KIDZ AI Inc. 10-K

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully all of the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before making a decision to invest in our securities. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risk factors described below are not necessarily exhaustive and you are encouraged to perform your own investigation with respect to us and our business. Risks Relating to the Company’s Business and Industry If we are not able to continue to attract students to purchase our courses and to increase the spending of our students, our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected. We generate revenues primarily from students paying for our online tutoring and after-school courses. Our ability to continue to attract students to purchase our online courses and to increase their spending are critical to the continued success and growth of our business. This in turn will depend on several factors, including our ability to recruit, train and retain high-quality teaching staff, continue to develop, adapt or enhance the quality of our course offerings to meet the evolving demands of our existing or prospective students, adapt our promotional activities to changes in market demand, regulatory regime and practices, enhance our brand equity and awareness to a broader base of potential customers, and effectively utilize the data insights from our online course offerings to refine our educational content offered and provide a more localized, personalized and effective learning experience to our students. Our ability to retain existing students by improving students’ academic performance and delivering a satisfactory learning experience is also critical to the success of our business. Our ability to improve the academic performance of our students is related to the learning ability, attitude, efforts and time and resource commitments of each student, which are beyond our control. Students may feel dissatisfied with the quality of our educational content offerings and the teachers and student service staff they encounter during our courses or fail to perform up to expectation after attending our courses. In addition, our courses may not be able to satisfy all of our students’ requirements. Satisfaction with our courses may be affected by a number of factors, many of which may not relate to the quality or effectiveness of our course offerings. If students feel that we are not providing them the learning experience they have subscribed for, they may choose to withdraw from existing courses and seek refunds. In addition, the students who fail to improve their performance after attending our programs or have unsatisfactory learning experiences with us may also choose not to refer other students to us, which in turn may adversely affect the number of paid student enrollments. All of these factors may contribute to reduced student engagement and increased challenges in attracting and enrolling prospective students. We must also manage our growth while maintaining consistent and high teaching quality, and respond effectively to competitive pressures. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain students to purchase our courses and to increase the spending of our students, our gross billings and net revenues may decline, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 30 Table of Contents Our business depends on the continued success of our brand, and if we fail to maintain and enhance the recognition of our brand, we may face difficulty attracting students to our online after-school tutoring service, and our reputation and operating results may be harmed. We believe that market awareness of our brand has contributed significantly to the success of our business. Maintaining and enhancing our brand is critical to our efforts to attract students to our online after-school tutoring service, which are in turn critical to our business. Our ability to maintain and enhance brand recognition and reputation depends primarily on the perceived effectiveness and quality of our services, as well as the success of our branding and marketing efforts. Failure to maintain and enhance our brand recognition could have a material and adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. In recent years, we have devoted significant resources to our brand promotion efforts, but we cannot assure you that these efforts will be successful. If we are unable to further enhance our brand recognition, or if our brand image is negatively impacted by any negative publicity relating to our company, courses or teachers, regardless of its veracity, we may not be able to attract students to our online after-school tutoring service successfully or efficiently, and our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We face competition from established as well as other emerging companies, which could divert customers to our competition, result in pricing pressure, reduced operating margins, loss of market share, departure of qualified teachers and significantly reduce our revenue. We expect existing competitors and new entrants to the online education market to constantly revise and improve their business models in response to challenges from competing businesses, including ours. If these or other market participants introduce new or improved delivery of direct-to-consumer online learning and technology-enabled services that we cannot match or exceed in a timely or cost-effective manner, our ability to grow our revenue and achieve profitability could be compromised. We compete against established companies as well as independent professionals in the education space. Some of our current and tangential and potential competitors have significantly greater financial resources than we do. Increased competition may result in competitive pressure for us or a decrease in our market share, which could negatively affect our revenue and future operating results and our ability to grow our business. A number of competitive factors could cause us to lose potential opportunities or force us to offer our solutions on less favorable economic terms, including: · competitors may develop service offerings that students find to be more compelling than ours; · competitors may adopt more aggressive pricing policies and offer more attractive sales terms, adapt more quickly to new technologies and changes in student requirements; · competitors may offer better compensation to teachers or divert qualified teachers from our platform; · current and potential competitors may establish relationships among themselves or with third parties to enhance their products and expand their markets, and our industry is likely to see an increasing number of new entrants and increased consolidation. Accordingly, new competitors may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. In addition, competition may intensify as our competitors raise additional capital and as established companies in other market segments or geographic markets expand into our market segments or geographic markets. If we cannot compete successfully against our competitors, our ability to grow our business and achieve profitability could be impaired. 31 Table of Contents We face significant competition, which could increase our customer acquisition cost, cause us to lose students to our competitors, lead to pricing pressure and loss of market shares, and significantly reduce our net revenues. The online education industry is competitive, especially in the core United States markets where we generate the majority of our revenue. We expect competition in this sector to persist. We face competition in each part of our service offerings from other online and offline educational service providers. Some of our current or future competitors may have longer operating histories, greater brand recognition, or greater financial, technical or marketing resources than we do. We compete with these education service providers across a range of factors, including, among others, high-quality content synchronized with local curriculum, textbook versions and academic assessment objectives, insights based on learning data and empowered by data analytics capabilities, application of a wide range of advanced technology in different educational scenarios, functions covering diversified educational scenarios and friendly user experience, effectiveness of customer services and sales and marketing efforts, and track record, trust and brand recognition. Our competitors may adopt similar curricula and marketing approaches, with different pricing and service packages that may have greater appeal than our offerings. In addition, some of our competitors may have more resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources than we can to the development and promotion of their products and services and respond more quickly than we can to the changes in student preferences, testing materials, admission standards, market needs or new technologies. As a result, our course enrolment may decrease due to intense competition. If we reduce course fees or increase spending in response to competition in order to retain or attract students and high quality teaching staff, or pursue new market opportunities, our net revenues may decrease and our costs and expenses may increase as a result of such actions which may adversely affect our operating margins. If we are unable to successfully compete for students, maintain or increase our level of course fees, attract and retain competent teaching staff or other key personnel, maintain our competitiveness in terms of the quality of our education services in a cost-effective manner, we may lose our market share and our financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. If