Franklin BSP Capital Corp 10-K

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Franklin BSP Capital Corporation (including, for periods prior the Conversion, Franklin BSP Capital L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability company, the "Company," "FBCC," "we," “us,” or "our") and the notes thereto and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We are externally managed by our adviser, Franklin BSP Capital Adviser L.L.C. (the “ Adviser ” ). Forward Looking Statements This report, and other statements that we may make, may contain forward-looking statements with respect to future financial or business performance, strategies, or expectations. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words or phrases such as “ trend, ” “ opportunity, ” “ pipeline, ” “ believe, ” “ comfortable, ” “ expect, ” “ anticipate, ” “ current, ” “ intention, ” “ estimate, ” “ position, ” “ assume, ” “ potential, ” “ outlook, ” “ continue, ” “ remain, ” “ maintain, ” “ sustain, ” “ seek, ” “ achieve, ” and similar expressions, or future conditional verbs such as “ will, ” “ would, ” “ should, ” “ could, ” “ may, ” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks, and uncertainties, which change over time. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we assume no duty to and do not undertake to update forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements and future results could differ materially from historical performance. In addition to factors previously disclosed in our SEC reports and those identified elsewhere in this report, including the “Risk Factors” section, the following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements or historical performance: • our future operating results; • changes in political, economic or industry conditions, the interest rate environment or conditions affecting the financial and capital markets, including the effect of rising interest rates and a potential global recession; • the impact of geo-political conditions, including revolution, insurgency, terrorism or war, including those arising out of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine; • the impact that the discontinuation of LIBOR and the transition to new reference rates could have on the value of any LIBOR-indexed portfolio investments we may hold and the cost of borrowing under any credit facilities we may enter into; • the impact of the investments that we expect to make; • the ability of our portfolio companies to achieve their objectives; • our contractual arrangements and relationships with third parties; • our expected financings and investments; • the adequacy of our cash resources and working capital; • the timing of cash flows, if any, from the operations of our portfolio companies; • our repurchase of shares; • actual and potential conflicts of interest with our Adviser and its affiliates; • the dependence of our future success on the general economy and its effect on the industries in which we invest; • the ability to qualify and maintain our qualifications as a RIC and a BDC; • the timing, form, and amount of any distributions; • the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on our business; • the valuation of any investments in portfolio companies, particularly those having no liquid trading market; • the impact of changes to generally accepted accounting principles; • the impact of changes to tax legislation and, generally, our tax position; 59 • the ability of our Adviser to locate suitable investments for us and to monitor and administer our investments; and • the ability of our Adviser and its affiliates to attract and retain highly talented professionals. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligations to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Overview We are an externally managed, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that has elected to be regulated as a BDC, and has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as a RIC under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). We are managed by the Adviser. The Adviser is an affiliate of Benefit Street Partners. Our Adviser is a Delaware limited liability company that is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. Our Adviser oversees the management of our activities and is responsible for making investment decisions with respect to our portfolio. Our investment objective is to generate both current income and capital appreciation through debt and equity investments. We intend to invest primarily in first and second lien senior secured loans, and to a lesser extent, mezzanine loans, unsecured loans and equity of predominantly private U.S. middle market companies. We define middle market companies as those with EBITDA of between $25 million and $100 million annually, although we may invest in larger or smaller companies. We also may purchase interests in loans or corporate bonds through secondary market transactions. We expect that each investment generally will range between approximately 0.5% and 3.0% of our total assets. As of December 31, 2022, 91.7% of our portfolio was invested in senior secured loans. Senior secured loans generally are senior debt instruments that rank ahead of subordinated debt and equity in priority of payments and are generally secured by liens on the operating assets of a borrower which may include inventory, receivables, plant, property and equipment. Mezzanine debt is subordinated to senior loans and is generally unsecured. On December 18, 2020, we completed our Initial Closing of Capital Commitments to purchase shares of our Common Stock to investors in a private placement in reliance on exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. Since our Initial Closing, we held additional closings and received aggregate Capital Commitments to purchase Common Stock. As of December 31, 2022, investors had made aggregate Capital Commitments to purchase Common Stock of $586.2 million. At each closing of the private placement, each investor will make a Capital Commitment to purchase shares of Common Stock pursuant to a Subscription Agreement entered into with us. Investors will be required to fund drawdowns to purchase shares of Common Stock up to the amount of their respective Capital Commitments on an as-needed basis each time we deliver a notice to the investors. Closings of the private placement of our Common Stock are expected to occur, from time to time, during the Initial Closing Period which our Board of Directors has extended such that it currently will end December 18, 2023. After the Initial Closing Period, we may permit one or more additional closings of the private placement of our Common Stock with the approval of our Board of Directors. On August 25, 2021, we filed the Certificate of Designation for the Series A Preferred Stock. On the same day, we entered into the Preferred Subscription Agreements with certain investors, pursuant to which investors made new Preferred Capital Commitments to purchase shares of our Series A Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2022, total Preferred Capital Commitments of Series A Preferred Stock were $77.5 million. 