Koppers Holdings Inc. 10-Q

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS This report and any documents incorporated herein by reference contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and may include, but are not limited to, statements about sales levels, acquisitions, restructuring, declines in the value of Koppers assets and the effect of any related impairment charges, profitability and anticipated expenses and cash outflows. All forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. All statements contained herein that are not clearly historical in nature are forward-looking, and words such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “continue,” “plans,” “potential,” “intends,” “likely,” or other similar words or phrases are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement contained herein, in press releases, written statements or documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or in Koppers communications and discussions with investors and analysts in the normal course of business through meetings, phone calls and conference calls, regarding expectations with respect to sales, earnings, cash flows, operating efficiencies, restructurings, product introduction or expansion, the benefits of acquisitions and divestitures, joint ventures or other matters as well as financings and debt reduction, are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and contingencies. Many of these risks, uncertainties and contingencies are beyond our control, and may cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from anticipated results, performance or achievements. Factors that might affect such forward-looking statements, include, among other things, the impact of changes in commodity prices, such as oil and copper, on product margins; general economic and business conditions; the length and extent of economic contraction as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; disruption in the U.S. and global financial markets; potential difficulties in protecting our intellectual property; the ratings on our debt and our ability to repay or refinance our outstanding indebtedness as it matures; our ability to operate within the limits of our debt covenants; potential impairment of our goodwill and/or long-lived assets; demand for Koppers goods and services; competitive conditions; interest rate and foreign currency rate fluctuations; availability and costs of key raw materials and unfavorable resolution of claims against us, as well as those discussed more fully elsewhere in this report and in documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission by Koppers, particularly our latest annual report on Form 10-K and subsequent filings. We caution you that the foregoing list of important factors may not contain all of the material factors that are important to you. In addition, in light of these risks and uncertainties, the matters referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this report and the documents incorporated by reference herein may not in fact occur. Any forward-looking statements in this report speak only as of the date of this report, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after that date or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited financial statements and related notes included in Item 1 of this Part I as well as the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Overview We are a leading integrated global provider of treated wood products, wood preservation chemicals, and carbon compounds. Our products and services are used in a variety of niche applications in a diverse range of end-markets, including the railroad, specialty chemical, utility, residential lumber, agriculture, aluminum, steel, rubber, and construction industries. We serve our customers through a comprehensive global manufacturing and distribution network, with manufacturing facilities located in North America, South America, Australasia, China and Europe. We operate three principal businesses: Railroad and Utility Products and Services (“RUPS”), Performance Chemicals (“PC”) and Carbon Materials and Chemicals (“CMC”). Through our RUPS business, we believe that we are the largest supplier of wood crossties to the Class I railroads in North America. Our other treated wood products include utility poles for the electric and telephone utility industries in the United States and Australia and construction pilings. We also provide rail joint bar products as well as various services to the railroad industry. Through our PC business, we believe that we are the global leader in developing, manufacturing and marketing wood preservation chemicals and wood treatment technologies for use in the pressure treating of lumber for residential, industrial and agricultural applications. 