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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2024-10-28 compared with 2024-07-29 · 134 added, 126 removed, 292 unchanged (47% of the section changed)

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024 (the “Report”), the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 20, 2024, and the risk factors in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024 (the “Report”), the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 20, 2024, and the risk factors in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

This discussion and analysis and other sections of this Report contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), with respect to the expectations for future periods.

Forward-looking statements do not discuss historical fact, but instead include statements related to expectations, projections, intentions or other items related to the future.

Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “will,” “assumes,” “may,” “projects,” “outlook,” “future,” and variations of those words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “will,” “assumes,”

“may,” “projects,” “outlook,” “future,” and variations of those words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause the actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from the results of operations, financial condition, or plans expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

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The following factors, among others, could cause our future results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements:

• inflation and price volatility in the global economy;

• price volatility in the global economy;

• uncertain global macro-economic and political conditions;

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• timely access to material and labor required to renovate and maintain apartment communities;

acquisitions and dispositions on favorable terms, our ability to reinvest sales proceeds successfully, and inability to accommodate any significant decline in the market value of real estate serving as collateral for debt and mortgage obligations;

• adverse changes in our markets, including future demand for apartment homes in those markets, barriers of entry into new markets, limitations on the ability to increase rental rates, our inability to identify and consummate attractive acquisitions and dispositions on favorable terms, our ability to reinvest sales proceeds successfully, and inability to accommodate any significant decline in the market value of real estate serving as collateral for debt and mortgage obligations;

• pandemics or epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and any effects on our business, financial condition, and results of operation;

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We primarily focus on investing in markets characterized by stable and growing economies, strong employment, and an attractive quality of life that we believe, in combination, lead to higher demand for apartment homes and retention of our residents.

As of June 30, 2024, we owned interests in 70 apartment communities consisting of 12,883 apartment homes.

Property owned, as presented in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at historical cost, was $2.4 billion at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

As of September 30, 2024, we owned interests in 70 apartment communities consisting of 12,883 apartment homes.

Property owned, as presented in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at historical cost, was $2.4 billion at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Renting apartment homes is our primary source of revenue, and our business objective is to provide great homes.

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We have paid quarterly distributions continuously since our first distribution in 1971.

Overview of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024

• For the three months ended June 30, 2024, revenue increased by $267,000 or 0.4% to $65.0 million, compared to $64.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, due to increased revenue from same-store and non-same-store communities, offset by decreased revenue from dispositions.

• Same-store revenues increased by 3.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period of the prior year, driving a 2.4% increase in same-store NOI compared to the same period of the prior year.

• We issued approximately 110,000 common shares for gross consideration of $7.7 million, or $7.6 million, net of commissions, and an average gross price of $69.82 per share under our at-the-market offering program (the “ATM Program”).

• Net loss was $0.19 per diluted share for the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to net loss of $0.23 per diluted share for the same period of the prior year.

• Non-GAAP Core Funds from Operations (“Core FFO”) applicable to common shares and Units for the three months ended June 30, 2024 decreased by $502,000 or 2.2% to $22.8 million compared to $23.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023.

Overview of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

• For the three months ended September 30, 2024, revenue increased by $457,000 or 0.7% to $65.0 million, compared to $64.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, due to increased revenue from same-store and non-same-store communities, offset by decreased revenue from dispositions.

• Same-store revenues increased by 3.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period of the prior year, driving a 2.8% increase in same-store NOI compared to the same period of the prior year.

• During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we issued approximately 1.5 million common shares for $105.1 million, net of commissions, and an average net price of $71.12 per share under our at-the-market offering program (the “ATM Program”) and used the proceeds to redeem all outstanding Series C preferred shares for $97.0 million.

• Net loss was $0.40 per diluted share for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to net income of $0.41 per diluted share for the same period of the prior year.

• Non-GAAP Core Funds from Operations (“Core FFO”) applicable to common shares and Units for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased by $245,000 or 1.1% to $22.0 million compared to $21.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

See the description of Core FFO on pages 31 and 32 and the reconciliation of net income (loss) available to common shareholders to FFO and Core FFO on page 33.

This decrease was primarily due to decreased NOI from dispositions and increased casualty loss and interest expense, offset by increased NOI from same-store and non-same-store communities.