60 Financial and Operating Highlights (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) At December 31, 2022: Investment Portfolio $ 782,380 Net assets attributable to common stock 372,421 Debt (net of deferred financing costs) 379,580 Short-term borrowings 20,792 Net asset value per share attributable to common stock 15.13 Portfolio Activity for the Year Ended December 31, 2022: Purchases during the year 327,891 Sales, repayments, and other exits during the year 58,562 Number of portfolio companies at end of year 75 Operating Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2022: Net investment income (loss) per share - basic 1.68 Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations attributable to common stockholders and participating securities 1.24 Net investment income (loss) 31,470 Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) (8,270) Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations attributable to common stockholders 21,830 Portfolio and Investment Activity We invest primarily in first and second lien senior secured loans, and to a lesser extent, mezzanine loans, unsecured loans and equity of predominantly private U.S. middle market companies. We define middle market companies as those with EBITDA of between $25 million and $100 million annually, although we may invest in larger or smaller companies. We also may purchase interests in loans or corporate bonds through secondary market transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we made $327.9 million of investments in new portfolio companies and had $58.6 million in aggregate amount of sales and repayments, resulting in net investments of $269.3 million for the period. The total portfolio of debt investments at fair value consisted of 98.3% bearing variable interest rates and 1.7% bearing fixed interest rates. Our portfolio composition, based on fair value at December 31, 2022 was as follows: December 31, 2022 Percentage of Total Portfolio (1) Weighted Average Current Yield for Total Portfolio (2) Senior Secured First Lien Debt 84.8 % 10.8 % Senior Secured Second Lien Debt 6.9 12.1 Subordinated Debt 4.0 12.0 Debt Subtotal 95.7 % 11.0 % Equity/Other 4.3 7.9 Total 100.0 % 10.8 % 61 (1) As of December 31, 2022, we held investments in Encina Equipment Finance, LLC (“Encina”) consisting of subordinated debt and equity, which represented 4.0% and 3.9% of our total portfolio, respectively. Encina’s primary business involves equipment finance transactions secured by mission-critical equipment of middle market companies. If we were to treat the investments in Encina as senior secured first lien investments, given the underlying business of this portfolio company, then our portfolio composition as of December 31, 2022 would be as follows: December 31, 2022 Percentage of Total Portfolio Senior Secured First Lien Debt 92.7 % Senior Secured Second Lien Debt 6.9 Senior Secured - Subtotal 99.6 % Equity/Other 0.4 Total 100.0 % (2) Includes the effect of the amortization or accretion of loan premiums or discounts. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we made $522.8 million of investments in new portfolio companies and had $8.7 million in aggregate amount of sales and repayments, resulting in net investments of $514.1 million for the period. The total portfolio of debt investments at fair value consisted of 97.5% bearing variable interest rates and 2.5% bearing fixed interest rates. Our portfolio composition, based on fair value at December 31, 2021 was as follows: December 31, 2021 Percentage of Total Portfolio (1) Weighted Average Current Yield for Total Portfolio (2) Senior Secured First Lien Debt 78.7 % 7.0 % Senior Secured Second Lien Debt 10.4 7.6 Subordinated Debt 4.7 9.1 Debt Subtotal 93.8 % 7.2 % Equity/Other 6.2 8.5 Total 100.0 % 7.3 % (1) As of December 31, 2021, we held investments in Encina Equipment Finance, LLC (“Encina”) consisting of subordinated debt and equity, which represented 4.7% and 5.9% of our total portfolio, respectively. Encina’s primary business involves equipment finance transactions secured by mission-critical equipment of middle market companies. If we were to treat the investments in Encina as senior secured first lien investments, given the underlying business of this portfolio company, then our portfolio composition as of December 31, 2021 would be as follows: December 31, 2021 Percentage of Total Portfolio Senior Secured First Lien Debt 89.4 % Senior Secured Second Lien Debt 10.4 Senior Secured - Subtotal 99.8 % Equity/Other 0.2 Total 100.0 % (2) Includes the effect of the amortization or accretion of loan premiums or discounts. 62 Portfolio Asset Quality Our Adviser employs an investment rating system to categorize our investments. In addition to various risk management and monitoring tools, our Adviser grades the credit risk of all debt investments on a scale of 1 to 5 no less frequently than quarterly. This system is intended primarily to reflect the underlying risk of a portfolio debt investment relative to the inherent risk at the time the original debt investment was made (i.e., at the time of acquisition), although it may also take into account under certain circumstances the performance of the portfolio company's business, the collateral coverage of the investment and other relevant factors. Loan Rating Summary Description 1 Debt investment exceeding fundamental performance expectations and/or capital gain expected. Trends and risk factors since the time of investment are favorable. 2 Performing consistent with expectations and a full return of principal and interest expected. Trends and risk factors are neutral to favorable. All investments are initially rated a “2”. 3 Performing debt investment requiring closer monitoring. Trends and risk factors show some deterioration. 4 Underperforming debt investment. Some loss of interest or dividend expected, but still expecting a positive return on investment. Trends and risk factors are negative. 5 Underperforming debt investment with expected loss of interest and some principal. The weighted average risk rating of our investments based on fair value was 2.1 and 2.0 a s of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no p ortfolio companies on non-accrual status, respectively. Refer to Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - for additional details regarding the Company’s non-accrual policy. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Investments Our level of investment activity can and does vary substantially from period to period depending on many factors, including the amount of debt and equity capital available to middle market companies, the level of merger and acquisition activity for such companies, the general economic environment, the amount of capital we have available to us and the competitive environment for the type of investments we make. Our investment objective is to generate both current income and capital appreciation through debt and equity investments. We invest primarily in first and second lien senior secured loans, and to a lesser extent, mezzanine loans, unsecured loans and equity of predominantly private U.S. middle market companies. We define middle market companies as those with EBITDA of between $25 million and $100 million annually, although we may invest in larger or smaller companies. We also may purchase interests in loans or corporate bonds through secondary market transactions, which refers to acquisitions from secondary market participants rather than from the portfolio company directly. As a BDC, we are generally required to invest at least 70% of our total assets primarily in securities of private and certain U.S. public companies (other than certain financial institutions), cash, cash equivalents and U.S. government securities and other limited float high quality debt investments that mature in one year or less. Revenues We generate revenues primarily in the form of interest income on debt investments we hold, and to a lesser extent, capital gains and distributions, if any, on equity securities that we may acquire in portfolio companies. Some of our investments may provide for deferred interest payments or PIK income. In addition, we may generate revenue in the form of fee income such as structuring fees, origination, closing, amendment fees, commitment, termination, and other upfront fees. We do not expect to receive material fee income as it is not our principal investment strategy. Upon the re-payment of a loan or debt security, any prepayment penalties and unamortized loan origination, structuring, closing, commitment, and other upfront fees are recorded as income. 63 Expenses We will bear all out-of-pocket costs and expenses of our operations and transactions, including, but not limited to: • expenses incurred by the Adviser and payable to third parties, including agents, consultants and other advisors, in monitoring the financial and legal affairs of the Company, news and quotation subscriptions, and market or industry research expenses; • the cost of calculating the Company’s NAV; the cost of effecting sales and repurchases of shares of our Common Stock and other securities; • management and incentive fees payable pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement; fees payable to third parties, including agents, consultants and other advisors, relating to, or associated with, making investments, and, if necessary, enforcing its rights, and valuing investments (including third-party valuation firms); • expenses related to consummated or unconsummated investments, including dead deal or broken deal expenses; rating agency expenses; fees to arrange debt financings for the Company; • distributions on the Company’s shares; administration fees payable under the Administration Agreement; • the allocated costs incurred by the Administrator in providing managerial assistance to those portfolio companies that request it; transfer agent and custodial fees; fees and expenses associated with marketing efforts (including attendance at investment conferences and similar events); accounting, audit and tax preparation expenses; • federal and state registration fees; any exchange listing fees; federal, state, local, and other taxes; • costs and expenses incurred in relation to compliance with applicable laws and regulations and the operation and administration of the Company generally; • independent directors’ fees and expenses; • brokerage commissions; costs of proxy statements, stockholders’ reports and notices; costs of preparing government filings, including periodic and current reports with the SEC; the Company’s fidelity bond, directors and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance, and any other insurance premiums; indemnification payments; • expenses relating to the development and maintenance of the Company’s website, if any; other operations and technology costs; • direct costs and expenses of administration, including printing, mailing, copying, telephone, fees of independent accountants and outside legal costs; and • all other expenses incurred by the Company or the Administrator in connection with administering the Company’s business, including, but not limited to, payments under the Administration Agreement based upon the Company’s allocable portion of the Administrator’s overhead in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent, travel and the allocable portion of the cost of the Company’s chief compliance officer and chief financial officer and their respective staffs, including operations and tax professionals and administrative staff who provide support services in respect of the Company. 64 Our operating results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020 were as follows (dollars in thousands): For the year ended December 31, For the period from January 29, 2020 (date of inception) through December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Total investment income $ 56,744 $ 12,245 $ — Expenses, net of incentive fee waiver 24,603 8,003 414 Income tax expense, including excise tax 671 99 — Net investment income (loss) $ 31,470 $ 4,143 $ (414) Investment Income For the year ended December 31, 2022, total investment income was $56.7 million and was primarily attributable to interest income from investments in portfolio companies with an average portfolio fair value of $649.8 million and a weighted average current yield of 10.8%. Included within total investment income was $1.6 million of fee income for the year ended December 31, 2022. Fee income consists primarily of commitment fees. For the year ended December 31, 2021, total investment income was $12.2 million and was primarily attributable to interest income from investments in portfolio companies with an average portfolio fair value of $252.0 million and a weighted average current yield of 7.3%. Included within total investment income was $0.3 million of fee income for the year ended December 31, 2021. Fee income consists primarily of commitment fees. We commenced our investment operations on January 7, 2021; therefore, during the period from January 29, 2020 (inception) to December 31, 2020, we had no investment income. The increase in investment income from the period ended December 31, 2020 to the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by our deployment of capital and increasing invested balance. Operating Expenses The composition of our operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020, were as follows (dollars in thousands): For the year ended December 31, For the period from January 29, 2020 (date of inception) through December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Management fees $ 3,378 $ 1,109 $ — Organizational costs — — 297 Incentive fee on income 4,720 711 — Incentive fee on capital gains (409) 409 — Interest and debt fees 17,467 3,539 — Professional fees 1,738 1,281 117 Other general and administrative 1,205 979 — Amortization of offering costs 16 596 — Administrative services 226 113 — Directors' fees 573 386 — Incentive fee waiver (4,311) (1,120) — Expenses, net of incentive fee waiver $ 24,603 $ 8,003 $ 414 65 Interest and debt fees For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020, we incurred interest and debt fees of $17.5 million, $3.5 million, and $0, respectively. The increase in interest and debt fees from the period ended December 31, 2020 to the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by the increase in our average daily borrowings, and rising rate environment. Management Fees