24 Our CMC business processes coal tar into a variety of products, including creosote, carbon pitch, carbon black feedstock, naphthalene and phthalic anhydride, which are intermediate materials necessary in the pressure treatment of wood, the production of aluminum, the production of carbon black, the production of high-strength concrete, and the production of plasticizers and specialty chemicals, respectively. Outlook Trend Overview Our businesses and results of operations are affected by various competitive and other factors including (i) the impact of global economic conditions on demand for our products, including the impact of imported products from competitors in certain regions where we operate; (ii) raw material pricing and availability, in particular the cost and availability of hardwood lumber for railroad crossties and softwood lumber for utility poles, scrap copper prices, and the cost and amount of coal tar available in global markets, which is negatively affected by reductions in blast furnace steel production; (iii) volatility in oil prices, which impacts the cost of coal tar and certain other raw materials, as well as selling prices and margins for certain of our products including carbon black feedstock, phthalic anhydride, and naphthalene; (iv) competitive conditions in global carbon pitch markets; and (v) changes in foreign exchange rates. Effects of COVID-19 on our operations Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors that are outside of our control, including from the effects of the current pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak began to have a global effect in the first quarter of 2020 and is having a significant impact on global markets driven by supply chain and production disruptions, workforce restrictions, reduced spending and other factors. These events negatively impacted our financial performance in the first quarter of 2020 and are expected to negatively impact our financial performance in future periods. During the COVID-19 pandemic, substantially all of our global businesses have continued to operate within a critical infrastructure sector (as established by the Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, as well as other governments worldwide), and as a result, we have been able to meet the demand of our customers in the various markets we serve. Our operations were curtailed in two locations, China and New Zealand, after government restrictions required the temporary closure of operations. As of the date of this filing, these operations have returned to service. Our remaining 31 facilities, principally in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and Denmark, were permitted to continue to operate. Our focus during this period has been on the following key priorities: • Protecting the health and safety of employees, customers and supply chain partners through rapid deployment of new safety measures, including frequent communication and guidance to all employees on effective hygiene and disinfection, social distancing, limited and remote access and use of face masks. • Providing critical products and ongoing support to customers by communicating frequently, understanding their changing business needs and ensuring key raw materials are multi-sourced when possible. • Maintaining adequate liquidity and financial flexibility by launching several cost-reduction initiatives and contingency plans to raise and conserve cash in all aspects of our operations and utilizing available federal relief such as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act, which we continue to evaluate. The full extent to which COVID-19 will adversely impact our business depends on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including new information concerning the severity of the outbreak and the effectiveness of actions globally to contain or mitigate its effects. Our condensed consolidated financial statements and discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations reflect estimates and assumptions made by us as of March 31, 2020. Events and changes in circumstances arising after March 31, 2020, including those resulting from the impacts of COVID-19, will be reflected in our estimates for future periods. Refer to the Liquidity section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the impact of the global pandemic on our liquidity. Railroad and Utility Products and Services We provide our customers with treated and untreated wood products, rail joint bars and services primarily for the railroad markets in the United States and Canada. We also operate a railroad services business that conducts engineering, design, repair and inspection services primarily for railroad bridges in the U.S. and Canada. In addition, we supply treated utility poles for the utility sector in the United States and Australia. The primary end-markets for RUPS is the North American railroad industry, which has an installed base of approximately 700 million wood crossties, and the investor-owned utility industry which utilizes wooden distribution and transmission poles. Both crossties and utility poles require periodic replacement. 25 Historically, North American demand for crossties had been in the range of 22-25 million crossties annually. However, the crosstie replacement market has been significantly lower in recent years. According to the Railway Tie Association (“RTA”), the estimated total crosstie installations in 2019 were approximately 20 million, of which 15 million were for Class I railroads. For 2020, RTA forecasted a slight increase in demand to 20.5 million crossties , with 15 million for Class I railroads . The key drivers for the projected relatively flat crosstie demand levels include reduced heavy-haul loads because of the continuing secular shift from coal to natural gas, lower agricultural shipments due to lower crop yields, manufacturing constraints related to a less optimistic economic outlook, and uncertainties from ongoing trade tensions. The RTA has not yet provided a forecast that incorporates the potential effects of COVID-19. For distribution poles, nearly half of the installed base is 40-plus years old and the demand has historically been in the range