Kinsale Capital Group, Inc. 10-Q

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The discussion and analysis below include certain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors described in "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ended December 31, 2024, or for any other future period. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report, and in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. References to the "Company," "Kinsale," "we," "us," and "our" are to Kinsale Capital Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. Overview Founded in 2009, Kinsale is a specialty insurance company. Kinsale focuses exclusively on the excess and surplus lines ("E&S") market in the U.S., where we use our underwriting expertise to write coverages for hard-to-place small business risks and personal lines risks. We market these insurance products in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, primarily through a network of independent insurance brokers. We have one reportable segment, our Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance segment, which offers property and casualty ("P&C") insurance products through the E&S market. For the first nine months of 2024, the percentage breakdown of our gross written premiums was 67.0% casualty and 33.0% property. Our commercial underwriting divisions include commercial property, excess casualty, small business casualty, general casualty, construction, allied health, small business property, products liability, entertainment, energy, professional liability, life sciences, commercial auto, excess professional, environmental, inland marine, health care, management liability, public entity, aviation, ocean marine, product recall, railroad and agribusiness. We also write homeowners' coverage in the personal lines market, which in aggregate represented 2.5% of our gross written premiums in the first nine months of 2024. Components of Our Results of Operations Gross written premiums Gross written premiums are the amounts received or to be received for insurance policies written or assumed by us during a specific period of time without reduction for policy acquisition costs, reinsurance costs or other deductions. The volume of our gross written premiums in any given period is generally influenced by: • New business submissions; • Conversion of new business submissions into policies; • Renewals of existing policies; and • Average size and premium rate of bound policies. 28 Table of Contents We earn insurance premiums on a pro rata basis over the term of the policy. Our insurance policies generally have a term of one year. Net earned premiums represent the earned portion of our gross written premiums, less that portion of our gross written premiums that is ceded to third-party reinsurers under our reinsurance agreements. Ceded written premiums Ceded written premiums are the amount of gross written premiums ceded to reinsurers. We enter into reinsurance contracts to limit our exposure to potential large losses. Ceded written premiums are earned over the reinsurance contract period in proportion to the period of risk covered. The volume of our ceded written premiums is impacted by the level of our gross written premiums, any decision we make to increase or decrease retention levels and reinstatement premiums, if any. Fee income Fee income includes policy fees charged to insureds and is recognized in earnings when the related premium is written. Policy fees are a flat charge to insureds and fee income is impacted primarily by the volume of business we write. Losses and loss adjustment expenses Losses and loss adjustment expenses are a function of the amount and type of insurance contracts we write and the loss experience associated with the underlying coverage. In general, our losses and loss adjustment expenses are affected by: • Frequency of claims associated with the particular types of insurance contracts that we write; • Trends in the average size of losses incurred on a particular type of business; • Mix of business written by us; • Changes in the legal or regulatory environment related to the business we write; • Trends in legal defense costs; • Wage inflation • Social inflation; • Inflation in material costs, and • Inflation in medical costs. Losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on an actuarial analysis of the estimated losses, including losses incurred during the period and changes in estimates from prior periods. Losses and loss adjustment expenses may be paid out over a period of years. Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses include policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses. Policy acquisition costs are principally composed of the commissions we pay our brokers, net of ceding commissions we receive on business ceded under certain reinsurance contracts. Policy acquisition costs also include underwriting expenses that are directly related to the successful acquisition of those policies which are deferred. The amortization of policy acquisition costs is charged to expense in proportion to premium earned over the policy life. Other underwriting expenses represent the general and administrative expenses of our insurance business such as employment costs, telecommunication and technology costs, and legal and auditing fees. 29 Table of Contents Net investment income Net investment income is an important component of our results of operations. We earn investment income on our portfolio of cash and invested assets. Our cash and invested assets are primarily composed of fixed-maturity securities, and may also include cash equivalents, equity securities and short-term investments. The principal factors that influence net investment income are the size of our investment portfolio and the yield on that portfolio. As measured by amortized cost (which excludes changes in fair value), the size of our investment portfolio is mainly a function of our invested equity capital combined with premiums we receive from our insureds less payments on policyholder claims. Net investment income also includes rental income and depreciation expense from our real estate investment property, if any. Change in fair value of equity securities Change in fair value of equity securities represents the increase or decrease in the fair value of equity securities held during the period. Net realized investment gains (losses) Net realized investment gains (losses) are a function of the difference between the amount received by us on the sale of a security and the security's amortized cost. Income tax expense Currently, substantially all of our income tax expense relates to federal income taxes. Our insurance subsidiary, Kinsale Insurance Company, is not subject to income taxes in the states in which it operates; however, our non-insurance subsidiaries are subject to state income taxes, but have not generated any material taxable income to date. The amount of income tax expense or benefit recorded in future periods will depend on the jurisdictions in which we operate and the tax laws and regulations in effect. Key metrics We discuss certain key metrics, described below, which we believe provide useful information about our business and the operational factors underlying our financial performance. Underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define underwriting income as net income, excluding net investment income, net change in the fair value of equity securities, net realized investment gains and losses, change in allowance for credit losses on investments, interest expense, other income, other expenses and income tax expense. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to underwriting income. Net operating earnings is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define net operating earnings as net income excluding the net change in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes, net realized investment gains and losses, after taxes and change in allowance for credit losses on investments, after taxes. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to net operating earnings. Loss ratio , expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses to the sum of net earned premiums and fee income. Expense ratio , expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to the sum of net earned premiums and fee income. Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. A combined ratio under 100% indicates an underwriting profit. A combined ratio over 100% indicates an underwriting loss. 30 Table of Contents Return on equity is net income expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period. Operating return on equity is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define operating return on equity as net operating earnings expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to net operating earnings. Net retention ratio is the ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums. Gross investment return is investment income from fixed-maturity and equity securities (and short-term investments, if any), before any deductions for fees and expenses, expressed as a percentage of the average beginning and ending book values of those investments during the period. 31 Table of Contents Results of Operations Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to three months ended September 30, 2023 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Three Months Ended September 30, ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 Change % Change Gross written premiums $ 448,646 $ 377,789 $ 70,857 18.8 % Ceded written premiums (98,709) (83,509) (15,200) 18.2 % Net written premiums $ 349,937 $ 294,280 $ 55,657 18.9 % Net earned premiums $ 348,752 $ 281,502 $ 67,250 23.9 % Fee income 8,489 6,841 1,648 24.1 % Losses and loss adjustment expenses 200,240 155,552 44,688 28.7 % Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses 70,139 60,348 9,791 16.2 % Underwriting income (1) 86,862 72,443 14,419 19.9 % Net investment income 39,644 27,086 12,558 46.4 % Change in the fair value of equity securities 20,659 (5,533) 26,192 NM Net realized investment gains (losses) (8) 4,274 (4,282) NM Change in allowance for credit losses on investments 4 (143) 147 NM Interest expense (2,589) (2,573) (16) 0.6 % Other expense, net (174) (61) (113) NM Income before taxes 144,398 95,493 48,905 51.2 % Income tax expense 30,169 19,378 10,791 55.7 % Net income $ 114,229 $ 76,115 $ 38,114 50.1 % Net operating earnings (2) $ 97,911 $ 77,223 $ 20,688 26.8 % Loss ratio 56.1 % 53.9 % Expense ratio 19.6 % 20.9 % Combined ratio (3) 75.7 % 74.8 % Annualized return on equity 33.9 % 33.9 % Annualized operating return on equity (2) 29.1 % 34.4 % NM - Percentage change not meaningful. (1) Underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to underwriting income. (2) Net operating earnings and annualized operating return on equity are non-GAAP financial measures. Net operating earnings is defined as net income excluding the net change in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes, net realized investment gains and losses, after taxes, and change in allowance for credit losses on investments, after taxes. Annualized operating return on equity is defined as net operating earnings expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to net operating earnings. 32 Table of Contents (3) The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and expense ratio as presented. Calculations of each component may not add due to rounding. Net income was $114.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $76.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 50.1%. The increase in net income for the third quarter of 2024 from the same period last year was primarily due to higher returns on equity investments, continued profitable growth and an increase in investment income driven by higher investment balances and higher interest rates. Underwriting income was $86.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $72.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 19.9%. The corresponding combined ratios were 75.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 74.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in underwriting income in the third quarter of 2024 compared to the third quarter of 2023 was primarily due to a combination of premium growth and lower relative net commissions offset in part by higher catastrophe losses during the period. Premiums Gross written premiums were $448.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $377.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $70.9 million, or 18.8%. The increase in gross written premiums for the third quarter of 2024 over the same period last year was due to higher submission activity from brokers and a favorable, yet increasingly competitive, pricing environment. The average premium per policy written was approximately $14,500 in the third quarter of 2024 compared to approximately $14,400 in the third quarter of 2023. Excluding our personal lines insurance, which has a relatively low premium per policy written, the average premium per policy written was approximately $15,300 in the third quarter of 2024 compared to $15,500 in the third quarter of 2023. Net written premiums increased by $55.7 million, or 18.9%, to $349.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from $294.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in net written premiums for the third quarter of 2024 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to higher gross written premiums. The net retention ratio was 78.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 77.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Net earned premiums increased by $67.3 million, or 23.9%, to $348.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from $281.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and was directly related to growth in gross written premiums. 33 Table of Contents Loss ratio The following table summarizes the loss ratios for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 ($ in thousands) Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses % of Sum of Earned Premiums and Fee Income Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses % of Sum of Earned Premiums and Fee Income Loss ratio: Current accident year before catastrophe losses $ 196,750 55.1 % $ 163,545 56.7 % Current year catastrophe losses 13,615 3.8 % 1,154 0.4 % Effect of prior year development (10,125) (2.8) % (9,147) (3.2) % Total $ 200,240 56.1 % $ 155,552 53.9 % The loss ratio was 56.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 53.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in the loss ratio in the third quarter of 2024 compared to the third quarter of 2023 was due primarily to higher catastrophe losses incurred and lower relative net favorable development of loss reserves from prior accident years. Net catastrophe losses incurred during the third quarter of 2024 were primarily attributable to Hurricanes Helene, Francine and Beryl and tornadoes in the Midwest. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, prior accident years developed favorably by $10.1 million, of which $14.9 million was attributable to the 2021 through 2023 accident years due to lower emergence of reported losses than expected across most lines of business. This favorable development was offset in part by adverse development largely from the 2017 through 2019 accident years due to construction defect claims that are more exposed to inflation. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, prior accident years developed favorably by $9.1 million, of which $12.0 million was attributable to the 2021 and 2022 accident years due to lower emergence of reported losses than expected across most lines of business. This favorable development was offset in part by adverse development largely from the 2017 through 2019 accident years due primarily to construction defect claims that are more exposed to inflation. 34 Table of Contents Expense ratio The following table summarizes the components of the expense ratio for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 ($ in thousands) Underwriting Expenses % of Sum of Earned Premiums and Fee Income Underwriting Expenses % of Sum of Earned Premiums and Fee Income Net commissions incurred 33,742 9.4 % 29,639 10.3 % Other underwriting expenses 36,397 10.2 % 30,709 10.6 % Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses $ 70,139 19.6 % $ 60,348 20.9 % The expense ratio was 19.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 20.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The expense ratio continues to benefit from higher ceding commissions earned under the commercial property quota share treaty as a result of commercial property premium growth. Direct commissions paid as a percent of gross written premiums was 14.7% and 14.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Investing results The following table summarizes net investment income, change in the fair value of equity securities and net realized investment (losses) gains for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Three Months Ended September 30, ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 Change Interest from fixed-maturity securities $ 38,400 $ 25,166 $ 13,234 Dividends from equity securities 1,494 1,271 223 Cash equivalents and short-term investments 615 758 (143) Real estate investment income — 851 (851) Gross investment income 40,509 28,046 12,463 Investment expenses (865) (960) 95 Net investment income 39,644 27,086 12,558 Change in the fair value of equity securities 20,659 (5,533) 26,192 Net realized investment (losses) gains (8) 4,274 (4,282) Change in allowance for credit losses on investments 4 (143) 147 Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) 20,655 (1,402) 22,057 Total $ 60,299 $ 25,684 $ 34,615 Net investment income increased by 46.4% to $39.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from $27.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily due to growth in our investment portfolio generated from the investment of strong operating cash flows and higher interest rates relative to the prior year period. Our investment portfolio, excluding cash equivalents and unrealized gains and losses, had an annualized gross investment return of 4.4% and 4.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. 35 Table of Contents During the third quarter of 2024, the change in fair value of equity securities included changes in unrealized gains related to common stocks of $13.1 million and exchange traded funds ("ETFs") of $6.9 million and unrealized gains related to non-redeemable preferred stock of $0.7 million. The change in the fair value of ETFs and common stocks during the third quarter of 2024 reflected changes in the broader U.S. stock market. During the third quarter of 2023, the change in fair value of equity securities included unrealized losses related to ETFs of $(3.6) million, unrealized losses related to common stocks of $(2.1) million and unrealized gains related to non-redeemable preferred stock of $0.2 million. The change in the fair value of ETFs and common stocks during the third quarter of 2023 reflected changes in the broader U.S. stock market. During the third quarter of 2023, net realized investment gains of $4.3 million primarily related to the sale of a portion of our real estate investment property. Income tax expense Our effective tax rate was 20.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 20.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The effective tax rates were lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% due to the tax benefits from stock-based compensation, including stock options exercised, and from tax-exempt investment income. 36 Table of Contents Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2023 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Nine Months Ended September 30, ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 Change % Change Gross written premiums $ 1,427,060 $ 1,173,599 $ 253,461 21.6 % Ceded written premiums (295,833) (215,248) (80,585) 37.4 % Net written premiums $ 1,131,227 $ 958,351 $ 172,876 18.0 % Net earned premiums $ 990,731 $ 775,706 $ 215,025 27.7 % Fee income 25,572 20,028 5,544 27.7 % Losses and loss adjustment expenses 580,351 441,628 138,723 31.4 % Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses 207,960 168,567 39,393 23.4 % Underwriting income (1) 227,992 185,539 42,453 22.9 % Net investment income 108,424 71,953 36,471 50.7 % Change in fair value of equity securities 41,871 3,796 38,075 NM Net realized investment gains 6,737 913 5,824 NM Change in allowance for credit losses on investments 490 (199) 689 NM Interest expense (7,575) (7,867) 292 (3.7) % Other expense, net (1,874) (139) (1,735) NM Income before taxes 376,065 253,996 122,069 48.1 % Income tax expense 70,316 49,290 21,026 42.7 % Net income $ 305,749 $ 204,706 $ 101,043 49.4 % Net operating earnings (2) $ 266,962 $ 201,143 $ 65,819 32.7 % Loss ratio 57.1 % 55.5 % Expense ratio 20.5 % 21.2 % Combined ratio (3) 77.6 % 76.7 % Annualized return on equity 32.3 % 32.7 % Annualized operating return on equity (2) 28.2 % 32.1 % NM - Percentage change not meaningful. (1) Underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to underwriting income. (2) Net operating earnings and annualized operating return on equity are non-GAAP financial measures. Net operating earnings is defined as net income excluding the net change in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes, net realized investment gains and losses, after taxes, and change in allowance for credit losses on investments, after taxes. Annualized operating return on equity is defined as net operating earnings expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending total stockholders’ equity during the period. See "—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to net operating earnings. (3) The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and expense ratio as presented. Calculations of each component may not add due to rounding. 37 Table of Contents Overview Net income was $305.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $204.