Knife River Corp 10-K

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis should be read together with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Among other things, those historical financial statements include more detailed information regarding the basis of presentation for the financial data included in the following discussion. Certain percentages presented in this discussion and analysis are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar amounts and therefore may not recalculate from the rounded numbers used for disclosure purposes. This discussion contains forward-looking statements about the Company’s business, operations and industry that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements regarding management’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Future results and financial condition may differ materially from those currently anticipated as a result of the factors described under the sections entitled “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Overview Knife River is a people-first construction materials and contracting services company. The Company provides construction materials and contracting services to build safe roads, bridges and airport runways, and other critical infrastructure needs, that connect people with where they want to go and with the supplies they need. Knife River also champions a positive workplace culture by focusing on safety, training, inclusion, compensation and work-life balance. Knife River is one of the leading providers of crushed stone and sand and gravel in the United States and operates through six operating segments across 14 states: Pacific, Northwest, Mountain, North Central, South and Energy Services. These operating segments are used to determine the Company's reportable segments and are based on the Company's method of internal reporting and management of the business, as discussed in Item 8 - Note 15. The Company's reportable segments are: Pacific, Northwest, Mountain, Central and Energy Services. The geographic segments primarily provide aggregates, asphalt and ready-mix concrete, as well as related contracting services such as heavy-civil construction, asphalt paving, concrete construction, site development and grading. The Energy Services segment produces and supplies liquid asphalt and related services, primarily for use in asphalt road construction. As an aggregates-led construction materials and contracting services provider in the United States, the Company's 1.1 billion tons of aggregate reserves provide the foundation for a vertically integrated business strategy, with approximately 37 percent of its aggregates in 2023 being used internally to support value-added downstream products (ready-mix concrete and asphalt) and contracting services (heavy-civil construction, laydown, asphalt paving, concrete construction, site development and grading services, bridges, and in some segments the 43 manufacturing of prestressed concrete products). Its aggregate sites and associated asphalt and ready-mix plants are primarily in strategic locations near mid-sized, high-growth markets, providing Knife River with a transportation advantage for its materials that supports competitive pricing and increased margins. Knife River provides its products and services to both public and private markets, with public markets tending to be more stable across economic cycles, which helps offset the cyclical nature of the private markets. The Company provides various products and services and operates a variety of facility types, including aggregate quarries and mines, ready-mix concrete plants, asphalt plants and distribution facilities. The Company operates in the following states: • Pacific: Alaska, California and Hawaii • Northwest: Oregon and Washington • Mountain: Idaho, Montana and Wyoming • Central: Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Texas • Energy Services: California, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming The following table presents a summary of products and services provided, as well as modes of transporting those products: Products and Services Modes of Transportation Aggregates Asphalt Ready- Mix Concrete Construction Services Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Liquid Asphalt Cement Heavy Equipment Trucking Rail Barge Pacific X X X X X X X X X X Northwest X X X X X X X X X Mountain X X X X X X Central X X X X X X X X Energy Services X X X Basis of Presentation On May 31, 2023, the Company became a stand-alone publicly traded company. Prior to the Separation, Knife River operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Centennial and an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of MDU Resources and not as a stand-alone company. The accompanying audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes for the periods prior to the Separation were prepared on a “carve-out” basis using a legal entity approach in conformity with GAAP and were derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of MDU Resources as if the Company operated on a stand-alone basis during these periods. For additional information related to the basis of presentation, see Item 8 - Note 1. Prior to the Separation, Knife River participated in Centennial’s centralized cash management program, including its overall financing arrangements. Knife River also had related-party note agreements in place with Centennial for the financing of its capital needs, which are reflected as related-party notes payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022. Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, for the periods prior to the Separation, reflects the allocation of interest on the borrowings associated with the related-party note agreements. Upon the completion of the Separation, Knife River implemented its own financing agreements with lenders. For additional information on the Company's current debt financing, see Item 8 - Note 8. All intercompany balances and transactions between the businesses comprising Knife River have been eliminated in the accompanying audited consolidated financial statements. 44 In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company completed a reorganization of its reporting structure, which resulted in changes being made to the management of its business to best align with its strategies. As a result of the reorganization, the liquid asphalt and related services portion of the Pacific segment’s businesses are now reported under the Energy Services segment. In addition, the North Central and South operating regions have been aggregated into one reportable segment, Central. All periods have been recast to conform with the revised presentation. Market Conditions and Outlook Knife River’s markets remain resilient and construction activity remains generally strong despite general and economic challenges in the United States, such as higher interest rates, inflation, transportation disruptions and supply-chain constraints. With approximately 77 percent of its contracting services revenue from public-sector projects, the Company has been able to balance the cyclical nature of its private-sector customers. While Knife River continued to experience inflationary pressures in the past year, price increases have generally outpaced the increased costs. For more information on factors that may negatively impact Knife River's business, see the section entitled "Item 1A. Risk Factors." Backlog. Knife River’s contracting services backlog was as follows as of December 31: 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Pacific $ 51.2 $ 72.2 $ 66.3 Northwest 196.2 210.7 108.0 Mountain 256.7 313.5 208.5 Central 158.1 222.5 228.3 Total $ 662.2 $ 818.9 $ 611.1 Although backlog as of December 31, 2023, is lower than the prior period, expected margins are greater as the Company continues to implement EDGE and pursue higher-margin work. Of the $662.2 million of backlog at December 31, 2023, the Company expects to complete an estimated $610.8 million during 2024. Approximately 84 percent of the Company's backlog as of December 31, 2023, relates to publicly funded projects, including street and highway construction projects, which are driven primarily by public works projects for state departments of transportation. Further, there continues to be infrastructure development, as discussed later, which is expected to provide bidding opportunities in the Company’s markets throughout 2024. Period-over-period increases or decreases in backlog are not indicative of future revenues, margins, net income or EBITDA. While the Company believes the current backlog of work remains firm, prolonged delays in the receipt of critical supplies and materials or continued increases to pricing, among other things, could result in customers seeking to delay or terminate existing or pending agreements and could reduce expected margins. See the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a list of factors that can cause revenues to be realized in periods and at levels that are different from originally projected. Public Funding . Funding for public projects is dependent on federal and state funding, such as appropriations to the Federal Highway Administration. The American Rescue Plan Act enacted in the first quarter of 2021 provides $1.9 trillion in COVID-19 relief funding for states, schools and local governments. States are moving forward with allocating these funds based on federal criteria and state needs, and in some cases, funding of infrastructure projects could positively impact Knife River. Additionally, the IIJA was enacted in the fourth quarter of 2021 and is providing long-term opportunities by designating $131 billion in funding across Knife River’s footprint. In addition to federal funding, 12 out of the 14 states in which Knife River operates have implemented new funding mechanisms for public projects, including projects related to highways, airports and other public infrastructure. Knife River continues to monitor the implementation and impact of these legislative items. Profitability . Knife River’s management continually monitors its margins and has been proactive in applying strategies to address the inflationary impacts seen across the United States. In 2023, the Company began implementing EDGE to improve margins and to execute on other strategic initiatives aimed at generating long-term profitable growth. As part of this strategy, Knife River has increased its product pricing over the past year and is 45 targeting higher-margin bidding opportunities. Knife River also provided company-wide training on its pricing initiatives in the fourth quarter of 2023. In addition, the Company established dedicated teams that assist with implementing cost-savings initiatives and production modifications to