of two to three million poles annually. On an overall basis, we believe that the rate at which utilities purchase utility poles will grow as they continue replacement programs within their service territories. As a whole, utilities need to maintain their infrastructure to avoid interruptions in service as large sections of the population are currently impacted by stay-at-home orders related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that backdrop, we anticipate that 2020 will be a relatively stable to slightly higher from a demand standpoint. Longer term, we are evaluating opportunities to potentially expand our market presence in the U.S. as well as certain overseas markets. The supply of untreated crossties can vary at times based upon weather conditions in addition to other factors. We have a nationwide wood procurement team that maintains close working relationships with a network of sawmills. We procure untreated crossties, either on behalf of our customers, or for our own inventory for future treating. We also procure switch ties and various other types of lumber used for railroad bridges and crossings. Untreated crossties go through a six- to nine-month air seasoning process before they are ready to be pressure treated. After the air seasoning process is complete, the crossties are pressure treated using creosote-only treatment or a combined creosote and borate treatment. During any given year, there is a seasonal effect in the winter and spring months on our crosstie business depending on weather conditions for harvesting lumber and crosstie installation. For the past several years, the major companies in the rail industry substantially reduced both operating and capital spending from peak spending levels, which had a negative impact on sales of various products and services that we provide to that industry. Current year revenues and profitability reflect an increase year-over-year due to a slight rise in demand as capital budgets have now stabilized for most North American Class I railroads. We currently supply all seven of the North American Class I railroads and have long-standing relationships with these customers. Approximately 70 percent of our North American sales are under long-term contracts and we believe that we are positioned to maintain or grow our current market position. According to the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”), railroads are facing multiple challenges that include fundamental long-term structural changes as a result of the continued decline of coal markets, growth in the domestic intermodal and chemical sectors, evolution of consumer purchasing practices, and disruptions stemming from trade uncertainty. In the recent past, the Class I railroads were highly dependent on the oil and gas and coal mining industries. Currently, the railroads are more correlated to commodity prices, interest rates and trade relations. The AAR reported that rail traffic trended down in recent months. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 , total U.S. carload traffic decreased 6.3 percent from the prior year while intermodal units were lower by 8.6 percent from the prior year, and on a combined basis, U.S. traffic for carloads and intermodal units was 7.5 percent lower than the prior year. According to the AAR, rail traffic has been negatively impacted by continuing weakness in coal markets, trade disputes and related uncertainties, and the COVID-19 pandemic. With respect to the effects of COVID-19, U.S. carloads of autos and auto parts were down as auto production has largely been suspended and lower consumer spending has begun to shrink demand. In addition, the recent collapse in worldwide oil prices has also severely affected rail shipments of petroleum products, fracking sand and steel products. In terms of raw material, while forestry has generally been deemed essential during the COVID-19 outbreak, new construction is not considered essential in many areas. While this has impacted some of the sawmills, we have not experienced a noticeable impact to date as there are sawmills continuing to produce poles and crossties to maintain their operations and cash flow. According to the RTA, the outlook is favorable for the adequate availability of logs over the current six to twelve-month period. To the extent that demand remains as forecasted, we can build our untreated tie inventory and have higher levels of dry crosstie inventory ready for future treatment. To date, all but one of our Class I customers have indicated that they expect to maintain their tie replacement programs for 2020; however these plans may change due to highly uncertain and unpredictable economic environment. From a long-term perspective, we believe there remains a need for sustained investment in infrastructure and capacity expansion. We believe that with our vertical integration capabilities in wood treatment and strong customer relationships, we will ultimately benefit from increased demand. 