Ensysce Biosciences, Inc. 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Overview Ensysce is a clinical stage pharmaceutical company seeking to develop innovative solutions for severe pain relief while reducing the fear of and the potential for opioid misuse, abuse and overdose. Our lead product candidate, PF614, is an extended release TAAP prodrug of oxycodone. TAAP modification of prescription drugs removed the ability to crush, chew or manipulate and inject to achieve the effect of the medication more quickly than by swallowing. MPAR ® adds a layer of overdose protection to each TAAP product. Since our inception in 2003, we devoted substantially all of our efforts and financial resources to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, discovering product candidates and securing related intellectual property rights and conducting research and development activities for our product candidates. We do not have any products approved for sale and we have not generated any revenue from product sales. We may never be able to develop or commercialize a marketable product. Our lead product candidate, PF614, is in Phase 2 clinical development, PF614-MPAR is in Phase 1b clinical development and nafamostat is proceeding towards Phase 2 clinical development. Our other product candidates and our research initiatives are in preclinical or earlier stages of development. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. We have not yet successfully completed any pivotal clinical trials, nor have we obtained any regulatory approvals, manufactured a commercial-scale drug, or conducted sales and marketing activities. We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. We expect that our expenses and capital requirements will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing development activities, particularly if and as we: ● continue preclinical studies and continues existing and initiates new clinical trials for PF614, PF614-MPAR and nafamostat, our lead product candidates being tested for chronic pain and infectious disease; ● advance the development of our product candidate pipeline of other product candidates, including through business development efforts to invest in or in-license other technologies or product candidates; ● maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; ● hire additional clinical, quality control, medical, scientific and other technical personnel to support our clinical operations; ● seek regulatory approval for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; ● undertake any pre-commercialization activities to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval; ● expand our infrastructure and facilities to accommodate our growing employee base; and ● add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our research and development programs, any future commercialization efforts and our transition to operating as a public company. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, accounting, insurance, investor relations and other expenses. We may never become profitable. 69 We require substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, which may include collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of private or public equity or convertible debt securities, existing ownership interests will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our equity holders. Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, issuing additional equity, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations or other strategic transactions with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or drug candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations. We have generated limited revenues and have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our future viability is dependent on our ability to raise additional capital to finance our operations. Without raising additional capital through a future offering, we believe that current cash on hand is sufficient to fund operations into the third quarter of 2024. We based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources .” Our future viability beyond the twelve months is dependent on our ability to raise additional capital to finance our operations. We expect to incur substantial expenses in the foreseeable future for the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates and ongoing internal research and development programs. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the nature, timing or aggregate amount of costs for our development, potential commercialization, and internal research and development programs. However, in order to complete our current and future preclinical studies and clinical trials, and to complete the process of obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates, as well as to build the sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure that we believe will be necessary to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, we may require substantial additional funding in the future. 2021 Notes On September 24, 2021, we entered into the SPA for an aggregate financing of $15.0 million with institutional investors. A first closing under the SPA occurred on September 24, 2021 and a second closing under the SPA occurred on November 5, 2021. At the first closing, the Company issued to the investors (i) senior secured convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $5.3 million for an aggregate purchase price of $5.0 million and (ii) warrants to purchase 1,507 shares of the Company’s common stock in the aggregate at a current exercise price of $3.64 per share. At the second closing, the Company issued to the institutional investors referenced above, (i) senior secured convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $10.6 million for an aggregate purchase price of $10.0 million and (ii) warrants to purchase 3,011 shares of the Company’s common stock in the aggregate at a current exercise price of $3.64 per share. The 2021 Notes were satisfied on October 10, 2022. 