LGI Homes, Inc. 10-K

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion is intended to assist you in understanding our results of operations and our present financial condition. Our historical consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K contain additional information that should be referred to when reviewing this material. This section covers fiscal years 2024 and 2023 and discusses the results of operations for fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023. The discussion of fiscal year 2022 and the results of operations for fiscal year 2023 compared to fiscal year 2022 is included in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on February 20, 2024, and is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For purposes of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation, references to “we,” “our,” “us” or similar terms refer to LGI Homes, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Key Results Key financial results as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, were as follows: • Home sales revenues decreased 6.6% to $2.2 billion from $2.4 billion. • Homes closed decreased 10.4% to 6,028 homes from 6,729 homes. Including the bulk sale of 103 leased, single-family homes, homes closed decreased 8.9% to 6,131 homes from 6,729 homes. • Average sales price per home closed increased 4.2% to $365,394 from $350,510. • Gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues increased to 24.2% from 23.0%. • Adjusted gross margin (non-GAAP) as a percentage of home sales revenues increased to 26.3% from 24.7%. • Net income before income taxes decreased 1.1% to $258.9 million from $261.8 million. • Net income decreased 1.6% to $196.1 million from $199.2 million. • EBITDA (non-GAAP) as a percentage of home sales revenues increased to 13.8% from 12.6%. • Active communities at the end of 2024 increased 29.1% to 151 from 117. • Total owned and controlled lots decreased 0.3% to 70,899 lots at December 31, 2024 from 71,081 lots at December 31, 2023. For reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures of adjusted gross margin and EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, please see “— Non-GAAP Measures .” 36 Table of Contents Results of Operations The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 (dollars in thousands, except per share data and average home sales price) Statement of Income Data: Home sales revenues $ 2,202,598 $ 2,358,580 $ 2,304,455 Expenses: Cost of sales 1,669,310 1,816,393 1,657,855 Selling expenses 199,950 191,582 144,928 General and administrative 121,192 117,350 111,565 Operating income 212,146 233,255 390,107 Other income, net (46,767) (28,499) (28,009) Net income before income taxes 258,913 261,754 418,116 Income tax provision 62,842 62,527 91,549 Net income $ 196,071 $ 199,227 $ 326,567 Basic earnings per share $ 8.33 $ 8.48 $ 13.90 Diluted earnings per share $ 8.30 $ 8.42 $ 13.76 Other Financial and Operating Data: Average community count 130.5 103.9 91.9 Community count at end of period 151 117 99 Home closings 6,028 6,729 6,621 Average sales price per home closed $ 365,394 $ 350,510 $ 348,052 Gross margin (1) $ 533,288 $ 542,187 $ 646,600 Gross margin % (2) 24.2 % 23.0 % 28.1 % Adjusted gross margin (3) $ 579,393 $ 582,047 $ 673,745 Adjusted gross margin % (2)(3) 26.3 % 24.7 % 29.2 % EBITDA (4) $ 304,092 $ 297,530 $ 439,968 EBITDA margin % (2)(4) 13.8 % 12.6 % 19.1 % (1) Gross margin is home sales revenues less cost of sales. (2) Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues. (3) Adjusted gross margin is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define adjusted gross margin as gross margin less capitalized interest and adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting included in the cost of sales. Our management believes this information is useful because it isolates the impact that capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments have on gross margin. However, because adjusted gross margin information excludes capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments, which have real economic effects and could impact our results, the utility of adjusted gross margin information as a measure of our operating performance may be limited. In addition, other companies may not calculate adjusted gross margin information in the same manner that we do. Accordingly, adjusted gross margin information should be considered only as a supplement to gross margin information as a measure of our performance. Please see “ —Non-GAAP Measures ” for a reconciliation of adjusted gross margin to gross margin, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable. (4) EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization and (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales. Our management believes that the presentation of EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. EBITDA provides an indicator of general economic performance that is not affected by fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation or amortization and items considered to be unusual or non-recurring. Accordingly, our management believes that this measure is useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. Other companies may define this measure differently and, as a result, our measure of EBITDA may not be directly comparable to the measures of other companies. Although we use EBITDA as a financial measure to assess the performance of our business, the use of this measure is limited because it does not include certain material costs, such as interest and 37 Table of Contents taxes, necessary to operate our business. EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, net income in accordance with GAAP as a measure of performance. Our presentation of EBITDA should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our use of EBITDA is limited as an analytical tool, and you should not consider this measure in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Please see “ —Non-GAAP Measures ” for reconciliations of EBITDA to net income, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable. 38 Table of Contents Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023 Homes Sales. Our home sales revenues, home closings, average sales price per home closed (ASP), average community count and average monthly absorption rate by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and our community count as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows (revenues in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2024 As of December 31, 2024 Reportable Segment Revenues Home Closings ASP Average Community Count Average Monthly Absorption Rate Community Count at End of Period Central $ 564,608 1,757 $ 321,348 44.8 3.3 50 Southeast 538,170 1,635 329,156 27.2 5.0 31 Northwest 258,407 483 535,004 14.3 2.8 18 West 472,655 1,140 414,610 21.7 4.4 26 Florida 368,758 1,013 364,026 22.5 3.8 26 Total $ 2,202,598 6,028 $ 365,394 130.5 3.8 151 Year Ended December 31, 2023 As of December 31, 2023 Reportable Segment Revenues Home Closings ASP Average Community Count Average Monthly Absorption Rate Community Count at End of Period Central $ 730,688 2,241 $ 326,054 35.7 5.2 40 Southeast 556,808 1,716 324,480 24.8 5.8 28 Northwest 251,171 511 491,528 10.2 4.2 11 West 381,102 992 384,175 14.0 5.9 16 Florida 438,811 1,269 345,793 19.2 5.5 22 Total $ 2,358,580 6,729 $ 350,510 103.9 5.4 117 Home Sales Revenues . Home sales revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $2.2 billion, a decrease of $156.0 million, or 6.6%, from $2.