further enhance its gross margin. Knife River operates in geographically diverse and competitive markets, and strives to maximize efficiencies, including transportation costs and economies of scale, to maintain strong margins. Its margins can experience negative pressure from competition, as well as impacts from the volatility in the cost of raw materials, such as diesel fuel, gasoline, natural gas, liquid asphalt, cement and steel, with fuel, liquid asphalt and cement costs often having the most significant impact on results. Many of these raw materials are subject to factors that are beyond the control of the Company, including global economic and political events and new and changing governmental regulations. The Energy Services segment is susceptible to volatility in liquid asphalt costs, which can impact both cost of sales and revenues, for which the Company cannot reliably predict future pricing. Such volatility and inflationary pressures may have an impact on the Company’s margins, including fixed-price contracting services contracts that are particularly vulnerable to the volatility of energy and material prices. The Company mitigates its exposure to these fluctuations by entering into various purchase commitments, as well as by generally including terms in its contracting services agreements that provide for price adjustments related to variations in raw materials costs. Knife River's operations can also be significantly impacted by both favorable and unfavorable weather conditions. Unseasonably wet and/or cold weather in the states where it operates can delay the start or cause an early end to the construction season or cause temporary delays on specific projects, while unseasonably dry or warm weather in the states where it operates can allow for a lengthened construction season or allow for early completions on specific projects. Either of these conditions can impact both its construction materials sales and contracting services revenues. In 2023, the Company experienced a longer construction season in the fourth quarter due to mild weather conditions across the western and northern United States. Other variables that can impact Knife River’s margins include the timing of project starts or completions, and declines or delays in new and existing projects due to the cyclical nature of the construction industry. Accordingly, operating results in any particular period may not be indicative of the results that can be expected for any other period. Workforce . As a people-first company, Knife River continually takes steps to address the challenge of recruitment and retention of employees. Knife River continues to monitor the labor markets and assess additional opportunities to enhance and support its workforce. To help attract new workers to the construction industry and enhance the skills and safety performance of its current employees, Knife River owns and operates a state-of-the-art training facility. The Knife River Training Center offers hands-on training for construction-related careers, including heavy-equipment operators and truck drivers, in addition to safety and leadership training. One of the most popular courses is CDL training, which is helping to address some of the recent labor shortages and trends. The following table summarizes some of the classes taught at the Knife River Training Center. As of December 31, 2023 2022 CDL Training Course: Classes 10 12 Students 69 85 Earned CDL 100 % 96 % Heavy Equipment Training Courses: Classes 39 10 Students 211 227 Leadership Courses: Classes 11 8 Students 104 76 _________________ * Heavy equipment includes, but is not limited to, articulated truck, track type tractor, bulldozer, hydraulic excavator, snowcat, backhoe loader, off highway truck, motor grader, roller, wheel loader and skid steer loader. 46 Consolidated Overview Revenue includes revenue from the sale of construction materials and contracting services. Revenue for construction materials is recognized at a point in time when delivery of the products has taken place. Contracting services revenue is recognized over time using an input method based on the cost-to-cost measure of progress on a project. Cost of revenue includes all material, labor and overhead costs incurred in the production process for Knife River's products and services. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation, depletion and amortization attributable to the assets used in the production process. Gross profit includes revenue less cost of revenue, as defined above, and is the difference between revenue and the cost of making a product or providing a service, before deducting selling, general and administrative expenses, income taxes, interest expense and other expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses include the costs for estimating, bidding and business development, as well as costs related to corporate and administrative functions. Selling expenses can vary depending on the volume of projects in process and the number of employees assigned to estimating and bidding activities. Other general and administrative expenses include outside services; information technology; depreciation and amortization; training, travel and entertainment; office supplies; allowance for expected credit losses; gains or losses on the sale of assets; and other miscellaneous expenses. Other income (expense) includes net periodic benefit costs for the Company’s benefit plan expenses, other than service costs; interest income; realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments for the Company’s nonqualified benefit plans; earnings or losses on joint venture arrangements; and other miscellaneous income or expenses, including income and expenses related to the transition services agreement with MDU Resources. Income tax expense consists of corporate income taxes related to the net income of the Company. Income taxes are presented at the corporate services level and not at the individual segments. The effective tax rate can be affected by many factors, including changes in tax laws, regulations or rates, new interpretations of existing laws or regulations and changes to the Company's overall levels of income before income tax. The discussion that follows focuses on the key financial measures the Company uses to evaluate the performance of its business, which include revenue, gross profit, gross margin, EBITDA and EBITDA margin. Gross margin is calculated by dividing gross profit by revenue. Gross margin reflects the percentage of revenue earned in comparison to cost. EBITDA and EBITDA margin are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information and reconciliations to the nearest GAAP measures, see the section entitled "Non-GAAP Financial Measures." 47 Comparison for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 2023 vs 2022 % change 2022 vs 2021 % change (In millions) Revenue $ 2,830.3 $ 2,534.7 $ 2,228.9 12 % 14 % Cost of revenue 2,291.4 2,173.8 1,881.9 5 % 16 % Gross profit 538.9 360.9 347.0 49 % 4 % Selling, general and administrative expenses 242.5 166.6 155.9 46 % 7 % Operating income 296.4 194.3 191.1 53 % 2 % Interest expense 58.1 30.1 19.2 93 % 57 % Other (expense) income 7.0 (5.4) 1.3 230 % (515) % Income before income taxes 245.3 158.8 173.2 54 % (8) % Income taxes 62.4 42.6 43.4 46 % (2) % Net income $ 182.9 $ 116.2 $ 129.8 57 % (10) % EBITDA* $ 422.0 $ 306.7 $ 293.4 38 % 5 % Adjusted EBITDA* $ 432.4 $ 313.4 $ 294.7 38 % 6 % __________________ * EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information and reconciliations to the nearest GAAP measures, see the section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” The following tables summarize operating results for the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Revenues Gross profit Gross margin 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Pacific $ 462.2 $ 418.1 $ 396.8 $ 77.4 $ 54.5 $ 63.4 16.8 % 13.0 % 16.0 % Northwest 666.1 600.2 478.0 133.4 106.4 87.5 20.0 % 17.7 % 18.3 % Mountain 634.0 542.0 479.6 109.1 77.5 71.2 17.2 % 14.3 % 14.8 % Central 825.0 779.8 720.9 134.8 90.5 90.0 16.3 % 11.6 % 12.5 % Energy Services 292.3 238.4 192.8 83.1 31.4 34.9 28.4 % 13.2 % 18.1 % Segment totals 2,879.6 2,578.5 2,268.1 537.8 360.3 347.0 18.7 % 14.0 % 15.3 % Corporate Services and Eliminations (49.3) (43.8) (39.2) 1.1 .6 — (2.2) % (1.5) % .1 % Total $ 2,830.3 $ 2,534.7 $ 2,228.9 $ 538.9 $ 360.9 $ 347.0 19.0 % 14.2 % 15.6 % 48 Revenues EBITDA* EBITDA margin* 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Pacific $ 462.2 $ 418.1 $ 396.8 $ 56.2 $ 44.0 $ 57.9 12.2 % 10.5 % 14.6 % Northwest 666.1 600.2 478.0 121.1 103.9 80.6 18.2 % 17.3 % 16.9 % Mountain 634.0 542.0 479.6 103.2 72.6 65.0 16.3 % 13.4 % 13.6 % Central 825.0 779.8 720.9 116.6 86.6 81.5 14.1 % 11.1 % 11.3 % Energy Services 292.3 238.4 192.8 78.1 28.3 31.5 26.7 % 11.9 % 16.4 % Segment totals 2,879.6 2,578.5 2,268.1 475.2 335.4 316.5 16.5 % 13.0 % 14.0 % Corporate Services and Eliminations (49.3) (43.8) (39.2) (53.2) (28.7) (23.1) 108.0 % 65.4 % 59.2 % Total $ 2,830.3 $ 2,534.7 $ 2,228.9 $ 422.0 $ 306.7 $ 293.4 14.9 % 12.1 % 13.2 % __________________ * EBITDA and EBITDA Margin are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information and reconciliations to the nearest GAAP measures, see the section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” Revenues Gross profit Gross margin 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Aggregates $ 547.9 $ 496.6 $ 444.0 $ 109.7 $ 69.5 $ 60.5 20.0 % 14.0 % 13.6 % Ready-mix concrete 653.9 609.5 584.4 101.2 85.9 81.5 15.5 % 14.1 % 13.9 % Asphalt 452.4 427.5 339.8 61.5 41.7 40.4 13.6 % 9.8 % 11.9 % Liquid asphalt 253.2 207.5 166.1 69.7 25.4 24.5 27.5 % 12.2 % 14.7 % Other* 249.0 199.8 178.2 47.9 38.3 39.5 19.2 % 19.2 % 22.2 % Contracting services 1,307.3 1,187.7 1,017.5 148.9 100.1 100.6 11.4 % 8.4 % 9.9 % Internal sales (633.4) (593.9) (501.1) — — — — % — % — % Total $ 2,830.3 $ 2,534.7 $ 2,228.9 $ 538.9 $ 360.9 $ 347.0 19.0 % 14.2 % 15.6 % __________________ * Other includes cement, merchandise, fabric, spreading and other products and services that individually are not considered to be a major line of business for the segment. 2023 2022 2021 Sales (thousands): Aggregates (tons) 33,637 33,994 33,518 Ready-mix concrete (cubic yards) 3,837 4,015 4,267 Asphalt (tons) 6,760 7,254 7,101 Average selling price: Aggregates (per ton)* $ 16.29 $ 14.61 $ 13.25 Ready-mix concrete (per cubic yard) $ 170.42 $ 151.80 $ 136.94 Asphalt (per ton) $ 66.92 $ 58.93 $ 47.86 __________________ * The average selling price includes freight and delivery and other revenues. 