70 2022 Notes On June 30, 2022, we entered into an $8.0 million convertible financing agreement with institutional investors. The agreement provided for two closings, each for notes payable of $4.24 million (resulting in gross cash proceeds of $4.0 million). Funds were received for the first closing on July 1, 2022 and for the second closing on August 9, 2022. The remaining amount of principal and interest on the 2022 Notes was repaid in the first quarter of 2023. We were obligated under the 2022 Notes to pay additional cash as true-up payments for interest or redemption amounts that we paid in shares of common stock that were valued below $24.07 or the lower conversion price of $9.01 in effect between January 12, 2023 and May 12, 2023. The true-up payments compensate the holder for the difference between the value of a share and the conversion price in effect at the time of redemption, multiplied by the number of shares paid. The true-up payments totaling $0.6 million were paid on May 12, 2023. In connection with each of the first and second closings of the 2022 Notes we also issued warrants to purchase 38,900 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants have a current exercise price of $3.64 and are exercisable for five years following issuance of the 2022 Notes. 2022 December Offering On December 7, 2022, we entered into an underwriting agreement with Lake Street Capital Management, LLC (the “ Underwriter ”), pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell (i) 190,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 51,666 shares of common stock and (iii) warrants to purchase 483,333 shares of common stock to the Underwriter in a public offering. In addition, the Company granted the Underwriter the option, for 45 days from the closing of the offering, to purchase up to 28,500 additional shares of common stock and common warrants to purchase up to an additional 72,500 shares of common stock. The Underwriter agreed to purchase the shares from the Company pursuant to at a price of $15.62 per share. In lieu of a purchase of common stock that would otherwise result in an investor’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of the investor, 9.99%) of the outstanding common stock, a pre-funded warrant was offered, each of which enables the investor to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $0.0001. Each pre-funded warrant was exercisable upon issuance and will expire when exercised in full (all pre-funded warrants were exercised immediately upon issuance). Each pre-funded warrant was sold with a common warrant to purchase two shares of common stock. The public purchase price of one share of common stock and accompanying common warrant to purchase two shares of Common Stock is $16.80 and the combined purchase price of one pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant to purchase two shares of common stock is $16.80. Each common warrant is exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $16.80 per share and will expire five years following the date of issuance. The offering closed on December 9, 2022 and we received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $4.1 million from the Offering. 2023 February Offering On February 2, 2023, we entered into a definitive Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors , pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a registered direct offering, priced “at-the-market” under the rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market, an aggregate of 297,619 shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share, at an offering price of $10.08 per share, for gross proceeds of approximately $3.0 million before the deduction of placement agent fees and related costs of $0.3 million. The closing of the Offering occurred on February 6, 2023. 71 In a concurrent private placement, the Company issued to the institutional investors, for each share of common stock purchased in the offering, a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The common warrants are exercisable immediately upon issuance and terminate five and one-half years following issuance. The common warrants have an exercise price of $8.58 per share and are exercisable to purchase an aggregate of up to 297,619 shares of Common Stock and expire on August 7, 2028. A holder of a common warrant will not have the right to exercise any portion of its warrants if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or 9.99% at the election of the holder prior to the date of issuance) of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise; provided, however, that upon 61 days’ prior notice to the Company, the holder may increase or decrease the beneficial ownership limitation, provided that in no event shall the beneficial ownership limitation exceed 9.99%. H.C. Wainwright & Co. acted as the exclusive placement agent (the “ Placement Agent ”) for the offering. We issued placement agent warrants to purchase up to 20,832 shares of common stock to the Placement Agent (including its designees). These warrants have an exercise price equal to $12.60 per share and are exercisable for five years from the commencement of sales in the offering. The common warrants and placement agent warrants and the shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of the common warrants and placement agent warrants are not being registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are not being offered pursuant to the Registration Statement, and are being offered pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act of 1933 and Rule 506(b). In the Securities Purchase Agreement, we agreed not to issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock for a period of 30 days following the closing of the offering. Our officers and directors agreed, subject to limited exceptions, for a period of 90 days after the closing of the offering, to not offer, sell, contract to sell, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or establish or increase a put equivalent position or liquidate or decrease a call equivalent position within the meaning of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with respect to, any shares of common stock or securities convertible, exchangeable or exercisable into, shares of common stock beneficially owned, held or thereafter acquired by them. 2023 May Offering On May 12, 2023, the Company completed a public offering of an aggregate of 1,800,876 shares of its common stock at par