we are not able to continue to recruit, train and retain a sufficient number of qualified teachers, our business, financial conditions and operating results may be materially and adversely affected. Our teachers are critical to maintaining the quality of our course offerings, the learning experience of our students and our brand and reputation. We seek to recruit high-quality teachers with strong education background and teaching skills who have a strong command of the subject areas to be taught and meet our qualifications. As we mainly offer courses in online 1 on 1 or 1 on 6 small-class format, we require a sufficient number of teachers to deliver our courses. The supply of educators in the United States with the necessary experience and qualifications to teach our courses is limited, and we must provide competitive pay to attract and retain them as recurring teachers for our courses. We cannot assure that we will be able to continue recruit and retain a sufficient number of quality teachers in the future, and if we fail to do so, our teaching quality may be adversely affected. Departure of quality teachers may also reduce the attractiveness of our course offerings and negatively impact our paid student enrollments. We also need to provide on-going training to our teachers, to ensure that they stay abreast of changes in course materials, student demands and other changes and trends necessary to teach effectively. Furthermore, as we continue to develop new educational content, we may need to engage additional high-quality teachers with appropriate skill sets or backgrounds to deliver instructions effectively. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to effectively engage and train such teachers quickly, or at all. In addition, given other potentially more attractive opportunities for our high-quality teachers, over time some of them may choose to leave us. In the event such teachers join our competitors, students may decide to follow such quality teachers and enroll in their courses offered through other online education companies, which may weaken our competitive position in the industry. Although we have not experienced major difficulties in engaging, training or retaining high-quality teachers in the past, we may not always be able to engage, train and retain a sufficient number of high-quality teachers to keep pace with our growth and our expansion into more comprehensive grade, subject matter and course material coverage, while maintaining consistent educational quality. We may also face significant competition in engaging high-quality teachers from our competitors or from other opportunities that are perceived as more desirable. A shortage of high-quality teachers, a decrease in the quality of our teachers’ performance, whether actual or perceived, or a significant increase in the cost to engage or retain high-quality teachers would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The vast majority of our teachers are engaged as independent contractors, not employees, and if federal or state law mandates that they be classified as employees, our business may be adversely impacted We engage independent contractors and are subject to the federal laws and regulations, including but not limited to the IRS regulations, and applicable state laws and regulations regarding independent contractor classification. These regulations and guidelines are subject to judicial and agency interpretation, and it could be determined that the independent contractor classification is inapplicable to the nature of the relationship between us and the independent contractors. Our independent contractors are compensated based on the number of hours they teach, and they are responsible for their own expenses, as specified in formal contracts. These agreements also include indemnification clauses and confidentiality provisions. 32 Table of Contents If legal standards for classification of independent contractors change, it may be necessary to change our business model or modify our compensation structure for these roles. This could include paying additional compensation, reimbursing expenses or meeting other requirements related to employees, versus independent contractors. Such changes could increase our operational costs and potentially disrupt our business operations, adversely impacting our financial condition and results of operations. Students may decide not to continue taking our courses for a number of reasons, including a perceived lack of improvement in their academic performance or general dissatisfaction with our courses, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and reputation. The success of our business depends in large part on our ability to retain our students by delivering a satisfactory learning experience and improving their academic performance through our tutoring services, which represents the majority of our income. If students feel that we are not providing the experience they are seeking, they may choose to withdraw from existing courses and seek refunds. For example, our courses and teachers may fail to significantly improve a student’s academic performance. Student satisfaction with our programs may decline for a number of reasons, many of which may not reflect the effectiveness of our courses and teaching methods. A student’s learning experience may also suffer if his or her relationship with our teachers does not meet expectations. If a significant number of students fail to significantly improve their academic performance after taking our courses or if their learning experiences with us are unsatisfactory, they may not purchase additional courses from us or refer other students to us and our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation would be adversely affected. We may not be successful in our expansion of courses in our exploration of additional educational services. We offer comprehensive tutoring courses covering all core K-12 academic subjects and certain early childhood education courses. We offer our courses in online 1-on-1 and 1-on-6 small-class formats. We aim to continue to expand the coverage of our tutoring courses to cover additional subjects and more versions of different education curricula and textbooks within each subject matter and each grade. Expansions and upgrades to our existing products and courses may not be well received by our students and teachers, and newly introduced course offerings and educational content may not achieve success as expected. Our lack of experience with these new products and services may adversely affect our prospects and our ability to compete with the existing market players in any of these product and service categories. The development of new products, services and content could disrupt our ongoing business, disrupt our management’s attention, be costly and time-consuming and require us to make significant investments in research and product development, develop new technologies, and increase sales and marketing efforts, all of which may not be successful. We cannot assure you that any of such new products or services will achieve market acceptance or generate sufficient revenues to offset the costs and expenses incurred in relation to our development and promotion efforts. If we are unsuccessful in our expansion of after-school tutoring products or in our exploration of additional educational services due to financial constraints, failure to attract qualified personnel or other reasons, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. We may not be able to maintain or increase our course fee levels. Our results of operations are affected by the pricing of our online course offerings. At present, we offer three primary payment plans for our courses, which are generally charged under a credit system. A pre-paid credit package system that provides volume discounts for purchasing higher quantities of pre-paid credits in advance, a time based unlimited pass that can be purchased for a duration ranging from 1 to 12 months and competition preparation classes which are typically sold for a set duration ( e.g. , 30 hours). While we have increased our prices in the past, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain or increase our prices in the future without adversely affecting the demand for our course offerings. Many of our students are minors, which may subject us to significant and/or heightened litigation risks, regulatory scrutiny, and reputational damage . Because of the nature of our business, many of our users are minors under the age of 18. As a result, we may be subject to additional laws and regulations that are applicable when businesses interact with children, such as the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”). Additionally, although transactions with minor children are ultimately authorized and paid for by a parent or guardian, these minor children may not have the capacity to enter into binding agreements or may have the ability to subsequently void contracts. As a result, we may not be able to enforce the terms of these agreements. An incident involving a child, and in particular an incident that has the potential to compromise the safety or privacy of a child, could garner negative attention, which could harm our brand or reputation and affect our business. 