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in home sales revenues was primarily due to a 10.4% decrease in homes closed, offset by an increase in the average sales price per home closed, during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. We closed 6,028 homes during 2024, as compared to 6,729 homes closed during 2023. The overall decrease in home closings was a result of a lower absorption rate, partially offset by a higher average community count during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Our average community count at December 31, 2024 increased to 130.5 from 103.9 at December 31, 2023. The overall increase in average community count is related to timing associated with new community openings, offset by the close out of some communities and transition between certain active communities during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The average sales price per home closed during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $365,394, an increase of $14,885, or 4.2%, from the average sales price per home closed of $350,510 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in the average sales price per home closed was primarily due to geographic mix and a favorable pricing environment. The overall decrease in absorption rate generally relates to the impact of ongoing affordability constraints, new community openings, and the overall increase in community count. Included within our home sales revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $164.1 million in wholesale revenues resulting from 552 home closings, representing 9.2% of the 6,028 total homes closed during the year ended December 31, 2024. Included within our home sales revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $202.3 million in wholesale revenues resulting from 679 home closings, representing 10.1% of the 6,729 total homes closed during the year ended December 31, 2023. 39 Table of Contents • Home sales revenues in our Central reportable segment decreased by $166.1 million, or 22.7%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a 21.6% decrease in the number of homes closed and a slight decrease in the average sales price per home closed. The decrease in home closings was primarily the result of a lower absorption rate, partially offset by an increase in the average community count. • Home sales revenues in our Southeast reportable segment decreased by $18.6 million, or 3.3%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a 4.7% decrease in the number of homes closed, offset by a slight increase in the average sales price per home closed. The decrease in home closings was the result of a lower absorption rate, partially offset by a 9.7% increase in the average community count. • Home sales revenues in our Northwest reportable segment increased by $7.2 million, or 2.9%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to an 8.8% increase in the average sales price per home closed, partially offset by a 5.5% decrease in the number of homes closed. The decrease in the number of homes closed was the result of a lower absorption rate, offset by a 40.2% increase in the average community count. • Home sales revenues in our West reportable segment increased by $91.6 million, or 24.0%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a 14.9% increase in the number of homes closed and a 7.9% increase in the average sales price per home closed. The increase in home closings was the result of a 55.0% increase in the average community count, partially offset by a lower absorption rate. • Home sales revenues in our Florida reportable segment decreased by $70.1 million, or 16.0%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a 20.2% decrease in the number of homes closed, partially offset by a 5.3% increase in the average sales price per home closed. The decrease in home closings was the result of a lower absorption rate, partially offset by a 17.2% increase in the average community count. Cost of Sales and Gross Margin (home sales revenues less cost of sales). Cost of sales decreased for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $1.7 billion, a decrease of $147.1 million, or 8.1%, from $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. This overall decrease was primarily due to a 10.4% decrease in homes closed. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $533.3 million, a decrease of $8.9 million, or 1.6%, from $542.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues was 24.2% for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 23.0% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues was primarily due to a higher average sales price per home closed, partially offset by a combination of higher lot costs and higher capitalized interest as a percentage of revenue as well as the impact of sales incentives offered during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Selling Expenses. Selling expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $200.0 million, an increase of $8.4 million, or 4.4%, from $191.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in selling expenses was primarily due to an increase in advertising expense and an increase in personnel costs as a result of an increase in communities, offset by a decrease in sales commissions. Sales commissions decreased to $95.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $102.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a decrease in home sales revenues during 2024 as compared to 2023. Selling expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues were 9.1% and 8.1% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in selling expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues was primarily due to higher advertising expenses, fewer wholesale home closings and higher other personnel expenses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $121.2 million, an increase of $3.8 million, or 3.3%, from $117.