49 2023 Compared to 2022 Revenue Revenue improved $295.6 million as increased pricing added $217.3 million in revenue across all regions and product lines, supported by demand, increased market pricing and EDGE-related pricing initiatives. The Company also saw increased contracting services revenue in most regions, especially in the Mountain and Northwest regions that benefited from strong demand and more available work. Higher liquid asphalt sales volumes also contributed to the increased revenue. Partially offsetting these increases were decreased asphalt, ready-mix concrete and aggregate sales volumes of $69.2 million, primarily attributable to the absence in 2023 of certain impact projects, lower internal sales volumes resulting from the strategy to target improved bid margins, project timing and the sale of non-strategic assets in southeast Texas in December 2022. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit improved $178.0 million while gross margin improved 480 basis points. Higher sales prices outpacing costs across its materials product lines contributed $126.0 million in gross profit, which was largely the result of increased market pricing and EDGE-related initiatives, including operating efficiencies and pricing optimization. Higher contracting services margins contributed $48.9 million to gross profit, primarily related to improved bid margins, certain impact projects and job productivity gains. Additionally, liquid asphalt margins benefited from cost improvements and higher sales volumes. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $75.9 million. As a result of the Separation, the Company experienced increased recurring costs, including payroll-related costs of $12.3 million, largely due to additional staff and stock-based compensation expense for the management team and board of directors; insurance costs of $2.8 million; and professional services of $2.6 million, which were offset in part by a reduction in general corporate expenses from MDU Resources of $7.6 million, as discussed in Item 8 - Note 1. Also, as part of the Separation, the Company incurred one-time costs of $10.0 million primarily related to professional services, insurance costs and the transition services agreement with MDU Resources. Further contributing to the higher selling, general and administrative costs were increased payroll-related costs of $27.7 million, due in part to higher incentive accruals across the segments based on the Company’s performance; non-cash asset impairments of $5.8 million on aggregate sites discussed in Item 8 - Note 2; absence of a gain of $6.7 million recognized in 2022 on the sale of non-strategic assets in southeast Texas; higher office expenses of $2.6 million; increased expected credit losses of $1.5 million directly associated with an increase in receivable balances over 90 days and the absence of bad debt recoveries in 2022; and higher information technology and other costs. Interest Expense Interest expense increased $28.0 million due primarily to higher average interest rates. Interest rates were higher as a result of the Company settling related-party notes payable as part of the Separation and entering into new debt agreements with higher interest rates, which resulted in additional interest expense in the period of $29.5 million. Partially offsetting the increase was lower average debt balances. For additional information, see Item 8 - Notes 8 and 19. Other Income (Expense) Other income (expense) increased $12.4 million, due in part to improved returns on the Company’s nonqualified benefit plan investments of $5.5 million; increased interest income of $5.2 million on higher cash balances and on the cash held in escrow for the $425.0 million of senior notes issued prior to the completion of the Separation; and income resulting from the transition services agreement with MDU Resources, as discussed in Item 8 - Note 19. Income Tax Expense Income tax expense increased $19.8 million corresponding with higher income before income taxes. 50 2022 Compared to 2021 Revenue Revenue increased $305.8 million, largely driven by increased revenues across all product lines as the business benefited from higher average selling prices of nearly $250 million, largely in response to inflationary pressures. Aggregate sales volumes provided an additional $10.2 million, due mainly to recent acquisitions contributing 2.2 million tons, offset in part by lower volumes in certain segments. Asphalt sales volumes increased $7.2 million from higher demand in Minnesota and North Dakota, along with the Mountain and Pacific segments, partially offset by lower volumes in Texas due to less available paving work. Contracting revenues increased $170.2 million across most segments as a result of more available agency and commercial work, recent acquisitions in the Northwest segment contributing $27.9 million, more available paving work in the Mountain segment along with Minnesota and North Dakota and higher contract values in all segments as a result of inflationary pressures. The business was impacted by lower ready-mix concrete sales volumes of $38.5 million across all segments, resulting from lower residential demand and fewer impact projects. The business also saw decreased volumes for other products, largely related to decreased demand for liquid asphalt. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit increased by $13.9 million and gross margin decreased 140 basis points. The increase in gross profit was primarily as a result of increased average selling prices to offset higher costs, largely due to inflationary pressures. The decrease in gross margin was primarily attributable to decreases for asphalt, other products and contracting services due to higher costs discussed later, including higher liquid asphalt, labor and fuel costs. Partially offsetting these decreases were increased gross margins on aggregates and ready-mix concrete as a result of higher average selling prices, as previously discussed, driven by higher operating costs across the segments, mostly the result of inflationary pressures. All lines of business were impacted by the higher costs, which include higher liquid asphalt costs of $59.3 million; higher labor costs of $32.0 million; higher fuel costs of $42.6 million; and higher cement costs of $20.7 million. In addition, contributions from recent acquisitions of $12.9 million had a positive impact on gross margin for the aggregates and contracting services. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $10.7 million, largely resulting from higher payroll-related costs of $11.6 million, partially resulting from inflationary pressures; higher travel expenses of $2.3 million; higher office expenses of $1.7 million; higher professional fees of $1.7 million, partially due to increased legal and audit fees; decreased recovery of bad debt of $1.4 million; and increased safety and training costs. These increases were offset in part by higher net gains on asset sales of $7.5 million. Interest Expense Interest expense increased $10.9 million related to higher debt balances to fund recent acquisitions and higher working capital needs, along with higher average interest rates. Other Income (Expense) Other income (expense) decreased $6.7 million, primarily resulting from lower returns on the Company's nonqualified benefit plan investments. Income Tax Expense Income tax expense decreased $800,000 as a result of lower income before income taxes. 51 Business Segment Financial and Operating Data A discussion of key financial data from Knife River’s business segments follows. Knife River provides segment level information by revenue, gross profit, gross margin, EBITDA and EBITDA margin as these are measures of profitability used by management to assess operating results. EBITDA and EBITDA margin are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information and reconciliations to the nearest GAAP measure, see the section entitled “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company completed a reorganization of its reporting structure, which has resulted in changes being made to the management of its business to best align with its strategies. Based on how the chief operating decision maker manages the Company, the reportable segments are: Pacific, Northwest, Mountain, Central and Energy Services. The Company also has the Corporate Services segment. The Corporate Services segment provides accounting, legal, treasury, information technology, human resources and certain corporate expenses that support its operating segments. As a result of the reorganization, the liquid asphalt and related services portion of the Pacific segment’s businesses are now reported under the Energy Services segment. In addition, the North Central and South operating regions have been aggregated into one reportable segment, Central. All periods have been recast to conform with the revised presentation. Results of Operations – Pacific Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 2023 vs 2022 % change 2022 vs 2021 % change (In millions) Revenue $ 462.2 $ 418.1 $ 396.8 11 % 5 % Gross profit $ 77.4 $ 54.5 $ 63.4 42 % (14) % Gross margin 16.8 % 13.0 % 16.0 % EBITDA $ 56.2 $ 44.0 $ 57.9 28 % (24) % EBITDA margin 12.2 % 10.5 % 14.6 % 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Revenues: Aggregates $ 104.8 $ 92.3 $ 89.9 Ready-mix concrete 142.3 127.5 123.9 Asphalt 32.2 35.7 26.3 Other* 142.7 114.2 104.8 Contracting services 126.3 129.5 127.7 Internal sales (86.1) (81.1) (75.8) $ 462.2 $ 418.1 $ 396.8 __________________ * Other includes cement, precast/prestressed concrete, merchandise, and other products that individually are not considered to be a major line of business for the segment. 2023 Compared to 2022 Revenue Revenue improved $44.1 million, across most product lines and was higher as a result of increased prices to cover rising costs and from the early stages of EDGE-related pricing implementation, as well as increased sales of higher priced products, adding $32.0 million. The segment saw strong cement product sales volumes to third-party customers in Alaska and strong aggregate sales volumes of $6.0 million, primarily from increased demand in Hawaii as the local economy continues to regain momentum for public and private work. Ready-mix concrete sales volumes 52 increased in northern California as a result of an acquisition in December 2022, which were offset in part by lower sales volumes in Alaska due to fewer projects over the prior year. Partially offsetting the increased revenues was the absence in 2023 of an impact project in California of $11.2 million, which affected both contracting services workloads and asphalt volumes. Northern California experienced mild weather in the fourth quarter which also contributed to a strong finish to the year. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit improved $22.9 million while gross margin improved 380 basis points, largely the result of increased pricing outpacing costs and strong demand, as previously discussed. The segment also experienced lower fuel and asphalt oil costs. Partially offsetting the increase was lower contracting services margins reducing gross profit by $1.9 million as a result of cost overruns on a project in California. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA improved $12.2 million and EBITDA margin improved 170 basis points. These improvements are the direct result of the previously discussed gross profit, offset in part by higher selling, general and administrative expenses of $11.6 million. The increased selling, general and administrative expenses includes higher payroll-related costs of $5.9 million, due in part to higher incentive accruals based on the Company’s performance; a non-cash asset impairment of $2.2 million on a leased aggregate site, as discussed in Item 8 - Note 2; higher rent expense of $700,000; increased building repairs of $500,000; and other miscellaneous expenses. 2022 Compared to 2021 Revenue Revenue improved $21.3 million, largely from higher average selling prices for ready-mix concrete, asphalt, aggregates and cement, largely in response to inflationary pressures, contributing approximately $23.2 million. Revenues were also positively impacted from increased asphalt volumes of 9.4 percent, primarily related to a large project in Northern California. Contracting services revenues were up 1.5 percent, which provided an additional $1.9 million during the period, largely in the northern California market from a large project and increases in contract pricing, due in part to inflationary pressures. Partially offsetting these increases were decreased aggregate sales volumes of $3.4 million related to decreased demand in northern California and decreased ready-mix concrete sales volumes of $3.0 million related to decreased demand in Alaska and Hawaii. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit decreased $8.9 million and gross margin decreased 300 basis points. Margins decreased across most product lines and contracting services as a result of a downturn in the Hawaiian economy, a lack of large rock projects and less residential work in California. In addition, the segment experienced higher costs of $30.2 million, largely the result of inflationary pressures, including fuel, labor, material and production costs. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA decreased $13.9 million and EBITDA margin decreased 410 basis points. These decreases were the result of the previously discussed lower gross profit, as well as higher selling, general and administrative costs of $5.8 million, including payroll-related costs of $3.4 million, legal costs of $1.7 million and lower bad debt recovery of $900,000. 53 Results of Operations – Northwest Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 2023 vs 2022 % change 2022 vs 2021 % change (In millions) Revenue $ 666.1 $ 600.2 $ 478.0 11 % 26 % Gross profit $ 133.4 $ 106.4 $ 87.5 25 % 22 % Gross margin 20.0 % 17.7 % 18.3 % EBITDA $ 121.1 $ 103.9 $ 80.6 17 % 29 % EBITDA margin 18.2 % 17.3 % 16.9 % 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Revenues: Aggregates $ 189.9 $ 171.6 $ 135.2 Ready-mix concrete 163.4 158.0 152.1 Asphalt 103.3 97.3 78.9 Other* 15.8 14.8 12.8 Contracting services 300.4 262.7 187.1 Internal sales (106.7) (104.2) (88.1) $ 666.1 $ 600.2 $ 478.0 __________________ * Other includes merchandise, transportation services and other products that individually are not considered to be a major line of business for the segment. 2023 Compared to 2022 Revenue Revenue improved $65.9 million, largely the result of EDGE-related pricing initiatives on all product lines, which together contributed $52.0 million. In addition, higher demand for contracting services work related to Agency and railroad projects, as well as prestress data center and other projects, accounted for an increase in revenues of $37.7 million. Partially offsetting the increases were lower sales volumes across all product lines of $22.2 million, due in large part to the timing of impact projects in 2023 and decreased demand for asphalt paving and residential work. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit improved $27.0 million and gross margin improved 230 basis points resulting from higher sales prices outpacing costs across all product lines by $26.1 million, largely resulting from EDGE-related pricing initiatives and product mix, which was offset in part by lower volumes across all product lines, as previously discussed. Contracting services gross profit improved $8.0 million, largely due to the strong backlog of work established and the reduction of job losses as compared to the prior year, which were offset in part by startup costs related to the new prestress facility. In addition, lower fuel, asphalt oil and equipment costs had a positive impact on gross profit. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA improved $17.2 million while EBITDA margin improved 90 basis points. The improvements are the result of increased gross profit, as previously discussed, offset in part by higher selling, general and administrative expenses which includes $3.9 million of higher payroll-related costs largely related to higher wages and performance-based incentives; a non-cash asset impairment of $3.6 million on an aggregate site, as discussed in Item 8 - Note 2; and $3.0 million lower asset sale gains. 54 2022 Compared to 2021 Revenue Revenue increased $122.2 million, largely related to higher contracting services revenues as a result of higher demand for airport, Agency, commercial and data center projects and inflationary pressures driving up contract values, as well as the benefit from recent acquisitions of $29.0 million. Higher sales prices on all product lines, largely in response to inflationary pressures, also contributed $48.0 million. Aggregate volumes increased 18 percent during the period, largely from recent acquisitions contributing 2.2 million tons. Partially offsetting the increases were decreased ready-mix concrete volumes of $15.0 million or 9 percent, largely related to decreased demand and the absence of a large project. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit increased $18.9 million, primarily as a result of increased sales prices to offset higher costs, largely due to inflationary pressures including costs for energy-related products, raw materials, labor and equipment, while gross margin decreased 60 basis points. The decrease in gross margin was primarily attributable to 36.6 percent lower realized margins on asphalt due to higher raw materials and energy-related costs from inflationary pressures and 10.3 percent lower contracting services margin due to higher equipment costs and lower margin carry-over work from recent acquisitions. Partially offsetting these decreases were increased gross margins for aggregates of 14.4 percent and ready-mix concrete of 11.9 percent as higher average selling prices offset the increased costs as a result of the previously mentioned inflationary pressures. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA increased $23.3 million and EBITDA margin increased 40 basis points. The increase in EBITDA was the direct result of increased gross profit previously discussed and the offset of higher depreciation expense of $11.2 million included in gross profit. Partially offsetting this increase was higher selling, general and administrative expenses of $6.7 million resulting from increased acquisition-related costs, higher bad debt expense and higher labor-related costs, partially the result of inflationary pressures. Results of Operations – Mountain Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 2023 vs 2022 % change 2022 vs 2021 % change (In millions) Revenue $ 634.0 $ 542.0 $ 479.6 17 % 13 % Gross profit $ 109.1 $ 77.5 $ 71.2 41 % 9 % Gross margin 17.2 % 14.3 % 14.8 % EBITDA $ 103.2 $ 72.6 $ 65.0 42 % 12 % EBITDA margin 16.3 % 13.4 % 13.6 % 55 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Revenues: Aggregates $ 100.5 $ 83.3 $ 72.6 Ready-mix concrete 120.5 106.7 100.4 Asphalt 112.9 93.3 69.3 Other* — — .1 Contracting services 433.0 368.7 323.7 Internal sales (132.9) (110.0) (86.5) $ 634.0 $ 542.0 $ 479.6 __________________ * Other includes products that individually are not considered to be a major line of business for the segment. 2023 Compared to 2022 Revenue Revenue improved $92.0 million, 70 percent of which was derived from contracting services from strong demand for Agency, airport and commercial work throughout the region. Pricing momentum across all product lines and throughout the region contributed $40.3 million. The increased pricing was in response to rising costs, demand and growing markets, as well as the early stages of EDGE-related pricing implementation. Aggregate volumes increased in the majority of locations with Wyoming recognizing an increase due to a number of wind energy projects throughout the state and certain areas of Montana saw higher volumes due to four airport projects. Wyoming also experienced wetter weather conditions in 2023 which negatively impacted both ready-mix concrete and asphalt sales volumes, partially contributing to a $7.3 million decrease to revenue. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit improved $31.6 million and gross margin improved 290 basis points. The improvement was the result of higher contracting services revenues and margins contributing profit of $19.7 million due to strong markets for Agency, airport and commercial work, as well as cost savings and job efficiencies. Higher sales prices outpaced costs across all product lines by $11.9 million. In addition, lower fuel and equipment costs had a positive impact on gross profit. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA improved $30.6 million and EBITDA margin improved 290 basis points which was a result of the increased gross profit previously discussed, along with higher gains on asset sales, offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses, as a result of higher payroll-related costs of $2.4 million, including increased incentive accruals based on the Company’s performance. 2022 Compared to 2021 Revenue Revenue increased $62.4 million, primarily the result of higher contracting services revenues and higher sales prices across all product lines, largely in response to inflationary pressures, of $41.7 million. Contracting services benefited from higher demand across all markets throughout the region and higher contract pricing in response to inflationary pressures. Asphalt sales volumes increased $4.7 million or 5.4 percent mainly due to stronger demand for paving work in Montana and Wyoming, and aggregate sales volumes increased $2.0 million or 2.4 percent resulting from stronger demand in certain states. Partially offsetting these increases were decreased ready-mix concrete sales volumes of $7.4 million as a result of increased competition. 