For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020, we incurred management fees of $3.4 million, $1.1 million, and $0, respectively. The increase in management fees from the period ended December 31, 2020 to the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by an increase in the size of our portfolio. Professional Fees and Other General and Administrative Expenses For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020 we incurred professional fees and other general and administrative expenses of $2.9 million, $2.3 million, and $0.1 million, respectively. The increase in professional fees and other general and administrative expenses from the period ended December 31, 2020 to the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by an increase in the size of the portfolio and an increase in costs associated with servicing a larger investment portfolio. Net Realized Gain (Loss) and Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) on Investments Net realized gain (loss) and net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020, were as follows (dollars in thousands): For the year ended December 31, For the period from January 29, 2020 (date of inception) through December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Net realized gain (loss) Affiliate Investments $ — $ 567 $ — Non-affiliate investments $ 467 $ 51 $ — Total net realized gain (loss) $ 467 $ 618 $ — Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments Control investments $ 43 $ — $ — Affiliate Investments $ — $ 103 $ — Non-affiliate investments $ (8,000) $ 2,005 $ — Net change in deferred taxes $ (780) $ — $ — Total net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments $ (8,737) $ 2,108 $ — Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) $ (8,270) $ 2,726 $ — The net realized and unrealized loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by unrealized losses on senior secured investments. The net realized and unrealized gain for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by unrealized losses on senior secured investments. 66 Recent Developments On February 24, 2023, the Board of Directors declared a distribution of $0.43 per share of Common Stock, which is payable on March 24, 2023 to stockholders of record as of February 24, 2023. On February 24, 2023, the Board of Directors declared a distribution of $28.31 per share of Series A Preferred Stock, which is payable on March 24, 2023 to stockholders of record as of February 24, 2023. On March 14, 2023, we delivered drawdown notices to our Common Stock investors for an aggregate offering price of approximately $8.1 million. On March 14, 2023, we delivered drawdown notices to our Series A Preferred Stock investors for an aggregate offering price of approximately $41.4 million. Liquidity and Capital Resources We generate cash primarily from the net proceeds of the purchase of shares of our Common Stock and Series A Preferred Stock via drawdowns on our investors’ capital commitments, cash flows from interest and fees earned from our investments and principal repayments and proceeds from sales of our investments. As of December 31, 2022, we had issued 24.6 million shares of our Common Stock for net proceeds of $373.7 million, including shares issued pursuant to the DRIP. We had also issued 36,147 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $36.1 million. As of December 31, 2021, we had issued 15.3 million shares of our Common Stock for net proceeds of $231.8 million, including shares issued pursuant to the DRIP. We had also issued 5,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $5.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had $26.2 million of cash. For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $259.5 million. The level of cash flows used in or provided by operating activities is affected by the timing of purchases, redemptions, and sales of portfolio investments. The cash flows used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily a result of purchases of investments of $327.9 million, offset by sales and repayments of investments of $58.6 million. As of December 31, 2021, we had $12.9 million of cash. For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was $491.4 million. The level of cash flows used in or provided by operating activities is affected by the timing of purchases, redemptions, and sales of portfolio investments. The cash flows used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily a result of purchases of investments of $522.8 million, offset by sales and repayments of investments of $8.7 million. Net cash provided by financing activities of $272.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to proceeds from debt of $242.5 million, proceeds from issuance of common stock of $142.0 million, proceeds from issuance of preferred stock of $31.1 million and proceeds from short-term borrowings of $189.1 million partially offset by payments on debt of $100.5 million, repayments on short-term borrowings of $209.6 million and common stockholder distributions of $19.2 million. Net cash provided by financing activities of $504.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily related to proceeds from debt of $269.9 million, proceeds from issuance of common stock of $222.6 million and proceeds from short-term borrowings of $60.9 million partially offset by payments on debt of $30.0 million and repayments on short-term borrowings of $19.6 million. We also fund a portion of our investments through borrowings from banks. Our primary use of cash will be investments in portfolio companies, payments of our expenses and payment of cash distributions to our stockholders. As of December 31, 2022, we are party to the MS Credit Facility and MS Subscription Facility, each of which is defined in and described in more detail in Note 5 - Borrowings. As of December 31, 2022, we had $43.5 million of availability under the MS Credit Facility (subject to borrowing base availability), $0.1 million of availability under the MS Subscription Facility and had approximately $262.6 million of uncalled capital commitments to purchase shares of our Common Stock and Series A Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2021, we had $60.0 million of availability under the MS Credit Facility (subject to borrowing base availability), $0.1 million of availability under the MS Subscription Facility and had approximately $365.2 million of uncalled capital commitments to purchase shares of our Common Stock and Series A Preferred Stock. We expect to have sufficient liquidity for our investing activities and to conduct our operations in the near term. 67 Taxation as a RIC We have elected to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As a RIC, we generally will not be subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any income that we distribute as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to our stockholders. To maintain our qualification as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements. In addition, in order to maintain RIC tax treatment, we must distribute to our stockholders, for each tax year, an amount equal to at least 90% of our “investment company taxable income,” which is generally