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in the amount of general and administrative expenses was primarily a result of increased indirect overhead expenses and professional fees, partially offset by a decrease in payroll related costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues were 5.5% and 5.0% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues reflects our increased personnel and associated overhead costs, partially offset by a decrease in payroll related costs during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Other Income. Other income, net of other expenses was $46.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $18.3 million from $28.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in other income, net of other expenses, primarily reflects gains realized from the bulk sale of 103 leased, single-family homes and the sale of residential lots for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. 40 Table of Contents Operating Income and Net Income before Income Taxes. Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $212.1 million, a decrease of $21.1 million, or 9.1%, from $233.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net income before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $258.9 million, a decrease of $2.8 million, or 1.1%, from $261.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The overall decreases in operating income and net income before income taxes were primarily due to overall lower home closings at a lower absorption rate, and higher advertising and other costs associated with the increase in average community count during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The following reportable segments contributed to net income before income taxes during the year ended December 31, 2024 as follows: Central - $66.7 million, or 25.8%; Southeast - $85.3 million, or 32.9%; Northwest - $25.9 million, or 10.0%; West - $52.2 million, or 20.2%; and Florida - $30.4 million, or 11.7%. Income Taxes . Income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $62.8 million, an increase of $0.3 million, or 0.5%, from income tax provision of $62.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in our effective tax rate to 24.3% from 23.9% was primarily due to an increase in the rate for the deductions in excess of compensation cost for share-based payments, and the rate for state income taxes, net of the federal benefit, offset by a decrease in the rate for the compensation limitation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and the retroactive extension of the federal energy efficient homes tax credits for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Net Income . Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $196.1 million, a decrease of $3.2 million, or 1.6%, from $199.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in net income was primarily attributed to overall lower homes closed and lower home sales revenues, partially offset by a higher gross margin during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Non-GAAP Measures In addition to the results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), we have provided information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to adjusted gross margin and EBITDA. Adjusted Gross Margin Adjusted gross margin is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define adjusted gross margin as gross margin less capitalized interest and adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting included in the cost of sales. Our management believes this information is useful because it isolates the impact that capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments have on gross margin. However, because adjusted gross margin information excludes capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments, which have real economic effects and could impact our results, the utility of adjusted gross margin information as a measure of our operating performance may be limited. In addition, other companies may not calculate adjusted gross margin information in the same manner that we do. Accordingly, adjusted gross margin information should be considered only as a supplement to gross margin information as a measure of our performance. The following table reconciles adjusted gross margin to gross margin, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Home sales revenues $ 2,202,598 $ 2,358,580 $ 2,304,455 Cost of sales 1,669,310 1,816,393 1,657,855 Gross margin 533,288 542,187 646,600 Capitalized interest charged to cost of sales 42,071 33,368 20,276 Purchase accounting adjustments (1) 4,034 6,492 6,869 Adjusted gross margin $ 579,393 $ 582,047 $ 673,745 Gross margin % (2) 24.2 % 23.0 % 28.1 % Adjusted gross margin % (2) 26.3 % 24.7 % 29.2 % (1) Adjustments result from the application of purchase accounting for acquisitions and represent the amount of the fair value step-up adjustments included in cost of sales for real estate inventory sold after the acquisition dates. (2) Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues. 41 Table of Contents EBITDA EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization and (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales. Our management believes that the presentation of EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. EBITDA provides an indicator of general economic performance that is not affected by fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation or amortization and items considered to be unusual or non-recurring. Accordingly, our management believes that this measure is useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. Other companies may define this measure differently and, as a result, our measure of EBITDA may not be directly comparable to the measures of other companies. Although we use EBITDA as a financial measure to assess the performance of our business, the use of this measure is limited because it does not include certain material costs, such as interest and taxes, necessary to operate our business. EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, net income in accordance with GAAP as a measure of performance. Our presentation of EBITDA should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our use of EBITDA is limited as an analytical tool, and you should not consider this measure in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are: (i) it does not reflect every cash expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments, including for purchase of land; (ii) it does not reflect the interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt; (iii) although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced or require improvements in the future, and EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements or improvements; (iv) it does not adjust for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our statements of cash flows; (v) it does not reflect the impact of earnings or charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations; and (vi) other companies in our industry may calculate it differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these limitations, our EBITDA