26 Strategic Initiatives and Integration Synergies As part of optimizing our business, we continue to evaluate a number of opportunities to improve efficiencies in our operational processes, people and facilities. With 17 North American RUPS treating facilities operating at less than full utilization, our goal is to either capture more volume through the existing facilities or consolidate our operating footprint. Performance Chemicals The largest geographic market for wood treating chemicals sold by our PC business is in North America, and the largest application for our products is the residential remodeling market. We also have a market presence in Europe, South America, Australia, New Zealand and Africa. We believe that PC is the largest global manufacturer and supplier of water-based wood preservatives and wood specialty additives to treaters that supply pressure treated wood products to large retailers and independent lumber dealers. These retailers and dealers, in turn, serve the residential, agricultural and industrial pressure-treated wood market. Our primary products are copper-based wood preservatives, including micronized copper azole (“MicroPro®”) and micronized pigments (“MicroShades®”). Applications for these products include decking, fencing, utility poles, construction lumber and other outdoor structures. In North America, we are vertically integrated due to our manufacturing capabilities for copper compounds for our copper-based wood preservatives. We believe our vertical integration is part of our proprietary processes and reflects an important competitive advantage. As most of the products sold by PC are copper-based products, changes in the price and availability of copper can have a significant impact on product pricing and margins. We attempt to moderate the variability in copper pricing over time by entering into hedging transactions for the majority of our copper needs, which primarily range from six months up to 36 months. These hedges typically match expected customer purchases and receive hedge accounting treatment. From time to time, we enter into forward transactions based upon long-term forecasted needs of copper. These forward positions are typically marked to market. Product demand for our PC business has historically been closely associated with consumer spending on home repair and remodeling projects, and therefore, trends in existing home sales serve as a leading indicator. Overall, the market for existing homes are beginning to show more negative signals. According to the National Association of Realtors® (“NAR”), total existing-home sales in March dropped 8.5 percent from February; however, overall sales increased year-over-year for the ninth straight month, up 0.8 percent from a year ago. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, existing home sales slowed in March and more temporary interruptions to home sales are expected in the near term. While sales have declined, the NAR reports that home prices remain strong for the time being. According to the Leading Indicator of Remodeling Activity (“LIRA”) reported by the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, national spending for home renovations and repairs are expected to decline at least through the first quarter of 2021 due to impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic . Prior to the pandemic, t he LIRA pointed to a healthy rebound in home remodeling spending with annual growth of 3.9 percent by the first quarter of 2021, but the latest data incorporating both actual and forecasted impacts of the economic shutdown point to spending declines this year with further worsening into 2021. With the unprecedented changes to the U.S. economy since mid-March, LIRA projects that home remodeling expenditures will decrease as much as 1.2 percent in 2020 compared with annual gains of five percent to seven percent in recent years. The current environment of low interest rates may help mitigate declines to home improvement expenditures over the next six to twelve months. The Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index® d eteriorated further in April, following a sharp decline in March. The Index now stands at 86.9, down from 118.8 in March. Consumer confidence weakened significantly in April, driven by a sharp contraction in economic activity and a surge in unemployment claims brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak. In general, consumers were less optimistic about their financial prospects. The uncertainty of the economic effects of COVID-19 will likely cause expectations to fluctuate in the months ahead. Carbon Materials and Chemicals The primary products produced by CMC are creosote, which is a registered pesticide in the United States and used primarily in the pressure treatment of railroad crossties, and carbon pitch, which is sold primarily to the aluminum industry for the production of carbon anodes used in the smelting of aluminum. We have reduced capacity in our CMC plants in North America and Europe over the past several years to levels required to meet creosote demand in North America for the treatment of railroad crossties. The CMC business currently supplies our North American RUPS business with the majority of its creosote requirements. 