33 Table of Contents Tuition refunds or potential refund disputes may negatively affect our cash flows, financial condition, and reputation. We generally offer refunds for unused credits from customers who purchase a credit package within 60 calendar days. The number of refund requests and the amount of refunds could be affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include, without limitation to, student dissatisfaction with our teaching quality and our educational content offerings, a perceived decline in our teaching quality due to the departure of popular teachers, privacy concerns relating to our services, negative publicity regarding us or online education in general. Any refund payments that we may be required to make to our students, as well as the expenses we could incur for processing refunds and resolving refund disputes, could be substantial and could adversely affect our business operations and financial condition. A high volume of refunds and refund disputes may also generate negative publicity that could harm our reputation. We will need to raise additional funds to execute on our current business plans. These funds may not be available to us when we need them on favorable terms or at all. If we cannot raise additional funds when needed, our operations and prospects could be negatively affected. We expect to finance our operations and capital expenditures over the next twelve months primarily through existing cash balances, supplemented as necessary by funds that may become available through additional financing. We intend to raise additional capital in connection with the Business Combination and through the issuance of equity, equity related or debt securities, secured loan facilities or through obtaining credit from government or financial institutions or commercial partners. To the extent we seek to raise funds in the capital markets, our ability to do so will depend upon market conditions, and volatility in the capital markets. We cannot be certain that additional funds will be available to us on the timelines we may need, on favorable terms, or at all. If we cannot raise additional funds when needed, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected. We have incurred, and in the future may continue to incur, net losses. We experienced net losses of $7,044,865 and $843,048 in 2025 and 2024, respectively. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate net profits or positive cash flow from operating activities in the future. Our ability to achieve profitability will depend in large part on our ability to increase our operating margin, either by growing our revenues at a rate faster than our operating expenses increase, or by reducing our operating expenses, especially our sales and market expenses, as a percentage of our net revenues. Accordingly, we intend to continue to invest in our branding and marketing activities to attract new students, improve our online and mobile platforms and data analytics capabilities to enhance student experience. Our financial statements contain disclosure regarding the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As of December 31, 2024, Class Over had a stockholders’ deficit of approximately $4,519,154. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, Class Over had losses from operations of $833,828 and $425,025. We do not know whether or when we will become profitable. Our annual and interim financial statements disclose and the report from our independent registered public accounting firm as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 includes an explanatory paragraph stating that the liquidity condition raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. If we are not able to obtain sufficient funding, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be harmed, and we may be unable to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our audited financial statements, and it is likely that investors would lose part or all of their investment. Future reports from our independent registered public accounting firm may also contain statements expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If there remains substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, investors or other financing sources may be unwilling to provide additional funding to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and our business may be harmed. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our business plan, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. Even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of the Company’s securities and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts or continue our operations. A decline in the value of the Company’s securities could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment. 34 Table of Contents We have a limited operating history and operate in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects and increases the risk of your investment. The Company was formed in 2024 to consummate the Business Combination and Class Over was founded in June 2020 and acquired by the Company in April 2025. As a result, we have a limited operating history as an online education platform. As a result, there is limited information on which investors can base an evaluation of our business, strategy, operating plan, results and prospects. It is difficult to predict future revenues and appropriately budget for expenses, and we have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. We face substantial business and operational risks, including a relatively untested market strategy, all of which makes forecasting future business results particularly difficult and results in a significant level of execution risk. We have grown rapidly and expect to continue to invest in our growth for the foreseeable future. If we fail to manage this growth effectively, the success of our business model will be compromised. Although Class Over has incurred continuing losses from operations and net losses in the past few years, it has experienced rapid growth in sales, primarily driven by the fast growth of online education during the Covid-19 pandemic. Class Over’s revenues increased by 94% from $1,898,718 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $3,675,604 in 2024. Our growth has placed, and will continue to place, a significant strain on our demand for more educators, customer and IT support staff, administrative and operating infrastructure, educational content development, sales and marketing capacities, facilities and other resources. To further expand our business operations, we need to attract more students, scale up our educational content offerings, increase our educational content development professionals and employees of other functions, as well as strengthen our technology and infrastructure. We will also be required to refine our operational, financial and management controls and reporting systems and procedures. If we fail to efficiently manage this expansion of our business, our costs and expenses may increase more than we plan and we may not successfully attract a sufficient number of students, educators and other personnel in a cost-effective manner, respond to competitive challenges, or otherwise execute our business strategies. In addition, we may, as part of carrying out our growth strategies, adopt new initiatives to offer additional courses and educational content and to implement new pricing models and strategies. We cannot assure you that these initiatives may achieve the anticipated results. These proposed changes may not be well received by our existing and prospective students, in which case their experience with our services may suffer, which could damage our reputation and business prospects. Certain aspects of our business and ability to grow are seasonal and cyclical, which may cause our current business plans to change and our operating results and revenues to fluctuate. As a result, we may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts and investors, which could cause Company’s stock price to decline. Our operating results, revenues, and growth potential may fluctuate on a seasonal or cyclical basis, as well as from quarter to quarter and year to year. This seasonality can make our future performance difficult to predict and may cause our operating results for specific periods to fall below expectations. Class Over typically experiences lower demand during the back-to-school season, which spans from late summer to early fall, as parents and students are focused on adjusting to new school schedules and routines. In contrast, we observe increased demand and higher revenues prior to the summer and winter breaks. During these periods, students have more available time for additional learning, and parents are more likely to seek out supplementary educational opportunities. These seasonal patterns can result in variability in our financial performance, influencing our ability to forecast revenues and manage resources effectively. Understanding and managing these fluctuations is crucial for maintaining consistent growth and meeting market expectations. As a result of becoming a public company, we will be obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting. Our management has limited experience in operating a public company. Our executive officers have limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. Our management team may not successfully or effectively manage its transition to a public company that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Their limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of the post-combination company. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for the post-combination company to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that the post-combination company will be required to expand its employee base and hire additional employees to support its operations as a public company which will increase its operating costs in future periods. 