This increase was primarily due to increased NOI from same-store and non-same-store communities and interest income on a real estate related note receivable that did not exist in the same period of the prior year, offset by decreased NOI from dispositions.

The drivers of these changes are discussed in more detail in the “Results of Operations” section below.

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Net operating income (“NOI”) is a non-GAAP financial measure, which we define as total real estate revenues less property operating expenses, including real estate taxes and is reconciled to operating income below.

We believe that NOI is an important supplemental measure of operating performance for real estate because it provides a measure of operations that is unaffected by sales of real estate and other investments, impairment, depreciation, amortization, financing costs, property management expenses, casualty losses, loss on litigation settlement, and general and administrative expenses.

We believe that NOI is an important supplemental measure of operating performance for real estate because it provides a measure of operations that is unaffected by sales of real estate and other investments, impairment, depreciation, amortization, financing costs, property management expenses, casualty gains (losses), loss on litigation settlement, and general and administrative expenses.

NOI does not represent cash generated by operating activities in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to net income (loss), net income (loss) available for common shareholders, or cash flow from operating activities as a measure of financial performance.

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Same-store apartment communities are owned or in service for substantially all of the periods being compared, and, in the case of newly-constructed properties, have achieved a target level of physical occupancy of 90%.

On the first day of each calendar year, we determine the composition of our same-store pool for that year as well as adjust the previous year, which allows us to evaluate the performance of existing apartment communities and their contribution to net income (loss).

On the first day of each calendar year, we determine the composition of our same-

store pool for that year as well as adjust the previous year, which allows us to evaluate the performance of existing apartment communities and their contribution to net income (loss).

We believe that measuring performance on a same-store basis is useful to investors because it enables evaluation of how a fixed pool of communities are performing year-over-year.

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The discussion below focuses on the main factors affecting real estate revenue and expenses from same-store apartment communities because changes from one year to another in real estate revenue and expenses from non-same-store apartment communities are generally due to the addition of those properties to the real estate portfolio, and accordingly provide less useful information for evaluating ongoing operational performance of the real estate portfolio.

For the comparison of the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, one apartment community was non-same-store.

For the comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, one apartment community was non-same-store.

Sold communities are included in “Dispositions,” for all periods presented, while “Other properties” includes non-multifamily properties and the non-multifamily components of mixed-use properties.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we disposed of two and nine apartment communities, respectively, consisting of 205 and 1,567 apartment homes, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we disposed of two and thirteen apartment communities, respectively, consisting of 205 and 2,279 apartment homes, respectively.

Reconciliation of Operating Income to Net Operating Income (non-GAAP)

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(in thousands, except percentages)

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

2024 2023 $ Change % Change 2024 2023 $ Change % Change

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Property management expenses 2,242 2,197 45 2.0 % 6,794 7,012 (218) (3.1) %

Casualty loss

Casualty (gain) loss

(412) 937 (1,349) (144.0) % 918 1,242 (324) (26.1) %

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— (11,235) 11,235 (100.0) % 577 (71,327) 71,904 (100.8) %

Loss on litigation settlement — 2,864 (2,864) (100.0) % — 2,864 (2,864) (100.0) %

Loss on litigation settlement — — — N/A — 2,864 (2,864) (100.0) %

Net operating income $ 38,366 $ 37,823 $ 543 1.4 % $ 117,657 $ 116,527 $ 1,130 1.0 %

The following consolidated results of operations, including GAAP and non-GAAP metrics, cover the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The following consolidated results of operations, including GAAP and non-GAAP metrics, cover the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

(in thousands, except percentages)

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

2024 2023 $ Change % Change 2024 2023 $ Change % Change

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Property management expenses (2,242) (2,197) 45 2.0 % (6,794) (7,012) (218) (3.1) %

Casualty loss

Casualty gain (loss)

412 (937) (1,349) (144.0) % (918) (1,242) (324) (26.1) %

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Dividends to preferred shareholders (1,607) (1,607) — — (4,821) (4,821) — —

Redemption of Preferred Shares (3,511) — (3,511) N/A (3,511) — (3,511) N/A

NET INCOME (LOSS) AVAILABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS

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* Not a meaningful percentage.

