Invivyd, Inc. 10-Q

Item 2 . Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 28, 2024 (the “2023 Form 10-K”). Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Invivyd, Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries. Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our management team’s expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future, projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, and are not guarantees of future performance. The words “may,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “expect,” “intends,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “aim,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements about the following: • our plans related to the commercialization of PEMGARDA™ (pemivibart), which received emergency use authorization (“EUA”) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) in March 2024; • our expectation that PEMGARDA will be our first monoclonal antibody (“mAb”) in a planned series of innovative mAb candidates designed to keep pace with SARS-CoV-2 viral evolution, and our plans to leverage our INVYMAB™ platform approach to periodically introduce new or engineered mAb candidates as the SARS-CoV-2 virus evolves over time; • the anticipated timing, design, progress and results of preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, such as pemivibart and VYD2311, including statements regarding initiation or completion of studies or trials and related preparatory work, the period during which results of any studies or trials will become available, and potential regulatory submissions; • our commitment to delivering protection from serious viral infectious diseases, beginning with SARS-CoV-2, and our aim to develop a continuous repertoire of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs to keep pace with viral evolution; • our expectations related to general alignment with the FDA on an expedient, repeatable immunobridging pathway to future potential EUAs for serial, novel mAbs for the prevention and treatment of symptomatic COVID-19; • our plans regarding submission of any applications for regulatory authorization or approval of our product candidates, including our July 2024 submission of a request to the FDA to amend the EUA for PEMGARDA for the treatment of mild-to-moderate symptomatic COVID-19 in certain immunocompromised patients utilizing a rapid immunobridging pathway, and our expectations regarding potential scope and timing thereof; • our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory authorizations or approvals for, our product candidates; • our plans regarding SARS-CoV-2 variant monitoring of antiviral activity as part of our ongoing industrial virology effort; • our expectations regarding the size of the patient populations, market acceptance and opportunity for and clinical utility of our product candidates, if authorized or approved for commercial use; • our manufacturing capabilities and strategy; • our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, if authorized or approved, including our distribution capabilities and strategy; • our ability to leverage technology and our INVYMAB platform approach to identify and develop future product candidates; • our expectation to apply our INVYMAB platform approach to produce lead molecules for other viral diseases, such as influenza; 25 • our estimates of our expenses, ongoing losses, future potential revenue, capital requirements and our need for or ability to obtain additional funding; • our expectations regarding our ability to continue as a going concern; and • our competitive position and the development of and projections relating to our competitors or our industry. The foregoing list of forward-looking statements is not exhaustive. You should refer to the “Risk Factors” sections of the 2023 Form 10-K and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. Other sections of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may include additional factors that could harm our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q will prove to be accurate. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise. You should, however, review the factors and risks and other information we describe in the reports we file from time to time with the SEC. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and have filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Overview Invivyd, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company devoted to delivering protection from serious viral infectious diseases, beginning with SARS-CoV-2. Our proprietary INVYMAB™ platform approach combines state-of-the-art viral surveillance and predictive modeling with advanced antibody engineering. INVYMAB is designed to facilitate the rapid, serial generation of new monoclonal antibodies (“mAbs”) to address evolving viral threats. On March 22, 2024, we received emergency use authorization (“EUA”) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for PEMGARDA™ (pemivibart) injection, for intravenous use, a half-life extended investigational mAb, for the pre-exposure prophylaxis (prevention) of COVID-19 in adults and adolescents (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) who have moderate-to-severe immune compromise due to certain medical conditions or receipt of certain immunosuppressive medications or treatments and are unlikely to mount an adequate immune response to COVID-19 vaccination. Recipients should not be currently infected with or have had a known recent exposure to an individual infected with SARS-CoV-2. In July 2024, we submitted a request to the FDA to amend the EUA for PEMGARDA, for the treatment of mild-to-moderate symptomatic COVID-19 in certain immunocompromised patients. The submission utilizes a rapid immunobridging pathway previously aligned in principle with the FDA. The EUA amendment request is based on positive immunobridging analyses of pemivibart versus comparator mAbs and data from our ongoing CANOPY Phase 3 clinical trial in participants with moderate-to-severe immune compromise. The COVID-19 treatment EUA request focuses on the critical treatment needs of people in the U.S. who have moderate-to-severe immune compromise and for whom alternative COVID-19 treatment options are not clinically appropriate or accessible. PEMGARDA is our first mAb in a planned series of innovative mAb candidates designed to keep pace with SARS-CoV-2 viral evolution. As the SARS-CoV-2 virus evolves over time, we anticipate leveraging our INVYMAB platform approach to periodically introduce new or engineered mAb candidates, an approach that would be analogous to the periodic updates made to influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. In