35 Table of Contents We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices. As a public company, we are subject to laws, regulations and requirements, certain corporate governance provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, related regulations of the SEC and the requirements of Nasdaq, which Class Over was not required to comply with as a private company. As a newly public company as a result of the Business Combination, complying with these statutes, regulations and requirements will occupy a significant amount of time of our board of directors and management and significantly increases our costs and expenses. For example, we will have to institute a more comprehensive compliance function, comply with rules promulgated by Nasdaq and prepare and distribute periodic public reports in compliance with our obligations under the federal securities laws. We will also have to retain and rely on outside counsel, accountants and third-party advisors to a greater degree in these activities. In addition, being subject to these rules and regulations may make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. The dual-class structure of the Company’s Common Stock as contained in the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who held our capital stock prior to the Business Combination, including our directors, executive officers and their respective affiliates. The Company’s Class A common Stock has twenty-five votes per share while the Company’s Common Stock has one vote per share. Hui Luo, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, holds all of the Company’s Class A common stock. Because of the twenty-five-to-one voting ratio between the Company’s Class A common stock and Company Common Stock, Ms. Luo controls a majority of the combined voting power of our Common Stock and therefore is able to control all matters submitted to the Company’s stockholders for approval. This concentrated control will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future. Our estimates of the size of our addressable market may prove to be inaccurate. It is difficult to accurately estimate the size of the online education market and predict with certainty the rate at which the market for our products will grow, if at all. While our market size estimate was made in good faith and is based on assumptions and estimates we believe to be reasonable, this estimate may not be accurate. If our estimates of the size of our addressable market are not accurate, our potential for future growth may be less than we currently anticipate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We face risks related to natural and other disasters, health epidemics, and other extraordinary events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our operations. Our business could be materially affected by natural disasters, other health epidemics or other public safety concerns affecting the United States. Natural disasters may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures, internet failures or other operation interruptions for us and our service providers, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunction of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability and the ability of our service providers to conduct daily operations and to deliver our products and course offerings. Our business could also be adversely affected if employees of ours or our service providers are affected by health epidemics. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any health epidemic harms the US economy in general. 36 Table of Contents We may be exposed to cyberattacks, denial-of-service attacks, ransomware attacks, business email compromises, computer malware, viruses, and social engineering (including phishing) and other cybersecurity threats that may impact our networks or systems. Cyberattacks, including through the use of malware, computer viruses, distributed denial of services attacks, ransomware attacks, credential harvesting, social engineering and other means for obtaining unauthorized access to or disrupting the operation of our networks and systems could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Cyberattacks can cause equipment or network failures, loss or corruption of information, including personal information or our customers’ proprietary information, as well as disruption to our operations, which could result in significant expenses, potential investigations and legal liability, and reputational damage. The development and maintenance of systems to prevent such attacks is costly and requires ongoing monitoring, updating and personnel. While, to date, we have not knowingly been subject to cyberattacks that, individually or in aggregate, have been material to our operations or financial condition, the preventive actions we take to reduce the risks associated with cyberattacks may be insufficient to repel or mitigate the effects of a major cyberattack in the future. Changes in laws or regulations relating to consumer data privacy could materially and adversely affect our business. Class Over, as an online tutoring and afterschool service, must adhere to a set of specific regulations that govern educational practices, data privacy, and consumer protection in the United States. The regulatory landscape is influenced heavily by both federal and state laws, creating a multifaceted compliance environment. At the federal level, the COPPA is particularly critical for services like Class Over that engage with children under the age of 13. COPPA requires such services to obtain verifiable parental consent before collecting personal information from children. This act also mandates clear disclosure of how the collected information is used and shared, ensuring that parents have control over their children's personal data. Additionally, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act protects the privacy of student education records and provides parents with certain rights regarding their children's educational information, which transfers to the students themselves once they reach the age of 18 or attend a school beyond the high school level. State regulations can introduce additional complexities. For instance, California’s Consumer Privacy Act and the more recent California Privacy Rights Act (Cenhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California, including stricter data handling protocols that Class Over must follow. These laws not only affect companies based in California but also those operating or collecting data from California residents, thus impacting our operations nationwide due to the online nature of its services. If we are unable to effectively navigate these regulatory requirements, it could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Failure to maintain the trademark for the name "Classover" and our business logo could materially and adversely affect our business. In March 2025, we secured the trademark “Classover” from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. As of the date of this Annual Report, we have not yet registered trademarks for our brand and logo. Our name, logo, and other marks are integral to distinguishing our brand in the market, and any inability to maintain these trademarks could adversely affect our business and reputation among customers. The Charter provides, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Nevada will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain stockholder litigation matters, which could limit stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with Company or its directors, officers, employees or stockholders. The Charter requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in the Company’s name, actions against directors, officers and employees for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar actions may be brought only in the State of Nevada and, if brought outside of Nevada, the stockholder bringing the suit will be deemed to have consented to service of process on such stockholder’s counsel; provided that the Company’s stockholders will not be deemed to have waived the Company’s compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder and can therefore bring claims for breach of these provisions in any appropriate forum. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the State of Nevada shall not be the sole and exclusive forum for any of the following actions: (A) as to which the courts in the State of Nevada determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the (and the indispensable party does not consent to its personal jurisdiction within ten days following such determination), (B) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the courts of Nevada, (C) for which the courts of Nevada do not have subject matter jurisdiction, or (D) any action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or, in each case, rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, for which there is exclusive federal or concurrent federal and state jurisdiction. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of the Company’s capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provisions in the Charter. 