should not be considered as a measure of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or as a measure of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations. We compensate for these limitations by using our EBITDA along with other comparative tools, together with GAAP measures, to assist in the evaluation of operating performance. These GAAP measures include operating income, net income and cash flow data. We have significant uses of cash flows, including capital expenditures, interest payments and other non-recurring charges, which are not reflected in our EBITDA. EBITDA is not intended as an alternative to net income as an indicator of our operating performance, as an alternative to any other measure of performance in conformity with GAAP or as an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. You should therefore not place undue reliance on our EBITDA calculated using these measures. The following table reconciles EBITDA to net income, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Net income $ 196,071 $ 199,227 $ 326,567 Income tax provision 62,842 62,527 91,549 Depreciation and amortization 3,108 2,408 1,576 Capitalized interest charged to cost of sales 42,071 33,368 20,276 EBITDA 304,092 297,530 439,968 EBITDA margin % (1) 13.8 % 12.6 % 19.1 % (1) Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues. 42 Table of Contents Backlog We sell our homes under standard purchase contracts, which generally require a homebuyer to pay a deposit at the time of signing the purchase contract. The amount of the required deposit is minimal (typically $1,000 to $10,000). We permit our retail homebuyers to cancel the purchase contract and obtain a refund of their deposit in the event mortgage financing cannot be obtained within a certain period of time, as specified in their purchase contract. Typically, our retail homebuyers provide documentation regarding their ability to obtain mortgage financing within 14 days after the purchase contract is signed. If we determine that the homebuyer is not qualified to obtain mortgage financing or is not otherwise financially able to purchase the home, we will terminate the purchase contract. If a purchase contract has not been cancelled or terminated within 14 days after the purchase contract has been signed, then the homebuyer has met the preliminary criteria to obtain mortgage financing. Only purchase contracts that are signed by homebuyers who have met the preliminary criteria to obtain mortgage financing are included in new (gross) orders. Our “backlog” consists of homes that are under a purchase contract that has been signed by homebuyers who have met the preliminary criteria to obtain mortgage financing but have not yet closed and wholesale contracts with varying terms. Since our business model is generally based on building move-in ready homes before a purchase contract is signed, the majority of our homes in backlog are currently under construction or complete. Ending backlog represents the number of homes in backlog from the previous period plus the number of net orders (new orders for homes less cancellations) generated during the current period minus the number of homes closed during the current period. Our backlog at any given time will be affected by cancellations, the number of our active communities and the timing of home closings. Homes in backlog are generally closed within one to two months, although home closings have been, and may continue to be, delayed. In addition, we may experience cancellations of purchase contracts at any time prior to closing. It is important to note that net orders, backlog and cancellation metrics are operational, rather than accounting data, and should be used only as a general gauge to evaluate performance. Backlog may be impacted by customer cancellations for various reasons that are beyond our control, and in light of our minimal required deposit, there is little negative impact to the potential homebuyer from the cancellation of the purchase contract. Our net orders decreased for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the increase in new communities which typically open at a slower sales pace and lower overall demand compared to 2023. Our wholesale orders increased 143.3% to 146 units at December 31, 2024 from 60 units at December 31, 2023. The number of homes in our backlog at December 31, 2024 increased 1.5% compared to December 31, 2023. As of the dates set forth below, our net orders, cancellation rate, and ending backlog homes and value were as follows (dollars in thousands): Backlog Data Year Ended December 31, 2024 (4) 2023 (5) 2022 (6) Net orders (1) 6,037 6,617 5,268 Cancellation rate (2) 22.8 % 25.4 % 24.4 % Ending backlog - homes (3) 599 590 702 Ending backlog - value (3) $ 236,511 $ 224,851 $ 252,002 (1) Net orders are new (gross) orders for the purchase of homes during the period, less cancellations of existing purchase contracts during the period. (2) Cancellation rate for a period is the total number of purchase contracts cancelled during the period divided by the total new (gross) orders for the purchase of homes during the period. (3) Ending backlog consists of retail homes at the end of the period that are under a purchase contract that has been signed by homebuyers who have met our preliminary financing criteria but have not yet closed and wholesale contracts with varying terms. Ending backlog is valued at the contract amount. (4) As of December 31, 2024, we had 146 units related to bulk sales agreements associated with our wholesale business. (5) As of December 31, 2023, we had 60 units related to bulk sales agreements associated with our wholesale business. (6) As of December 31, 2022, we had 157 units related to bulk sales agreements associated with our wholesale business. 43 Table of Contents Land Acquisition Policies and Development See discussion included in “ Business—Land Acquisition Policies and Development .” Homes in Inventory See discussion included in “ Business—Homes in Inventory .” Raw Materials and Labor See discussion included in “ Business—Raw Materials and Labor .” Seasonality In all of our reportable segments, we have historically experienced similar variability in our results of operations and in capital requirements from quarter to quarter due to the seasonal nature of the homebuilding industry. We generally close more homes in our second, third and fourth quarters. Thus, our revenues may fluctuate on a quarterly basis and we may have higher capital requirements in our second, third and fourth quarters in order to maintain our inventory levels. Our revenues and capital requirements are generally similar across our second, third and fourth quarters. As a result of seasonal activity, our quarterly results of operations and financial position at the end of a particular quarter, especially the first quarter, are not necessarily representative of the results we expect at year end. We expect this seasonal pattern to continue in the long term. Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview As of December 31, 2024, we had $53.2 million of cash and cash equivalents. Cash flows for each of our active communities depend on the status of the development cycle and can differ substantially from reported earnings. Our principal uses of capital are operating expenses, land and lot purchases, lot development, home construction, interest costs on our indebtedness and the payment of various liabilities. In addition, we may purchase land, lots, homes under construction or other assets as part of an acquisition and repurchase shares of our common stock. Early stages of development or expansion require significant cash outlays for land acquisitions, land development, plats, vertical development, construction of information centers, general landscaping and other amenities. Because these costs are a component of our inventory and are not recognized in our statement of operations until a home closes, we incur significant cash outflows prior to recognition of home sales revenues. In the later stages of an active community, cash inflows may exceed home sales revenues reported for financial statement purposes, as the costs associated with home and land construction were previously incurred. Short-term Liquidity and Capital Resources We generally rely on our ability to finance our operations by generating operating cash flows and borrowing under the Credit Agreement (as defined below) to adequately fund our short-term working capital obligations and to purchase land and other assets, develop lots and homes and repurchase shares of our common stock. As needed, we will consider accessing the debt and equity capital markets as part of our ongoing financing strategy. We rely on our ability to obtain performance, payment and completion surety bonds as well as letters of credit to finance our projects. Furthermore, we utilize, on a limited and strategic basis, land banking financing arrangements to access short-term liquidity. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that we will be able to fund our current and foreseeable liquidity needs for at least the next twelve months with our cash on hand, cash generated from operations and cash expected to be available from the Credit Agreement or through accessing debt or equity capital, as needed. However, our ability to engage in the transactions described above may be constrained by volatile or tight economic, capital, credit and financial market conditions, as well as moderated investor or lender interest or capacity and our liquidity, leverage and net worth, and we can provide no assurance as to successfully completing, the costs of, or the operational limitations arising from any one or series of such transactions. Long-term Liquidity and Capital Resources We believe that our long-term principal uses of liquidity and capital resources will be inventory related purchases concerning land, lot development, repurchases of shares of our common stock, other capital expenditures, and principal and interest payments on our debt obligations maturing between 2025 and 2032. We believe that we will be able to fund our long-term liquidity needs with cash generated from operations and cash expected to be available to borrow under the Credit Agreement or through accessing debt or equity capital, as needed, although no assurance can be provided that such additional debt or equity capital will be available when needed or on terms that we find attractive. Additionally, we plan to further utilize, 44 Table of Contents on a limited and strategic basis, land banking financing arrangements to maximize long-term liquidity for lot development projects where we have sufficient finished lot availability in certain markets. To the extent these sources of capital are insufficient to meet our needs, we may also conduct additional public or private offerings of our securities, refinance our indebtedness, or dispose of certain assets to fund our operating activities and capital needs. Material Cash Requirements We are a party to many agreements that include contractual obligations and commitments to make payments to third parties. These obligations impact our short-term and long-term liquidity and capital resource needs. Certain contractual obligations are reflected on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, while others are considered future commitments. Our contractual obligations primarily consist of principal and interest payments on our senior notes, notes payable and land banking financing arrangements, including our unsecured revolving credit facility, letters of credit and surety bonds and operating leases. We have no senior note maturities until 2028. We also enter into certain commitments to fund our existing or future unconsolidated joint ventures, letters of credit and other purchase obligations in the normal course of business. For more information regarding our primary obligations, refer to Note 5 , “Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities,” Note 6 , “Notes Payable,” and Note 12 , “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for amounts outstanding as of December 31, 2024, related to accrued expenses and other liabilities, debt and commitments and contingencies, respectively. In the ordinary course of business, we enter into land purchase contracts in order to procure land and lots for the construction of our homes. We are subject to customary obligations associated with entering into contracts for the purchase of land and improved lots. These contracts typically require cash deposits and the purchase of properties under these contracts is generally contingent upon satisfaction of certain requirements by the sellers, which may include obtaining applicable property and development entitlements or the completion of development activities and the delivery of finished lots. We also utilize contracts with land sellers as a method of acquiring lots and land in staged takedowns, which helps us manage the financial and market risk associated with land holdings and minimize the use of funds from our corporate financing sources. Such contracts generally require a non-refundable deposit for the right to acquire land or lots over a specified period of time at pre-determined prices. We generally have the right at our discretion to terminate our obligations under purchase contracts during the initial feasibility period and receive a refund of our deposit, or we may terminate the contracts after the end of the feasibility period by forfeiting our cash deposit with no further financial obligations to the land seller. In addition, our deposit may also be refundable if the land seller does not satisfy all conditions precedent in the respective contract. As of December 31, 2024, we had $29.0 million of cash deposits pertaining to land purchase