Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are routinely subject to a variety of risks, as described in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report and in our other filings with the SEC. For example, we are exposed to the risk that decreased real estate activity, which depends in part on the level of interest rates, may reduce our revenues.
The risks related to our business also include certain market risks that may affect our debt and other financial instruments. At present, we face the market risks associated with our marketable equity securities subject to equity price volatility and with interest rate movements on our fixed income investments.
We regularly assess these market risks and have established policies and business practices designed to protect against the adverse effects of these exposures.
At December 31, 2025, we had $4,400 million in long-term debt, none of which bears interest at a floating rate. Accordingly, fluctuations in market interest rates will not have a material impact on our resulting interest expense.
Our fixed maturity investments, certain preferred securities and our floating rate debt are subject to an element of market risk from changes in interest rates. Increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates generally translate into decreases and increases in fair values of those instruments. Additionally, fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments may be affected by the creditworthiness of the issuer, prepayment options, relative values of alternative investments, the liquidity of the instrument and other general market conditions. We manage interest rate risk through a variety of measures. We monitor our interest rate risk and make investment decisions to manage the perceived risk.
Equity price risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in equity prices. In the past, our exposure to changes in equity prices primarily resulted from our holdings of equity securities. As of December 31, 2025, we held $493 million in marketable equity securities (not including our investments in preferred securities of $436 million and our investments in unconsolidated affiliates of $5,166 million). The carrying values of investments subject to equity price risks are based on quoted market prices as of the balance sheet date. Market prices are subject to fluctuation and, consequently, the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported market value. Fluctuation in the market price of a security may result from perceived changes in the underlying economic characteristics of the investee, the relative price of alternative investments and general market conditions. Furthermore, amounts realized in the sale of a particular security may be affected by the relative quantity of the security being sold.
Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash equivalents, short-term investments, and trade receivables. We require placement of cash in financial institutions evaluated as highly creditworthy.
For purposes of this Annual Report, we perform a sensitivity analysis to determine the effects that market risk exposures may have on the fair values of our debt and other financial instruments.
The financial instruments that are included in the sensitivity analysis with respect to interest rate risk include fixed maturity investments, preferred securities and notes payable. The financial instruments that are included in the sensitivity analysis with respect to equity price risk include marketable equity securities. With the exception of our equity method investments, it is not anticipated that there would be a significant change in the fair value of other long-term investments or short-term investments if there were a change in market conditions, based on the nature and duration of the financial instruments involved.
To perform the sensitivity analysis, we assess the risk of loss in fair values from the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates and equity prices on market-sensitive instruments. The changes in fair values for interest rate risks are determined by estimating the present value of future cash flows using various models, primarily duration modeling. The changes in fair values for equity price risk are determined by comparing the market price of investments against their reported values as of the balance sheet date.
Information provided by the sensitivity analysis does not necessarily represent the actual changes in fair value that we would incur under normal market conditions because, due to practical limitations, all variables other than the specific market risk factor are held constant. For example, our reserve for title claim losses (representing 1.7% of total liabilities at December 31, 2025) is not included in the hypothetical effects.
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Market Risk Factors
Market risk is the risk of the loss of fair value resulting from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. Market risk is directly influenced by the volatility and liquidity in the markets in which the related underlying financial instruments are traded. We have significant holdings in financial instruments, which are naturally exposed to a variety of market risks. They are primarily exposed to interest rate risk, credit risk and equity price risk and have some exposure to counterparty risk, which affect the fair value of financial instruments subject to market risk.
We have no market risk sensitive instruments entered into for trading purposes; therefore, all of our market risk sensitive instruments were entered into for purposes other than trading. The results of the sensitivity analysis at December 31, 2025 and 2024, are as follows:
Interest Rate Risk
As of December 31, 2025, an increase (decrease) in the levels of interest rates of 100 basis points, with all other variables held constant, would result in a (decrease) increase in the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and certain of our investments in preferred securities, which are tied to interest rates of $3.2 billion as compared with a (decrease) increase of $2.7 billion at December 31, 2024.