37 Table of Contents This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company or any of its directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in the Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, the Company may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm its business, operating results and financial condition. Changes in applicable tax laws, regulations or administrative interpretations thereof may materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We could be adversely affected by changes in applicable tax laws, regulations, or administrative interpretations thereof. For example, the U.S. federal tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), enacted in December 2017, resulted in fundamental changes to the Code, including, among many other things, a reduction to the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate, a limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense, a limitation on the deductibility of certain director and officer compensation expense, limitations on the use of net operating loss carrybacks and carryovers and changes relating to the scope and timing of U.S. taxation on earnings from international business operations. Subsequent legislation, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), enacted on March 27, 2020, relaxed certain of the limitations imposed by the TCJA for certain taxable years, including the limitation on the use and carryback of net operating losses and the limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense. The exact impact of the TCJA and the CARES Act for future years is difficult to quantify, but these changes could materially adversely affect holders of our common stock. In addition, on August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which among other things, imposes a 1% excise tax on the fair market value of stock repurchased by “covered corporations” beginning in 2023. Other changes could be enacted in the future to increase the corporate tax rate, limit further the deductibility of interest or effect other changes that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Such changes could also include increases in state taxes and other changes to state tax laws to replenish state and local government finances depleted by costs attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic and the reduction in tax revenues due to the accompanying economic downturn. In addition, our effective tax rate and tax liability are based on the application of current income tax laws, regulations, and treaties. These laws, regulations and treaties are complex, and the manner in which they apply to the Company and its diverse set of business arrangements is often open to interpretation. Significant management judgment is required in determining the Company’s provision for income taxes, its deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against its net deferred tax assets. The tax authorities could challenge our interpretation of laws, regulations, and treaties, resulting in additional tax liability or adjustment to its income tax provision that could increase its effective tax rate. Changes to tax laws may also adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key personnel. Public Company and Financial Reporting Risks We will incur increased costs and obligations as a result of being a public company. As a publicly traded company, we are incurring and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we were not required to incur in the recent past, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined under the JOBS Act. In addition, new and changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, as well as under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the JOBS Act, and the rules and regulations of the SEC and national securities exchanges have created uncertainty for public companies and increased the costs and the time that our board of directors and management must devote to complying with these rules and regulations. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and lead to a diversion of management time and attention from revenue generating activities. 38 Table of Contents Furthermore, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure required of a public company may divert management’s attention from implementing our growth strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have made, and will continue to make, changes to our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a publicly traded company. However, the measures we take may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a publicly traded company. The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and any rules promulgated thereunder, as well as the rules of Nasdaq. The requirements of these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls for financial reporting. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight are required, and, as a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns. These rules and regulations can also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified independent members of our board of directors. Additionally, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance. We may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. The increased costs of compliance with public company reporting requirements and our potential failure to satisfy these requirements could have a material adverse effect on our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations. If we fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, as a public company, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our Common Stock may decline. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, following consummation of the Business Combination, the report by management on internal control over financial reporting is on Classover’s financial reporting and internal controls (as accounting acquirer). Once we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company,” an attestation of the independent registered public accounting firm will also be required. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. Classover has not historically had to comply with all of these rules, and to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act and any complex accounting rules in the future, Classover may need to upgrade its legacy information technology systems, implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures, and hire additional accounting and finance staff. If we are unable to hire the additional accounting and finance staff necessary to comply with these requirements, we may need to continue to utilize outside consultants. If we or, if required, our independent registered public accounting firm, are unable to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could negatively impact the price of our securities. We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting now or in the future. We have not previously been required to conduct such an internal control evaluation and assessment. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines that we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our Common Stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets. 39 Table of Contents Changes in laws, regulations or rules, or a failure to comply with any laws, regulations or rules, may adversely affect our business, investments and results of operations. We are now subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by national, regional and local governments and Nasdaq. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq and other legal or regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws, regulations or rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We are an “emerging growth company,” and it cannot be certain if the reduced SEC reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make the Company’s securities less attractive to investors, which could have a material and adverse effect on us, including our growth prospects. We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) ending December 31, 2030, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Common Stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (ii) the date on which we issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. We are taking advantage of the exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to most other public companies, including, but not limited to, an exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. In addition, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts “emerging growth companies” from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used. As a “smaller reporting company” we are permitted to provide less disclosure than larger public companies which may make our common stock less attractive to investors. We are a “smaller reporting company,” as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. As a smaller reporting company, it is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies. Consequently, it may be more challenging for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects which may result in less investor confidence. Investors may find the Company Common Stock less attractive as a result of our smaller reporting company status. If some investors find the Company Common Stock less attractive, there may be a less active trading market for the Company Common Stock and the share price may be more volatile. 