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 49.4%. The increase in net income for the first nine months of 2024 over the same period last year was primarily due to a combination of continued profitable growth, higher returns on equity investments, and an increase in investment income driven by both higher investment balances and higher interest rates. Underwriting income was $228.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $185.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 22.9%. The corresponding combined ratios were 77.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 76.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in underwriting income for the first nine months of 2024 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to a combination of premium growth and lower relative net commissions, offset in part by higher catastrophe losses during the period. Premiums Gross written premiums were $1.4 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $1.2 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $253.5 million, or 21.6%. The increase in gross written premiums for the first nine months of 2024 over the same period last year was due to higher submission activity from brokers and a favorable, yet increasingly competitive, pricing environment. The average premium per policy written was $15,400 in the first nine months of 2024 compared to $15,300 in the first nine months of 2023. Excluding our personal insurance division, which has a relatively low premium per policy written, the average premium per policy written was $16,200 for the first nine months of 2024 and $16,500 for the first nine months of 2023. Net written premiums increased by $172.9 million, or 18.0%, to $1.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $958.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in net written premiums for the first nine months of 2024 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to higher gross written premiums. The net retention ratio was 79.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 81.7% for the same period last year. The decrease in the net retention ratio was primarily due to a higher cession rate on the commercial property quota share treaty effective with the June 2023 renewal, offset in part by an increase in our retention on our casualty treaty effective with the June 2024 renewal. Net earned premiums increased by $215.0 million, or 27.7%, to $990.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $775.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 due to growth in gross written premiums. 38 Table of Contents Loss ratio The following table summarizes the loss ratios for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 ($ in thousands) Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses % of Sum of Earned Premiums and Fee Income Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses % of Sum of Earned Premiums and Fee Income Loss ratio: Current accident year before catastrophe losses $ 590,810 58.1 % $ 466,056 58.6 % Current year catastrophe losses 17,613 1.7 % 4,179 0.5 % Effect of prior year development (28,072) (2.7) % (28,607) (3.6) % Total $ 580,351 57.1 % $ 441,628 55.5 % The loss ratio was 57.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 55.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in the loss ratio in the first nine months of 2024 compared to the first nine months of 2023 was due primarily to higher catastrophe losses incurred in the period and lower relative net favorable development of loss reserves from prior accident years. Net catastrophe losses incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were primarily attributable to Hurricanes Helene, Francine and Beryl and tornadoes in the Midwest. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, prior accident years developed favorably by $28.1 million, of which $45.6 million was attributable to the 2021 through 2023 accident years due to lower emergence of reported losses than expected across most lines of business. This favorable development was offset in part by adverse development primarily from the 2017 through 2019 accident years due to construction defect claims that are more exposed to inflation and from the 2020 accident year due to a large property claim. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2022 developed favorably by $28.6 million, of which $39.0 million was attributable to the 2021 and 2022 accident years due to lower emergence of reported losses than expected across most lines of business. This favorable development was offset in part by adverse development largely from the 2017 through 2019 accident years due primarily to construction defect claims that are more exposed to inflation. Expense ratio The following table summarizes the components of the expense ratio for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 ($ in thousands) Underwriting Expenses % of Sum of Earned Premiums and Fee Income Underwriting Expenses % of Sum of Earned Premiums and Fee Income Net commissions incurred 98,686 9.7 % 83,299 10.5 % Other underwriting expenses 109,274 10.8 % 85,268 10.7 % Total $ 207,960 20.5 % $ 168,567 21.2 % 39 Table of Contents The expense ratio was 20.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 21.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in the expense ratio was primarily due to lower relative net commissions due to higher ceding commissions earned under the commercial property quota share treaty as a result of commercial property premium growth. Direct commissions paid as a percentage of gross written premiums was 14.7% and 14.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Investing results The following table summarizes net investment income, change in the fair value of equity securities and net realized investment gains (losses) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Nine Months Ended September 30, ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 Change Interest from fixed-maturity securities $ 105,096 $ 65,376 $ 39,720 Dividends from equity securities 4,331 3,692 639 Cash equivalents and short-term investments 1,726 2,337 (611) Real estate investment income 153 3,565 (3,412) Gross investment income 111,306 74,970 36,336 Investment expenses (2,882) (3,017) 135 Net investment income 108,424 71,953 36,471 Change in fair value of equity securities 41,871 3,796 38,075 Net realized investment gains 6,737 913 5,824 Change in allowance for credit losses on investments 490 (199) 689 Net realized and unrealized investment gains 49,098 4,510 44,588 Total $ 157,522 $ 76,463 $ 81,059 Net investment income increased by 50.7% to $108.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $72.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in the first nine months of 2024 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to growth in our investment portfolio largely generated from the investment of strong operating cash flows and higher interest rates relative to the prior year period. Our investment portfolio, excluding cash equivalents and unrealized gains and losses, had an annualized gross investment return of 4.3% and 3.