable estimated. When the Company determines an unfavorable outcome is not probable or reasonably estimable the Company does not accrue for any potential litigation loss. Actual outcomes of these legal and regulatory proceedings may materially differ from the Company’s estimates. 109 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements On March 12, 2019, a former alleged competitor of Tile, Cellwitch, Inc, filed a patent infringement claim against Tile in the U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, seeking permanent injunction and damages. On December 18, 2019, Tile filed an inter partes review petition with the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) challenging the validity of the patent. On May 13, 2021, the PTAB issued a Final Written Decision on Tile’s inter partes review petition (the “Final Written Decision”), finding a majority of the claims invalid. The Final Written Decision was affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on May 13, 2022. The case is currently in trial court. The claim construction hearing took place on January 18, 2024, and the parties currently await the court's order from that hearing. At this time, a loss is not probable nor estimable, so no legal accrual has been recorded on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023. A purported class action (E.S. v. Life360, Inc.) alleging a single cause of action for unjust enrichment was filed against Life360 on January 12, 2023 seeking equitable relief purportedly arising out of Life360’s historic data sales. Plaintiff dismissed these claims on November 3, 2023 and we settled the matter for an immaterial amount. No additional litigation reserve was recorded on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023. No litigation reserve was recorded on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. 12. Common Stock As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had 108,592 shares of common stock subject to the Company’s right to repurchase. In November 2022, the Company issued a total of 2,645,503 common shares raising proceeds before issuance costs of $ 33.3 million. The Company has reserved shares of common stock, on an as if converted basis, for issuance as follows: As of December 31, 2023 2022 Issuances under stock incentive plan 6,625,812 8,180,840 Issuances upon exercise of common stock warrants 137,658 137,658 Issuances upon vesting of restricted stock units 6,182,543 6,779,892 Issuances of convertible notes 325,981 516,758 Shares reserved for shares available to be granted but not granted yet 16,882,215 396,347 30,154,209 16,011,495 13. Warrants As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had outstanding warrants to purchase 137,658 and 137,658 shares of Company common stock, respectively with exercise prices ranging from $ 2.28 to $ 11.96 and expiry dates ranging from 2024 to 2026. Refer to Note 9 “Convertible Notes” for further details. 14. Equity Incentive Plan 2011 Equity Incentive Plan The Company’s 2011 Stock Plan was originally adopted by the Company’s Board of Directors on July 27, 2011 and the Company’s stockholders on October 11, 2011, and most recently amended and restated, and adopted by the Board of Directors on March 10, 2020 and the Company’s stockholders on July 21, 2020 (as restated, the “Plan”). The Plan allows the Company to grant restricted stock units, restricted stock and stock options to employees and consultants of the Company and any of the Company’s parent, subsidiaries, or affiliates, and to the members of the Board of Directors. Options granted under the Plan may be either incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options. Incentive stock options (“ISOs”), may be granted only to employees of the Company or any of the Company’s parent or subsidiaries (including officers and directors who are also employees). Nonqualified stock options (“NSOs”), may be granted to any person eligible for grants under the Plan. 110 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Board of Directors determines the period over which options vest and become exercisable. Options issued under the Plan generally are exercisable for periods not to exceed ten years and generally vest over a 4 -year period with 25 % vesting after one year and the remainder vesting monthly thereafter in equal installments. The Board of Directors also determines the term of options, provided the maximum term for ISOs granted to a 10% stockholder must be no longer than 5 years from date of grant and the maximum term for all other options must be no longer than 10 years from date of grant. If an option holder’s service terminates, options generally terminate 3 months from the date of termination except under certain circumstances such as death or disability. The following summary of stock option activity for the periods presented is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data): Number of Shares Underlying Outstanding Options Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Balance as of December 31, 2022 8,180,840 $ 7.05 5.61 $ 40,827 Options granted — — Options exercised ( 935,045 ) 6.25 Options cancelled/forfeited ( 619,983 ) 13.15 Balance as of December 31, 2023 6,625,812 6.57 4.68 59,957 Exercisable as of December 31, 2023 5,506,657 $ 5.54 4.65 $ 55,258 As of December 31, 2023, there was total unrecognized compensation cost for outstanding stock options of $ 4.1 million to be recognized over a period of approximately 1.9 years. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 23,246,474 shares reserved for issuance and 16,882,215 shares available for issuance under the Plan. There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023. Stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 had a weighted average grant date fair value of $ 8.33 , and $ 12.65 per share, respectively. The intrinsic values of outstanding, vested, and exercisable options were determined by multiplying the number of shares by the difference in exercise price of the options and the fair value of the common stock as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 of $ 15.46 , $ 9.94 , and 21.16 per share, respectively. The intrinsic value of the options exercised represents the difference between the exercise price and the fair market value on the date of exercise. The total intrinsic value of the options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $ 7.7 million $ 4.1 million, and $ 15.1 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of the vested options based on the market value of the common stock as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $ 5.8 million, $ 29.3 million, and $ 80.6 million, respectively. The following summary of Restricted Stock Units (“RSU”) activity for the periods presented is as follows: Number of Shares Weighted average grant date fair value Balance as of December 31, 2022 6,779,892 $ 11.58 RSU granted 3,779,399 13.15 RSU vested and settled ( 3,123,054 ) 12.54 RSU cancelled/forfeited ( 1,253,694 ) 11.89 Balance as of December 31, 2023 6,182,543 $ 12.67 As of December 31, 2023, there was unrecognized compensation cost for outstanding restricted stock units of $ 61.3 million to be recognized over a period of approximately 2.8 years. 111 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The number of RSUs vested and settled includes shares of common stock that the Company withheld on behalf of employees to satisfy the minimum statutory tax withholding requirements. RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 had a weighted average grant date fair value of $ 13.15 , $ 12.13 , and $ 14.86 per share, respectively. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $ 39.2 million, $ 12.0 million, and $ 14.0 million, respectively. Stock Options Granted to Employees The fair value of the employee stock options granted is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, based on the following assumptions: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Expected terms (in years) N/A 3.87 4.24 Expected volatility N/A 65 % 49 % Risk-free interest rate N/A 2.22 % 0.68 % Expected dividend rate N/A 0 % 0 % Fair Value of Common Stock : Since the listing of our CDIs on the ASX, the fair value of common stock is based on the closing price of our CDIs on the ASX as reported in Australian dollars, adjusted to reflect the CDI/per share of common stock ratio in effect, and translated to U.S. dollars based on the date of grant of our common stock. Expected Term : The expected term for employees is based on the simplified method, as the Company’s stock options have the following characteristics: (i) granted at-the-money; (ii) exercisability is conditional upon service through the vesting date; (iii) termination of service prior to vesting results in forfeiture; (iv) limited exercise period following termination of service; and (v) options are non-transferable and non-hedgeable, or “plain vanilla” options, and the Company has limited history of exercise data. The expected term for non-employees is based on the remaining contractual term. Expected Volatility : Since we have limited trading history of CDIs, interests in our common stock, the expected volatility is determined based on the historical stock volatilities of our comparable companies, and the Company’s trading data since listing on the ASX. Comparable companies consist of public companies in our industry, which are similar in size, stage of life cycle and financial leverage. The Company will continue to analyze the historical stock price volatility and expected term assumptions as more historical data for the Company’s common stock becomes available. Risk-Free Interest Rate: The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury constant maturity rates with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the options. Expected Dividend Rate : The Company has never paid any dividends and does not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, an expected dividend rate of zero is used in the valuation model. Equity Awards Issued in Connection with Business Combinations Jio, Inc. In connection with the Jiobit Acquisition in September 2021, the Company issued 91,217 shares of restricted common stock with an aggregate fair value of $ 1.9 million to be recognized as post combination stock-based compensation ratably with continuous employment of certain employees over a 3 -year period. As of December 31, 2023, there was zero unrecognized compensation expense related to the restricted common stock, as a result of the termination of certain employees. As of December 31, 2022, there was $ 0.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to this restricted common stock which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average life of 1.7 years. 112 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Additionally, the Company granted 43,083 service-based stock options under the Plan to certain Jiobit employees with an aggregate fair value of $ 0.5 million which vests ratably over the requisite service period. As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 0.1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested assumed stock options, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average life of 1 year. As of December 31, 2022, there was $ 0.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested assumed stock options, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average life of 1.8 years. Tile, Inc. In connection with the Tile Acquisition in January 2022, the Company issued 1,499,349 shares of retention restricted stock units with an aggregate fair value of $ 29.6 million. Of the 1,499,349 shares of retention restricted stock units, 787,446 shares valued at $ 15.6 million contained performance vesting criteria based on the achievement of certain company milestones during the three months ended March 31, 2022, and vest over a two year period. As of March 31, 2022, the vesting criteria had not been met and all 787,446 restricted stock units were forfeited. The remaining 711,903 retention restricted stock units vest over a two to four year period. As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 0.7 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to the retention restricted stock units which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average life of 1.9 years. As of December 31, 2022, there was $ 5.6 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to the retention restricted stock units which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average life of 1.5 years. The Company also issued 38,730 vested common stock options to Tile employees as stock-based compensation on the acquisition date. The aggregate fair value of $ 0.4 million was recognized as compensation expense on the date of acquisition. A total of 694,672 shares of common stock with an aggregate fair value of $ 13.7 million were issued to Tile shareholders as part of purchase consideration. All $ 13.7 million was included within purchase consideration. A total of 1,561 shares of common stock with an aggregate fair value of $ 30.8 thousand were issued to a key employee, the vesting of which is subject to continued employment over a 30-month period. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was an immaterial amount of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock units which is expected to be recognized over the remaining 0.5 years and 1.6 years, respectively. A total of 84,524 shares of common stock were issued as part of consideration transferred and were placed in an indemnity escrow fund to be held for fifteen months after the acquisition date for general representations and warranties. The aggregate fair value of $ 1.7 million was included within purchase consideration. All 84,524 shares of common stock were released from escrow in April 2023 as scheduled. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense was allocated as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cost of revenue Subscription costs $ 651 $ 684 $ 444 Hardware costs 1,096 514 13 Other costs 43 237 65 Total cost of revenue 1,790 1,435 522 Research and development 22,015 19,431 7,457 Sales and marketing 3,059 3,834 752 General and administrative 11,648 9,980 3,207 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 38,512 $ 34,680 $ 11,938 113 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements There was an immaterial amount of capitalized stock-based compensation costs during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. 15. Income Taxes The Company has historically incurred net operating losses only in the United States since its inception. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred $ 27.1 million of net operating losses in the United States and $ 0.3 million of net operating income internationally. An income tax provision of $ 0.6 million and $ 0.1 million and an income tax benefit of $ 0.1 million were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In accordance with ASC 805, a change in the acquirer’s valuation allowance that stems from a business combination should be recognized as an element of the acquirer’s income tax expense or benefit in the period of the acquisition. Accordingly, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded a $ 27.4 thousand partial release of its valuation allowance stemming from the Tile Acquisition and $ 0.1 million partial release of its valuation allowance stemming from the Jiobit Acquisition. The reconciliation of the Company’s effective tax rate to the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Statutory federal income tax rate 21 % 21 % 21 % State tax rate ( 3 ) % — % — % Research and development tax credits 5 % — % 2 % Stock-based compensation 1 % ( 2 ) % 6 % Fair value adjustment ( 1 ) % 2 % ( 3 ) % Permanent differences ( 1 ) % ( 2 ) % ( 1 ) % Officer Compensation ( 10 ) % — % — % Change in valuation allowance ( 14 ) % ( 19 ) % ( 25 ) % Effective tax rate ( 2 ) % — % — % The significant components of net deferred income tax assets were as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Deferred tax assets: Reserves and allowances $ 1,002 $ 2,534 Lease liability 259 213 Depreciable assets 162 281 Net operating loss carryforward 46,877 62,565 Stock-based compensation 4,359 6,353 Capitalized research and development 39,112 21,170 Credits carryforward 12,651 9,569 Total deferred tax assets 104,422 102,685 Deferred tax liabilities: Operating lease right-of-use asset ( 250 ) ( 210 ) Acquired intangibles ( 10,073 ) ( 12,829 ) Total deferred tax liabilities ( 10,323 ) ( 13,039 ) Less: Valuation allowance and other reserves ( 94,099 ) ( 89,646 ) Net deferred tax asset $ — $ — The Company has provided a full valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance increased by $ 4.5 million during 2023 and $ 42.7 million during 2022. 114 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements At December 31, 2023 the Company had approximately $ 197.5 million and $ 81.0 million of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, respectively, available to offset future taxable income. Such carryforwards expire in varying amounts beginning in 2027. The federal net operating loss carryforwards of $ 145.6 million arising after December 31, 2017 do not expire. The Company also had federal and state research and development credit carryforwards of $ 10.7 million and $ 13.8 million, respectively. The federal tax credits expire in varying amounts beginning in 2034. The state tax credits do not expire. Additionally, the Company has approximately $ 1.9 million of tax credits in Canada, which are expected to expire in varying amounts beginning 2032. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 limits the use of net operating loss carryforwards in certain situations where changes occur in the stock ownership of a Company. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization. The Company performed a Section 382 analysis through December 31, 2023. The Company does not expect any previous ownership changes (as defined under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) to result in a limitation that will materially reduce the total amount of net operating loss carryforwards and credits that can be utilized. Subsequent ownership changes may affect the limitation in future years. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various state jurisdictions and Canada. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by taxing authorities throughout the nation. The Company is not currently under audit by the Internal Revenue Service or other similar state and local authorities. All tax years remain open to examination by major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $ 12.1 million and $ 11.1 million, respectively, of gross unrecognized tax benefits related to federal and state research credits. As of December 31, 2023 all unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, will not affect the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company does not anticipate any unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months that would result in a material change to its financial position. The aggregate changes in the balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits were as follows (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2021 $ 4,588 Additions based on tax positions related to 2022 1,327 Additions for tax positions of prior years 5,176 Balance as of December 31, 2022 11,091 Additions based on tax positions related to 2023 968 Additions for tax positions of prior years — Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 12,059 16. Related-Party Transactions The Company has entered into secondary financing transactions and other transactions with certain executive officers and Board members of the Company. A summary of the transactions is detailed below: Notes Due From Affiliates (Contra Equity) In February 2016, the Company issued an aggregate of $ 0.6 million in secured partial recourse promissory notes (“Partially Secured Loan”) to the Chief Executive Officer, Non-Executive Director (Previously President), Chief Operating Officer and another executive of the Company. 115 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The Company accounted for the Partially Secured Loan as consideration received for the exercise of the related equity award, because even after the original options are exercised or the shares are purchased, an employee could decide not to repay the loan if the value of the shares declines below the outstanding loan amount and could instead choose to return the shares in satisfaction of the loan. The result would be similar to an employee electing not to exercise an option whose exercise price exceeds the current share price. When shares are exchanged for a Partially Secured Loan, the principal and interest are viewed as part of the exercise price of the “option” and no interest income is recognized. Additionally, compensation cost is recognized over any requisite service period, with an offsetting credit to additional paid-in capital. Periodic principal and interest payments, if any, are treated as deposit liabilities until the note is paid off, at which time, the note balance is settled and the deposit liability balance is transferred to additional paid-in capital. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received proceeds from the repayment of the Partially Secured Loans of $ 0.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received proceeds from the repayment of the partially secured loan that remained outstanding of $ 0.3 million. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had deposit liability balances of zero and $ 0.3 million, respectively, in connection with the Partially Secured Loan and other early exercises of equity awards. Principal amounts due under the Partially Secured Loan are included in Notes Due From Affiliates as a reduction in stockholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets. Other Related Party Transactions Non-executive director, James Synge, is a Principal and Partner of Carthona Capital. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Carthona Capital received consideration of $ 0.1 million for consultancy services to the Company in relation to capital raising matters. Annika Hulls is the spouse of the CEO and Executive Director, Chris Hulls. During the year ended December 31, 2022, a cash payment of $ 6.5 thousand was paid to Annika Hulls for services relating to a marketing campaign. 17. Defined Contribution Plan The Company sponsors a defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code covering substantially all employees over the age of 21 years. Contributions made by the Company are voluntary and are determined annually by the Board of Directors on an individual basis subject to the maximum allowable amount under federal tax regulations. Employer contributions to the plan were $ 1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. There were immaterial employer contributions to the plan for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. 18. Net Loss Per Share Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the fiscal period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to potential convertible securities. The dilutive effect of the outstanding September 2021 Convertible Notes and July 2021 Convertible Notes are reflected in diluted net loss per share by application of the if-converted method. 116 Table of Contents Life360, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share data): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Numerator: Net loss $ ( 28,171 ) $ ( 91,629 ) $ ( 33,557 ) Denominator: Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic 66,748,542 62,209,545 51,656,195 Net loss per share, basic $ ( 0.42 ) $ ( 1.47 ) $ ( 0.65 ) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Numerator: Net loss $ ( 28,171 ) $ ( 91,629 ) $ ( 33,557 ) (Gain)/loss attributable to September 2021 Convertible Notes — ( 1,786 ) — (Gain)/loss attributable to July 2021 Convertible Notes — ( 1,295 ) — Interest attributable to July 2021 and September 2021 Convertible Notes — 515 — Adjusted net loss for diluted earnings per share ( 28,171 ) ( 94,195 ) ( 33,557 ) Denominator: Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic 66,748,542 62,209,545 51,656,195 Effect of dilutive securities: September 2021 Convertible Notes — 453,626 — July 2021 Convertible Notes — 176,422 — Adjusted weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, diluted 66,748,542 62,839,593 51,656,195 Net loss per share, diluted $ ( 0.42 ) $ ( 1.50 ) $ ( 0.65 ) The potential shares of common stock that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Issuances under stock incentive plan 6,625,812 8,180,840 6,972,376 Issuances upon exercise of common stock warrants 137,658 137,658 272,001 Issuances upon vesting of restricted stock units 6,182,543 6,779,892 2,523,122 Issuances of convertible notes 325,981 — 686,926 13,271,994 15,098,390 10,454,425 117 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None.