27 On February 18, 2020, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell Koppers (Jiangsu) Carbon Chemical Company Limited (“KJCC”) to Fangda Carbon New Material Co., Ltd and C-Chem Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Nippon Steel Chemical & Material Co., Ltd. KJCC is a 75 percent-owned coal tar distillation company which is part of our CMC segment. On April 16, 2020, the pending divestiture reached a key milestone by filing for antitrust approval with China’s State Administration for Market Regulation of China (SAMR) and a decision is anticipated to be issued by June 2020. In 2019, KJCC’s sales totaled $127.4 million and its operating profit totaled $5.9 million. The sales price is $107.0 million, subject to adjustment for cash, debt and working capital at closing, which is expected to occur in four to six months from signing due to required regulatory approvals in China and achievement of other closing conditions. At closing, we estimate the gain on the sale of KJCC will be approximately $45 million and net cash proceeds to Koppers will be approximately $65 million, after noncontrolling interest, taxes and expenses. The results of KJCC are reflected as a discontinued operation in the consolidated financial statement s and the supporting footnotes . In the third quarter of 2019, we ceased remaining production activities at our Follansbee, West Virginia. As a result of recent initiatives to reduce capacity, we expect additional restructuring and related charges to earnings of approximately $2 million to $5 million through 2021. The overall expected future cash requirements for the CMC plant closures are estimated to be approximately $14 million through 2021. While the sale of carbon pitch remains a significant portion of our sales volume, the reduction of aluminum smelting capacity in the United States, Australia and Western Europe has led to sharply lower demand for carbon pitch over the past several years. Accordingly, we have experienced significantly lower sales volumes due to the reduction in aluminum production in parts of the world where the majority of our production facilities are located. However, beginning in 2018, aluminum production in the United States increased to some extent as tariffs have been imposed on certain imported steel and aluminum products that has stimulated restarts of previously idled capacity. This development has resulted in additional demand for carbon pitch in the United States that can likely only be sustained through a continuation of current trade policy. The availability of coal tar, the primary raw material for our CMC business, is linked to levels of metallurgical coke production. As the global steel industry, excluding Asia, has reduced the production of steel using metallurgical coke, the volumes of coal tar have also been reduced. For the past decade, the coal tar distillation industry has operated in an excess capacity mode, which further increased the competition for a limited amount of coal tar in North America. Over the past three years we have consolidated our operating footprint and significantly lowered production levels at the same time that we added distribution assets to move finished products from Europe to the United States more efficiently. In addition, we entered into several new long-term supply agreements starting in 2017 to further lower our exposure to coal tar availability risk and volatile end markets. As a result, our raw material needs in North America have been significantly less than historically required. For the external markets served by our CMC business, we expect that North America and Europe will be significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Carbon pitch and phthalic anhydride markets have begun to soften due to declines in demand as manufacturing activity in North America and Europe significantly slowed. In addition , end market pricing for some products has been under pressure in certain regions due to the significant fall in worldwide oil prices. Globally, coal tar raw material supply remains constrained due to reductions in blast furnace steel capacity. Seasonality and Effects of Weather on Operations Our quarterly operating results fluctuate due to a variety of factors that are outside of our control, including inclement weather conditions, which in the past have affected operating results. Operations at some of our facilities have at times been reduced during the winter months. Moreover, demand for some of our products declines during periods of inclement weather. As a result of the foregoing, we anticipate that we may experience material fluctuations in quarterly operating results. Historically, our operating results have been significantly lower in the first and fourth calendar quarters as compared to the second and third calendar quarters. Results of Operations – Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Results Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized by segment in the following table: Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 2019 Net Change (Dollars in millions) Railroad and Utility Products and Services $ 190.0 $ 166.1 14 % Performance Chemicals 111.4 99.0 13 % Carbon Materials and Chemicals 100.5 111.8 -10 % $ 401.9 $ 376.9 7 % 28 RUPS net sales in creased by $ 23.9 million or 14 percent compared to the prior year period. The sales increase was primarily due to volume increases in the Class I and commercial crosstie markets as well as the domestic and Australian utility pole markets , along with price increases in the commercial crosstie market in the current year period. Sales of crossties increased by $ 23.5 million in the current year period. These increases were offset, in part, by volume decreases in our maintenance of way businesses and an unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation in the current year period of $ 1 .0 million from our Australian pole business. PC net sales increased by $12.4 million or 13 percent compared to the prior year period. The sales increase was due primarily to higher demand for copper-based preservatives in North America due to new customer wins and higher organic volumes as well as favorable weather and optimistic demand leading into the first quarter. The business experienced these positive drivers despite the COVID-19 pandemic. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in sales volumes of non-copper based preservatives in Europe as well as an unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation in the current year period of $1.9 million. CMC net sales decreased by $11.3 million or 10 percent compared to the prior year period due mainly to lower sales prices for carbon pitch in Australia, Europe and North America along with reduced sales volumes of carbon pitch in North America. These unfavorable drivers were primarily due to reduced demand as a result of an oversupply in the aluminum market. Foreign currency translation also had an unfavorable impact on sales in the current year period of $3.4 million. Favorable offsetting factors in the current year period included increased volumes for phthalic anhydride in North America and carbon pitch and carbon black feedstock in Australia. Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was 85 percent for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 compared to 80 percent in the prior year quarter. Gross margin at PC was unfavorably impacted by a net amount of $11.1 million due to changes in unrealized gains and losses from our copper swap contracts. Lower gross margins for CMC in the current year period were a result of lower sales volumes and prices for carbon pitch in North America and Europe. Depreciation and amortization charges for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 were consistent with the prior year period . Impairment and restructuring charges for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 were consistent with the prior year period . Selling, general and administrative expenses for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 were $2.2 million lower when compared to the prior year period due mainly to a decrease of $1.3 million for performance based employee incentive expense and $1.2 million for travel and facility related costs. These decreases were partially offset by a slight increase of for certain consulting, legal and professional service costs in the current year period. Interest expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 was $2.2 million lower when compared to the prior year period primarily due to our lower average debt level each quarter since our elevated cash needs for stock buybacks and major capital projects in the second half of 2018. Income tax benefit for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 was $1.8 million as compared to an income tax benefit of $1.2 million in the prior year period. Both years included benefits related to discrete tax items which significantly influenced the tax provision. In 2020, we recognized net tax benefits of $1.8 million principally related to provisions of the CARES Act and, in 2019, we recognized net tax benefits of $3.8 million principally related to the reversal of unrecognized tax benefits due to audit closures. Discontinued operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 resulted in a loss of $4.4 million compared to income of $2.7 million in the prior year period due primarily to a year-over-year reduction in sales of $48.1 million attributable to the economic effects of COVD-19 on our KJCC operations in the current year period. 29 Segment Results . Segment operating profit for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 is summarized by segment in the following table: Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 2019 % Change (Dollars in millions) Operating profit (loss): Railroad and Utility Products and Services $ 9.2 $ 8.7 6 % Performance Chemicals 4.1 12.8 -68 % Carbon Materials and Chemicals 0.7 3.3 -79 % Corporate (0.4 ) (0.5 ) 20 % $ 13.6 $ 24.3 -44 % Operating profit as a percentage of net sales: Railroad and Utility Products and Services 4.8 % 5.2 % -0.4 % Performance Chemicals 3.7 % 12.9 % -9.2 % Carbon Materials and Chemicals 0.7 % 3.0 % -2.3 % 3.4 % 6.4 % -3.0 % RUPS operating profit increased by $0.5 million compared to the prior year period. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales decreased to 4.8 percent from an operating profit of 5.2 percent in the prior year period. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was negatively impacted by higher overhead costs and an unfavorable sales mix on gross margin in the current year period. PC operating profit decreased by $8.7 million compared to the prior year period. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales decreased to 3.7 percent from 12.9 percent in the prior year period. The current year period was unfavorably impacted by a net amount of $11.1 million due to changes in unrealized gains and losses from our copper swap contracts. Excluding the effect of unrealized losses from our copper swap contracts, our operating profit as a percentage of net sales would have been 10.9 percent in the current year period. Lower year-over-year raw material prices and higher absorption on higher production volumes partially offset our unrealized coppers swap contract losses for the quarter ended March 31, 2020. CMC operating profit decreased by $2.6 million compared to the prior year period. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales decreased to 0.7 percent from an operating profit of 3.0 percent in the prior year period. Operating profit for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 was negatively affected primarily by lower sales prices for carbon pitch in Australia, Europe and North America along with reduced sales volumes of carbon pitch in North America. These unfavorable drivers were primarily due to reduced demand as a result of an oversupply in the aluminum market. The global drop in crude oil prices also had an unfavorable impact on pricing and inventory write-downs within the segment during the current year period. Favorable offsetting factors in the current year period included increased volumes for phthalic anhydride in North America and carbon pitch and carbon black feedstock in Australia. Cash Flow Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $17.2 million compared to net cash used in operating activities of $14.3 million in the prior year period. The net increase of $2.9 million in cash used in operations was due primarily to higher working capital usage of $1.2 million compared to the prior year period, mainly due to unfavorable timing of payments in the current year period. In addition, the change in income and certain operating activities of $1.7 million from the prior year period had an unfavorable result on cash provided by operations in the current year period. These negative impacts were partially offset by a net favorable impact on cash from a reduction in inventory in the current year period relative to the prior year end. Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $10.6 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $9.3 million in the prior year period. Capital expenditures were consistent with the prior year period. The net increase in cash used for investing activities of $1.3 million is primarily due to the cash provided by insurance proceeds for capital expenditures of $1.4 million in the prior year period. Net cash provided by financing activities was $50.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $20.8 million of net cash provided by financing activities in the prior year period. The cash provided by financing activities in the three months ended March 31, 2020 reflected net borrowings of debt of $51.5 million partially offset by repurchases of common stock of $1.2 million. The cash provided by financing activities in the prior year period reflected net borrowings of $21.4 million partially offset by repurchases of common stock of $0.9 million. 30 Liquidity and Capital Resources We have a $600.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility and a $100.0 million secured term loan facility (collectively, the “Credit Facility”) with a maturity date of May 2024. The interest rate on the Credit Facility is variable and is based on LIBOR. On February 26, 2020, we entered into the Fourth Amendment and amended the Credit Facility to, among other things: (1) revise the LIBOR replacement language in the Credit Facility, (2) revise certain provisions regarding mandatory prepayments of the term loan facility with proceeds of equity issuances and associated definitions, (3) remove the step downs in the maximum total secured leverage ratio and maximum total leverage ratio which would otherwise occur at the time of a first equity issuance, and (4) revise certain provisions regarding disposition of assets by certain subsidiaries of Koppers Inc. Restrictions on Dividends to Koppers Holdings Koppers Holdings depends on the dividends from the earnings of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet its financial obligations, including the payment of any declared dividend of Koppers Holdings. The Credit Facility prohibits Koppers Inc. from making dividend payments to Koppers Holdings unless (1) such dividend payments are permitted by the indenture governing Koppers Inc.’s $500 million Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”), (2) no event of default or potential default has occurred or is continuing under our Credit Facility, and (3) we are in pro forma compliance with our fixed charge coverage ratio covenant after giving effect to such dividend. The indenture governing the 2025 Notes restricts Koppers Inc.’s ability to finance our payment of dividends if (1) a default has occurred or would result from such financing, (2) Koppers Inc., or a restricted subsidiary of Koppers Inc. which is not a guarantor under the indenture, is not able to incur additional indebtedness (as defined in the indenture), and (3) the sum of all restricted payments (as defined in the indenture) have exceeded the permitted amount (which we refer to as the “basket”) at such point in time. The basket is governed by a formula based on the sum of a beginning amount, plus or minus a percentage of Koppers Inc.’s consolidated net income (as defined in the indenture), plus the net proceeds of Koppers Inc.’s qualified stock issuance or conversions of debt to qualified stock, plus the net proceeds from the sale of or a reduction in an investment (as defined in the indenture) or the value of the assets of an unrestricted subsidiary which is designated a restricted subsidiary. At March 31, 2020, the basket totaled $164.8 million. Notwithstanding such restrictions, the indenture governing the 2025 Notes permits an additional aggregate amount of $0.30 per share each fiscal quarter to finance dividends on the capital stock of Koppers Holdings, whether or not there is any basket availability, provided that at the time of such payment, no default in the indenture has occurred or would result from financing the dividends. In addition, certain required coverage ratios in Koppers Inc.’s Credit Facility may restrict the ability of Koppers Inc. to pay dividends. Koppers Holdings last declared a dividend