56 Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit increased $6.3 million, primarily as a result of increased sales prices to offset higher costs, largely due to inflationary pressures including costs for energy-related products, raw materials, labor and equipment, while gross margin decreased 50 basis points. The decrease in gross margin was largely attributable to a 14.7 percent decrease in gross margin for contracting services due to increased materials costs and other inflationary pressures, as previously discussed. All other lines of business for this segment saw an increase in gross margin ranging from 4.0 percent to 10.0 percent, which was primarily due to increased selling prices, as previously mentioned. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA increased $7.6 million and EBITDA margin decreased 20 basis points. The increase in EBITDA was directly related to the increase in gross profit, as previously mentioned. The decrease in EBITDA margin was largely the result of the decrease in gross margin previously discussed, as well as higher labor costs in selling, general and administrative expenses. The absence of a gain of $1.3 million on a property sale in Montana during 2021 also negatively impacted both EBITDA and EBITDA margin. Results of Operations – Central Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 2023 vs 2022 % change 2022 vs 2021 % change (In millions) Revenue $ 825.0 $ 779.8 $ 720.9 6 % 8 % Gross profit $ 134.8 $ 90.5 $ 90.0 49 % 1 % Gross margin 16.3 % 11.6 % 12.5 % EBITDA $ 116.6 $ 86.6 $ 81.5 35 % 6 % EBITDA margin 14.1 % 11.1 % 11.3 % 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Revenues: Aggregates $ 152.7 $ 149.4 $ 146.3 Ready-mix concrete 227.7 217.3 208.0 Asphalt 204.0 201.2 165.3 Other* 28.8 25.0 22.8 Contracting services 447.6 426.8 379.0 Internal sales (235.8) (239.9) (200.5) $ 825.0 $ 779.8 $ 720.9 __________________ * Other includes merchandise and other products that individually are not considered to be a major line of business for the segment. 2023 Compared to 2022 Revenue Revenue improved $45.2 million as a result of higher selling prices across all product lines providing $76.1 million of additional revenue, largely due to EDGE-related pricing initiatives. Contracting services saw a benefit of $20.8 million from improved bid margins and favorable weather across the regions, a large concrete and asphalt paving job in the north central region and increased paving work in Texas. Partially offsetting these increases were lower sales volumes of $33.0 million across most product lines largely as the regions continue to target improved bid margins on projects which also impacts internal sales volumes and the absence of an impact project in 57 South Dakota. Also, decreased ready-mix concrete and aggregates sales due to a sale of non-strategic assets in southeast Texas in December 2022 impacted revenue. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit improved $44.3 million while gross margin improved 470 basis points, largely due to higher sales prices across all product lines which contributed $30.0 million and higher contracting services margins of $22.5 million related to improved bid margins, impact projects and job productivity gains. Partially offsetting the improvement was the impact of decreased sales volumes. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA improved $30.0 million and EBITDA margin improved 300 basis points. The increase in EBITDA was directly related to the increase in gross profit, as previously mentioned. The increase was offset in part by higher selling, general and administrative expenses of $14.6 million, largely the absence of a gain of $6.7 million recognized in 2022 on the sale of non-strategic assets in southeast Texas; additional payroll-related costs of $6.0 million, due in part to higher incentive accruals based on the Company’s performance; and increased insurance costs of $1.4 million. 2022 Compared to 2021 Revenue Revenue improved $58.9 million, primarily the result of higher selling prices across all product lines of $78.1 million in both north central and south regions, largely in response to inflationary pressures. Also, higher contracting services revenues of $48.8 million was driven largely by higher demand for asphalt paving work in the north central region, which also drove asphalt sales volumes up $5.9 million. Partially offsetting these increases were decreased aggregate and ready-mix concrete sales volumes of $23.9 million as a result of the absence of a few large commercial projects in the South Dakota market during the year and lower demand for residential work in certain markets across the north central region. Lower demand for asphalt paving work in Texas resulted in $14.3 million lower contracting services, aggregates and asphalt revenues. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit improved $500,000 while gross margin decreased 90 basis points primarily due to increased costs, largely due to inflationary pressures including energy-related products, raw materials, labor and equipment. Partially offsetting these decreases were increased margins for aggregates as higher selling prices more than offset the increased costs previously mentioned. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA improved $5.1 million and EBITDA margin decreased 20 basis points. The increase in EBITDA was primarily due to a gain of $6.7 million recognized in 2022 on the sale of non-strategic assets in southeast Texas. Results of Operations – Energy Services Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 2023 vs 2022 % change 2022 vs 2021 % change (In millions) Revenue $ 292.3 $ 238.4 $ 192.8 23 % 24 % Gross profit $ 83.1 $ 31.4 $ 34.9 165 % (10) % Gross margin 28.4 % 13.2 % 18.1 % EBITDA $ 78.1 $ 28.3 $ 31.5 176 % (10) % EBITDA margin 26.7 % 11.9 % 16.4 % 58 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Revenues: Liquid asphalt $ 253.2 $ 207.5 $ 166.1 Other* 49.3 45.2 37.7 Internal sales (10.2) (14.3) (11.0) $ 292.3 $ 238.4 $ 192.8 __________________ * Other includes transportation services, fabric, spreading and other products that individually are not considered to be a major line of business for the segment. 2023 Compared to 2022 Revenue Revenue improved $53.9 million, largely driven by higher liquid asphalt sales volumes from additional sales opportunities across most of its primary markets, higher sales to other reportable segments and sales late in the year due to favorable weather conditions. Higher liquid asphalt sales prices also positively impacted revenue. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit improved $51.7 million while gross margin improved 1,520 basis points, primarily related to increased market pricing and higher sales volumes. Partially offsetting these increases were higher operating costs for scheduled tank repair and maintenance and higher payroll-related costs. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA improved $49.8 million and EBITDA margin improved 1,480 basis points. This increase was directly related to the increased gross profit previously discussed, reduced slightly by higher selling, general and administrative expenses, primarily $1.4 million of payroll-related costs. 2022 Compared to 2021 Revenue Revenue improved $45.6 million, primarily due to increased market pricing on liquid asphalt. Sales volumes for liquid asphalt declined across most markets, except California where volumes increased 55 percent. Gross Profit and Gross Margin Gross profit decreased $3.5 million and gross margin decreased 490 basis points due to significantly higher costs related to inflationary pressures on liquid asphalt, burner fuel and other energy-related products. Also impacting gross profit was increased tank maintenance costs. EBITDA and EBITDA Margin EBITDA decreased $3.2 million and EBITDA margin decreased 450 basis points as a direct result of the decreased gross profit previously discussed. Corporate Services and Eliminations Corporate Services includes all expenses related to the corporate functions of the Company, as well as insurance activity at the Company’s captive insurer; interest expense on a majority of the Company’s long-term debt; interest income; and unrealized gains and losses on investments for the Company’s nonqualified benefit plans. During 2023, Corporate Services contributed negative EBITDA of $53.2 million, or $24.5 million less EBITDA compared to the prior year. The decrease was due to higher selling, general and administrative costs of $31.8 million 59 directly resulting from the Separation from MDU Resources. The Company experienced increased recurring costs, including payroll-related costs of $12.3 million, largely due to additional staff and stock-based compensation expense for the management team and board of directors; professional services of $2.6 million; fees of $1.2 million, primarily related to fees on the new debt issued in conjunction with the Separation; and insurance costs of $400,000. These recurring costs were offset in part by a reduction in general corporate expenses from MDU Resources of $7.6 million, as discussed in Item 8 - Note 1. Also, as part of the Separation, the Company incurred one-time costs of $10.0 million primarily related to professional services, insurance costs and the transition services agreement with MDU Resources. Further contributing to higher selling, general and administrative costs were increased payroll-related costs due to higher incentive accruals based on the Company's performance. Partially offsetting these increased costs were improved returns on the Company’s nonqualified benefit plan investments of $5.5 million. During 2022, Corporate Services contributed negative EBITDA of $28.7 million, or $5.6 million less EBITDA than the prior year. The decrease was due primarily to lower returns on the Company’s nonqualified benefit plan investments of $6.1 million. Liquidity and Capital Resources At December 31, 2023, Knife River had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $219.3 million and working capital of $566.3 million. Working capital is calculated as current assets less current liabilities. Following the Separation, Knife River’s cash management, capital structure and liquidity sources have changed significantly. Knife River implemented its own centralized cash management model and intends to use cash on hand and third-party credit facilities to fund day-to-day operations. The Company believes it has sufficient liquid assets, cash flows from operations and borrowing capacity to meet its financial commitments, debt obligations and anticipated capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. Given the seasonality of its business, the Company typically experiences significant fluctuations in working capital needs and balances throughout the year. Working capital requirements generally increase in the first half of the year as the Company builds up inventory and focuses on preparing equipment and facilities and other start-up costs for its construction season. Working capital levels then typically decrease as the construction season winds down and the Company collects on receivables. Knife River’s ability to fund its cash needs will depend on the ongoing ability to generate cash from operations and obtain debt financing with competitive rates. Knife River relies on access to capital markets as sources of liquidity for capital requirements not satisfied by cash flows from operations, particularly in the first half of the year due to the seasonal nature of the industry. Knife River’s principal uses of cash in the future will be to fund its operations, working capital needs, capital expenditures, repayment of debt and strategic business development transactions. On April 25, 2023, Knife River issued $425.0 million of 7.75 percent senior notes due May 1, 2031, pursuant to an indenture. On May 31, 2023, Knife River entered into a senior secured credit agreement consisting of a $275.0 million term loan and a $350.0 million revolving credit facility, each with a SOFR-based interest rate and a maturity date of May 31, 2028. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $697.0 million of gross debt and $329.0 million of available capacity under its revolving credit facility, net of outstanding letters of credit. In order to borrow under the debt instruments, the Company must be in compliance with the applicable covenants and certain other conditions, all of which the Company, as applicable, was in compliance at December 31, 2023. In the event the Company does not comply with the applicable covenants and other conditions, it would be in default on its agreements and alternative sources of funding may need to be pursued and there can be no assurance that, if needed, the Company will be able to secure additional debt or equity financing on terms acceptable to the Company or at all. For additional information on the Company’s debt, see Item 8 - Note 8. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of December 31, 2023, the Company had aggregate outstanding letters of credit issued under its revolving credit facility in the amount of $21.0 million. Other than these letters of credit further discussed in Item 8 - Note 18, the Company does not currently have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material impact on current or future financial conditions, results of operations or cash flows. 60 Capital Expenditures Knife River’s capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $124.3 million compared to $182.0 million, including $6 million on an acquisition, for the year ended December 31, 2022. These expenditures relate primarily to routine replacement and maintenance of vehicles and equipment; building improvements; aggregate reserves; and storage facility updates. The 2023 and 2022 capital expenditures were funded by internally generated funds and borrowings under credit facilities. The Company expects to spend between $170 million and $180 million on capital expenditures in 2024 consisting of both maintenance and growth projects and excludes acquisitions. The Company continues to evaluate the potential for future acquisitions and other growth opportunities that would be incremental to the outlined capital program; however, these opportunities are dependent upon economic conditions. It is anticipated that all of the funds required for capital expenditures for 2024 will be funded by various sources, including internally generated funds and credit facilities. Cash Flows Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Net cash provided by (used in) Operating activities $ 335.7 $ 207.5 $ 181.2 Investing activities (117.9) (155.9) (398.3) Financing activities 34.4 (55.3) 223.8 Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 252.2 (3.7) 6.7 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash – beginning of year 10.1 13.8 7.1 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash – end of year $ 262.3 $ 10.1 $ 13.8 Operating activities Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Net income $ 182.9 $ 116.2 $ 129.8 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities 128.8 112.4 128.6 Changes in current assets and current liabilities, net of acquisitions: Receivables (54.8) (32.5) 15.3 Due from related-party 16.1 (8.0) 2.9 Inventories 3.7 (31.0) (42.4) Other current assets (19.6) — (4.6) Accounts payable 33.1 17.5 (13.9) Due to related-party (7.3) 3.6 (1.0) Other current liabilities 49.0 21.4 (21.0) Pension and postretirement benefit plan contributions (1.8) (.4) (.4) Other noncurrent changes 5.6 8.3 (12.1) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 335.7 $ 207.5 $ 181.2 Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, increased $128.2 million, largely related to increased earnings in 2023 and lower working capital needs. Cash provided by working capital components totaled $20.2 million in 2023, compared to $29.0 million in 2022. This decreased usage of cash was driven largely by lower payments on operating expenses at the end of the period and decreased liquid asphalt inventory balances, partially offset by increased accounts receivable balances at the end of the year associated with 61 higher revenues during 2023. In addition, the timing of insurance costs associated with the captive insurer had a positive impact on cash. Cash provided by operating activities totaled $207.5 million in 2022, compared to $181.2 million in 2021. The increased cash provided by operating activities was largely the result of lower working capital needs. Cash used by working capital components totaled $29.0 million in 2022, compared to $64.6 million in 2021. This decreased usage of cash was driven largely by the timing of certain income tax payments during 2021 and the result of higher bonus depreciation related to 2021 acquisitions. Also positively impacting working capital was higher liquid asphalt inventory balances due to higher material costs and higher deferred revenues. Partially offsetting these increases were higher receivables balances, directly resulting from the increased revenues during 2022. Investing activities Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Capital expenditures $ (124.3) $ (178.2) $ (174.2) Acquisitions, net of cash acquired — 1.7 (235.2) Net proceeds from sale or disposition of property and other 8.3 22.9 12.0 Investments (1.9) (2.3) (.9) Net cash used in investing activities $ (117.9) $ (155.9) $ (398.3) The decrease in cash used in investing activities from 2023 to 2022 was primarily due to a reduction in capital expenditures for the prestress facility in Washington that was completed during the third quarter of 2023, offset in part by decreased proceeds from asset sales as a result of the sale of non-strategic assets in southeast Texas in December 2022. The decrease in cash used in investing activities from 2022 to 2021 was primarily the result of decreased cash used in acquisition activity. Also contributing to the decrease was increased proceeds from asset sales. Financing activities Years ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Issuance of current related-party notes, net $ — $ 208.0 $ — Issuance (repayment) of long-term related-party notes, net 205.3 (207.0) 282.0 Issuance of long-term debt 700.0 — — Repayment of long-term debt (3.6) (.3) (.2) Debt issuance costs (16.7) (.8) — Net transfers to Centennial (850.6) (55.2) (58.0) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities $ 34.4 $ (55.3) $ 223.8 The increase in cash flows provided by financing activities from 2023 to 2022 was largely related to the changes in debt as a result of the Separation, which included the issuance of senior notes, term loans and a revolving credit facility, and a transfer of the majority of the proceeds to Centennial. For further information, see Item 8 - Note 8. The increase in cash flows used in financing activities from 2022 to 2021 was largely the result of decreased issuance of related-party notes as a result of lower working capital needs, as previously discussed. 62 Material Cash Requirements For more information on the Company’s contractual obligations on long-term debt, operating leases and purchase commitments, see Item 8 - Notes 8, 9 and 18. At December 31, 2023, the Company’s material cash requirements under these obligations were as follows: Less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than 5 years Total (In millions) Long-term debt maturities* $ 7.1 $ 24.3 $ 240.6 $ 425.0 $ 697.0 Estimated interest payments** 52.7 103.3 89.9 82.3 328.2 Operating leases 14.1 17.5 8.3 13.3 53.2 Purchase commitments 59.2 55.1 3.6 8.2 126.1 $ 133.1 $ 200.2 $ 342.4 $ 528.8 $ 1,204.5 __________________ * Unamortized debt issuance costs are excluded from the table. ** Represents the estimated interest payments using the Company’s long-term debt outstanding at December 31, 2023, assuming current interest rates and consistent amounts outstanding until their respective maturity dates over the periods indicated in the table above. Material short-term cash requirements of the Company include repayment of outstanding borrowings and interest payments on those agreements, payments on operating lease agreements, payment of obligations on purchase commitments and asset retirement obligations. At December 31, 2023, the current portion of asset retirement obligations was $6.9 million and was included in other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Material long-term cash requirements of the Company include repayment of outstanding borrowings and interest payments on those agreements, payments on operating lease agreements, payment of obligations on purchase commitments and asset retirement obligations. At December 31, 2023, the Company had total liabilities of $41.8 million related to asset retirement obligations that are excluded from the table above. Due to the nature of these obligations, the Company cannot determine precisely when the payments will be made to settle these obligations. For more information, see Item 8 - Note 10. Defined Benefit Pension Plans The Company has noncontributory qualified defined benefit pension plans for certain employees. Plan assets consist of investments in equity and fixed income securities. Various assumptions are used in calculating the benefit expense (income) and liability (asset) related to the pension plans. Actuarial assumptions include assumptions about the discount rate and expected return