our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gain over realized net long-term capital loss and determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid, or the annual distribution requirement. Even if we qualify as a RIC, we generally will be subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed taxable income and could be subject to state, local, and foreign taxes. Additionally, in order to avoid the imposition of a U.S. federal excise tax, we are required to distribute, in respect of each calendar year, dividends to our stockholders of an amount at least equal to the sum of 98% of our calendar year net ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections); 98.2% of our capital gain net income (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one year period ending on December 31 of such calendar year; and any net ordinary income and capital gain net income for preceding calendar years that were not distributed during such calendar years and on which we previously did not incur any U.S. federal income tax. If we fail to qualify as a RIC for any reason and become subject to corporate tax, the resulting corporate taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distribution and the amount of our distributions. Such a failure would have a material adverse effect on us and our stockholders. In addition, we could be required to recognize unrealized gains, incur substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions in order to re-qualify as a RIC. We cannot assure stockholders that they will receive any distributions. See “ Item 1. Business – Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations .” Distributions The amount of each distribution is subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors and applicable legal restrictions related to the payment of distributions. The Company calculates each stockholder’s specific distribution amount for the quarter using record and declaration dates. The table shows the components of the distributions we have declared and/or paid to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands): For the years ended December 31, For the period from January 29, 2020 (date of inception) through December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Distributions declared $ 27,309 $ 2,293 $ — Distributions paid $ 27,276 $ 2,293 $ — Portion of distributions paid in cash $ 19,203 $ 1,503 $ — Portion of distributions paid in DRIP shares $ 8,073 $ 790 $ — The table shows the components of the distributions we have declared and/or paid to preferred stockholders during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands): For the years ended December 31, For the period from January 29, 2020 (date of inception) through December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Distributions declared $ 1,367 $ — $ — Distributions paid $ 1,367 $ — $ — Portion of distributions paid in cash $ 1,367 $ — $ — Portion of distributions paid in DRIP shares $ — $ — $ — 68 We may fund our cash distributions to stockholders from any sources of funds available to us, including advances from the Adviser that are subject to reimbursement, as well as offering proceeds, borrowings, net investment income from operations, capital gain proceeds from the sale of assets, and non-capital gain proceeds from the sale of assets. We have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions. We may have distributions which could be characterized as a return of capital for tax purposes. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020, no portion of our distributions was characterized as return of capital for tax purposes. The specific tax characteristics of our distributions made in respect of our anticipated fiscal year ending December 31, 2022 will be reported to stockholders shortly after the end of the calendar year 2022 as well as in our periodic reports with the SEC. Stockholders should read any written disclosure accompanying a distribution payment carefully and should not assume that the source of any distribution is our ordinary income or gain. Moreover, you should understand that any such distributions were not based on our investment performance and can only be sustained if we achieve positive investment performance in future periods and/or our Adviser continues to make such reimbursements. There can be no assurance that we will achieve the performance necessary to sustain our distributions or that we will be able to pay distributions at all. Related Party Transactions and Agreements Investment Advisory Agreement We entered into an Investment Advisory Agreement, dated as of September 23, 2020, which was approved by our Board of Directors and our sole stockholder for a two year term, under which the Adviser, subject to the overall supervision of our Board of Directors manages the day-to-day operations of, and provides investment advisory services to us. Affiliates of the Adviser also provide investment advisory services to other funds that have investment mandates that are similar, in whole and in part, with ours, including Franklin BSP Lending Corporation, a BDC advised by an affiliate of the Adviser. Affiliates of the Adviser also serve as investment adviser or sub-adviser to private funds and registered open-end funds, and as an investment adviser to a public real estate investment trust. The Adviser has adopted policies designed to manage and mitigate the conflicts of interest associated with the allocation of investment opportunities. In addition, any affiliated fund currently formed or formed in the future and managed by the Adviser or its affiliates may have overlapping investment objectives with our own and, accordingly, may invest in asset classes similar to those targeted by us. However, in certain instances due to regulatory, tax, investment, or other restrictions, certain investment opportunities may not be appropriate for either us or other funds managed by the Adviser or its affiliates. The Board of Directors renewed the Investment Advisory Agreement on January 30, 2023. Administration Agreement On September 23, 2020, we entered into the Administration Agreement with BSP, pursuant to which BSP provides us with office facilities and administrative services. The Administration Agreement may be terminated by either party without penalty upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020, the Company incurred $0.8 million, $0.7 million, and $0, respectively, in administrative service fees under the administrative agreement, which are included in other general and administrative on the consolidated statements of operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Co-Investment Relief The 1940 Act generally prohibits BDCs from entering into negotiated co-investments with affiliates absent an order from the SEC. The SEC has granted exemptive relief to affiliates of the Adviser that allows us to enter into certain negotiated co-investment transactions alongside other funds managed by the Adviser or its affiliates (“Affiliated Funds”) in a manner consistent with our investment objective, positions, policies, strategies and restrictions as well as regulatory requirements and other pertinent factors, subject to compliance with certain conditions (the “Order”). Pursuant to the Order, we are permitted to co-invest with our affiliates if a “required majority” (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of our eligible directors make certain conclusions in connection with a co-investment transaction, including that (1) the terms of the transactions, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to us and our stockholders and do not involve overreaching in respect of us or our stockholders on the part of any person concerned, and (2) the transaction is consistent with the interests of our stockholders and is consistent with our investment objective and strategies. Due to Related Party Included within other liabilities on the consolidated statement of assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, are $0 and $1.7 million of payables to Affiliated Funds or the Adviser, respectively. 