January 2024, we nominated VYD2311, a next generation mAb candidate for COVID-19, as a drug candidate, and in September 2024, we announced dosing of the first participants in a Phase 1 clinical trial of VYD2311. VYD2311 is a mAb with high in vitro neutralization potency shown against prominent SARS-CoV-2 variants tested to date. The Phase 1 randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial will evaluate escalating dosing as well as safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity of VYD2311 in healthy trial participants. The Phase 1 clinical trial is being conducted in Australia and will evaluate multiple dose levels of VYD2311 through various routes of administration, including exploration of intramuscular administration and subcutaneous administration, which are designed to be more system- and patient-friendly than intravenous administration. We expect preliminary data readouts from the Phase 1 clinical trial late in the fourth quarter of 2024 and anticipate additional clinical readouts from the VYD2311 program throughout 2025. Like pemivibart, VYD2311 was engineered from adintrevimab, our investigational mAb that has a robust safety data package and demonstrated clinically meaningful results in global Phase 2/3 clinical trials for both the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In May 2024, we announced general alignment with the FDA on an expedient, repeatable immunobridging pathway to future potential EUAs for serial, novel mAbs for the prevention and treatment of symptomatic COVID-19. This pathway provides us with the opportunity to rapidly, efficiently, and durably deliver high value medicines that prevent and treat symptomatic COVID-19 in vulnerable 26 populations. In addition to developing candidates for COVID-19, we expect to apply our INVYMAB platform approach to produce lead molecules for other viral diseases, such as influenza. Globally, COVID-19 has caused millions of deaths and lasting health problems in many survivors and remains a significant global health concern, particularly for immunocompromised individuals. Isolation and mental health impacts, absenteeism from work, and educational losses for children have been profound consequences of this crisis. COVID-19 persists and continues to impact patients, notably those who are immunocompromised, and combating this disease will require a variety of effective and safe prevention and treatment options for years to come. By leveraging our capabilities, which we have developed through our experience with adintrevimab and pemivibart and over four years in the COVID-19 space, we aim to develop a continuous repertoire of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs to keep pace with viral evolution. PEMGARDA has not been approved but has been authorized for emergency use by the FDA under an EUA, for pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in certain adults and adolescent individuals (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg). The emergency use of PEMGARDA is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of the emergency use of drugs and biological products during the COVID-19 pandemic under Section 564(b)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3(b)(1), unless the declaration is terminated or authorization revoked sooner. PEMGARDA is authorized for use only when the combined national frequency of variants with substantially reduced susceptibility to PEMGARDA is less than or equal to 90%, based on available information including variant susceptibility to PEMGARDA and national variant frequencies.  We engage in active SARS-CoV-2 variant monitoring of antiviral activity as part of our ongoing industrial virology effort, which leverages a consistent, high-quality, independent, third-party pseudoviral system that routinely tests authentic Invivyd-produced molecules and is supported by structure-based analytics. In September 2024, we announced continued neutralizing activity of PEMGARDA (pemivibart) against SARS-CoV-2 variants KP.3.1.1 and LB.1, and attractive neutralization potency of VYD2311 against the same contemporary viruses, and also provided an update to ongoing structural analysis showing no meaningful mutational change in the pemivibart binding site since the Omicron shift late in 2021. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to organizing and staffing, building an intellectual property portfolio, business planning, conducting research and development, establishing and executing arrangements with third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates, and raising capital. Our focus in recent months has been and will continue to be supporting the commercialization of PEMGARDA and establishing streamlined development pathways that could enable us to efficiently introduce new or engineered mAb candidates targeting SARS-CoV-2, leveraging our INVYMAB platform approach and previously generated safety and efficacy data from our clinical trials of adintrevimab and/or pemivibart, including pursuit of a potential EUA for COVID-19 treatment in certain immunocompromised people utilizing a rapid immunobridging pathway. We rely on partnerships, external consultants and contract research organizations (“CROs”) to conduct discovery, nonclinical, preclinical, clinical and commercial activities. Additionally, we rely on contract testing laboratories and a contract development and manufacturing organization (“CDMO”) to execute our chemistry, manufacturing and controls development, testing and manufacturing activities. We have engaged WuXi Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited (“WuXi Biologics”), a CDMO, for the development and manufacture of our product candidates for clinical and commercial use. Further, in 2022, we secured dedicated laboratory space and expanded our research team in order to enable internal discovery and development of our mAb candidates, while continuing to leverage our existing partnership with Adimab, LLC (“Adimab”). We are focused on antibody discovery and use of Adimab’s platform technology, while building our internal capabilities. In addition, we expect to continue to rely on third parties for clinical trials and the manufacture and testing of our product candidates, as well as to perform ongoing research and development and other services on our behalf. Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily with net proceeds of $464.7 million from sales of our preferred stock, with net proceeds of $327.5 million from our initial public offering (“IPO”), and with net proceeds of $39.3 million from sales of our common stock under the Sales Agreement (as defined below). After receiving EUA in March 2024, we have also funded our operations from sales of PEMGARDA. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates, as they become authorized or approved. Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses, including a net loss of $151.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $883.6 million. We may continue to incur significant expenses and recognize losses in the foreseeable future as we expand and progress our research and development activities, manufacturing activities and commercialization efforts. In addition, our losses from operations may fluctuate significantly from period to period depending on the timing of our clinical trials and our expenditures on other research and development activities, manufacturing activities, and commercialization efforts. Our expenses could increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we: • commercialize PEMGARDA; • initiate and conduct clinical trials of our product candidates; • develop product candidates in any new indications or patient populations; 27 • advance our preclinical and discovery programs, including development and screening of additional antibodies, as well as ongoing SARS-CoV-2 variant monitoring and testing; • seek regulatory authorization or approval for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; • pursue coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates, if authorized or approved; • acquire or in-license other product candidates, intellectual property and/or technologies; • further develop and validate our commercial-scale current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) manufacturing process and manufacture material under cGMP at our contracted manufacturing facilities for clinical trials and commercial sales; • maintain, expand, enforce, defend and protect our intellectual property portfolio; • comply with regulatory requirements established by the applicable regulatory authorities; • maintain and expand a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory authorization or approval; • hire and retain personnel, including research, clinical, development, manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance, regulatory, scientific and other personnel; and • incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses in operating as a public company. On March 22, 2024, we received EUA from the FDA for PEMGARDA, and as such, we will continue to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. As a result, we will require additional funding through a combination of contribution from revenues, equity offerings, government or private-party grants, debt financings or other capital sources, such as collaborations with other companies, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. We may be unable to secure additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we are unable to secure additional funding when needed, we could be forced to curtail our planned operations and the pursuit of our growth strategy. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. We may never obtain regulatory authorization or approval for any of our product candidates other than PEMGARDA. Even with product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations. Based on current operating plans and excluding any contribution from future revenues or external financing, we will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to fund our operating expenses and capital requirements beyond one year from the issuance date of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and therefore, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect. See the section entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for more information. Components of Our Results of Operations Product Revenue, Net In March 2024, we received EUA from the FDA for PEMGARDA. Product revenue, net consists of product revenue earned on the sales of PEMGARDA in the United States. Cost of Product Revenue Cost of product revenue includes PEMGARDA manufacturing costs, labor and overhead costs, and stability study costs. PEMGARDA manufacturing costs include manufacturing materials, third-party manufacturing costs, packaging costs, shipping costs, and royalties. Research and Development Expenses The nature of our business and primary focus of our activities generates a significant amount of research and development costs. Research and development expenses represent costs incurred by us for: • the nonclinical and preclinical development of our product candidates, including our discovery efforts; 28 • the procurement of our product candidates from a third-party manufacturer; and • the global clinical development of our product candidates. Such costs consist of: • personnel-related expenses, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, third-party fees and other compensation-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for employees engaged in research and development functions; • expenses incurred under agreements with third parties, such as collaborators, consultants, contractors and CROs, that conduct the discovery, nonclinical and preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates and research programs; • costs of procuring manufactured product candidates for use in nonclinical studies, preclinical studies, clinical trials and for commercial supply, prior to receiving authorization or approval, from a third-party CDMO; • costs of outside consultants and advisors, including their fees and stock-based compensation; • laboratory-related expenses, which include equipment, laboratory supplies, rent expense, depreciation expense, and other operating costs; • payments made under third-party licensing agreements; and • other expenses incurred as a result of research and development activities. We expense research and development costs as incurred. Non-refundable advance payments that we make for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. The prepaid amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed, or when it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered. Our primary focus since inception has been the development of antibodies against COVID-19. Our research and development costs consist primarily of external costs, such as fees paid to a CDMO, CROs and consultants in connection with our nonclinical studies, preclinical studies, clinical trials and product manufacturing. To date, external research and development costs for any individual product candidate have been tracked commencing upon product candidate nomination. We do not allocate employee-related costs, costs associated with our discovery efforts and other internal or indirect costs to specific research and development programs or product candidates because these resources are used and these costs are deployed across multiple programs under development and, as such, are not separately classified. Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher and more variable development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. Our research and development expenses will increase as we continue to advance PEMGARDA and as we expect to continue advancing VYD2311 through clinical development, including the associated manufacturing activities, pursue EUA or regulatory approval of our product candidates, and continue to discover and develop additional product candidates. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of any of our product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales or licensing of our product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development, including the uncertainty of: • the timing and progress of preclinical and clinical development activities; • the number and scope of preclinical and clinical programs we decide to pursue; • filing acceptable IND applications with the FDA or comparable foreign applications that allow commencement of our planned clinical trials or future clinical trials for our product candidates; • sufficiency of our financial and other resources to complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, manufacture the product candidates and complete associated regulatory activities; • our ability to establish and maintain agreements with third-party manufacturers for clinical supply for our clinical trials and successfully develop, obtain regulatory authorization or approval for our product candidates; • successful enrollment and timely completion of clinical trials, including our ability to generate positive data from any such clinical trials; • the costs associated with the development of any additional development programs and product candidates we identify in-house or acquire through collaborations; 29 • the prevalence, nature and severity of adverse events experienced with any product candidates; • the terms and timing of any collaboration, license or other arrangement, including the terms and timing of any milestone payments thereunder; • our ability to obtain and maintain patent, trademark and trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates, if and when approved, and otherwise protecting our rights in our intellectual property portfolio; • our ability to maintain compliance with regulatory requirements, including current Good Clinical Practices, current Good Laboratory Practices and cGMPs, and to comply effectively with other rules, regulations and procedures applicable to the development and sale of pharmaceutical products; • timely receipt of regulatory authorizations or approvals from applicable regulatory authorities; • potential significant and changing government regulation, regulatory guidance and requirements and evolving treatment guidelines; and • the impact of any business interruptions to our operations or those of third parties with which we work, including as a result of any public health crisis. A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. We may elect to discontinue, delay or modify clinical trials of some product candidates or focus on others. In emergency situations, such as a pandemic, and with a declaration of a public health emergency by the U.S. Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), the FDA has the authority to issue an EUA. While the COVID-19 public health emergency declared by HHS under the Public Health Service Act expired on May 11, 2023, this does not impact the FDA’s ability to authorize COVID-19 drugs and biological products for emergency use. On March 22, 2024, we received EUA from the FDA for PEMGARDA. There can be no assurance that the public health emergency in the U.S. declared under the FDCA will continue to be in place for an extended period of time, that any of our other product candidates will be granted an EUA by the FDA, if we apply for such an authorization, or that we would be able to maintain an EUA, such as the EUA received for PEMGARDA, for an extended period of time. The emergency use of PEMGARDA is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of the emergency use of drugs and biological products during the COVID-19 pandemic under Section 564 of the FDCA, unless the declaration is terminated or authorization revoked sooner. Acquired In-Process Research and Development Expenses Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) expenses consist primarily of costs of contingent milestone payments incurred to acquire rights to Adimab’s antibodies relating to COVID-19 and SARS and related intellectual property and a license to certain of Adimab’s platform patents and technology (the “IPR&D assets”) for use in the research and development of our product candidates. We expensed the cost of the IPR&D assets because they had no alternative future use as of the acquisition date. We will recognize additional IPR&D expenses in the future if and when it is deemed probable that we will make contingent milestone payments to Adimab under the terms of the agreement by which we acquired the IPR&D assets. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, bonuses, benefits, third-party fees and other compensation-related costs, including stock-based compensation, for our personnel and external contractors involved in our executive, finance, legal, business development and other administrative functions, as well as our commercial function. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include costs incurred for outside services associated with such functions, including legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters; professional fees for accounting, auditing, tax and administrative consulting services; insurance costs; market research costs; and other selling, general and administrative expenses. These costs relate to the operation of the business, unrelated to the research and development function, or any individual program. Our selling, general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as our business expands and we increase our headcount to support the expected growth in our research and development activities and the commercialization of any authorized or approved product candidates, such as PEMGARDA. We also anticipate increased expenses associated with operating as a public company, including increased costs of accounting, audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services, director and officer insurance premiums, and investor and public relations costs. We also expect to incur additional intellectual property-related expenses as we file additional patent applications to protect innovations arising from our research and development activities. In June 2022, and subsequently amended in September 2022 and August 2024, we entered into a lease agreement for dedicated laboratory and office space in Newton, Massachusetts for research and development purposes. Through September 30, 2024, we have operated as a hybrid company with employees working at our corporate headquarters and remotely. We have not incurred material operating expenses for the rent, maintenance and insurance of facilities, or for the depreciation of fixed assets. 