value $0.0001 per share (including pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof), Series A-1 warrants to purchase up to 1,800,876 shares of common stock and Series A-2 warrants to purchase up to 1,800,876 shares of common stock, at a combined public offering price of $3.887 per share (or pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof) and accompanying warrants. The Series A-1 warrants have an exercise price of $3.64 per share, are exercisable immediately upon issuance and expire five years from the date of issuance, and the Series A-2 warrants have an exercise price of $3.64 per share, are exercisable immediately upon issuance and expire eighteen months from the date of issuance. A holder of a warrant issued in the offering will not have the right to exercise any portion of its warrants if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or 9.99% at the election of the holder prior to the date of issuance) of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise; provided, however, that upon 61 days’ prior notice to the Company, the holder may increase or decrease the beneficial ownership limitation, provided that in no event shall the beneficial ownership limitation exceed 9.99%. Gross proceeds from this offering are approximately $7.0 million before the deduction of placement agent fees and related costs of $0.7 million. The Series A-1 and Series A-2 warrants were repriced to $1.31 per share and exercised in February 2024. H.C. Wainwright & Co. acted as the exclusive placement agent for the offering. The Company also registered warrants issued to the placement agent to purchase 126,061 shares of common stock at a per share exercise price of $4.8588, which is 125% of the price of the shares in the offering. In connection with the offering, the Company amended certain existing warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 210,085 shares of the Company’s common stock that were previously issued in September 2021 through December 2022 to purchasers in the offering at exercise prices ranging from $16.80 to $187.20 per share, such that the amended warrants have a reduced exercise price of $3.64 per share, at an additional offering price of $0.125 per amended warrant. 72 2023 Notes On October 23, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) for an aggregate financing of $1.7 million with investors, including $0.2 million with a board member. At the first closing under the SPA, which occurred on October 25, 2023, the Company issued to the investors (i) senior secured convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $612,000 for an aggregate purchase price of $566,667 and (ii) warrants to purchase 1,255,697 shares of the Company’s common stock in the aggregate. At the second closing under the SPA, which occurred on November 28, 2023, the Company issued to the investors referenced above, (i) additional notes in the aggregate principal amount of $1,224,000 for an aggregate purchase price of $1,133,333 and (i) additional warrants to purchase 2,511,394 shares of the common stock in the aggregate. The notes mature on April 25, 2024 and May 28, 2024, respectively. The combined notes are subject to an original issue discount of 8%, have a term of six months from their respective date of issuance and accrue interest at the rate of 6.0% per annum. The notes are convertible into common stock, at a per share conversion price equal to $1.5675. Beginning ninety days following issuance of the notes at the first closing and second closing, respectively, the Company is obligated to redeem monthly one third of the original principal amount under the applicable note, plus accrued but unpaid interest, liquidated damages and any other amounts then owing to the holder of such note. The Company is required to pay the redemption amount in cash with a premium of 10% or, at the election of the investor at any time, some or all of the principal amount and interest may be paid by conversion of shares under the note into common stock based on a conversion price equal to $1.5675. Conversions and repayments of principal and interest on the notes in January and February 2024 totaled $1.7 million. The warrants have an exercise price of $1.5675 and are exercisable for five years following issuance on each of the first and second closing dates under the SPA. Warrants for 1.3 million shares of common stock were exercised in January 2024. Components of Our Operating Results Revenue We have generated limited revenue since our inception and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future, if at all. If our development efforts are successful and we commercialize our products, or if we enter into collaboration or license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales, as well as upfront, milestone and royalty payments from such collaboration or license agreements, or a combination thereof. We have received funding under federal grants from the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) through the National Institute on Drug Abuse (“NIDA”). In September 2018, we were awarded a research and development grant related to the development of our MPAR® overdose prevention technology (the “MPAR Grant”). In September 2019, we were awarded a second research and development grant related to the development of our TAAP/MPAR® abuse deterrent technology for Opioid Use Disorder (“OUD”) (the “OUD Grant”). Grant funds are awarded annually through a Notice of Award which contains certain terms and conditions including, but not limited to, complying with the grant program legislation, regulation and policy requirements, complying with conditions on expenditures of funds with respect to other applicable statutory requirements such as the federal appropriations acts, periodic reporting requirements, and budget requirements. 