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the first nine months of 2024, the change in fair value of equity securities of $41.9 million included changes in unrealized gains related to common stocks of $25.4 million and ETFs of $13.2 million and changes in unrealized gains related to non-redeemable preferred stock of $3.3 million. The change in the fair value of common stocks and ETFs during the first nine months of 2024 primarily reflected higher valuations in the broader U.S. stock market and the change in fair value of preferred stock relates primarily to the disposition of certain preferred stock securities in a loss position. During the first nine months of 2023, the change in fair value of equity securities included unrealized gains related to ETFs and common stocks of $2.7 million and unrealized gains related to non-redeemable preferred stock of $1.1 million. The change in the fair value of ETFs and common stocks during the first nine months of 2023 primarily reflected changes in the broader U.S. stock market. During the first nine months of 2024, net realized investment gains of $6.7 million were primarily related to sales of ETFs due to opportunistic repositioning of our equity portfolio. During the first nine months of 2023, net realized investment gains of $0.9 million included a realized gain of $4.3 million from the sale of a portion of our real estate 40 Table of Contents investment property, offset by realized investment losses primarily related to disposing of securities issued by certain banking and financial institutions. We perform quarterly reviews of all available-for-sale securities within our investment portfolio to determine whether the decline in a security's fair value is deemed to be a credit loss. Based on our review, we recorded a reduction to the allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2024 of $0.5 million. See Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further information regarding credit losses. Income tax expense Our effective tax rate was 18.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 19.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The effective tax rate was lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the tax benefits from stock-based compensation, including stock options exercised, and from tax-exempt investment income. Return on equity Our annualized return on equity was 32.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 32.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Our annualized operating return on equity was 28.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 32.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in annualized operating return on equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior period was due primarily to higher average stockholders' equity as a result of profitable growth and an increase in the fair value of our fixed income portfolio offset in part by higher net operating earnings. Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources and uses of funds We are organized as a Delaware holding company with our operations primarily conducted by our wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, Kinsale Insurance Company, which is domiciled in Arkansas. Accordingly, we may receive cash through (1) loans from banks and other third parties, (2) issuance of equity and debt securities, (3) corporate service fees from our insurance subsidiary, (4) payments from our subsidiaries pursuant to our consolidated tax allocation agreement and other transactions, and (5) dividends from our insurance subsidiary. We may use the proceeds from these sources to contribute funds to Kinsale Insurance Company in order to support premium growth, reduce our reliance on reinsurance, pay dividends and taxes and for other business purposes. We receive corporate service fees from Kinsale Insurance Company to reimburse us for most of the operating expenses that we incur. Reimbursement of expenses through corporate service fees is based on the actual costs that we expect to incur with no mark-up above our expected costs. In August 2022, we filed a universal shelf registration statement with the SEC that expires in 2025. We can use this shelf registration to issue an unspecified amount of common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares and warrants. The specific terms of any securities we issue under this registration statement will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplements. In October 2024, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to $100.0 million of the Company's common stock. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases, accelerated share repurchase agreements or a combination of methods and pursuant to safe harbors provided by Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases under the share repurchase program will be determined by the Company in its discretion. The stock repurchase program does 41 Table of Contents not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares, and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time. In July 2022, we entered into a Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement (the "Note Purchase Agreement"), which provides for the issuance of senior promissory notes with an aggregate principal amount of up to $150.0 million. In September 2023, we amended the Note Purchase Agreement, which increased the authorized aggregate principal amount of senior promissory notes that may be issued thereunder to $200.0 million. Pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement, on July 22, 2022 we issued $125.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.15% senior promissory notes (the “Series A Notes”) and on September 18, 2023 we issued a $50.0 million aggregate principal amount 6.21% senior promissory note (the "Series B Note"), the proceeds of which were used to fund surplus at Kinsale Insurance Company, refinance indebtedness and for general corporate purposes. See Note 13 for further information regarding the Note Purchase Agreement. In July 2022, we entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, which extended the maturity date to July 22, 2027, and increased the aggregate commitment to $100.0 million, with the option to increase the aggregate commitment by $30.0 million, subject to certain conditions. Borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement may be used for general corporate purposes (which may include, without limitation, to fund future growth, to finance working capital needs, to fund capital expenditures, and to refinance, redeem or repay indebtedness). See Note 13 for further information regarding the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. In connection with the share repurchase authorization, in October 2024, the covenants limiting restricted payments under the Note Purchase Agreement and Amended and Restated Credit Agreement were amended. The amendments allow the Company to make restricted payments so long as the aggregate amount of all such restricted payments does not exceed the greater of $300.0 million and 6.5% of the total assets of the Company and its subsidiaries at the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter. Management believes that the Company has sufficient liquidity available both in Kinsale and in its insurance subsidiary, Kinsale Insurance Company, as well as in its other operating subsidiaries, to meet its operating cash needs and obligations and committed capital expenditures for the next 12 months. Cash flows Our most significant source of cash is from premiums received from our insureds, which we generally receive at the beginning of the coverage period. Our most significant cash outflow is for claims that arise when a policyholder incurs an insured loss. Because the payment of claims occurs after the receipt of the premium, often years later, we invest the cash in various investment securities that earn interest and dividends. We also use cash to pay commissions to insurance brokers, as well as to pay for ongoing operating expenses such as salaries, consulting services and taxes. As described under "—Reinsurance" below, we use reinsurance to help manage the risk that we take related to the issuance of our policies. We cede, or pay out, part of the premiums we receive to our reinsurers and collect cash back when losses subject to our reinsurance coverage are paid. The timing of our cash flows from operating activities can vary among periods due to the timing by which payments are made or received. Some of our payments and receipts, including loss settlements and subsequent reinsurance receipts, can be significant, so their timing can influence cash flows from operating activities in any given period. Management believes that cash receipts from premiums, proceeds from investment sales and redemptions and investment income are sufficient to cover cash outflows in the foreseeable future. 