40 Table of Contents Risks Relating to Ownership of our Common Stock Our stock price may be volatile and may decline regardless of our operating performance. The market price of our Common Stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors and may continue to fluctuate for these and other reasons, many of which are beyond our control, including: · actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue and results of operations; · the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or its failure to meet these projections; · failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates or ratings by any securities analysts who follow us or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors; · announcements by us or our competitors of significant technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, results of operations or capital commitments; · changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other retail or technology companies generally, or those in the cannabis industry in particular; · price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole; · Trading volume of our Common Stock; · the inclusion, exclusion or removal of our Common Stock from any indices; · changes in our board of directors or management; · transactions in our Common Stock by directors, officers, affiliates and other major investors; · lawsuits threatened or filed against us; · changes in laws or regulations applicable to our business; · changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of debt or equity securities; · short sales, hedging and other derivative transactions involving our Common Stock; · general economic conditions in the United States; · pandemics or other public health crises; · other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism or responses to these events; and · the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section. The stock market has recently experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. The market prices of securities of companies have experienced fluctuations that often have been unrelated or disproportionate to their operating results. In the past, stockholders have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. Any similar litigation against us could result in substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources, and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our stock price may be exposed to additional risks because our business became a public company through a “de-SPAC” transaction. In the past, there has been increased focus by government agencies on transactions such as the Business Combination, and that increased focus may continue, and we may be subject to increased scrutiny by the SEC and other government agencies and holders of our securities as a result, which could adversely affect the price of our Common Stock. An active trading market for our Common Stock and Public Warrants may not be sustained . Our Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “KIDZ” and “KIDZW,” respectively. We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our Common Stock and Public Warrants will be sustained. Accordingly, we cannot assure you of the liquidity of any trading market, your ability to sell your securities when desired or the prices that you may obtain for your securities. 41 Table of Contents Nasdaq may delist our Common Stock and Public Warrants from listing on such exchange. If we are not able to continue to satisfy all continued listing requirements of Nasdaq and Nasdaq delists our securities from trading on its exchange and we are not able to list our securities on another national securities exchange, we expect our securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including: ● a limited availability of market quotations for our securities; ● reduced liquidity for our securities; ● a determination that our Class A ordinary shares are a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our Class A ordinary shares to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities; ● a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and ● a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future. Future sales of shares by existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline. If our existing stockholders sell or indicate an intention to sell substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline. In addition, our outstanding shares of restricted stock will become eligible for sale to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements and Rule 144 of the Securities Act (“Rule 144”). All the shares of Common Stock issued or reserved for issuance under the Company’s 2024 Plan and 2025 Plan have been registered on Form S-8 under the Securities Act or another registration statement and such shares are eligible for sale in the public markets, subject to Rule 144 limitations applicable to affiliates. If these additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold in the public market, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline. If securities or industry analysts either do not publish research about us or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, our business, or its market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our Common Stock adversely, the trading price or trading volume of our Common Stock could decline. The trading market for our Common Stock is influenced in part by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts may publish about us, its business, our market, or our competitors. If one or more of the analysts initiate research with an unfavorable rating or downgrade our Common Stock, provide a more favorable recommendation about our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the trading price of our Common Stock would likely decline. In addition, we currently expect that securities research analysts will establish and publish their own periodic projections for our business. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Our stock price may decline if our actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. While we expect research analyst coverage, if no analysts commence or maintain coverage of us, the trading price and volume for our Common Stock could be adversely affected. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the trading price or trading volume of our Common Stock to decline. 42 Table of Contents We may become involved in litigation, including securities class action litigation relating to the Business Combination that may materially adversely affect us. In the past, legal proceedings have been initiated against businesses that became a public company through a “de-SPAC” transaction. Accordingly, it is possible that we may become involved in legal proceedings relating to the Business Combination. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability or require us to change our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject the Company to significant liabilities. Servicing our indebtedness, including the Notes, may require a significant amount of cash, and the restrictive covenants contained in the documents that govern our indebtedness could adversely affect our business plan, liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. We and our subsidiaries may be required to repay or redeem, or to pay interest on, the Notes or any future permitted indebtedness incurred by us or our subsidiaries, in cash. Despite our right to pay the interest and principal balance of the Notes by issuing shares of our Common Stock and/or adding the amount of any required cash interest to the outstanding principal amount of the Notes, we may be required to repay such indebtedness in cash, if we do not meet certain conditions or in certain other circumstances. For example, we may be required to repay the outstanding principal balance and accrued but unpaid interest, along with a premium, upon the occurrence of certain changes of control or an event of default. Our ability to make payments of the principal of, to pay interest on, or to redeem our indebtedness in cash, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. In addition, the Notes contain, and any future indebtedness may contain, restrictive covenants, including financial covenants. These payment obligations and covenants could have important consequences on our business. In particular, they could: · require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness; · limit, among other things, our ability to borrow additional funds and otherwise raise additional capital, and our ability to conduct acquisitions, joint ventures or similar arrangements, as a result of our obligations to make such payments and comply with the restrictive covenants in the indebtedness; · limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our businesses and the industries in which we operate; · increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; and · place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have lower fixed costs. If we are unable to make required payments under our indebtedness, there could be a default under one or more of the instruments governing such indebtedness. Any such default or acceleration may further result in an event of default and acceleration of our other indebtedness. In such event, or if a default otherwise occurs under our indebtedness, including as a result of our failure to comply with the financial or other covenants contained therein, the holders of our indebtedness could require us to immediately repay the outstanding principal and interest on such indebtedness in cash, in some cases subject to a premium. Furthermore, the Notes rank senior to all outstanding and future indebtedness of the Company and its subsidiaries (subject to certain exceptions contained in the Notes) and is secured by a first priority perfected security interest in all of the existing and future assets of the Company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including all of the capital stock of each of the subsidiaries and the cryptocurrency purchased with the proceeds of the Notes. Accordingly, the holders of the Notes could foreclose on their security interests in our assets. If we are required to make payments under our indebtedness in cash and are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations, we may be required to sell assets, or we may seek to refinance the remaining balance, by either refinancing with the holder of the indebtedness, by raising sufficient funds through a sale of equity or debt securities or by obtaining a credit facility. No assurances can be given that we will be successful in making the required payments under our indebtedness, or in refinancing our obligations on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. A failure to refinance could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position, and results of operations. Should we refinance, it could be dilutive to shareholders or impose onerous terms on us. 43 Table of Contents We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. We have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock to date. We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and have no current plans to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Notes provide that so long as they remain outstanding and have not been converted, redeemed or otherwise satisfied in accordance with their terms, the Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, redeem, repurchase or declare or pay any cash dividend or distribution on any of its capital stock. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by our outstanding preferred stock and covenants of any future outstanding indebtedness. We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of Common Stock in the foreseeable future. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in our Common Stock unless you sell your Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it. We may issue additional shares of Common Stock or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of our Common Stock. Subject to any restrictions contained in the documents governing our outstanding preferred stock, we may issue additional shares of Common Stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future in connection with, among other things, future acquisitions or repayment of outstanding indebtedness, without stockholder approval, in a number of circumstances. Additionally, the preferred stock is convertible into Common Stock pursuant to its terms and contain adjustment features that could increase the number of shares issuable upon conversion of such securities. Our issuance of additional shares of Common Stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank would have the following effects: · Our existing stockholders’ proportionate ownership interest in us will decrease; · the amount of cash available per share, including for payment of dividends (if any) in the future, may decrease; · the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding share of Common Stock may be diminished; and · the market price of our shares of Common Stock may decline. Risks related to our Solana Holdings We may be subject to regulatory developments related to crypto assets and crypto asset markets, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. As Solana and other digital assets are relatively novel and the application of state and federal securities laws and other laws and regulations to digital assets is unclear in certain respects, it is possible that regulators in the United States or foreign countries may interpret or apply existing laws and regulations in a manner that adversely affects the price of Solana. The U.S. federal government, states, regulatory agencies, and foreign countries may also enact new laws and regulations, or pursue regulatory, legislative, enforcement or judicial actions, that could materially impact the price of Solana or the ability of individuals or institutions such as us to own or transfer Solana. If Solana is determined to constitute a security for purposes of the federal securities laws, the additional regulatory restrictions imposed by such a determination could adversely affect the market price of Solana and in turn adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock. Moreover, the risks of us engaging in a Solana treasury strategy have created, and could continue to create complications due to the lack of experience that third parties have with companies engaging in such a strategy, such as increased costs of director and officer liability insurance or the potential inability to obtain such coverage on acceptable terms in the future. 44 Table of Contents Regulatory change reclassifying Solana as a security could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act, and could adversely affect the market price of Solana and the market price of our Common Stock. Under Sections 3(a)(1)(A) and (C) of the 1940 Act, a company generally will be deemed to be an “investment company” for purposes of the 1940 Act if (1) it is, or holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities or (2) it engages, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. We do not believe that we are an “investment company,” as such term is defined in the 1940 Act, and are not registered as an “investment company” under the 1940 Act. The SEC recently issued guidance indicating that Solana would not be considered a “security” for purposes of the federal securities laws. However, if the SEC were to change this determination, it could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the 1940 Act if the portion of our assets consists of investments in Solanas exceeds 40% safe harbor limits prescribed in the 1940 Act, which would subject us to significant additional regulatory controls that could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations and may also require us to change the manner in which we conduct our business. We monitor our assets and income for compliance under the 1940 Act and seek to conduct our business activities in a manner such that we do not fall within its definitions of “investment company” or that we qualify under one of the exemptions or exclusions provided by the 1940 Act and corresponding SEC regulations. Furthermore, if Solana is determined to constitute a security for purposes of the federal securities laws, we would take steps to reduce the percentage of Solanas that constitute investment assets under the 1940 Act. These steps may include, among others, selling Solanas that we might otherwise hold for the long term and deploying our cash in non-investment assets, and we may be forced to sell our Solanas at unattractive prices. We may also seek to acquire additional non-investment assets to maintain compliance with the 1940 Act, and we may need to incur debt, issue additional equity or enter into other financing arrangements that are not otherwise attractive to our business. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, we can make no assurance that we would successfully be able to take the necessary steps to avoid being deemed to be an investment company in accordance with the safe harbor. If we were unsuccessful, and if Solana is determined to constitute a security for purposes of the federal securities laws, then we would have to register as an investment company, and the additional regulatory restrictions imposed by 1940 Act could adversely affect the market price of Solana and in turn adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock. Our financial results and the market price of our Common Stock may be affected by the prices of Solana. As part of our capital allocation strategy for assets that are not required to provide working capital for our ongoing operations, we have invested and will continue to invest in Solana tokens. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has acquired 58,601 SOL tokens at an aggregate purchase price of approximately $7.3 million. The price of Solana has historically been subject to dramatic price fluctuations and is highly volatile. Moreover, digital assets, such as Solana, are relatively novel and the application of securities laws and other regulations to such assets is unclear in many respects. It is possible that regulators may interpret laws in a manner that adversely affects the liquidity or value of Solana. Any decrease in the fair value of Solana below our carrying value for such assets could require us to incur a loss due to the decrease in fair market value, and such charge could be material to our financial results for the applicable reporting period, which may create significant volatility in our reported earnings. Any decrease in reported earnings or increased volatility of such earnings could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock. In addition, the application of generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, with respect to Solana, may change in the future and could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and the market price of our Common Stock. In addition, if investors view the value of our Common Stock as dependent upon or linked to the value or change in the value of our Solana holdings, the price of Solana may significantly influence the market price of our Common Stock. Additionally, if the price of Solana falls, and our Common Stock price falls as a result, then the Notes may not be converted and we may, in certain situations, need to repay them in cash. To the extent the value of the Notes exceeds the value of the Solana held as collateral, we may need to obtain additional financing, which might not be available on satisfactory terms or at all. Any deficiency could substantially exceed the value of our other assets and could be many multiples of our historical earnings. 