69 Borrowings We are only allowed to borrow money such that our asset coverage, which, as defined in the 1940 Act, measures the ratio of total assets less total liabilities not represented by senior securities to total borrowings, equals at least 150% after such borrowing, with certain limited exceptions. We are continually exploring forms of debt financing which could include new or expanded credit facilities or the issuance of senior securities that are debt or stock. We may use borrowed funds, known as “leverage,” to make investments and to attempt to increase returns to our stockholders by reducing our overall cost of capital. We currently have credit facilities with Morgan Stanley. MS Credit Facility On March 15, 2021, the Company, FBCC Lending I, LLC, a wholly-owned, special purpose financing subsidiary of the Company (“FBCC Lending”), and the Adviser, as the servicer, entered into a loan and servicing agreement (together with the other documents executed in connection therewith, the “MS Credit Facility”) with Morgan Stanley Asset Funding, Inc. as administrative agent, Morgan Stanley Bank, N.A., as the lender, and U.S. Bank National Association as collateral agent, account bank and collateral custodian, that provides for borrowings of up to $100.0 million on a committed basis. Obligations under the MS Credit Facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of FBCC Lending, including its portfolio of investments and the Company’s equity interest in FBCC Lending. The obligations of FBCC Lending under the MS Credit Facility are nonrecourse to us. Any amounts borrowed under the MS Credit Facility will mature, and will be due and payable, on the maturity date, which is March 15, 2025. Prior to the Third Amendment (defined below), borrowings under the MS Credit Facility bore interest at three-month LIBOR, with a LIBOR floor of zero, plus a spread of 2.25%. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears. FBCC Lending is subject to a non-usage fee of 0.50% on the difference between total commitments and the greater of the (i) drawn amounts and (ii) minimum utilization requirement, and, in addition, after the ramp-up period, FBCC Lending would pay interest on undrawn amounts up to the minimum utilization requirement under the MS Credit Facility if drawn amounts are less than such minimum utilization requirement. The Company paid an upfront fee and incurred other customary costs and expenses in connection with the MS Credit Facility. On July 1, 2021, FBCC Lending amended the MS Credit Facility to, among other things, increase the maximum permissible borrowings under the MS Credit Facility from $100.0 million to $200.0 million on a committed basis (the “First Amendment”). On December 15, 2021, FBCC Lending amended the MS Credit Facility to, among other things, increase the maximum permissible borrowings under the MS Credit Facility from $200.0 million to $250.0 million on a committed basis (the “Second Amendment”). On January 31, 2022, FBCC Lending amended the MS Credit Facility to, among other things, increase the maximum permissible borrowings from $250.0 million to $300.0 million on a committed basis, transition the benchmark rate to Adjusted Term SOFR and included the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) as a lender (the “Third Amendment”). Following the Third Amendment, borrowings under the MS Credit Facility bear interest at Adjusted Term SOFR, with an Adjusted Term SOFR floor of zero, plus a spread of 2.00%. FBCC Lending is subject to non-usage fee of 0.50% on the difference between total commitments and the greater of the (i) drawn amounts and (ii) minimum utilization requirement, and, in addition after the ramp-up period, FBCC Lending would pay interest on undrawn amounts up to the minimum utilization requirement under the MS Credit Facility, at three month SOFR floor of zero, plus spread of 1.125%, if drawn amounts are less than such minimum utilization requirement. The entire facility is subject to a 0.25% administrative agent fee. On June 28, 2022, FBCC Lending entered into a fourth amendment (together with any documents executed in connection therewith, the “Fourth Amendment”) to the MS Credit Facility. The Fourth Amendment, among other things, increases the maximum permissible borrowings under the MS Credit Facility to $400.0 million from $300.0 million on a committed basis and amends the spread on borrowings under the MS Credit Facility to 2.25%. 70 MS Subscription Facility On April 22, 2021, we entered into a $50.0 million revolving credit agreement (the “MS Subscription Facility”) with Morgan Stanley Asset Funding, Inc., as administrative agent and sole lead arranger, and Morgan Stanley Bank, N.A., as the letter of credit issuer and lender. The MS Subscription Facility is subject to certain restrictions, including availability under the borrowing base, which is based on unfunded capital commitments. The amount of permissible borrowings under the MS Subscription Facility may be increased up to an aggregate of $150.0 million with the consent of the lenders. The MS Subscription Facility had a maturity date of April 22, 2022, which may be extended for an additional two terms of not more than 12 months each with the consent of the administrative agent and lenders. On April 20, 2022, we entered into a first amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the MS Subscription Facility, which extended the maturity date to April 21, 2023, which may be extended for an additional term of not more than 12 months each with the consent of the administrative agent and lenders. On September 30, 2022, pursuant to the terms of the agreement, we voluntarily reduced commitments from $50.0 million to $44.5 million and on December 9, 2022, pursuant to the terms of the agreement, we voluntarily reduced commitments from $44.5 million to $25.5 million (together, the “MS Subscription Facility Downsizes”). Prior to the First Amendment, the MS Subscription Facility bore interest at a rate of: (i) with respect LIBOR Rate Loans, Adjusted LIBOR (as defined in the MS Subscription Facility) for the applicable interest period plus 2.00% per annum and (ii) with respect to Base Rate Loans, the greatest of (a) the Prime Rate in effect on such day plus 1.00% per annum, (b) the Federal Funds Rate in effect on such day plus 0.50%, plus 1.00% per annum and (c) except during any period of time