on plan assets. For 2023, the Company assumed a discount rate of 4.83 percent and long-term rate of return on its qualified defined pension plan assets of 6.50 percent. Decreased discount rates for 2023 compared to 2022 resulted in actuarial losses, offset in part by higher than expected asset sale gains. Differences between actuarial assumptions and actual plan results are deferred and amortized into expense when the accumulated differences exceed 10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets. Therefore, this change in asset values will be reflected in future expenses of the plans beginning in 2024. The funded status of the plans did not change significantly with the increase in assets because the liabilities increased as well due to the decrease in the discount rate. The Company's benefit obligations for the pension plans also saw a decline in value due to lower discount rates at the end of 2023. At December 31, 2023, the pension plans’ accumulated benefit obligations exceeded these plans’ assets by approximately $3.2 million. Pretax pension expense (income) reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was $343,000, $10,000 and $(4,000), respectively. The Company’s pension expense is currently projected to be approximately $289,000 in 2024. The Company expects to contribute approximately $912,000 in pension plan contributions in 2024, largely resulting from the Company exhausting its prefunding credits. During 2023, the Company contributed $1.2 million to its pension plans. There were no minimum required contributions for the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021. For more information on the Company’s pension plans, see Item 8 - Note 17. 63 New Accounting Standards For information regarding new accounting standards, see Item 8 - Note 2, which is incorporated herein by reference. Critical Accounting Estimates Knife River has prepared its financial statements in conformity with GAAP. The preparation of its financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management reviews these estimates and assumptions based on historical experience, changes in business conditions and other relevant factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Critical accounting estimates are defined as estimates that require management to make assumptions about matters that are uncertain at the time the estimate was made, and changes in the estimates could have a material impact on Knife River’s financial position or results of operations. Knife River’s critical accounting estimates are subject to judgments and uncertainties that affect the application of its significant accounting policies discussed in Item. 8 - Note 2. As additional information becomes available, or actual amounts are determinable, the recorded estimates are revised. Consequently, Knife River’s financial position or results of operations may be materially different when reported under different conditions or when using different assumptions in the application of the following critical accounting estimates. Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The recognition of revenue requires Knife River to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenue. The accuracy of revenues reported on the audited consolidated financial statements depends on, among other things, management’s estimates of total costs to complete projects because Knife River uses the cost-to-cost measure of progress on contracting services contracts for revenue recognition. To determine the proper revenue recognition method for contracts, Knife River evaluates whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as one single contract and whether the combined or single contract should be accounted for as more than one performance obligation. For most contracts, the customer contracts with Knife River to provide a significant service of integrating a complex set of tasks and components into a single project. Hence, Knife River’s contracts are generally accounted for as one performance obligation. Knife River recognizes contracting services revenue over time using an input method based on the cost-to-cost measure of progress for contracts because it best depicts the transfer of assets to the customer which occurs as Knife River incurs costs on the contract. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the costs incurred are compared with total estimated costs of a performance obligation. Revenues are recorded proportionately to the costs incurred. This method depends largely on the ability to make reasonably dependable estimates related to the extent of progress toward completion of the contract, contract revenues, and contract costs. Since contract prices are generally set before the work is performed, the estimates pertaining to every project could contain significant unknown risks such as volatile labor, material and fuel costs, weather delays, adverse project site conditions, unforeseen actions by regulatory agencies, performance by subcontractors, job management and relations with project owners. Changes in estimates could have a material effect on Knife River’s results of operations, financial position and cash flows. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, Knife River’s total contracting services revenue was $1.3 billion, $1.2 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively. Several factors are evaluated in determining the bid price for contract work. These include, but are not limited to, the complexities of the job, past history performing similar types of work, seasonal weather patterns, competition and market conditions, job site conditions, workforce safety, reputation of the project owner, availability of labor, materials and fuel, project location and project completion dates. As a project commences, estimates are continually 64 monitored and revised as information becomes available and actual costs and conditions surrounding the job become known. If a loss is anticipated on a contract, the loss is immediately recognized. Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements. Knife River considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Generally, contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract due to the significant integration of services provided in the context of the contract and are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and the measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates, is recognized as an adjustment to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis. Knife River’s contracts for contracting services generally contain variable consideration including liquidated damages, performance bonuses or incentives, claims, unpriced change orders and penalties or index pricing. The variable amounts usually arise upon achievement of certain performance metrics or change in project scope. Knife River estimates the amount of revenue to be recognized on variable consideration using one of the two prescribed estimation methods, the expected value method or the most likely amount method, depending on which method best predicts the most likely amount of consideration Knife River expects to be entitled to or expects to incur. Assumptions as to the occurrence of future events and the likelihood and amount of variable consideration are made during the contract performance period, using estimates of variable consideration and assessment of anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to management. Knife River only includes variable consideration in the estimated transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur or when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Changes in circumstances could impact management’s estimates made in determining the value of variable consideration recorded. When determining if the variable consideration is constrained, Knife River considers if factors exist that could increase the likelihood or the magnitude of a potential reversal of revenue. Knife River updates its estimate of the transaction price each reporting period and the effect of variable consideration on the transaction price is recognized as an adjustment to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis. Knife River believes its estimates surrounding the cost-to-cost method are reasonable based on the information that is known when the estimates are made. Knife River has contract administration, accounting and management control systems in place that allow its estimates to be updated and monitored on a regular basis. Because of the many factors that are evaluated in determining bid prices, it is inherent that Knife River’s estimates have changed in the past and will continually change in the future as new information becomes available for each job. Goodwill Knife River performs its goodwill impairment testing annually in the fourth quarter. In addition, the test is performed on an interim basis whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. Examples of such events or circumstances may include a significant adverse change in business climate, weakness in an industry in which Knife River’s reporting units operate or recent significant cash or operating losses with expectations that those losses will continue. Knife River has determined that the reporting units for its goodwill impairment test are its operating segments as they constitute a business for which discrete financial information is available and for which segment management regularly reviews the operating results. Goodwill impairment, if any, is measured by comparing the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, Knife River must record an impairment loss for the amount that the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were no impairment losses recorded. At October 31, 2023, the fair value of each of Knife River’s reporting units substantially exceeded the carrying value. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires judgment and the use of significant estimates, which include assumptions about Knife River’s future revenue, profitability and cash flows, long-term growth rates, 65 amount and timing of estimated capital expenditures, inflation rates, weighted average cost of capital, operational plans, and current and future economic conditions, among others. The fair value of each reporting unit is determined using a weighted combination of income and market approaches. Knife River believes that the estimates and assumptions used in its impairment assessments are reasonable and based on available market information. Knife River uses a discounted cash flow methodology for its income approach. Under the income approach, the discounted cash flow model determines fair value based on the present value of projected cash flows over a specified period and a residual value related to future cash flows beyond the projection period. Both values are discounted using a rate that reflects the best estimate of the weighted average cost of capital for the Company. Under the market approach, Knife River estimates fair value using various multiples derived from enterprise value to EBITDA for comparative peer companies as well as comparable market transaction multiples to EBITDA for each respective reporting unit. These multiples are applied to operating data for each reporting unit to arrive at an indication of fair value. In addition, Knife River adds a reasonable control premium when calculating the fair value utilizing the peer multiples, which is estimated as the premium that would be received in a sale in an orderly transaction between market participants. Knife River uses significant judgment in estimating its five-year forecast. The assumptions underlying cash flow projections are in sync as applicable with Knife River’s strategy and assumptions. Future projections are heavily correlated with the current year results of operations. Future results of operations may vary due to economic and financial impacts. The long-term growth rates used in the five-year forecast are developed by management based on industry data, management’s knowledge of the industry and management’s strategic plans. The long-term growth rate used was 3 percent in 2023, 2022 and 2021. Long-Lived Assets Excluding Goodwill Long-lived assets, which include aggregate reserves and related assets, represent 50 percent of Knife River’s total assets as of December 31, 2023. Knife River reviews the carrying values of its long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that such carrying values may not be recoverable. Knife River tests long-lived assets for impairment at a level significantly lower than that of goodwill impairment testing. Long-lived assets or groups of assets are evaluated for impairment at the lowest level of largely independent identifiable cash flows at an individual operation or group of operations collectively serving a local market. When indications of or triggers for impairment are noted, impairment testing is completed. The impairment testing requires the use of significant estimates, judgements and uncertainties by management, which may vary from actual results. Estimates and judgements may include, among other things, whether triggering events have occurred, estimates of future cash flows, the asset’s useful life, disposal activity obligations, growth and production. The determination of whether an impairment has occurred is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows attributable to the assets, compared to the carrying value of the assets. If impairment has occurred, the amount of the impairment recognized is determined by estimating the fair value of the assets and recording a loss if the carrying value is greater than the fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company performed impairment testing on assets where triggering events were identified due to recent operating results or changes in plans with the asset groups. The undiscounted cash flows on an asset group with a net asset book value of $65 million indicated it was recoverable and not impaired. However, the Company did recognize non-cash asset impairments of $5.8 million as a result of certain other aggregate sites no longer being economically feasible to mine and having no remaining value. No impairment losses were recorded in 2022 or 2021. Unforeseen events and changes in circumstances could require the recognition of impairment losses at some future date. 66 Non-GAAP Financial Measures This Annual Report includes financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP, as well as EBITDA, EBITDA margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin and Free Cash Flows financial measures. Those measures, including those measures by segment, as applicable, are considered non-GAAP financial measures. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are most directly comparable to the corresponding GAAP measure of net income and gross profit. EBITDA margin and Adjusted EBITDA margin are most directly comparable to the corresponding GAAP measures of net income margin and gross margin, and Free Cash Flows is most directly comparable to the corresponding GAAP measure of net cash provided by (used in) operating activities. Knife River believes these non-GAAP financial measures, in addition to corresponding GAAP measures, are useful to investors by providing meaningful information about operational efficiency compared to its peers by excluding the impacts of differences in tax jurisdictions and structures, debt levels and capital investment. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is a useful performance measure because it allows for an effective evaluation of the Company’s operating performance by excluding stock-based compensation and unrealized gains and losses on benefit plan investments as they are considered non-cash and not part of the Company’s core operations. The Company also excludes the one-time, non-recurring costs associated with the Separation as those are not expected to continue. Rating agencies and investors also use EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to calculate Knife River’s leverage as a multiple of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. Additionally, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are important financial metrics for debt investors who utilize debt to EBITDA and debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratios. Management believes EBITDA and EBITDA margin, including those measures by segment, are useful performance measures because they provide clarity as to the operational results of the Company. Knife River’s management uses these non-GAAP financial measures in conjunction with GAAP results when evaluating its operating results internally and calculating employee incentive compensation, and leverage as a multiple of Adjusted EBITDA to determine the appropriate method of funding operations of the Company. Knife River’s management believes Free Cash Flows is a useful liquidity measure because it allows the Company to easily determine additional cash available for strategic opportunities. EBITDA is calculated by adding back income taxes, interest expense (net of interest income) and depreciation, depletion and amortization expense to net income. EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing EBITDA by revenues. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by adding back unrealized gains and losses on benefit plan investments, stock-based compensation and one-time Separation costs to EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by revenues. Free Cash Flows are calculated by subtracting capital expenditures plus proceeds from asset sales to cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities. These non-GAAP financial measures are calculated the same for both the segment and consolidated metrics and should not be considered as alternatives to, or more meaningful than, GAAP financial measures such as net income, net income margin and net cash provided by (used in) operating activities and are intended to be helpful supplemental financial measures for investors’ understanding of Knife River’s operating performance. Knife River’s non-GAAP financial measures, are not standardized; therefore, it may not be possible to compare these financial measures with other companies’ EBITDA, EBITDA margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin and Free Cash Flows measures having the same or similar names. The following information reconciles segment and consolidated net income to EBITDA and EBITDA to Adjusted EBITDA and provides the calculation of EBITDA margin and Adjusted EBITDA margin. Interest expense, net, is net of interest income that is included in other income (expense) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. 67 Year ended December 31, 2023 Pacific Northwest Mountain Central Energy Services Corporate Services and Eliminations Consolidated (In millions) Net income (loss) $ 34.9 $ 83.1 $ 78.3 $ 82.9 $ 73.1 $ (169.4) $ 182.9 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 21.3 38.0 24.7 33.7 5.0 1.1 123.8 Interest expense, net — — .2 — — 52.7 52.9 Income taxes — — — — — 62.4 62.4 EBITDA $ 56.2 $ 121.1 $ 103.2 $ 116.6 $ 78.1 $ (53.2) $ 422.0 Unrealized (gains) losses on benefit plan investments (2.7) (2.7) Stock-based compensation expense 3.1 3.1 One-time separation costs 10.0 10.0 Adjusted EBITDA $ (42.8) $ 432.4 Revenue $ 462.2 $ 666.1 $ 634.0 $ 825.0 $ 292.3 $ (49.3) $ 2,830.3 Net income margin 7.6 % 12.5 % 12.3 % 10.0 % 25.0 % 343.8 % 6.5 % EBITDA margin 12.2 % 18.2 % 16.3 % 14.1 % 26.7 % 108.0 % 14.9 % Adjusted EBITDA margin 86.9 % 15.3 % Year ended December 31, 2022 Pacific Northwest Mountain Central Energy Services Corporate Services and Eliminations Consolidated (In millions) Net income (loss) $ 23.4 $ 68.8 $ 49.8 $ 52.8 $ 23.6 $ (102.2) $ 116.2 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 20.6 35.1 22.6 33.8 4.7 1.0 117.8 Interest expense, net — — .2 — — 29.9 30.1 Income taxes — — — — — 42.6 42.6 EBITDA $ 44.0 $ 103.9 $ 72.6 $ 86.6 $ 28.3 $ (28.7) $ 306.7 Unrealized (gains) losses on benefit plan investments 4.0 4.0 Stock-based compensation expense 2.7 2.7 Adjusted EBITDA $ (22.0) $ 313.4 Revenue $ 418.1 $ 600.2 $ 542.0 $ 779.8 $ 238.4 $ (43.8) $ 2,534.7 Net income margin 5.6 % 11.5 % 9.2 % 6.8 % 9.9 % 233.0 % 4.6 % EBITDA margin 10.5 % 17.3 % 13.4 % 11.1 % 11.9 % 65.4 % 12.1 % Adjusted EBITDA margin 50.2 % 12.4 % 68 Year ended December 31, 2021 Pacific Northwest Mountain Central Energy Services Corporate Services and Eliminations Consolidated (In millions) Net income (loss) $ 38.2 $ 56.8 $ 45.8 $ 48.0 $ 26.9 $ (85.9) $ 129.8 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 19.7 23.8 19.1 33.4 4.6 .4 101.0 Interest expense, net — — .1 .1 — 19.0 19.2 Income taxes — — — — — 43.4 43.4 EBITDA $ 57.9 $ 80.6 $ 65.0 $ 81.5 $ 31.5 $ (23.1) $ 293.4 Unrealized (gains) losses on benefit plan investments (2.3) (2.3) Stock-based compensation expense 3.6 3.6 Adjusted EBITDA $ (21.8) $ 294.7 Revenue $ 396.8 $ 478.0 $ 479.6 $ 720.9 $ 192.8 $ (39.2) $ 2,228.9 Net income margin 9.6 % 11.9 % 9.5 % 6.7 % 14.0 % 219.5 % 5.8 % EBITDA margin 14.6 % 16.9 % 13.6 % 11.3 % 16.4 % 59.2 % 13.2 % Adjusted EBITDA margin 55.8 % 13.2 % The following information reconciles cash flows provided by operating activities to Free Cash Flows. 2023 2022 2021 (In millions) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 335.7 $ 207.5 $ 181.2 Capital expenditures (124.3) (178.2) (174.2) Net proceeds from sale or disposition of property and other 8.3 22.9 12.0 Free Cash Flows $ 219.7 $ 52.2 $ 19.0