73 Operating Expenses Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for research activities, including drug discovery efforts and the development of our product candidates. We expense research and development costs as incurred, which include: ● expenses incurred to conduct the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval; ● expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations (“ CROs ”) that are primarily engaged in the oversight and conduct of our drug discovery efforts and preclinical studies, clinical trials and contract manufacturing organizations (“ CMOs ”) that are primarily engaged to provide preclinical and clinical drug substance and product for our research and development programs; ● other costs related to acquiring and manufacturing materials in connection with our drug discovery efforts and preclinical studies and clinical trial materials, including manufacturing validation batches, as well as investigative sites and consultants that conduct our clinical trials, preclinical studies and other scientific development services; ● payments made in cash or equity securities under third-party licensing, acquisition and option agreements; ● employee-related expenses, including salaries and benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense for employees engaged in research and development functions; ● costs related to compliance with regulatory requirements; and ● allocated facilities-related costs, depreciation and other expenses, which include rent and utilities. We recognize external development costs as incurred. Any advance payments that we make for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered. We estimate and accrue for the value of goods and services received from CROs and other third parties each reporting period based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our service providers. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. We do not track our research and development expenses on a program-by-program basis. Our direct external research and development expenses consist primarily of external costs, such as fees paid to outside consultants, CROs, CMOs and research laboratories in connection with our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. We do not allocate employee costs, costs associated with our discovery efforts, laboratory supplies, and facilities, including depreciation or other indirect costs, to specific programs because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We use internal resources primarily to conduct our research and development as well as for managing our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. These employees work across multiple programs and, therefore, we do not track our costs by program and cannot state precisely the total costs incurred for each of our clinical and preclinical programs on a project-by-project basis. 74 Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will remain elevated as we continue our existing, and commences additional, planned clinical trials for PF614, PF614-MPAR® and nafamostat, as well as conduct other preclinical and clinical development, including submitting regulatory filings for our other product candidates, subject to our ability to obtain financing. We also expect our related personnel costs to increase and, as a result, we expect our research and development expenses, including costs associated with stock-based compensation, to remain elevated. In addition, we may incur additional expenses related to milestone and royalty payments payable to third parties with whom we may enter into license, acquisition and option agreements to acquire the rights to future product candidates. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the preclinical and clinical development of any of our product candidates or when, if ever, material net cash inflows may commence from any of our product candidates. The successful development and commercialization of our product candidates are highly uncertain. This uncertainty is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and commercialization, including the uncertainty of the following: ● the scope, progress, outcome and costs of our preclinical development activities, clinical trials and other research and development activities; ● establishing an appropriate safety and efficacy profile with investigational new drug (“ IND ”) enabling studies; ● successful patient enrollment in and the initiation and completion of clinical trials; ● the timing, receipt and terms of any marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities including the FDA and non-U.S. regulators; ● the extent of any required post-marketing approval commitments to applicable regulatory authorities; ● establishing clinical and commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers in order to ensure that we or our third-party manufacturers are able to make product successfully; ● development and timely delivery of clinical-grade and commercial-grade drug formulations that can be used in our clinical trials and for commercial launch; ● obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights; ● significant and changing government regulation; ● launching commercial sales of our product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others; and ● maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of our product candidates following approval, if any, of our product candidates. Any changes in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our product candidates in preclinical and clinical development could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of these product candidates. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently expect or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of that product candidate. 75 General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and related benefits, travel and stock-based compensation for personnel in executive, business development, finance, human resources, legal, information technology, and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include direct and allocated facility-related costs as well as insurance costs and professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, investor and public relations, accounting and audit services. We expense general and administrative costs as incurred. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support the continued development of our product candidates, subject to our ability to obtain financing. We also anticipate that we will continue to incur significant accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, compliance and director and officer insurance costs as well as investor and public relations expenses as a public company. Additionally, if and when we believe a regulatory approval of a product candidate appears likely, we anticipate an increase in payroll and other employee-related expenses as a result of our preparation for commercial operations, especially as it relates to the sales and marketing of that product candidate. Other Income (Expense) Loss on issuance of convertible notes The 2022 Notes were accounted for under ASC 480 – Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, due to share settlement features contained within the notes. As a result, the 2022 Notes were recorded as liabilities at fair value upon initial recognition and at the balance sheet date. We used a discounted cash flow model and a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the fair value of the notes, both of which rely on unobservable Level 3 inputs. The loss on issuance of convertible notes represents the difference between the gross proceeds received and the calculated fair value on the issuance date of the notes. Issuance costs for convertible notes The issuance costs for convertible notes represent the original issue discount (expensed immediately due to the initial recognition at fair value of the 2022 Notes noted above), and legal and accounting fees incurred in connection with the issuance of the 2022 Notes. Loss on conversions and change in fair value of convertible notes When conversions on the 2021 Notes occurred, we calculated the difference between the conversion price and the average of the high and low stock price on the date of conversion. The resulting difference was either a loss if the conversion price was below the average of the high and low stock price on the date of conversion or a gain if the conversion price was above the average of the high and low stock price on the date of conversion. We elected the fair value option to account for the 2021 Notes as we believe the fair value option provided users of the financial statements with greater ability to estimate the outcome of future events as facts and circumstances change, particularly with respect to changes in the fair value of the common stock underlying the conversion option. The 2022 Notes were accounted for under ASC 480 – Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, due to share settlement features contained within the notes. We used a discounted cash flow model and a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the fair value of the notes, both of which rely on unobservable Level 3 inputs. Changes in the fair value of the notes are recognized through earnings for each reporting period. Issuance of liability classified warrants The warrants issued with the 2021 Notes and 2022 Notes are liability classified due to certain cash settlement features. We use a Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of the warrants. This represents the immediate expense upon initial recognition of the liability that is included in the statement of operations. The liability is remeasured each reporting period as described further below. 76 Change in fair value of liability classified warrants We use a Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of the liability classified warrants. Changes in the fair value of the warrants are recognized through earnings for each reporting period. Interest Expense Interest expense consists of interest accrued on our financed directors’ and officers’ insurance, and accumulated interest from the 2023 Notes based on the stated interest rate. In addition, the 2023 Notes balance at December 31, 2023 reflects amortization of the debt discount from the original issuance and a discount associated with the warrant issuances and amortization of the associated debt issuance costs that are all recorded as interest expense. Interest expense related to the 2021 Notes and 2022 Notes was included in the estimate of fair value of the convertible notes. Provision for Income Taxes We have not recorded any significant amounts related to income tax expense, we have not recognized any reserves related to uncertain tax positions, nor have we recorded any income tax benefits for the majority of our net losses we have incurred to date or for our research and development tax credits. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or our tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of existing assets and liabilities and for loss and credit carryforwards, which are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The realization of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income, the amount and timing of which are uncertain. Valuation allowances are provided, if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against all of our deferred tax assets based on our evaluation of all available evidence. Beginning in 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act, eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures currently and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize them over five or fifteen years pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 174. This has not impacted our effective tax rate or our cash tax payable in 2023; however, if the requirement to capitalize Section 174 expenditures is not modified, it may also impact our effective tax rate and our cash tax liability in future years. We file income tax returns in the United States federal tax jurisdiction and state jurisdictions and may become subject to income tax audit and adjustments by related tax authorities. Our tax return period for United States federal income taxes for the tax years since 2020 remain open to examination under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service and state jurisdictions are open for examination from 2019. We record reserves for potential tax payments to various tax authorities related to uncertain tax positions, if any. The nature of uncertain tax positions is subject to significant judgment by management and subject to change, which may be substantial. These reserves are based on a determination of whether and how much a tax benefit taken by us in our tax filings or whether our position is more likely than not to be realized following the resolution of any potential contingencies related to the tax