during which LIBOR is unavailable, one-month Adjusted LIBOR plus, without duplication, 100 basis points per annum. The Company paid an upfront fee and incurred other customary costs and expenses in connection with the MS Subscription Facility. Subsequent to the First Amendment, the MS Subscription Facility bears interest at a rate of: (i) with respect to Term SOFR Loans, Term SOFR with a one-month Interest Period plus 2.10% per annum and (ii) with respect to Base Rate Loans, the greatest of (a) the Prime Rate in effect on such day plus 100 basis points (1.00%) per annum, (b) the Federal Funds Rate in effect on such day plus 0.50% plus 1.00% per annum and (c) except during any period of time during which Term SOFR is unavailable, Term SOFR for a one-month tenor in effect on such day plus without duplication, 100 basis points (1.00%) per annum plus 100 basis points (1.00%) per annum. The Company paid an upfront fee and incurred other customary costs and expenses in connection with the First Amendment to MS Subscription Facility. In addition, the Company will be subject to an unused commitment fee of 0.30%. Short-Term Borrowings From time to time, the Company finances the purchase of certain investments through repurchase agreements. In the repurchase agreements, the Company enters into a trade to sell an investment and contemporaneously enter into a trade to buy the same investment back on a specified date in the future with the same counterparty. Investments sold under repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized borrowings as the sale of the investment does not qualify for sale accounting under ASC Topic 860—Transfers and Servicing and remains as an investment on the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities. The Company uses repurchase agreements as a short-term financing alternative. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had short-term borrowings outstanding of $20.8 million and $41.3 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the period ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded interest expense of $2.2 million, $0.1 million, and $0, respectively, in connection with short-term borrowings. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had an average outstanding balance of short-term borrowings of $44.0 million and bore interest at a weighted average rate of 0.01%. For the period October 29, 2021 through December 31, 2021 (period for which the Company had short-term borrowings), the Company had an average outstanding balance of short-term borrowings of $19.3 million and bore interest at a weighted average rate of 0.01%. 71 Contractual Obligations The following table shows our payment obligations for repayment of debt and other contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands): Payment Due by Period Total Less than 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years More than 5 years MS Credit Facility (1) $ 356,500 $ — $ 356,500 $ — $ — MS Subscription Facility (2) 25,400 25,400 — — — Short-term borrowings 20,792 20,792 — — — Total $ 46,192 $ 356,500 $ — $ — —–—–—–—–—– (1) As of December 31, 2022, we had $43.5 million in unused borrowing capacity under the MS Credit Facility, subject to borrowing base limits. (2) As of December 31, 2022, we had $0.1 million in unused borrowing capacity under the MS Subscription Facility. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources. Commitments In the ordinary course of business, we may enter into future funding commitments. As of December 31, 2022, we had unfunded commitments on delayed draw term loans of $56.1 million and unfunded commitments on revolver term loans of $47.5 million. As of December 31, 2021, we had unfunded commitments on delayed draw term loans of $63.0 million and unfunded commitments on revolver term loans of $27.8 million. We maintain sufficient cash on hand, unfunded commitments to purchase our Common Stock, and available borrowings to fund such unfunded commitments. Please refer to Note 6 - Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for further detail of these unfunded commitments. Significant Accounting Estimates and Critical Accounting Policies Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an on-going basis, we will evaluate our estimates, including those related to the matters described below. Actual results could differ from those estimates. While our significant accounting policies are also described in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our notes to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report, we believe the following accounting policies require the most significant judgment in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Valuation of Portfolio Investments Portfolio investments are reported on the statements of assets and liabilities at fair value. The Board of Directors has delegated to the Adviser as Valuation Designee the responsibility of determining the fair value of the Company’s investment portfolio, subject to oversight of the Board of Directors, pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act. As such, our Valuation Designee is charged with determining the fair value of the Company’s investment portfolio, subject to oversight of the Board of Directors. On a quarterly basis our Valuation Designee performs an analysis of each investment to determine fair value as follows: Securities for which market quotations are readily available on an exchange are valued at the reported closing price on the valuation date. Our Valuation Designee may also obtain quotes with respect to certain of our investments from pricing services or brokers or dealers in order to value assets. When doing so, our Valuation Designee determines whether the quote obtained is readily available according to U.S. GAAP to determine the fair value of the security. If determined readily available, our Valuation Designee uses the quote obtained. 72 Investments without a readily determined market value are primarily valued using a market approach, an income approach, or both approaches, as appropriate. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities (including a business). The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts (for example, cash flows or earnings) to a single present amount (discounted). The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. In following these approaches, the types of factors that our Valuation Designee may take into account in fair value pricing our investments include, as relevant: available current market data, including relevant and applicable market trading and transaction comparables, applicable market yields and multiples, security covenants, call protection provisions, information rights, the nature and realizable value of any collateral, the portfolio company's ability to make payments, its earnings and discounted cash flows, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, comparisons of financial ratios of peer companies that are public, M&A comparables, and enterprise values, among other factors. When available, broker quotations and/or quotations provided by pricing services are considered as an input in the valuation process. As part of our quarterly valuation process our