contracts for 17,582 lots with an aggregate purchase price of $653.9 million. Approximately $10.4 million of the cash deposits as of December 31, 2024 are secured by third-party guarantees or indemnity mortgages on the related property. Our utilization of land purchase contracts is dependent on, among other things, the availability of land sellers willing to enter into contracts at acceptable terms, which may include option takedown arrangements, the availability of capital to financial intermediaries to finance the development of optioned lots, general housing conditions, and local market dynamics. Land purchase contracts may be more difficult to procure from land sellers in strong housing markets and are more prevalent in certain markets. Revolving Credit Facility On October 9, 2024, we entered into a Fifth Amendment to Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with several financial institutions, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (the “Fifth Amendment”), which amended the Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2021, with several financial institutions, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (as amended to date, including the Fifth Amendment, the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a $1.205 billion revolving credit facility, which can be increased at the request of the Company by up to $95.0 million, subject to the terms and conditions of the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement matures on April 28, 2028 with respect to $1.085 billion, or 90.0%, of the $1.205 billion of commitments thereunder and on April 28, 2025 with respect to 10.0% of the commitments thereunder. Before each anniversary of the Credit Agreement, we may request a one-year extension of its maturity date. The Credit Agreement is guaranteed by, among others, each of our subsidiaries that have gross assets of at least $0.5 million, other than subsidiaries whose sole purpose is to own and operate single-family rental homes. The borrowings and letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Agreement, together with the outstanding principal balance of our 8.750% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Senior Notes”), our 4.000% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Senior Notes”) and our 7.000% Senior Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Senior Notes”), may not exceed the borrowing base under the Credit Agreement. The borrowing base primarily consists of a percentage of commercial land, land held for development, lots under development and finished lots held by the Company and its subsidiaries that guarantee the obligations under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, the borrowing base under the Credit Agreement was $1.205 billion, of which the 45 Table of Contents maximum available to borrow was $1.8 billion. As of December 31, 2024, borrowings under the Credit Agreement and the outstanding principal amount of the 2028 Senior Notes, the 2029 Senior Notes and the 2032 Senior Notes totaled approximately $1.5 billion, $24.5 million of letters of credit were outstanding and $270.5 million was available to borrow under the Credit Agreement. For a further description of the Credit Agreement, please refer to Note 6 , “Notes Payable” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Senior Notes Offering On November 15, 2024, we issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2032 Senior Notes in an offering to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in the United States pursuant to Rule 144A (“Rule 144A”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S (“Regulation S”) under the Securities Act. Interest on the 2032 Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 7.000% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year, commencing on May 15, 2025. The 2032 Senior Notes mature on November 15, 2032. The terms of the 2032 Senior Notes are governed by an Indenture, dated as of July 6, 2018, and Fifth Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of November 15, 2024, as may be supplemented from time to time, among us, our subsidiaries that guarantee our obligations under the Credit Agreement and Regions Bank, as trustee. On November 21, 2023, we issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Senior Notes in an offering to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in the United States pursuant to Rule 144A and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S. Interest on the 2028 Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 8.750% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing on June 15, 2024. The 2028 Senior Notes mature on December 15, 2028. The terms of the 2028 Senior Notes are governed by an Indenture, dated as of July 6, 2018, and Fourth Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of November 21, 2023, as may be supplemented from time to time, among us, our subsidiaries that guarantee our obligations under the Credit Agreement and Regions Bank, as trustee. On June 28, 2021, we issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Senior Notes in an offering to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in the United States pursuant to Rule 144A and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S. Interest on the 2029 Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 4.000% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year. The 2029 Senior Notes mature on July 15, 2029. The terms of the 2029 Senior Notes are governed by an Indenture, dated as of July 6, 2018, and Third Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of June 28, 2021, as may be supplemented from time to time, among us, our subsidiaries that guarantee our obligations under the Credit Agreement and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee. Letters of Credit, Surety Bonds and Financial Guarantees We are often required to provide letters of credit and surety bonds to secure our performance under construction contracts, development agreements and other arrangements. The amount of such obligations outstanding at any time varies in accordance with our pending development activities. In the event any such bonds or letters of credit are drawn upon, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of such bonds or letters of credit. Under these letters of credit, surety bonds and financial guarantees, we are committed to perform certain development and construction activities and provide certain guarantees in the normal course of business. Outstanding letters of credit, surety bonds and financial guarantees under these arrangements, totaled $377.5 million as of December 31, 2024. Although significant development and construction activities have been completed related to the improvements at these sites, the letters of credit and surety bonds are not generally released until all development and construction activities are completed. We do not believe that it is probable that any outstanding letters of credit, surety bonds or financial guarantees as of December 31, 2024 will be drawn upon. Stock Repurchase Program In February 2022, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved a $200.0 million increase to our previously authorized stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we may purchase up to $550.0 million of shares of our common stock through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise in accordance with applicable laws. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2022, we repurchased 307,867 shares of our common stock for $30.8 million to be held as treasury stock, excluding the excise taxes accrued on our share repurchases as a result of the IRA 2022 and 892,916 shares of our common stock for $95.1 million to be held as treasury stock, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. A total of 3,247,339 shares of our common stock has been repurchased since our stock repurchase program commenced. As of December 31, 2024, we may purchase up to $180.7 million of shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program. The timing, amount and other terms and conditions of any repurchases 46 Table of Contents of shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program will be determined by our management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including the market price of our common stock, corporate considerations, general market and economic conditions and legal requirements. Our stock repurchase program may be modified, discontinued or suspended at any time. Cash Flows Operating Activities Net cash used in operating activities was $143.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The primary drivers of operating cash flows are typically cash earnings and changes in inventory levels, including land acquisition and development. Net cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by cash outflow from the $365.9 million increase in the net change in real estate inventory, which was primarily related to our homes under construction and land acquisitions and development level of activity, partially offset by net income of $196.1 million. Net cash used in operating activities was $57.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The primary drivers of operating cash flows are typically cash earnings and changes in inventory levels, including land acquisition and development. Net cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by cash outflow from the $255.5 million increase in the net change in real estate inventory, which was primarily related to our homes under construction and land acquisitions and development level of activity, partially offset by net income of $199.2 million, as well as the $16.2 million increase and $18.3 million decrease in the net change in accounts receivable, and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively. Investing Activities Net cash provided by investing activities was $15.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the sale of property and equipment, offset by additional investments in unconsolidated entities. Net cash used in investing activities was $13.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to additional investments in unconsolidated entities, net of return of capital from unconsolidated entities. Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities was $132.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily driven by $592.3 million of borrowings under our credit agreement then in effect and $400.0 million of proceeds from the offering of our 2032 Senior Notes. These were partially offset by $760.0 million of repayments on our credit agreement then in effect, net of payments of $67.9 million related to a financing arrangement with a third-party land banker and by the $31.0 million in payments for shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program. Net cash provided by financing activities was $87.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by $887.3 million of borrowings under our credit agreement then in effect and $50.4 million of proceeds related to financing arrangements with a third-party land banker. These were partially offset by $746.0 million of repayments on our credit agreement then in effect, net of payments of $95.0 million related to a financing arrangement with a third-party land banker. Inflation Our business can be adversely impacted by inflation, primarily from higher land, financing, labor, material and construction costs. In addition, inflation can lead to higher mortgage rates, which can significantly affect the affordability of mortgage financing to homebuyers. See “Industry and Economic Risks—Inflation could adversely affect our business and financial results” in Item 1A. Risk Factors in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates In preparing our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, we make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. We base our estimates, judgments and assumptions on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We evaluate our estimates, judgments and assumptions on a regular basis. We also discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board. Discussed below are accounting policies that we believe are critical because of the significance of the activity to which they relate or because they require the use of significant judgment in their application. 47 Table of Contents Home Sales Revenue Recognition We recognize home sales revenue upon the transfer of promised goods to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled by applying the following five-step process: • Identify the contract(s) with a customer • Identify the performance obligations • Determine the transaction price • Allocate the transaction price • Recognize revenue when the performance obligations are met Our contracts with customers include a single performance obligation to transfer a completed home to the customer. We generally determine selling price per home on the expected cost plus margin. Our contracts contain no significant financing terms as customers who finance do so through a third party. Performance obligations are satisfied at a moment in time when the home is complete and control of the asset is transferred to the customer at closing. Home sales proceeds are generally received from the title company within a few business days after closing. Little to no estimation is involved in recognizing such revenues. Real Estate Inventory and Cost of Home Sales Inventory consists of land, land under development, finished lots, information centers, homes in progress and completed homes. Inventory is stated at cost unless the carrying amount is determined not to be recoverable, in which case inventory is written down to fair value. Pre-acquisition costs, land, development