42 Table of Contents Our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in): Operating activities $ 763,324 $ 648,308 Investing activities (762,100) (616,364) Financing activities (16,227) (25,274) Change in cash and cash equivalents $ (15,003) $ 6,670 Net cash provided by operating activities was approximately $763.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $648.3 million for the same period in 2023. This increase was largely driven by higher premium volume and the timing of claim payments and reinsurance recoveries. Net cash used in investing activities was $762.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $616.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Net cash used in investing activities during the first nine months of 2024 included purchases of fixed-maturity securities of $1.3 billion, which included primarily corporate bonds, asset- and mortgage-backed securities, and to a lesser extent, municipal securities and U.S. Treasuries. During the first nine months of 2024, we received proceeds of $274.2 million from sales of fixed-maturity securities, largely corporate bonds, mortgage- and asset-backed securities, municipal securities, U.S. Treasuries and government agency bonds and $317.4 million from redemptions and maturities of asset- and mortgage-backed securities and corporate bonds. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, purchases of equity securities of $115.1 million consisted of common stocks and ETFs. During the first nine months of 2024, we received proceeds of $34.2 million primarily from sales of ETFs and common stocks and, to a lesser extent, calls of non-redeemable preferred stock. Net cash used in investing activities of $616.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 included purchases of fixed-maturity securities of $947.9 million, which were comprised largely of corporate bonds, asset- and mortgage-backed securities, and to a lesser extent, U.S. Treasuries and municipal securities. During the first nine months of 2023, we received proceeds of $204.4 million from sales of fixed-maturity securities, largely corporate bonds, asset-backed securities and municipal securities and $113.8 million from redemptions and maturities of asset- and mortgage-backed securities and corporate bonds. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, purchases of equity securities of $62.0 million consisted of common stocks. During the first nine months of 2023, we received proceeds of $7.5 million from sales of equity securities, primarily ETFs and common stocks. In addition, net sales of short-term investments of $13.1 million consisted of U.S. Treasuries and corporate bonds. Net cash used in investing activities also included proceeds of $62.0 million from the sale of a portion of our real estate investment property in the third quarter of 2023. During the first nine months of 2024 , cash used in financing reflected dividends paid of $0.45 per common share, or $10.5 million in aggregate. In addition, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, payroll taxes withheld and remitted on restricted stock awards were $7.0 million, offset in part by proceeds received from our equity compensation plans of $1.2 million. During the first nine months of 2023 , cash used in financing activities reflected proceeds of $50.0 million from the issuance of the Series B Note on September 18, 2023. Proceeds from the sale of our real estate investment were used to pay down $62.0 million from our Credit Facility. Financing activities also reflected dividends paid of $0.42 per common share, or $9.7 million in aggregate. In addition, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, payroll 43 Table of Contents taxes withheld and remitted on restricted stock awards were $4.2 million, offset in part by proceeds received from our equity compensation plans of $0.7 million. Reinsurance We enter into reinsurance contracts primarily to limit our exposure to potential large losses. Reinsurance involves an insurance company transferring ("ceding") a portion of its exposure on a risk to another insurer, the reinsurer. The reinsurer assumes the exposure in return for a portion of the premium. Our reinsurance is primarily contracted under quota-share reinsurance treaties and excess of loss treaties. In quota-share reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume a specified percentage of the ceding company's losses arising out of a defined class of business in exchange for a corresponding percentage of premiums, net of a ceding commission. In excess of loss reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume all or a portion of the ceding company's losses, in excess of a specified amount. Under excess of loss reinsurance, the premium payable to the reinsurer is negotiated by the parties based on their assessment of the amount of risk being ceded to the reinsurer because the reinsurer does not share proportionately in the ceding company's losses. We renew our reinsurance treaties annually. During each renewal cycle, there are a number of factors we consider when determining our reinsurance coverage, including (1) plans to change the underlying insurance coverage we offer, (2) trends in loss activity, (3) the level of our capital and surplus, (4) changes in our risk appetite and (5) the cost and availability of reinsurance coverage . To manage our natural catastrophe exposure, we use computer models to analyze the risk of severe losses. We measure exposure to these losses in terms of probable maximum loss ("PML"), which is an estimate of the amount of loss we would expect to meet or exceed once in a given number of years (referred to as the return period). When managing our catastrophe exposure, we generally focus on the 100-year and the 250-year return periods. The following is a summary of our significant reinsurance programs as of September 30, 2024: Line of Business Covered Company Policy Limit Reinsurance Coverage Company Retention Property (1) Up to $10.0 million per occurrence 50% up to $379.8 million per catastrophe 50% of commercial property losses Property - catastrophe (2) N/A $175.0 million excess of $60.0 million $60.0 million per catastrophe Primary casualty (3) Up to $10.0 million per occurrence $8.0 million excess of $2.0 million $2.0 million per occurrence Excess casualty (4) Up to $10.0 million per occurrence Variable quota share $2.5 million per occurrence as described in note (4) below (1) Our property quota-share reinsurance reduces the financial impact of property losses on our commercial property, small business property, high value homeowners and inland marine policies up to a loss recovery of $189.9 million for an event. This reinsurance is not applicable to any individual policy with a limit of $2.0 million or less. (2) Our property catastrophe reinsurance reduces the financial impact of a catastrophe event involving multiple claims and policyholders. Our property catastrophe reinsurance includes a reinstatement provision which requires us to pay reinstatement premiums after a loss has occurred in order to preserve coverage. Including the reinstatement of coverage, the maximum aggregate loss recovery limit is $350.0 million. This coverage applies after the coverage provided by the commercial property quota-share treaty. 