45 Table of Contents We face risks relating to the custody of our Solana tokens, including the loss or destruction of private keys required to access our Solana tokens and cyberattacks or other data loss relating to our Solana tokens, including smart contract related losses and vulnerabilities. We hold our Solana tokens with a single regulated custodian that has duties to safeguard our private keys. In light of the significant amount of Solana tokens we anticipate that we will hold, we may need to engage additional custodians to achieve a greater degree of diversification in the custody of our Solana tokens as the extent of potential risk of loss is dependent, in part, on the degree of diversification. However, multiple custodians may utilize similar wallet infrastructure, cloud service providers or software systems, which could increase systemic technology risk. If there is a decrease in the availability of digital asset custodians that we believe can safely custody our Solana tokens, for example, due to regulatory developments or enforcement actions that cause custodians to discontinue or limit their services in the United States, we may need to enter into agreements that are less favorable than our current agreements or take other measures to custody our Solana tokens, and our ability to seek a greater degree of diversification in the use of custodial services would be materially adversely affected. While we will conduct due diligence on our custodians and any smart contract platforms we may use, there can be no assurance that such diligence will uncover all risks, including operational deficiencies, hidden vulnerabilities or legal noncompliance. Currently, the insurance that covers losses of our Solana holdings may cover none or only a small fraction of the value of the entirety of our Solana holdings, and there can be no guarantee that such insurance will be maintained as part of the custodial services we have or that such coverage will cover losses with respect to our Solana. Moreover, our use of custodians exposes us to the risk that the Solana our custodians hold on our behalf could be subject to insolvency proceedings and we could be treated as a general unsecured creditor of the custodian, inhibiting our ability to exercise ownership rights with respect to such Solana. Any loss associated with such insolvency proceedings is unlikely to be covered by any insurance coverage we maintain related to our Solana. The legal framework governing digital asset ownership and rights in custodial or insolvency contexts remains uncertain and continues to evolve, which could result in unexpected losses, protracted recovery processes or adverse treatment in insolvency proceedings. Solana tokens are controllable only by the possessor of both the unique public key and private key(s) relating to the local or online digital wallet in which the Solana is held. While the Solana blockchain ledger requires a public key relating to a digital wallet to be published when used in a transaction, private keys must be safeguarded and kept private in order to prevent a third party from accessing the Solana held in such wallet. To the extent the private key(s) for a digital wallet are lost, destroyed, or otherwise compromised and no backup of the private key(s) is accessible, neither we nor our custodians will be able to access the Solana held in the related digital wallet. Furthermore, we cannot provide assurance that our digital wallets, nor the digital wallets of our custodians held on our behalf, will not be compromised as a result of a cyberattack. The Solana and blockchain ledger, as well as other digital assets and blockchain technologies, have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyberattacks, or other malicious activities. As part of our treasury management strategy, we may engage in staking, restaking, or other permitted activities that involve the use of “smart contracts” or decentralized applications. The use of smart contracts or decentralized applications entails certain risks including risks stemming from the existence of an “admin key” or coding flaws that could be exploited, potentially allowing a bad actor to issue or otherwise compromise the smart contract or decentralized application, potentially leading to a loss of our Solana tokens. Like all software code, smart contracts are exposed to risk that the code contains a bug or other security vulnerability, which can lead to loss of assets that are held on or transacted through the contract or decentralized application. Smart contracts and decentralized applications may contain bugs, security vulnerabilities or poorly designed permission structures that could result in the irreversible loss of Solana tokens or other digital assets. Exploits, including those stemming from admin key misuse, admin key compromise, or protocol flaws, have occurred in the past and may occur in the future. 46 Table of Contents If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our Solana, or if our private keys are lost or destroyed, or other similar circumstances or events occur, we may lose some or all of our Solana and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Substantially all of the Solana we own is held in custody accounts at U.S.-based institutional-grade digital asset custodians. Security breaches and cyberattacks are of particular concern with respect to our Solana. Solana and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies and the entities that provide services to participants in the Solana ecosystem have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyberattacks, or other malicious activities. For example, in October 2021 it was reported that hackers exploited a flaw in the account recovery process and stole from the accounts of at least 6,000 customers of the Coinbase exchange, although the flaw was subsequently fixed and Coinbase reimbursed affected customers. Similarly, in November 2022, hackers exploited weaknesses in the security architecture of the FTX Trading digital asset exchange and reportedly stole over $400 million in digital assets from customers. A successful security breach or cyberattack could result in: · a partial or total loss of our Solana in a manner that may not be covered by insurance or the liability provisions of the custody agreements with the custodians who hold our Solana; · improper disclosure of data and violations of applicable data privacy and other laws; or · significant regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, penalties, and other legal, regulatory, contractual and financial exposure. Further, any actual or perceived data security breach or cybersecurity attack directed at other companies with digital assets or companies that operate digital asset networks, regardless of whether we are directly impacted, could lead to a general loss of confidence in the broader Solana ecosystem or in the use of the Solana network to conduct financial transactions, which could negatively impact the market price of Solana and in turn negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations and the market price of our Common Stock. Attacks upon systems across a variety of industries, including industries related to Solana, are increasing in frequency, persistence, and sophistication, and, in many cases, are being conducted by sophisticated, well-funded and organized groups and individuals, including state actors. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to systems and information (including personal data and digital assets), disable or degrade services, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized or detected until after they have been launched against a target. These attacks may occur on our systems or those of our third-party service providers or partners. We may experience breaches of our security measures due to human error, malfeasance, insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities or other irregularities. In particular, we expect that unauthorized parties will attempt to gain access to our systems and facilities, as well as those of our partners and third-party service providers, through various means, such as hacking, social engineering, phishing and fraud. Threats can come from a variety of sources, including criminal hackers, hacktivists, state-sponsored intrusions, industrial espionage, and insiders. In addition, certain types of attacks could harm us even if our systems are left undisturbed. For example, certain threats are designed to remain dormant or undetectable, sometimes for extended periods of time, or until launched against a target and we may not be able to implement adequate preventative measures. Further, there has been an increase in such activities due to the increase in work-from-home arrangements. The risk of cyberattacks could also be increased by cyberwarfare in connection with ongoing or future armed conflicts, including potential proliferation of malware into systems unrelated to such conflicts. Any future breach of our operations or those of others in the Solana industry, including third-party services on which we rely, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We face other risks related to our Solana treasury reserve business model. Our Solana treasury reserve business model exposes us to various risks, including the following: · Solana and other digital assets are subject to significant legal, commercial, regulatory, and technical uncertainty, and our Solana strategy subjects us to enhanced regulatory oversight; · regulatory changes could impact our ability to operate validators or receive rewards; · regulatory scrutiny of the Company’s activities may increase, potentially limiting our operations; · potential litigation risks exist related to smart contract vulnerabilities, validator operations, or our business activities; · uncertainty around Solana’s regulatory status may impact our ability to list on certain exchanges; · changes in political administration may not guarantee a favorable regulatory environment for Solana; and · increased regulatory focus on Layer-1 blockchains beyond Bitcoin and Ethereum could result in new compliance requirements. 47 Table of Contents The foregoing factors could lead to disruption in the market for Solana, which could adversely affect the market price of Solana and in turn adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.