in November 2014 and does not expect to declare any dividends for the foreseeable future. Liquidity Borrowings under the Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets of Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings and their material domestic subsidiaries. The Credit Facility contains certain covenants for Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries that limit capital expenditures, additional indebtedness, liens, dividends and investments or acquisitions. In addition, such covenants give rise to events of default upon the failure by Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries to meet certain financial ratios. As of March 31, 2020, we had $129.9 million of unused revolving credit availability for working capital purposes after restrictions by various debt covenants and certain letter of credit commitments. As of March 31, 2020, $7.5 million of commitments were utilized by outstanding letters of credit. The following table summarizes our estimated liquidity as of March 31, 2020 (dollars in millions) : Cash and cash equivalents (1) $ 54.2 Amount available under Credit Facility 129.9 Total estimated liquidity $ 184.1 (1) Cash includes approximately $53.0 million held by foreign subsidiaries. Our estimated liquidity was $254.6 million at December 31, 2019. 31 Our remaining need for cash in the next twelve months relates primarily to contractual obligations which include debt service, pension plan funding, purchase commitments and operating leases, as well as working capital, capital maintenance programs and the funding of plant consolidation and rationalizations. We may also use cash to pursue other potential strategic acquisitions or voluntary pension plan contributions . Capital expenditures in 2020 , excluding acquisitions, if any, are expected to total approximately $55 to $ 65 million and are expected to be funded by cash from operations . Debt Covenants The covenants under the Credit Facility may restrict the availability to borrow or may restrict the ability of Koppers Inc. to pay dividends. The Credit Facility’s covenants include the following financial ratios: ◾ The fixed charge coverage ratio, calculated as of the end of each fiscal quarter for the four fiscal quarters then ended, is not permitted to be less than 1.10. The fixed charge coverage ratio at March 31, 2020 was 2.31. ◾ The total secured leverage ratio, calculated as of the end of each fiscal quarter for the four fiscal quarters then ended, is not permitted to exceed 3.00. The total secured leverage ratio at March 31, 2020 was 2.25. ◾ The total leverage ratio, calculated as of the end of each fiscal quarter for the four fiscal quarters then ended, is not permitted to exceed 5.25. The total leverage ratio at March 31, 2020 was 4.63. We are currently in compliance with all covenants governing the Credit Facility. Our continued ability to meet those financial ratios can be affected by events beyond our control, however, excluding possible acquisitions, we currently expect that our net cash flows from operating activities and funds available from our Credit Facility will be sufficient to provide for our working capital needs and capital spending requirements over the next twelve months. Effects of COVID-19 on our Liquidity As of March 31, 2020, we are in compliance with our debt covenant metrics and had $184.1 million of liquidity to fund our operations. Our estimates and assumptions as of the date of this report indicate that we should remain in compliance with our debt covenants and we have identified actions we can implement to help maintain compliance if the impact of COVID-19 has a more pronounced impact on the economy, our business and our ability to generate cash flow and profits than estimated. These impacts are highly uncertain and unpredictable, and include the severity of the outbreak and the effectiveness of actions globally to contain or mitigate its effects. Accordingly, the financial effects of the pandemic on our business may have an adverse effect on the determination of, and compliance with, our debt covenants over the next twelve months. In the event we do not maintain compliance with our debt covenants, we may be required to pursue additional sources of financing to meet our financial obligations. Obtaining such financing is not guaranteed and is largely dependent upon market conditions and other factors. Further actions may be required to improve our cash position, including but not limited to, monetizing assets, implementing cost reductions including employee furloughs, and foregoing capital expenditures and other discretionary expenses. Legal Matters The information set forth in Note 18 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Koppers Holdings Inc. included in Item 1 of this Part I is incorporated herein by reference. Recently Issued Accounting Guidance The information set forth in Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Koppers Holdings Inc. included in Item 1 of this Part I is incorporated herein by reference. Critical Accounting Policies There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Environmental and Other Matters The information set forth in Note 18 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Koppers Holdings Inc. included in Item 1 of this Part I is incorporated herein by reference. 32 ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK There are no material changes to the disclosure on this matter made in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.