44 Table of Contents (3) This reinsurance is not applicable to any individual policy with a per-occurrence limit of $2.0 million or less. (4) For excess casualty policies with a per-occurrence limit higher than $2.5 million, the ceding percentage varies such that the retention is always $2.5 million or less. For example, for a $5.0 million limit excess policy, our retention would be 50%, whereas for a $10.0 million limit excess policy, our retention would be 25%. For policies for which we also write an underlying primary limit, the combined retention on the primary and excess policies would not exceed $2.5 million. This reinsurance is not applicable to any individual policy with a per-occurrence limit of $2.5 million or less. Reinsurance contracts do not relieve us from our obligations to policyholders. Failure of the reinsurer to honor its obligation could result in losses to us, and therefore, we established an allowance for credit risk based on historical analysis of credit losses for highly rated companies in the insurance industry. In formulating our reinsurance programs, we are selective in our choice of reinsurers and we consider numerous factors, the most important of which are the financial stability of the reinsurer, its history of responding to claims and its overall reputation. In an effort to minimize our exposure to the insolvency of our reinsurers, we review the financial condition of each reinsurer annually. In addition, we continually monitor for rating downgrades involving any of our reinsurers. At September 30, 2024, all reinsurance contracts that our insurance subsidiary was a party to were with companies with A.M. Best ratings of "A-" (Excellent) or better. As of September 30, 2024, we recorded an allowance for credit losses of $0.9 million re lated to our reinsurance balances. Ratings Kinsale Insurance Company has a financial strength rating of "A" (Excellent) with a stable outlook from A.M. Best. A.M. Best assigns ratings to insurance companies, which currently range from "A++" (Superior) to "F" (In Liquidation). "A" (Excellent) is the third highest rating issued by A.M. Best. The "A" (Excellent) rating is assigned to insurers that have, in A.M. Best's opinion, an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders. This rating is intended to provide an independent opinion of an insurer's ability to meet its obligation to policyholders and is not an evaluation directed at investors. The financial strength ratings assigned by A.M. Best have an impact on the ability of the insurance companies to attract and retain agents and brokers and on the risk profiles of the submissions for insurance that the insurance companies receive. The "A" (Excellent) rating obtained by Kinsale Insurance Company is consistent with our business plan and allows us to actively pursue relationships with the agents and brokers identified in our marketing plan. Financial Condition Stockholders' equity At September 30, 2024, total stockholders' equity and tangible stockholders' equity were $1.4 billion compared to total stockholders' equity and tangible stockholders' equity of $1.1 billion at December 31, 2023. The increases in both total and tangible stockholders' equity over the prior year-end balances were due to profits generated during the period, an increase in the fair value of our fixed-maturity investments and net activity related to stock-based compensation plans, offset in part by payment of dividends. Tangible stockholders’ equity is a non-GAAP financial measure. See "—Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures" for a reconciliation of stockholders' equity in accordance with GAAP to tangible stockholders' equity. Investment portfolio At September 30, 2024, our cash and invested assets of $4.0 billion consisted of fixed-maturity securities, equity securities, cash and cash equivalents and real estate investments. At September 30, 2024, the majority of the investment portfolio was composed of fixed-maturity securities of $3.5 billion that were classified as available-for- 45 Table of Contents sale. Available-for-sale investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses on these securities, net of applicable taxes, reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. At September 30, 2024, we also held $365.6 million of equity securities, which included ETFs, common stocks and non-redeemable preferred stock, $111.7 million of cash and cash equivalents and $15.0 million of real estate investments. Our fixed-maturity securities, including cash equivalents, had a weighted average duration of 3.1 years and 2.8 years at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively and an average rating of "AA-" at both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amortized cost and estimated fair value on fixed-maturity securities were as follows: September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value % of Total Fair Value Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value % of Total Fair Value ($ in thousands) Fixed-maturity securities: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies $ 15,160 $ 14,748 0.4 % $ 28,003 $ 27,254 1.0 % Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions 180,797 163,884 4.7 % 191,080 171,044 6.3 % Corporate and other securities 1,914,970 1,902,034 54.9 % 1,437,468 1,387,693 51.2 % Asset-backed securities 745,541 753,693 21.7 % 641,700 641,760 23.7 % Residential mortgage-backed securities 521,368 483,780 14.0 % 463,904 417,106 15.4 % Commercial mortgage-backed securities 150,839 148,899 4.3 % 72,308 66,902 2.4 % Total fixed-maturity securities $ 3,528,675 $ 3,467,038 100.0 % $ 2,834,463 $ 2,711,759 100.0 % The table below summarizes the credit quality of our fixed-maturity securities at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as rated by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services, LLC ("Standard & Poor's"): September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Standard & Poor’s or Equivalent Designation Estimated Fair Value % of Total Estimated Fair Value % of Total ($ in thousands) AAA $ 1,003,025 28.9 % $ 773,649 28.5 % AA 657,354 19.0 % 626,287 23.1 % A 1,108,182 32.0 % 859,706 31.7 % BBB 618,558 17.8 % 384,539 14.2 % Below BBB and unrated 79,919 2.3 % 67,578 2.5 % Total $ 3,467,038 100.0 % $ 2,711,759 100.0 % 46 Table of Contents The amortized cost and estimated fair value of our fixed-maturity securities summarized by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows: September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value % of Total Fair Value Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value % of Total Fair Value ($ in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 355,278 $ 