The actuarial models used to estimate the impact of a one percentage point change in market interest rates incorporate numerous assumptions, require significant estimates and assume an immediate and parallel change in interest rates without any management of the investment portfolio in reaction to such change. Consequently, potential changes in value of financial instruments indicated by these simulations will likely be different from the actual changes experienced under given interest rate scenarios, and the differences may be material. Because we actively manage our investments and liabilities, the net exposure to interest rates can vary over time. However, any such decreases in the fair value of fixed maturity securities, unless related to credit concerns of the issuer requiring allowances for credit losses, would generally be realized only if we were required to sell such securities at losses prior to their maturity to meet liquidity needs. Within our F&G segment, liquidity needs are managed using the surrender and withdrawal provisions of the annuity contracts and through other means.
Equity Price Risk
As of December 31, 2025, a 10% increase (decrease) in market prices, with all other variables held constant, would result in an increase (decrease) in the fair value of our equity securities portfolio of $49 million, as compared with an increase (decrease) o f $64 million at December 31, 2024.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
As noted above, we use various derivative instruments to hedge substantially all of our foreign currency exposure such that sensitivity to changes in foreign currencies is minimal.
Interest Rate Risk Related to our F&G Segment
Interest rate risk is the F&G segment's primary market risk exposure. An increase in the levels of interest rates of 100 basis points, with all other variables held constant, would result in a decrease in the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and certain investments in preferred securities of approximately $3.1 billion, a net decrease in the fair value of interest rate swaps of approximately $0.1 billion and a net decrease in the combined fair value of embedded derivatives and MRBs of approximately $0.8 bil lion at December 31, 2025 . For comparison, a similar increase in the levels of interest rates of 100 basis points, with all other variables held constant, would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and certain investments in preferred securities of approximately $2.6 billion, a net decrease in the fair value of interest rate swaps of approximately $0.1 billion and a net decrease in the combined fair value of embedded derivatives and MRBs of approximately $0.6 billion at December 31, 2024.
A 100 basis point shift in interest rates for our floating rate debt and funding agreements will increase or decrease floating expense by approximatel y $28 million and $17 million per year as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively . As noted above, the impact to net earnings related to the interest rate swaps and floating rate notes payable and funding agreements will be significantly offset by corresponding changes in investment income associated with our floating rate investments.
The actuarial models used to estimate the impact of a one percentage point change in market interest rates incorporate numerous assumptions, require significant estimates and assume an immediate and parallel change in interest rates without any management of the investment portfolio in reaction to such change. Consequently, potential changes in value of financial instruments indicated by these simulations will likely be different from the actual changes experienced under given interest rate scenarios, and the differences may be material. Because we actively manage our investments and liabilities, the net exposure to interest rates can vary over time. However, any such decreases in the fair value of fixed maturity securities, unless related to credit concerns of the issuer requiring allowances for credit losses, would generally be realized only if we were required to sell
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such securities at losses prior to their maturity to meet liquidity needs. Our liquidity needs are managed using the surrender and withdrawal provisions of the annuity contracts and through other means.
As part of F&G's asset liability management (“ALM”) program, F&G has made a significant effort to identify the assets appropriate to different product lines and ensure investing strategies match the profile of these liabilities. The ALM strategy is designed to align the expected cash flows from the investment portfolio with the expected liability cash flows. As such, a major component of F&G's effort to manage interest rate risk has been to structure the investment portfolio with cash flow characteristics that are consistent with the cash flow characteristics of the insurance liabilities. F&G uses actuarial models to simulate the cash flows expected from the existing business under various interest rate scenarios. These simulations enable F&G to measure the potential gain or loss in the fair value of interest rate-sensitive financial instruments, to evaluate the adequacy of expected cash flows from assets to meet the expected cash requirements of the liabilities and to determine if it is necessary to lengthen or shorten the average life and duration of our investment portfolio. Duration measures the price sensitivity of a security to a small change in interest rates. When the durations of assets and liabilities are similar, exposure to interest rate risk is minimized because a change in the value of assets could be expected to be largely offset by a change in the value of liabilities.