Valuation Designee may be assisted by one or more independent valuation firms engaged by us. Our Valuation Designee under the supervision of the Board of Directors determines the fair value of each investment, in good faith, based on the input of the independent valuation firm(s) (to the extent applicable) and our Valuation Designee’s own analysis. With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, our Valuation Designee undertakes a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below: • Each portfolio company or investment will be valued by our Valuation Designee, with assistance from one or more independent valuation firms engaged by our Board of Directors; • The independent valuation firm(s) conduct independent appraisals and make an independent assessment of the value of each investment; and • Our Valuation Designee, under the supervision of the Board of Directors determines the fair value of each investment, in good faith, based on the input of independent valuation firms (to the extent applicable) and our Valuation Designee’s own analysis. Our Valuation Designee also has established a Valuation Committee to assist our Valuation Designee in carrying out its designated responsibilities, subject to oversight of the Board of Directors. Because there is not a readily available market value for most of the investments in our portfolio, our Valuation Designee values substantially all of our portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors, as described herein. Due to the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair value of investments that do not have a readily available market value, the fair value of our investments may fluctuate from period to period. Additionally, the fair value of our investments may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market existed for such investments and may differ materially from the values that we may ultimately realize. Further, such investments are generally subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or otherwise are less liquid than publicly traded securities. If we were required to liquidate a portfolio investment in a forced or liquidation sale, we could realize significantly less than the value at which we have recorded it. Revenue Recognition Interest Income Investment transactions are accounted for on the trade date. Interest income, adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount, is recorded on an accrual basis. Discount and premium on investments purchased are accreted/amortized over the expected life of the respective investment using the effective yield method. The amortized cost of investments represents the original cost adjusted for the accretion of discount and amortization of premium on investments. Fee Income Fee income, such as structuring fees, origination, closing, amendment fees, commitment, termination, and other upfront fees are generally non-recurring and are recognized as income when earned, either upon receipt or amortized into income. Upon the re-payment of a loan or debt security, any prepayment penalties and unamortized loan origination, structuring, closing, commitment, and other upfront fees are recorded as income. 73 Payment-in-Kind Interest The Company may hold debt investments in its portfolio that contain PIK interest and dividend provisions. PIK interest, which represents contractually deferred interest that add to the investment balance that is generally due at maturity, is recorded on the accrual basis to the extent such amounts are expected to be collected. Non-accrual Income Investments may be placed on non-accrual status when principal or interest payments are past due and/or when there is reasonable doubt that principal or interest will be collected. Accrued interest, which may include un-capitalized PIK interest is generally reversed when an investment is placed on non-accrual status. Previously capitalized PIK interest is not reversed when an investment is placed on non-accrual status. Interest payments received on non-accrual investments may be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon management's judgment of the ultimate outcome. Non-accrual investments are restored to accrual status when past due principal and interest is paid and, in management's judgment, are likely to remain current. Net Realized Gains or Losses and Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation Gains or losses on the sale of investments are calculated using the specific identification method. We measure realized gains or losses by the difference between the net proceeds from the repayment or sale and the amortized cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized. Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation will reflect the change in portfolio investment values during the reporting period, including any reversal of previously recorded unrealized appreciation or depreciation, when gains or losses are realized. See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for a description of other accounting policies and recently issued accounting pronouncements. Organization and Offering Expenses Organization costs consist of costs incurred to establish the Company and enable it legally to do business. Organization costs are expensed as incurred. Offering costs consist of costs incurred in connection with the offering of common shares of the Company. Offering costs are capitalized as a deferred charge and amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over 12 months from the commencement of operations. We will bear the organization and offering expenses incurred in connection with the formation of the Company and the offering of shares of our Common Stock, including the out-of-pocket expenses of the Adviser and its agents and affiliates. In addition, we will reimburse the Adviser for the organizational and offering costs it incurs on our behalf. If actual organization and offering costs incurred exceed the greater of $1 million or 0.10% of the Company’s total capital commitments, the Adviser or its affiliate will bear the excess costs. To the extent the Company’s capital commitments later increase, the Adviser or its affiliates may be reimbursed for past payments of excess organization and offering costs made on the Company’s behalf provided that the total organization and offering costs borne by the Company do not exceed 0.10% of total capital commitments and provided further that the Adviser or its affiliates may not be reimbursed for payment of excess organization and offering expenses that were incurred more than three years prior to the proposed reimbursement. In general, we may not deduct organizational expenses, and instead amortize organizational expenses over at least a 180-month period for tax purposes. In connection with the private placement of shares of our preferred stock designated as Series A Preferred Stock, we incurred various offering costs. These costs are capitalized as a deferred cost and included within redeemable convertible preferred stock Series A on the consolidated statement of assets and liabilities as the preferred shares are issued. The costs are not subject to reimbursement from the Adviser. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. 74