benefit. We develop our assessment of uncertain tax positions, and the associated cumulative probabilities, using internal expertise and assistance from third-party experts. As additional information becomes available, estimates are revised and refined. Differences between estimates and final settlement may occur resulting in additional tax expense. Potential interest and penalties associated with such uncertain tax positions is recorded as a component of our provision for income taxes. To date, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position. The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: 77 Results of Operations Comparison of the Years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Change Federal grants $ 2,230,520 $ 2,523,383 $ (292,863 ) Operating expenses: Research and development $ 7,587,473 $ 19,835,875 $ (12,248,402 ) General and administrative 5,361,234 6,909,603 (1,548,369 ) Total operating expenses 12,948,707 26,745,478 (13,796,771 ) Loss from operations (10,718,187 ) (24,222,095 ) 13,503,908 Other income (expense): Loss on issuance of convertible notes - (3,609,944 ) 3,609,944 Issuance costs for convertible notes - (1,137,740 ) 1,137,740 Loss on conversions and change in fair value of convertible notes 146,479 1,792,154 (1,645,675 ) Issuance of liability classified warrants - (3,737,371 ) 3,737,371 Change in fair value of liability classified warrants 283,958 6,730,613 (6,446,655 ) Interest expense (353,945 ) (109,525 ) (244,420 ) Other income and expense, net 15,420 86,223 (70,803 ) Total other income/(expenses), net 91,912 14,410 77,502 Net loss $ (10,626,275 ) $ (24,207,685 ) $ 13,581,410 Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (13,201 ) (35,393 ) 22,192 Deemed dividend related to warrants down round provision 12,937 913,204 (900,267 ) Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (10,626,011 ) $ (25,085,496 ) $ 14,459,485 Federal Grants Revenue from federal grants totaled $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenue decreased $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, due to the timing of research activities eligible for funding under the grants. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses were $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $19.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily the result of changes in timing of external research and development costs related to the clinical programs for PF614 and PF614-MPAR. We do not currently track expenses on a program-by-program basis. We expect future research and development expenses to approximate current levels but may need to be adjusted based on our ability to raise capital sufficient to fund these expenses. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses were $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily a result of reduced stock-based compensation, reduced liability insurance, legal, and consulting fees and no employee bonus expenses in the 2023 period. We expect future general and administrative expenses to approximate current levels. 78 Other Income and Expense Other income and expenses, net, were $91,912 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $14,410 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily the result of interest expense in the current year offset by changes in the fair value of certain financial instruments. The activity from 2022 included the accounting considerations of the conversions of the 2021 Notes as well as the issuance of the 2022 Notes. There was no corresponding conversions activity in the 2023 period associated with the 2022 Notes due to the accounting under ASC 480. Interest expense incurred in 2023 is primarily driven by the amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs related to the 2023 Notes. Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources of Liquidity and Capital As of December 31, 2023, we had $1.1 million of cash and cash equivalents. Since inception, we have generated limited revenues and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for at least the foreseeable future. We have not yet commercialized any of our product candidates and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any product candidates for several years, if at all. We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from the sale of common equity, funding under federal research grants and borrowings under convertible promissory notes. To fund future operations, we will need to raise additional capital. The amount and timing of future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the timing and results of our ongoing research and development efforts and related general and administrative support. We anticipate that we will fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, such as potential collaboration agreements. We cannot make assurances that anticipated additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms, if at all. Remaining funding under approved federal research grants totals $2.2 million and is expected to be utilized by August 2024. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the two grants, we are required to submit progress reports to NIDA on an annual basis and a final research performance progress report within 120 days of the performance period end date. Additionally, the grants limit the use of funds to activities that are clearly severable and independent from activities that involve human subjects until the receipt by NIDA of (i) Institutional Review Board (“ IRB ”) approval, (ii) federal-wide assurance from the Office for Human Research Protections, (iii) a Data and Safety Monitoring Plan, (iv) certification that all key personnel have completed education on the protection of human subjects and (v) a Clinical Trials Dissemination Plan. We must also comply with the data sharing policies of NIDA and the NIH Public Access Policy, that require submission of final peer-reviewed journal manuscripts that arise from the use of grants to PubMed Central immediately upon acceptance for publication. Neither grant must be repaid. To receive the remaining funding for each respective study covered by a grant, we must meet certain milestones. We have met the required milestones under the MPAR Grant. The remaining milestone under the OUD Grant is identification of a R-methadone-TAAP clinical candidate that meet the specified criteria. Inventions arising from the research projects funded with the grants are required to be reported to NIDA, per the Bayh-Dole Act (the Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act), that permits us to retain ownership of the inventions, while also giving NIDA the license to practice the subject invention. In turn, we are expected to file for patent protection and to ensure commercialization upon licensing for the benefit of public health. 