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

Weighted Average Occupancy (1)

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Weighted average occupancy may not completely reflect short-term trends in physical occupancy, and the calculation of weighted average occupancy may not be comparable to that disclosed by other REITs and other real estate companies.

Number of Apartment Homes as of June 30, 2024 as of June 30, 2023

Number of Apartment Homes as of September 30, 2024 as of September 30, 2023

Same-store 12,580 12,580

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Same-store analysis.

Revenue from same-store communities increased 3.4% or $2.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

The increase was attributable to 3.3% growth in average monthly revenue per occupied home for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and an increase of 0.1% in occupancy as weighted average occupancy increased from 95.2% in the three months ended June 30, 2023 to 95.3% for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, at same-store communities increased by 5.1% or $1.2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

At same-store communities, controllable expenses (which exclude insurance and real estate taxes) increased by $767,000, primarily due to increases in repairs and maintenance costs and administrative and marketing costs.

Revenue from same-store communities increased 3.0%, or $1.8 million, in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

The increase was attributable to 2.2% growth in average monthly revenue per occupied home for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and an increase of 0.7% in occupancy as weighted average occupancy increased from 94.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 to 95.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, at same-store communities increased by 3.2% or $807,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

At same-store communities, controllable expenses (which exclude insurance and real estate taxes) increased by $124,000, primarily due to increases in administrative and marketing costs and utilities, offset by decreases in compensation and repairs and maintenance.

Non-controllable expenses at same-store communities increased by $683,000, due to higher insurance premiums and real estate taxes.

Same-store NOI increased by $880,000 to $38.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to $37.3 million in the same period of the prior year.

Revenue from same-store communities increased 3.5% or $4.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

The increase was attributable to 3.6% growth in average monthly revenue per occupied home for the six months ended June 30, 2024 offset by a decrease of 0.1% in occupancy as weighted average occupancy decreased from 95.0% in the six months ended June 30, 2023 to 94.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, at same-store communities increased by 1.4% or $658,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

At same-store communities, controllable expenses (which exclude insurance and real estate taxes) increased by $587,000, primarily due to increased compensation costs, repair and maintenance, and administrative and marketing expense, offset by lower utilities costs.

Same-store NOI increased by $1.0 million to $36.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $35.8 million in the same period of the prior year.

Revenue from same-store communities increased 3.3%, or $6.0 million, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

The increase was attributable to 3.1% growth in average monthly revenue per occupied home for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and an increase of 0.2% in occupancy as weighted average occupancy increased from 94.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to 95.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, at same-store communities increased by 2.0% or $1.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

At same-store communities, controllable expenses (which exclude insurance and real estate taxes) increased by $711,000, primarily due to increased administrative and marketing expense, compensation costs, and repairs and maintenance, offset by lower utilities costs.

Non-controllable expenses at same-store communities increased by $754,000, due to increased insurance premiums, offset by lower real estate taxes from successful real estate tax appeals.

Same-store NOI increased by $3.5 million to $75.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to $72.2 million in the same period of the prior year.

Same-store NOI increased by $4.5 million to $112.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $108.0 million in the same period of the prior year.

Non-same-store analysis.

Revenue from non-same-store communities increased by $1.9 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

Revenue from non-same-store communities increased by $1.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes at non-same-store communities increased by $605,000.

NOI at non-same-store communities increased by $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year.

NOI at non-same-store communities increased by $1.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year.

The increase in revenue, property operating expenses, and NOI from non-same-store communities is due to the addition of an apartment community during the fourth quarter of the prior year.

Revenue from non-same-store communities increased by $3.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

Revenue from non-same-store communities increased by $5.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes at non-same-store communities increased by $1.7 million.

NOI at non-same-store communities increased by $2.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year.

NOI at non-same-store communities increased by $3.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year.

The increase in revenue, property operating expenses, and NOI from non-same-store communities is due to the addition of an apartment community during the fourth quarter of the prior year.

Other properties and dispositions analysis.

Revenue from dispositions decreased by $3.6 million while revenue from other properties decreased by $86,000 in the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, at other properties increased by $47,000 while such expenses decreased by $1.6 million for dispositions, compared to the same period in the prior year.

NOI at other properties decreased by

$133,000 and NOI on dispositions decreased $2.0 million, compared to the same period in the prior year.