355,263 10.2 % $ 193,054 $ 191,792 7.1 % Due after one year through five years 1,090,396 1,093,854 31.6 % 1,051,112 1,038,158 38.3 % Due after five years through ten years 438,248 436,588 12.6 % 184,603 167,555 6.2 % Due after ten years 227,005 194,961 5.6 % 227,782 188,486 6.9 % Asset-backed securities 745,541 753,693 21.7 % 641,700 641,760 23.7 % Residential mortgage-backed securities 521,368 483,780 14.0 % 463,904 417,106 15.4 % Commercial mortgage-backed securities 150,839 148,899 4.3 % 72,308 66,902 2.4 % Total fixed-maturity securities $ 3,528,675 $ 3,467,038 100.0 % $ 2,834,463 $ 2,711,759 100.0 % Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because some borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Restricted investments In order to conduct business in certain states, we are required to maintain letters of credit or assets on deposit to support state-mandated insurance regulatory requirements and to comply with certain third-party agreements. Assets held on deposit or in trust accounts are primarily in the form of high-grade securities. The fair value of our restricted assets was $3.5 million and $5.8 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation of underwriting income Underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe is useful in evaluating our underwriting performance without regard to investment income. Underwriting income is defined as net income excluding net investment income, the net change in the fair value of equity securities, net realized investment gains and losses, change in allowance for credit losses on investments, interest expense, other expenses, other income and income tax expense. We use underwriting income as an internal performance measure in the management of our operations because we believe it gives us and users of our financial information useful insight into our results of operations and our underlying business performance. Underwriting income should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, and other companies may define underwriting income differently. 47 Table of Contents Net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, reconciles to underwriting income as follows: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 2024 2023 Net income $ 114,229 $ 76,115 $ 305,749 $ 204,706 Income tax expense 30,169 19,378 70,316 49,290 Income before income taxes 144,398 95,493 376,065 253,996 Net investment income (39,644) (27,086) (108,424) (71,953) Change in the fair value of equity securities (20,659) 5,533 (41,871) (3,796) Net realized investment (gains) losses 8 (4,274) (6,737) (913) Change in allowance for credit losses on investments (4) 143 (490) 199 Interest expense 2,589 2,573 7,575 7,867 Other expenses (1) 692 401 3,451 1,220 Other income (518) (340) (1,577) (1,081) Underwriting income $ 86,862 $ 72,443 $ 227,992 $ 185,539 (1) Other expenses includes primarily corporate expenses not allocated to our insurance operations. 48 Table of Contents Reconciliation of net operating earnings Net operating earnings is defined as net income excluding the effects of the net change in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes, net realized investment gains and losses, after taxes, and the change in allowance for credit losses on investments, after taxes. We believe the exclusion of these items provides a useful comparison of our underlying business performance from period to period. Net operating earnings and percentages or calculations using net operating earnings (e.g., diluted operating earnings per share and annualized operating return on equity) are non-GAAP financial measures. Net operating earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, and other companies may define net operating earnings differently. Net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, reconciles to net operating earnings as follows: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 2024 2023 Net income $ 114,229 $ 76,115 $ 305,749 $ 204,706 Adjustments: Change in the fair value of equity securities, before taxes (20,659) 5,533 (41,871) (3,796) Income tax expense (benefit) (1) 4,338 (1,162) 8,793 797 Change in the fair value of equity securities, after taxes (16,321) 4,371 (33,078) (2,999) Net realized investment (gains) losses, before taxes 8 (4,274) (6,737) (913) Income tax expense (benefit) (1) (2) 898 1,415 192 Net realized investment (gains) losses, after taxes 6 (3,376) (5,322) (721) Change in allowance for credit losses on investments, before taxes (4) 143 (490) 199 Income tax expense (benefit) (1) 1 (30) 103 (42) Change in allowance for credit losses on investments, after taxes (3) 113 (387) 157 Net operating earnings $ 97,911 $ 77,223 $ 266,962 $ 201,143 Operating return on equity: Average stockholders' equity (2) $ 1,346,076 $ 897,789 $ 1,260,891 $ 834,606 Annualized return on equity (3) 33.9 % 33.9 % 32.3 % 32.7 % Annualized operating return on equity (4) 29.1 % 34.4 % 28.2 % 32.1 % (1) Income taxes on adjustments to reconcile net income to net operating earnings use an effective tax rate of 21%. (2) Average stockholders' equity is computed by adding the total stockholders' equity as of the date indicated to the prior quarter-end or year-end total, as applicable, and dividing by two. 49 Table of Contents (3) Annualized return on equity is net income expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending stockholders' equity during the period. (4) Annualized operating return on equity is net operating earnings expressed on an annualized basis as a percentage of average beginning and ending stockholders' equity during the period. Reconciliation of tangible stockholders' equity Tangible stockholders’ equity is defined as total stockholders’ equity less intangible assets, net of deferred taxes. Our definition of tangible stockholders’ equity may not be comparable to that of other companies, and it should not be viewed as a substitute for stockholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP. We use tangible stockholders' equity internally to evaluate the strength of our balance sheet and to compare returns relative to this measure. Stockholders' equity at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, reconciles to tangible stockholders' equity as follows: ($ in thousands) September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Stockholders' equity $ 1,434,949 $ 1,086,832 Less: intangible assets, net of deferred taxes 2,795 2,795 Tangible stockholders' equity $ 1,432,154 $ 1,084,037 Critical Accounting Estimates We identified the accounting estimates which are critical to the understanding of our financial position and results of operations. Critical accounting estimates are defined as those estimates that are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require us to exercise significant judgment. We use significant judgment concerning future results and developments in applying these critical accounting estimates and in preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements. These judgments and estimates affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of our material contingent assets and liabilities, if any. Actual results may differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our estimates regularly using information that we believe to be relevant. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are described in our annual consolidated financial statements and the related notes in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.