79 Pursuant to the GEM Agreement, we are entitled to draw down up to $60.0 million of gross proceeds (“ Aggregate Limit ”) from GEM Global in exchange for shares of our common stock, subject to meeting the terms and conditions of the GEM Agreement. This share subscription facility is available for a period of 36 months from the closing date of the Merger (July 2024). A draw down is subject to limitations on the amount that is drawn under the facility and must comply with certain conditions precedent including the listing of our shares on a principal market (which includes Nasdaq), having the necessary number of shares that are issuable pursuant to the draw down registered under an effective registration statement, and other notice and timing requirements. Upon our valid exercise of a draw down, pursuant to delivery of a notice and in accordance with other conditions, GEM Global is required to pay, in cash, a per-share amount equal to 90% of the average closing bid price of the shares of our common stock recorded by Nasdaq during the 30 consecutive trading days commencing on the first trading day that is designated on the draw down notice. In no event may our draw down requests exceed 400% (“ Draw Down Limit ”) of the average daily trading volume for the 30 trading days immediately preceding the date we deliver the draw down notice. We may not be able to utilize the facility before it expires. Our ability to utilize this share subscription facility is restricted while financing commitments to which we are subject remain outstanding. Upon the public listing of the Company’s shares following the closing of the Merger, GEM Global became entitled to a commitment fee in the form of cash or freely tradeable shares of our common stock in an amount equal to 2% of the Aggregate Limit or $1.2 million to be paid in two tranches. The commitment fee for the first tranche, which was equal to 67% of the commitment fee, or $800,000, was discharged with 3,838 shares of common stock transferred from related parties in July 2022. The commitment fee for the second tranche, which was equal to the remaining 33% of the commitment fee, or $400,000 was paid in January 2023 through the issuance of 44,444 shares of registered common stock. Additionally, we issued a warrant with a 36-month term at the closing of the Merger granting GEM Global the right to purchase 4,608 shares of our common stock (an amount equal to 4% of the total number of our common stock outstanding as of the closing date of the Merger (subject to adjustments described below), calculated on a fully diluted basis), at a strike price per share equal to $2,402.40, which was the closing bid price for such common stock on the first day of trading on Nasdaq. The exercise price was reduced to $1.5675 per share as of December 31, 2023 because of a pricing adjustment per the GEM Agreement which is reflected on the consolidated statement of operations as a deemed dividend. The warrant can be exercised on a cashless basis in part or in whole at any time during the term. Any failure by us to timely transfer the shares under the warrant pursuant to GEM Global’s exercise will entitle GEM Global to compensation in addition to other remedies. The number of shares underlying the warrant as well as the strike price is subject to adjustments for recapitalizations, reorganizations, change of control, stock split, stock dividend, reverse stock splits, and issuances of additional common shares at a price per share less than the exercise price. Pursuant to the terms of the GEM Agreement, we are required to indemnify GEM Global for any losses it incurs as a result of a breach by us or of our representations and warranties and covenants under the GEM Agreement or for any misstatement or omission of a material fact in a registration statement registering those shares pursuant to the GEM Agreement. Also, GEM Global is entitled to be reimbursed for legal or other costs or expenses reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing, or defending against any such loss. Going Concern We have generated limited revenues and have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and, as of December 31, 2023, we have an accumulated deficit of $121.6 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. Without capital raised through financing transactions, existing cash resources are sufficient to allow us to fund current planned operations into the third quarter of 2024, which raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. For additional information on risks associated with our substantial capital requirements, please read the section titled “ Risk Factors ” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 80 Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Net cash used in operating activities $ (10,779,982 ) $ (17,887,439 ) Net cash provided by investing activities - 4,500 Net cash provided by financing activities 8,755,884 8,765,905 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents $ (2,024,098 ) $ (9,117,034 ) Operating Activities During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we used cash in operating activities of $10.8 million and $17.9 million, respectively. The decrease primarily resulted from the change in net loss between 2022 and 2023 and the timing of vendor invoicing and payments primarily associated with research and development activities. Financing Activities During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was $8.7 million and $8.8 million, respectively. For 2023, net cash proceeds from 2023 February and 2023 May offerings of $9.1 million, net of transaction costs of $0.4 million, net cash proceeds from 2023 Notes of $1.6 