Revenue from dispositions decreased by $3.1 million while revenue from other properties decreased by $108,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, at other properties decreased by $42,000 while such expenses decreased by $1.5 million for dispositions, compared to the same period in the prior year.

NOI at other properties decreased by $66,000 and NOI on dispositions decreased $1.6 million, compared to the same period in the prior year.

We disposed of four apartment communities and associated commercial space in the third quarter of 2023 and two apartment communities in the first quarter of 2024.

Revenue from dispositions decreased by $10.8 million while revenue from other properties decreased by $124,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

Revenue from dispositions decreased by $13.9 million while revenue from other properties decreased by $231,000 in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year.

Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, at other properties increased by $101,000 while such expenses decreased by $7.1 million for dispositions, compared to the same period in the prior year.

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Property management expenses .

Property management expense, consisting of property management overhead and property management fees paid to third parties was comparable at $2.2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Property management expense, consisting of property management overhead and property management fees paid to third parties decreased by 5.5% to $4.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $4.8 million in the same period of the prior year.

Property management expense, consisting of property management overhead and property management fees paid to third parties decreased by 3.1% to $6.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $7.0 million in the same period of the prior year.

The decrease is primarily due to fewer properties and a lower number of apartment homes due to dispositions.

Casualty loss.

Casualty loss increased to $510,000 in the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $53,000 in the same period of the prior year.

The increase is primarily due to increased claim activity that was not in the same period of the prior year combined with revised loss estimates from previous casualty events.

Casualty gain (loss).

Casualty gain (loss) was a gain of $412,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to a loss of $937,000 in the same period of the prior year.

The decrease is primarily due to increased claim activity with losses in excess of our deductibles resulting in higher estimated recoveries in the current period compared to prior year combined with revised loss estimates from previous casualty events.

See Note 2 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in the report for more details.

Casualty loss increased to $1.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $305,000 in the same period of the prior year.

The increase is primarily due to increased claim activity that was not in the same period of the prior year combined with revised loss estimates from previous casualty events.

Casualty loss was $918,000 in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1.2 million in the same period of the prior year.

The decrease is primarily due to increased claim activity with losses in excess of our deductibles resulting in estimated recoveries in the current period compared to prior year combined with revised loss estimates from previous casualty events.

See Note 2 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in the report for more details.

Depreciation and amortization.

Depreciation and amortization increased by 5.5% to $25.7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $24.4 million in the same period of the prior year, primarily attributable to an increase in depreciation on same-store and non-same-store apartment communities driven by the addition of an apartment community in the fourth quarter of the prior year along with value add and acquisition capital projects;

offset by a decrease in depreciation from sold properties.

Depreciation and amortization increased by 4.7% to $52.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $50.4 million in the same period of the prior year, primarily attributable to an increase in depreciation on same-store and non-same-store apartment communities driven by the addition of an apartment community in the fourth quarter of the prior year with in-place lease amortization along with value add and acquisition capital projects;

Depreciation and amortization increased by 5.6% to $26.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $24.7 million in the same period of the prior year, primarily attributable to an increase in depreciation on same-store and non-same-store apartment communities driven by the addition of an apartment community in the fourth quarter of the prior year along with value add and acquisition capital projects, offset by a decrease in depreciation from sold properties.

Depreciation and amortization increased by 5.0% to $78.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $75.1 million in the same period of the prior year, primarily attributable to an increase in depreciation on same-store and non-same-store apartment communities driven by the addition of an apartment community in the fourth quarter of the prior year with in-place lease amortization along with value add and acquisition capital projects;

offset by a decrease in depreciation from sold properties.

General and administrative expenses.

General and administrative expenses were comparable at $4.2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Compensation costs and consulting fees increased in the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year.

These increases were offset by lower legal expenses in the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year due to a litigation settlement in the prior year that did not occur in the current quarter.

General and administrative expenses decreased by 25.6% to $8.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $11.9 million in the same period of the prior year, primarily attributable to $3.2 million in severance and related costs from the CEO transition in the prior year that did not occur in the six months ended June 30, 2024 and legal expenses in the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year due to a litigation settlement in the prior year that did not occur in the current quarter, offset by higher incentive compensation costs.