30 Other Income, Net Other income, net consists of interest income earned from our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and the net amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts related to our marketable securities. We expect our interest income to vary each reporting period depending on our average bank deposits, money market funds and investment balances during the period and market interest rates. Income Taxes Since our inception, we have not recorded any income tax expense or realized benefits for the net losses we have incurred or for the research and development tax credits generated in each period as we believe, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all of our net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards will not be realized. We continue to monitor the manner in which countries will enact legislation to implement the Pillar Two framework proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which proposes a 15% global corporate minimum tax. As of September 30, 2024, various countries have enacted aspects of Pillar Two while committing to enact additional aspects in future years. While we do not expect these rules to have a material impact on our effective tax rate, we continue to monitor these initiatives on a global basis. Results of Operations Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Three Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Change Revenue: Product revenue, net $ 9,300 $ — $ 9,300 Total revenue 9,300 — 9,300 Operating costs and expenses: Cost of product revenue 806 — 806 Research and development 57,850 25,574 32,276 Acquired in-process research and development — 4,600 (4,600 ) Selling, general and administrative 12,955 12,886 69 Total operating costs and expenses 71,611 43,060 28,551 Loss from operations (62,311 ) (43,060 ) (19,251 ) Other income: Other income, net 1,572 3,620 (2,048 ) Total other income, net 1,572 3,620 (2,048 ) Net loss $ (60,739 ) $ (39,440 ) $ (21,299 ) The following discussion presents the components of our expenses for the periods presented: Product Revenue, Net Product revenue, net was $9.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. There was no product revenue, net for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The $9.3 million increase is the result of product sales in the third quarter of 2024 following the launch of PEMGARDA. Cost of Product Revenue Cost of product revenue was $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. There was no cost of product revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The $0.8 million increase is the result of PEMGARDA product sales following launch and certain period costs. We began capitalizing our inventory costs in March 2024, in connection with EUA from the FDA and based upon our expectation that these costs would be recoverable through commercialization of PEMGARDA. Prior to the capitalization of our inventory costs, such costs were recorded as research and development expenses in the period incurred. Had our pre-EUA manufacturing costs been capitalized, our reported margins would approach 80%. 31 Research and Development Expenses Three Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Change Direct, external research and development expenses by program: VYD222 (1) $ 4,637 $ 12,327 $ (7,690 ) VYD2311 (2) 45,045 — 45,045 Adintrevimab 128 214 (86 ) Unallocated research and development expenses: Personnel related (including stock-based compensation) 3,823 7,181 (3,358 ) External discovery-related and other costs 4,217 5,852 (1,635 ) Total research and development expenses $ 57,850 $ 25,574 $ 32,276 (1) In March 2023, we announced the nomination of VYD222 as a novel mAb therapeutic option for COVID-19. (2) In March 2024, we announced the nomination of VYD2311 as a novel mAb therapeutic option for COVID-19. Research and development expenses were $57.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $25.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The $32.3 million increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to the following: • the decrease in direct costs related to our VYD222 program resulted from $4.3 million in contract costs for commercial manufacturing, $3.5 million in contract research costs for our CANOPY clinical trial, and $0.2 million in nonclinical expenses, partially offset by increases of $0.3 million in other external expenses; • the increase in direct costs related to our VYD2311 program resulted from the nomination of our VYD2311 product candidate in the first quarter of 2024 and consisted primarily of contract manufacturing costs; • the direct costs related to our adintrevimab program were consistent following the nomination of our VYD222 product candidate in the first quarter of 2023; • the decrease in personnel related costs related to a $1.8 million decrease in stock-based compensation and the capitalization of certain inventory costs which were recorded as research and development personnel related costs prior to the EUA of PEMGARDA; and • the decrease in external discovery-related and other costs resulted from a $1.9 million decrease in contract manufacturing costs and $0.9 million decrease in other nonclinical expenses, partially offset by a $1.2 million increase in other external costs related to our pipeline candidates. Acquired In-Process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) Expenses There was no IPR&D expense recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2024. IPR&D expenses of $4.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 consisted of $3.2 million incurred related to a milestone under the Adimab Assignment Agreement and $1.4 million incurred related to an option exercise fee, a drug discovery fee and an optimization completion fee under the Adimab Collaboration Agreement. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Three Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Change Personnel related (including stock-based compensation) $ 4,932 $ 6,939 $ (2,007 ) Professional and consultant fees 7,340 5,424 1,916 Other 683 523 160 Total selling, general and administrative expenses $ 12,955 $ 12,886 $ 69 Selling, general and administrative expenses were $13.