million, and the repayment of financed insurance premiums of $0.5 million and cash payment of 2022 Notes of $1.0 million. In 2022, net cash consisted primarily of net proceeds from the issuance of the 2022 Notes and the net proceeds of the issuance of shares and related warrants in connection with the underwriting agreement completed in December of 2022. Funding Requirements Our primary use of cash is to fund operating expenses, primarily related to our research and development activities. Cash used to fund operating expenses is impacted by the timing of when we pay these expenses, as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable, accrued expenses and prepaid expenses. We expect our expenses, excluding non-cash expenses to recognize the fair value of warrants and convertible notes, to remain elevated in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance the preclinical activities and clinical trials of our product candidates. In addition, upon the completion of the Merger, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, additional costs associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, accounting, insurance, investor relations and other expenses. The timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend largely on our ability to: ● advance preclinical development of our early-stage programs and clinical trials of our product candidates; ● manufacture, or have manufactured on our behalf, our preclinical and clinical drug material and develop processes for late state and commercial manufacturing; ● seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; ● establish a sales, marketing, medical affairs and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any product candidates for which we may obtain marketing approval and intend to commercialize on our own; ● hire additional clinical, quality control and scientific personnel; 81 ● expand our operational, financial and management systems and increase personnel, including personnel to support our clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization efforts and our operations as a public company; ● obtain, maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; ● manage the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights, including enforcing and defending intellectual property related claims; and ● manage the costs of operating as a public company. Commitments Our commitments as of December 31, 2023 included an estimated $17.9 million related to open purchase orders and contractual obligations that occurred in the ordinary course of business, including commitments with contract research organizations for multi-year pre-clinical and clinical research studies. Although open purchase orders are considered enforceable and legally binding, the terms generally allow us the option to cancel, reschedule, and adjust requirements based on our business needs prior to the delivery of goods or the performance of services. Working Capital Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of biologic product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on and could increase significantly as a result of many factors, including: ● the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing our product candidates, and conducting preclinical and clinical trials; ● the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates; ● the costs, timing and ability to manufacture our product candidates to supply our clinical and preclinical development efforts and our clinical trials; ● the costs of future activities, including product sales, medical affairs, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; ● the costs of manufacturing commercial-grade product and necessary inventory to support commercial launch; ● the ability to receive additional non-dilutive funding, including grants from organizations and foundations; ● the revenue, if any, received from commercial sale of our products, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval; ● the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, obtaining, maintaining, expanding and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; ● our ability to establish and maintain collaborations on favorable terms, if at all; and ● the extent to which we acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies. 82 Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 3 to our audited consolidated financial statements, we believe that the following accounting policy is the most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Accrued Research and Development Expenses As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our applicable personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when it has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. Many of our service providers invoice us in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule or when contractual milestones are met; however, some require advance payments. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in the consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of the estimates with the service providers and adjust if necessary. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to: ● vendors, including research laboratories, in connection with preclinical development activities; ● CROs and investigative sites in connection with preclinical studies and clinical trials; and ● CMOs in connection with drug substance and drug product formulation of preclinical studies and clinical trial materials. We base our expenses related to preclinical studies and clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with multiple research institutions and CROs that supply, conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, we adjust the accrual or the prepaid expense accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any period. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have during the periods presented, and do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC. 83 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Smaller Reporting Company Status We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $250 million as of the prior June 30, or (ii) our annual revenues exceeded $100 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30.