General and administrative expenses increased by $270,000 to $4.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $3.8 million in the same period of the prior year.

Compensation costs, legal and consulting fees increased in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year.

General and administrative expenses decreased by 17.7% to $12.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $15.7 million in the same period of the prior year, primarily attributable to $3.2 million in severance and related costs from the CEO transition in the prior year that did not occur in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and legal expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year due to a litigation settlement in the prior year that did not occur in the current quarter, offset by higher incentive compensation costs.

Gain (loss) on sale of real estate and other investments.

There was no gain (loss) on sale of real estate and other investments in the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to a loss of $67,000 in the same period of the prior year.

Gain (loss) on sale of real estate and other investments decreased to a loss of $577,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to a gain of $60.1 million in the same period of the prior year.

The decrease was primarily due to the sale of two apartment communities in the current period for a loss compared to the sale of nine apartment communities for a gain in the prior year.

There was no gain (loss) on sale of real estate and other investments in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to a gain of $11.2 million in the same period of the prior year.

Refer to Note 8 in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

Gain (loss) on sale of real estate and other investments decreased to a loss of $577,000 in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to a gain of $71.3 million in the same period of the prior year.

The decrease was primarily due to the sale of two apartment communities in the current year for a loss compared to the sale of 13 apartment communities and associated commercial space for a gain in the prior year.

Refer to Note 8 in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Loss on Litigation Settlement.

There was no loss on litigation settlement in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to a $2.9 million loss on litigation settlement for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 due to a trial judgment against Centerspace for property damage and monetary losses to a neighboring property in the prior year that did not occur in the current year.

There was no loss on litigation settlement in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to a $2.9 million loss on litigation settlement for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 due to a trial judgment against Centerspace for property damage and monetary losses to a neighboring property in the prior year that did not occur in the current year.

Refer to Note 10 in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest expense.

Interest expense increased by 8.0% to $9.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $8.6 million in the same period of the prior year, primarily due to a higher mortgage interest resulting from the assumption of a mortgage in connection with an acquisition in the fourth quarter of the prior year.

Interest expense decreased by 2.2% to $18.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $19.0 million in the same period of the prior year, primarily due to a higher rate term loan held during the prior year that was paid off prior to its original maturity date along with a lower average balance on our line of credit during the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same period of the prior year, partially offset by an increase in mortgage interest.

Interest expense increased by 4.6% to $8.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $8.6 million in the same period of the prior year, primarily due to higher mortgage interest and amortization of debt discount resulting from the assumption of a mortgage in connection with an acquisition in the fourth quarter of the prior year, offset by lower interest on our line of credit due to lower average outstanding balance.

Interest expense was comparable at $27.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Interest and other income.

Interest and other income increased to $477,000 in the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $295,000 in the same period of the prior year.

The increase was primarily due to interest income on a real estate related note receivable in the in the current period that did not exist in the same period of the prior year.

Interest and other income increased to $817,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $344,000 in the same period of the prior year.

The increase was primarily due to interest income on a note receivable in the in the current period that did not exist in the same period of the prior year, offset by a decrease from interest received on escrow funds in the prior year that did not occur in the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Interest and other income increased to $645,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $330,000 in the same period of the prior year.

The increase was primarily due to interest income on a real estate related note receivable in the current period that did not exist in the same period of the prior year.

Interest and other income increased to $1.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $674,000 in the same period of the prior year.

The increase was primarily due to interest income on a real estate related note receivable in the current period that did not exist in the same period of the prior year, offset by a decrease from interest received on escrow funds in the prior year that did not occur in the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Net income (loss) available to common shareholders.

Net loss available to common shareholders increased to $2.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to a net loss of $3.5 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023.

Net loss available to common shareholders decreased to $8.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to a net income of $38.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Net loss available to common shareholders decreased to $6.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to a net income of $6.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Net loss available to common shareholders decreased to $14.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to a net income of $44.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Funds from Operations and Core Funds from Operations .

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Accordingly, FFO presented here is not necessarily comparable to FFO presented by other real estate companies.

FFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) or any other GAAP measurement of performance, but rather should be considered as an additional, supplemental measure.

FFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) or any other GAAP measurement of

performance, but rather should be considered as an additional, supplemental measure.