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $12.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The $0.1 million increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the following: • the decrease in personnel related costs was primarily due to decreases in headcount and stock-based compensation; • the increase in professional and consultant fees was primarily due to a $3.7 million increase related to the commercialization of PEMGARDA, partially offset by a $1.4 million and $0.3 million decrease in professional service fees and director and officer insurance premiums, respectively; and 32 • other costs remained relatively consistent between periods. Other Income Other income was $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, consisting primarily of interest earned on our invested cash balances. Other income was $3.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, consisting of $1.9 million of interest earned on our invested cash balances and $1.7 million of net accretion of discounts related to our marketable securities. Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: Nine Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Change Revenue: Product revenue, net $ 11,564 $ — $ 11,564 Total revenue 11,564 — 11,564 Operating costs and expenses: Cost of product revenue 894 — 894 Research and development 119,344 96,393 22,951 Acquired in-process research and development — 5,575 (5,575 ) Selling, general and administrative 48,973 34,038 14,935 Total operating costs and expenses 169,211 136,006 33,205 Loss from operations (157,647 ) (136,006 ) (21,641 ) Other income (expense): Other income (expense), net 6,165 11,017 (4,852 ) Total other income (expense), net 6,165 11,017 (4,852 ) Net loss $ (151,482 ) $ (124,989 ) $ (26,493 ) The following discussion presents the components of our expenses for the periods presented: Product Revenue, Net Product revenue, net was $11.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. There was no product revenue, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The $11.6 million increase is the result of product sales following the launch of PEMGARDA in the second quarter of 2024. Cost of Product Revenue Cost of product revenue was $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. There was no cost of product revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The $0.9 million increase is the result of PEMGARDA product sales following launch and certain period costs. We began capitalizing our inventory costs in March 2024, in connection with EUA from the FDA and based upon our expectation that these costs would be recoverable through commercialization of PEMGARDA. Prior to the capitalization of our inventory costs, such costs were recorded as research and development expenses in the period incurred. Had our pre-EUA manufacturing costs been capitalized, our reported margins would approach 80%. Research and Development Expenses Nine Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Change Direct, external research and development expenses by program: VYD222 (1) $ 27,936 $ 52,694 $ (24,758 ) VYD2311 (2) 64,175 — 64,175 Adintrevimab 475 3,363 (2,888 ) Unallocated research and development expenses: Personnel related (including stock-based compensation) 14,403 20,978 (6,575 ) External discovery-related and other costs 12,355 19,358 (7,003 ) Total research and development expenses $ 119,344 $ 96,393 $ 22,951 (1) In March 2023, we announced the nomination of VYD222 as a novel mAb therapeutic option for COVID-19. 33 (2) In March 2024, we announced the nomination of VYD2311 as a novel mAb therapeutic option for COVID-19. Research and development expenses were $119.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $96.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The $22.9 million increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to the following: • the decrease in direct costs related to our VYD222 program resulted from $26.5 million in contract costs for commercial manufacturing and $0.5 million in nonclinical expenses, partially offset by increases of $1.8 million in contract research costs for our CANOPY clinical trial and $0.5 million in other external expenses; • the increase in direct costs related to our VYD2311 program resulted from the nomination of our VYD2311 product candidate in the first quarter of 2024 and consisted primarily of contract manufacturing costs and nonclinical expenses; • the decrease in direct costs related to our adintrevimab program of $2.9 million resulted from the nomination of our VYD222 product candidate in the first quarter of 2023; • the decrease in personnel related costs related to capitalization of $4.0 million of certain inventory costs which were recorded as research and development costs prior to the EUA of PEMGARDA and a $2.6 million decrease primarily due to a reduction in headcount, including a $0.7 million decrease due to stock-based compensation; and • the decrease in external discovery-related and other costs resulted from a $5.1 million decrease in contract manufacturing costs related to our pipeline candidates and a $2.7 million decrease in other nonclinical expenses, partially offset by a $0.6 million increase in other external costs and $0.2 million in clinical trial expenses. Acquired In-Process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) Expenses There was no IPR&D expense recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. IPR&D expenses of $5.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 consisted of $3.6 million incurred related to milestones under the Adimab Assignment Agreement, $1.4 million incurred related to an option exercise fee, a drug discovery fee and an optimization completion fee under the Adimab Collaboration Agreement, and $0.6 million incurred related to license fees under the WuXi Biologics’ Cell Line License Agreement. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Nine Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Change Personnel related (including stock-based compensation) $ 24,728 $ 18,690 $ 6,038 Professional and consultant fees 22,024 13,849 8,175 Other 2,221 1,499 722 Total selling, general and administrative expenses $ 48,973 $ 34,038 $ 14,935 Selling, general and administrative expenses were $49.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $34.