and other project costs, including interest and property taxes, incurred during development and home construction, and net of expected reimbursements of development costs, are capitalized to real estate inventory. Pre-acquisition costs, land development and other common costs that benefit the entire community, including field construction supervision and related direct overhead, are allocated to individual lots or homes, as appropriate, on a pro rata basis which we believe approximates the costs that would be determined using an allocation method based on relative sales values since the individual lots or homes within a community are similar in value. We use judgements and assumptions to recognize the appropriate amount of cost of sales by estimating the total land development costs. We use estimates which are affected by changes to the land development project’s schedule; the cost of labor, materials, and subcontractors; and potential cost reimbursements from various municipalities. Changes to estimated total remaining development costs subsequent to initial home closings in a community are allocated to the remaining unsold homes in the community on a prospective basis. Home construction costs and related carrying charges are allocated to the cost of individual homes using the specific identification method and are capitalized as they are incurred. Capitalized interest, property taxes, and other carrying costs are generally capitalized to real estate inventory from the point development begins to the point construction is completed. Costs associated with homes closed are charged to cost of sales simultaneously with revenue recognition. We believe that our policies provide for reasonably dependable estimates to be used in the calculation and reporting of land development and home construction costs. Impairment of Real Estate Inventories Real estate inventory is evaluated for indicators of impairment by each community during each reporting period. In conducting our review for indicators of impairment on a community level, we evaluate, among other things, the margins on homes that have been closed, communities with slow moving inventory, projected margins on future home sales over the life of the community, and the estimated fair value of the land. We pay particular attention to communities in which inventory is moving at a slower than anticipated absorption pace and communities whose average sales prices and/or margins are trending downward and are anticipated to continue to trend downward. Due largely to the relatively short development and construction periods for our communities and our growth, we have experienced limited circumstances during 2024, 2023 or 2022 that are indicators of impairment. Our future sales and margins may be impacted by our inability to realize continued growth, increased cost associated with holding and developing land, local economic factors, pressure on home sales prices, increased carrying costs, and insufficient access to labor and materials at reasonable costs. For individual communities with indicators of impairment, we perform additional analysis to estimate the community’s undiscounted future cash flows. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows are greater than the carrying value of the asset, no impairment adjustment is required. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, the asset is impaired and is written down to its fair value. We estimate the fair value of communities using a discounted cash flow model; changes to the expected cash flows may lead to changes in the outcome of our impairment analysis. We purchase both finished lots and land to be developed. Generally, the life cycle of a community ranges from two to five years. For projects we develop, the period between the acquisition of a raw piece of land and completion of the development of that land generally ranges from two to three years. During the life of a project, a constructed home is used as 48 Table of Contents the community information center and then sold. Actual individual community lives will vary based on the size of the community, the sales absorption rate, and whether the property was purchased as raw land or finished lots. Sustained changes in the life cycle of a community, which is an indicator used for impairment, may negatively impact our results of operations. Impairment of Land and Land Under Development For raw land, land under development and completed lots that our management anticipates will be utilized for future homebuilding activities or to be sold as finished lots to individuals, the recoverability of assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets based on home or lot sales, consistent with the evaluation of operating communities discussed above. Warranty Reserves We have provided homebuyers with a one-year warranty on the house and a ten-year limited warranty for major defects in structural elements. Estimated future direct warranty costs are assessed monthly on a consistent basis as part of our policy and accrued and charged to cost of sales in connection with our home sales. The primary assumption to record amounts accrued for our warranty liability is based upon a trailing 120 month period of historical warranty cost experience on a per house basis established based on (i) trends in historical warranty payment levels, (ii) the historical range of amounts paid per house, (iii) any warranty expenditures not considered to be normal and recurring, and is adjusted as appropriate to reflect qualitative risks associated with the types of homes built, the geographic areas in which they are built, and potential impacts of our expansion. Our analysis also considers improvements in quality control and construction techniques expected to impact future warranty expenditures and the expertise of our personnel. Our warranty reserves are reviewed quarterly to assess the reasonableness and adequacy and we make adjustments to the balance of the pre-existing reserves, as needed, to reflect changes in trends and historical data as information becomes available. We increased our warranty reserve by $2.5 million, $2.9 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Taxes We utilize the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities, changes in tax rate are recognized in the year of enactment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Our ability to realize deferred tax assets is assessed throughout the year and a valuation allowance is established, if required. We compute our provision for income taxes based on the statutory tax rates. Judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and determining our annual tax provision. We recognize the impact of a tax position only if it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. We recognize potential interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense, as applicable. 49 Table of Contents