The duration of the investment portfolio, excluding cash and cash equivalents, derivatives, policy loans, and common stocks as of December 31, 2025, and 2024, is summarized as follows:
December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024
Duration (years) Amortized Cost (In millions) % of Total Amortized Cost (In millions) % of Total
0-4 $ 32,061 56 % $ 29,363 54 %
5-9 12,891 22 % 12,526 23 %
10-14 11,311 20 % 10,448 19 %
15-19 1,392 2 % 1,862 4 %
20-29 69 — % 33 — %
30 and over 26 — % — — %
Total $ 57,750 100 % $ 54,232 100 %
Equity Price Risk Related to our F&G Segment
Our F&G segment is exposed to equity price risk through certain insurance products. Equity price risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in equity prices. In the past, our exposure to changes in equity prices primarily resulted from our holdings of equity securities. Refer to Note C Fair Value of Financial Instruments to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on how the carrying values of these investments are determined as of the balance sheet date. Carrying values are subject to fluctuation and, consequently, the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported carrying value. Fluctuation in the carrying value of a security may result from perceived changes in the underlying economic characteristics of the investee, the relative price of alternative investments and general market conditions. Furthermore, amounts realized in the sale of a particular security may be affected by the relative quantity of the security being sold.
We are also exposed to equity price risk through certain insurance products. We offer a variety of indexed annuities and IUL contracts with crediting strategies linked to the performance of indices such as the S&P 500 Index, Dow Jones Industrials or the NASDAQ 100 Index, and target volatility indices. Additionally, the estimated cost of providing GMWB on indexed annuity products incorporates various assumptions about the overall performance of equity markets over certain time periods. Periods of significant and sustained downturns in equity markets or increased equity volatility could result in an increase in the valuation of the MRB liabilities and decrease in the valuation of contractholder funds liabilities associated with such products.
To economically hedge the equity returns on these products, we purchase derivatives to hedge the indexed annuities and IUL equity exposures. The primary way we hedge indexed annuities and IUL equity exposure is to purchase over the counter equity index equity options from broker-dealer derivative counterparties approved by F&G. The second way to hedge indexed annuities and IUL equity exposure is by purchasing exchange traded equity index futures contracts. This hedging strategy enables us to reduce the overall hedging costs and achieve a high correlation of returns on the equity options purchased relative to the index credits earned by the indexed annuities/IUL contractholders. The majority of the equity options are one-year options purchased to match the funding requirements underlying the indexed annuities/IUL contracts. These hedge programs are limited to the current policy term of the indexed annuities/IUL contracts. Future returns, which may be reflected in indexed annuities IUL contracts’ credited rates beyond the current policy term, are not hedged. We attempt to manage the costs of these
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purchases through the terms of the indexed annuities/IUL contracts, which permit us to change cap, spread or participation rates, subject to certain guaranteed minimums that must be maintained.
The derivatives are used to fund the indexed annuities/IUL contract index credits and the cost of the equity options purchased is treated as a component of spread earnings. While the indexed annuities/IUL hedging program does not explicitly hedge GAAP income volatility, the indexed annuities/IUL hedging program tends to mitigate a significant portion of the GAAP reserve changes associated with movements in the equity market. This is due to the fact that a key component in the calculation of GAAP reserves is the market valuation of the current term embedded derivative. Due to the alignment of the embedded derivative reserve component with hedging of this same embedded derivative, there should be a reasonable match between changes in this component of the reserve and changes in the assets backing this component of the reserve. However, there may be an interim mismatch due to the fact that the hedges, which are put in place are only intended to cover exposures expected to remain until the end of an indexing term. To the extent index credits earned by the contractholder exceed the proceeds from option expirations and futures income, we incur a raw hedging loss.
See Note E Derivative Financial Instruments to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on the derivatives portfolio.
Fair value changes associated with these investments are intended to, but do not always, substantially offset the increase or decrease in the amounts added to contractholder funds for indexed products. When index credits to policyholders exceed option proceeds received at expiration related to such credits, any shortfall is funded by our excess of net investment income earned over the sum of interest credited to policyholders and the cost of hedging our risk on indexed product policies and futures income. For the years ended December 31, 2025 , 2024, and 2023, the annual index credits to policyholders on their anniversaries were $721 million, $725 million, and $203 million, respectively. Proceeds received at expiration of options related to such credits were $705 million, $849 million, and $212 million, respectively.
Other market exposures are hedged periodically depending on market conditions and our risk tolerance. The indexed annuities/IUL hedging strategy economically hedges the equity returns and exposes us to the risk that unhedged market exposures result in divergence between changes in the fair value of the liabilities and the hedging assets. We use a variety of techniques, including direct estimation of market sensitivities, to monitor this risk daily. We intend to continue to adjust the hedging strategy as market conditions and risk tolerance change.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
Our F&G segments fair value exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar results from our holdings in non-U.S. dollar denominated fixed maturity securities and an investment in an unconsolidated affiliate. The principal currencies that create foreign currency exchange rate risk in our investment portfolio are the Euro and the British Pound. We use various derivative instruments to hedge substantially all of our foreign currency exposure such that sensitivity to changes in foreign currencies is minimal.
Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk Related to our F&G Segment
Our F&G segment is exposed to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligation resulting in financial loss. Our major source of credit risk arises predominantly in our insurance operations’ portfolios of debt and similar securities. The fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio totaled $53 billion at December 31, 2025 . Our credit risk materializes primarily as impairment losses. We are exposed to occasional cyclical economic downturns, during which impairment losses may be significantly higher than the long-term historical average. This is offset by years where it expects the actual impairment losses to be substantially lower than the long-term average. Credit risk in the portfolio can also materialize as increased capital requirements as assets migrate into lower credit qualities over time. The effect of rating migration on our capital requirements is also dependent on the economic cycle and increased asset impairment levels may go hand in hand with increased asset related capital requirements.
We attempt to manage the risk of default and rating migration by applying disciplined credit evaluation and underwriting standards and limiting allocations to lower quality, higher risk investments. In addition, we diversify exposure by issuer and country, using rating-based issuer and country limits. We also set investment constraints that limit our exposure by industry segment. To limit the impact that credit risk can have on earnings and capital adequacy levels, we have portfolio-level credit risk constraints in place. Limit compliance is monitored on a monthly basis.
In connection with the use of derivative instruments, we are exposed to counterparty credit risk-the risk that a counterparty fails to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. We have adopted a policy of only dealing with credit worthy counterparties and obtaining sufficient collateral where appropriate, as a means of attempting to mitigate the financial loss from defaults. The exposure and credit rating of the counterparties are continuously monitored, and the aggregate value of transactions concluded is spread amongst different approved counterparties to limit the concentration in one counterparty. This
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policy allows for the purchase of derivative instruments from counterparties and/or clearinghouses that meet the required qualifications under the insurance laws of Iowa. We review the ratings of all the counterparties periodically. Collateral support documents are negotiated to further reduce the exposure when deemed necessary. See Note E Derivative Financial Instruments in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our exposure to credit loss.
We also have credit risk related to the ability of reinsurance counterparties to honor their obligations to pay the contract amounts under various agreements. To minimize the risk of credit loss on such contracts, we diversify exposures among many reinsurers and limit the amount of exposure to each based on credit rating. We also generally limit selection of counterparties with which to do new transactions to those with an “A-” credit rating or above from at least one of the major rating agencies and/or that are appropriately collateralized and provide credit for reinsurance.
In the normal course of business, certain reinsurance recoverables are subject to reviews by the reinsurers. We are not aware of any material disputes arising from these reviews or other communications with the counterparties as of December 31, 2025, and 2024, that would require an increase to the allowance for credit losses.
For information on concentrations of reinsurance risk, refer to Note N F&G Reinsurance in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
For further information on certain risk associated with our business, refer to Note G Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Use of Estimates and Assumptions
The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions used.
Concentrations of Financial Instruments Related to our F&G Segment
Refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investment Portfolio - Investment Industry Concentrations included in Part II - Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding the top ten investment concentrations of our fixed maturity and equity securities including the fair value and percent of total fixed maturity and equity securities fair value as of December 31, 2025, and 2024.
Concentrations of Financial and Capital Markets Risk Related to our F&G Segment
Our F&G segment is exposed to financial and capital markets risk, including changes in interest rates and credit spreads, which can have an adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Exposure to such financial and capital markets risk relates primarily to the market price and cash flow variability associated with changes in interest rates. A rise in interest rates, in the absence of other countervailing changes, will increase the net unrealized loss position and, if long-term interest rates rise dramatically within a six to twelve-month time period, certain of F&G’s products may be exposed to disintermediation risk. Disintermediation risk refers to the risk that policyholders surrender their contracts in a rising interest rate environment, requiring F&G to liquidate assets in an unrealized loss position. We attempt to mitigate the risk, including changes in interest rates by investing in less rate-sensitive investments, including senior tranches of collateralized loan obligations, non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities, and various types of asset backed securities. Management believes this risk is also mitigated to some extent by surrender charge protection provided by F&G’s products. We expect to continue to face these challenges and uncertainties that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
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