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The $14.9 million increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the following: • the increase in personnel related costs was primarily due to an increase in headcount-related costs, including an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $4.0 million that was primarily due to the accelerated vesting of a portion of the outstanding stock options granted to our former Chief Executive Officer, in accordance with the terms of his employment agreement; and • the increase in professional and consultant fees and other costs of $8.2 million and 0.7 million, respectively, was primarily related to the commercialization of PEMGARDA. Other Income Other income was $6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, consisting primarily of interest earned on our invested cash balances. 34 Other income was $11.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, consisting primarily of $4.6 million of interest earned on our invested cash balances and $6.4 million of net accretion of discounts related to our marketable securities. Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources of Liquidity Through September 30, 2024, we have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. Although we received an EUA from the FDA for PEMGARDA in March 2024, we may continue to incur significant expenses and potential operating losses for the foreseeable future as we commercialize PEMGARDA and advance the development of our other product candidates. To date, we have financed our operations primarily with net proceeds of $464.7 million from sales of our preferred stock, with aggregate net proceeds from our IPO in August 2021 of $327.5 million, and with net proceeds of $39.3 million from sales of our common stock under the Sales Agreement (as defined below). After receiving EUA in March 2024, we have also funded our operations from sales of PEMGARDA. In December 2023, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering SM Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as sales agent (“Cantor”), pursuant to which we may, at our option, offer and sell shares of our common stock, with a sales value of up to $75.0 million, from time to time, through Cantor, acting as sales agent, in transactions deemed to be “at the market offerings”, as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Cantor is entitled to a commission of 3% of the gross proceeds from any sales of such shares. In February 2024, we sold 9,000,000 shares of our common stock under the Sales Agreement at an average price of $4.50 per share for $39.3 million in net proceeds. As of September 30, 2024, $34.5 million remained available for sale under the Sales Agreement. As of September 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $106.9 million. Cash Flows The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented: Nine Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Net cash used in operating activities $ (132,881 ) $ (113,924 ) Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (145 ) 202,766 Net cash provided by financing activities 39,254 904 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents $ (93,772 ) $ 89,746 Operating Activities During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, operating activities used $132.9 million of cash, primarily due to our net loss of $151.5 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $18.3 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $0.3 million. The changes in our operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a $16.0 million increase in accrued expenses, a $15.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses, and a $9.7 million increase in accounts payable, partially offset by a $23.4 million increase in inventory, a $8.1 million increase in accounts receivables, a $7.3 million increase in other non-current assets, a $1.2 million decrease in operating lease liabilities and a $0.7 million decrease in other non-current liabilities. The increase in accrued expenses was primarily due to the timing of vendor invoicing and payments. The decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets was primarily due to the utilization of WuXi Biologics manufacturing prepayments. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, operating activities used $113.9 million of cash, primarily due to our net loss of $125.0 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $9.6 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.5 million. The changes in our operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a $7.7 million increase in accounts payable and a $0.7 million increase in non-current liabilities, partially offset by a $5.5 million decrease in accrued expenses, a $1.2 million decrease in operating lease liabilities, and a $0.3 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets. The increase in accounts payable and decrease in accrued expenses was primarily due to the timing of vendor invoicing and payments. Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 consisted of $0.1 million in purchases of property and equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 consisted of $294.6 million in maturities of marketable securities, offset by $91.2 million in purchases of marketable securities and $0.6 million in purchases of property and equipment. 35 Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 consisted of $39.3 million from the issuance of common stock under the Sales Agreement, $0.3 million from exercises of stock options, and $0.2 million from the issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan, offset by $0.5 million in payments for offering costs related to the Sales Agreement. Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 consisted of $0.7 million from exercises of stock options and $0.2 million from the issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan. Funding Requirements Our expenses could increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance the nonclinical and preclinical studies and the clinical trials of our product candidates, including any associated manufacturing activities, and commercialization efforts. Our funding requirements and timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend on many factors, including: • the revenue received from sales of PEMGARDA and any other product candidates for which we receive future regulatory authorization or approval; • the rate of progress in the development of our product candidates; • the scope, progress, results and costs of discovery, nonclinical studies, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our product candidates and associated development programs; • the extent to which we develop, in-license or acquire other product candidates, intellectual property and/or technologies; • the scope, progress, results and costs of manufacturing and validation activities associated with our current product candidates with