Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Commodity Price Risk
The pricing of oil and natural gas sales is primarily determined by supply and demand in the global marketplace and can fluctuate considerably. As a royalty owner and non-operator, we have extremely limited access to timely information and no operational control over the volumes of oil and natural gas produced and sold or the terms and conditions on which such volumes are marketed and sold.
Our profitability is affected by oil and natural gas market prices. Oil and natural gas market prices have fluctuated significantly in recent years in response to changes in the supply and demand for oil and natural gas in the market, along with domestic and international political and economic conditions.
In January 2020, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) announced a global health emergency because of a new strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and the significant risks to the international community and economies as the virus spread globally beyond its point of origin. In March 2020, the WHO classified COVID-19 as a pandemic, based on the rapid increase in exposure globally, and thereafter, COVID-19 continued to spread throughout the U.S. and worldwide. In addition, in early March 2020, oil prices dropped sharply and continued to decline, briefly reaching negative levels, as a result of multiple factors affecting the supply and demand in global oil and natural gas markets, including (i) actions taken by OPEC members and other exporting nations impacting commodity price and production levels and (ii) a significant decrease in demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, multiple variants emerged in 2021 and became highly transmissible, which contributed to additional pricing and demand volatility during 2021 to date. However, conditions have significantly improved since 2022 with the increase in domestic vaccination programs, a reduction in global constraints and a reduced spread of COVID-19 overall, and in May 2023, the WHO determined that COVID-19 is now an established and ongoing health issue which no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. Nevertheless, the long term impact of COVID-19 remains uncertain.
Furthermore, during 2022 and 2023, multiple global military conflicts arose, causing instability in the international economy which may lead to significant market and other disruptions, including disruptions to the oil and gas industry, significant volatility in commodity prices and supply of energy resources, instability in financial markets, supply chain interruptions, political and social instability and other material and adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions. It is not possible at this time to predict or determine the ultimate consequences of these ongoing conflicts.
As a result of the lifting of certain restrictions put in place in response to COVID-19 and the global supply shortage of oil and natural gas caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, in addition to other changing market conditions, oil and natural gas market prices sharply increased during the first half of 2022 followed by a slight softening in oil prices during the second half of 2022 due to higher inflation and rising interest rates. During the first quarter of 2023, with the exception of a decline of oil prices in March in reaction to the U.S. regional bank instability, oil prices remained generally in line with those seen in the later portion of 2022. Despite the decline in oil prices we have seen during 2023, demand and market prices for oil and natural gas remain resilient, due in part to global travel trending towards pre-COVID-19 levels and the recently announced OPEC+ production cuts. However, commodity prices have historically been volatile, and we cannot predict events which may lead to future fluctuations in these prices. Although the WHO in May 2023 determined that COVID-19 is now an established and ongoing health issue which no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern, additional actions may be required in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on a national, state, and local level by governmental authorities, and such actions may further adversely affect general and local economic conditions if there is a resurgence in the spread of COVID-19. The long term effects of COVID-19 remain uncertain. Similarly, the length, impact and outcome of the ongoing military conflicts are highly unpredictable and could lead to significant market disruptions and increased volatility in oil and natural gas prices and supply of energy resources along with instability in the global commodity and financial markets.
Customer Credit Risk
Our principal exposure to credit risk results from receivables generated by the production activities of our operators. We do not require collateral and the failure or inability of our operators to meet their obligations to us due to their liquidity issues, bankruptcy, insolvency, or liquidation may adversely affect our financial results. However, we believe the credit risk associated with our operators and customers is acceptable. Volatility in commodity pricing environment and macroeconomic conditions may enhance our purchaser credit risk. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further detail of our concentration of credit risks and significant customers.
Interest Rate Risk
We do not anticipate having a credit facility or incurring any debt, other than trade debt. Therefore, we do not expect interest rate risk to be material to us.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The consolidated financial statements are set forth herein commencing on page F-1.
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.