the development and manufacturing of our future product candidates as we advance them through preclinical and clinical development; • the number and development requirements of product candidates that we may pursue; • the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates; • our headcount growth and associated costs as we expand our research and development capabilities and build and maintain a commercial infrastructure for product candidates for which we obtain regulatory authorization or approval; • the timing and costs of securing sufficient manufacturing capacity for clinical and commercial supply of our product candidates, or the raw material components thereof; • the costs and timing of commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive regulatory authorization or approval; • the costs necessary to obtain regulatory authorizations or approvals, and the costs of post-marketing studies that could be required by regulatory authorities in jurisdictions where authorization or approval is obtained; • the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims; • the continuation of our existing licensing and collaboration arrangements and entry into new collaborations and licensing arrangements, if at all; • the need and ability to hire and retain additional research, clinical, development, scientific and manufacturing personnel; • the costs we incur in maintaining business operations; • the need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure; • the effect of competing technological, product and market developments; • the costs of operating as a public company; and • the impact of any business interruptions to our operations or to those of our third-party contractors resulting from any public health crisis. Substantial Doubt about Ability to Continue as a Going Concern In accordance with Accounting Standards Update 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), we are required to evaluate whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern from the issuance date of our consolidated financial statements. 36 Based on current operating plans and excluding any contribution from future revenues or external financing, we will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to fund our operating expenses and capital requirements beyond one year from the issuance of these consolidated financial statements, and therefore, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect. We expect to finance our operations through a combination of contribution from revenues, equity offerings, government or private-party grants, debt financings or other capital sources, such as collaborations with other companies, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our stockholders’ ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of such securities may include liquidation or other preferences and anti-dilution protections that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to secure additional funds through contribution from revenues, equity or debt financings or through other sources, when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development programs or any commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates to third parties that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Contractual Obligations and Commitments Through September 30, 2024, we committed to noncancelable purchase obligations related to commercial drug substance and drug product manufacturing under the Commercial Manufacturing Services Agreement with WuXi Biologics, which was entered into in December 2020, amended and restated in August 2021 and further amended and restated in September 2023 (as amended and restated, the “Commercial Manufacturing Agreement”). As of September 30, 2024, the total remaining contractually binding commercial drug substance and drug product purchase obligations due to WuXi Biologics was $38.3 million, which is expected to be paid in 2024 and 2025. As of September 30, 2024, $36.5 million related to the contractually binding commercial drug substance and drug product batches was included in accounts payable and accrued expenses, which is expected to be paid in 2024. Through September 30, 2024, we committed to noncancelable purchase obligations of $17.0 million related to the procurement of materials to be used in future drug substance and drug product manufacturing under the Commercial Manufacturing Agreement, which is expected to be paid in 2024. As of September 30, 2024, $10.6 million related to the procurement of materials to be used in future drug substance and drug product manufacturing was included in accounts payable and accrued expenses, which is expected to be paid in 2024. For additional information, see Note 9 to our condensed consolidated financial statements appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Other than the above noted transactions, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were no material changes to our contractual obligations from those described in the 2023 Form 10-K. Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of our financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates” in the 2023 Form 10-K. If actual results or events differ materially from the estimates, judgments and assumptions used by us in applying these policies, our reported financial condition and results of operations could be materially affected. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from those described in the 2023 Form 10-K. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flows is disclosed in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Emerging Growth Company Status We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and may remain an emerging growth company until the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our IPO. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a “large accelerated filer,” our annual gross revenues exceed $1.235 billion or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in the previous three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include: 37 • an exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting; • reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; • exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved; and • an exemption from compliance with the requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding the communication of critical audit matters in the auditor’s report on the financial statements. In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of these accounting standards until they would otherwise apply to private companies. 38 Item 3 . Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information required under this item.