FFO also does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund all cash flow needs, including our ability to service indebtedness or make distributions to shareholders.

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Core FFO is a non-GAAP and non-standardized financial measure that may be calculated differently by other REITs and that should not be considered a substitute for operating results determined in accordance with GAAP.

Net loss available to common shareholders for the three months ended June 30, 2024, increased to a net loss of $2.9 million compared to a net loss of $3.5 million for the same period of the prior year.

FFO applicable to common shares and Units for the three months ended June 30, 2024, increased to $22.1 million compared to $20.2 million for the comparable period of the prior year, representing an increase of 9.9%.

This FFO increase was primarily due to increased NOI from same-store communities and non-same-store communities, and a decrease from a litigation settlement in the prior year that did not occur in the current year, offset by decreased NOI from dispositions.

Net loss available to common shareholders for the six months ended June 30, 2024, decreased to a net loss of $8.4 million compared to net income of $38.5 million for the same period of the prior year.

FFO applicable to common shares and Units for the six months ended June 30, 2024, increased to $43.0 million compared to $36.4 million for the comparable period of the prior year, representing an increase of 18.2%.

This FFO increase was primarily due to increased NOI from same-store communities and non-same-store communities, and decreases in general and administrative expense related to the departure of Mark Decker, former CEO, and a litigation settlement in the prior year that did not occur in the current year, offset by decreased NOI from dispositions and an increase in casualty loss.

Net loss available to common shareholders for the three months ended September 30, 2024, decreased to $6.2 million compared to net income of $6.2 million for the same period of the prior year.

FFO applicable to common shares and Units for the three months ended September 30, 2024, decreased to $18.7 million compared to $20.8 million for the comparable period of the prior year, representing a decrease of 9.8%.

This FFO decrease was primarily due to the redemption of our Series C preferred shares during the current period, increased general and administrative expense and interest expense, and decreased NOI from dispositions, offset by increased NOI from same-store communities and non-same-store communities and casualty gain activity.

Net loss available to common shareholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, decreased to $14.6 million compared to net income of $44.7 million for the same period of the prior year.

FFO applicable to common shares and Units for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, increased to $61.7 million compared to $57.2 million for the comparable period of the prior year, representing an increase of 8.0%.

This FFO increase was primarily due to increased NOI from same-store communities and non-same-store communities and increased interest on a new real estate related note receivable, decreases in general and administrative expense related to the departure of Mark Decker, former CEO, and a litigation settlement in the prior year that did not occur in the current year, offset by decreased NOI from dispositions and the redemption of our Series C preferred shares.

Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Shareholders to Funds from Operations and Core Funds from Operations

(in thousands, except per share and unit amounts)

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

2024 2023 2024 2023

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Adjustments to Core FFO:

Non-cash casualty loss (recovery)

Non-cash casualty (recovery) loss

(632) 854 261 815

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— 34 37 3,235

Redemption of preferred shares 3,511 — 3,511 —

Other miscellaneous items (2)

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Weighted average shares and Units for FFO and Core FFO - diluted 18,676 18,246 18,303 18,287

(1) Consists of $37,000 in associated trial costs related to the litigation matter for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Consists of a $2.9 million loss on litigation settlement for a trial judgment entered against the Company and $340,000 in associated trial costs related to the litigation matter for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023

(2) Consists of (gain) loss on investments and pursuit costs.

(1) Consists of $37,000 in associated trial costs related to the litigation matter for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Consists of a $2.9 million loss on litigation settlement for a trial judgment entered against the Company and $371,000 in associated trial costs related to the litigation matter for the nine months ended September 30, 2023

(2) Consists of (gain) loss on investments and one-time professional fees.

(3) Refer to Note 3 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details on net income (loss) per share.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we disposed of two apartment communities located in Minnesota in two transactions for an aggregate sales price of $19.0 million.

We had no acquisitions during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we disposed of two apartment communities located in Minnesota in two transactions for an aggregate sales price of $19.0 million.

We had no acquisitions during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Distributions Declared

Distributions of $0.75 and $0.73 per common share and Unit were declared during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Distributions of $1.50 and $1.46 were declared during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Distributions of $0.4140625 per Series C preferred share were declared during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and $0.828125 per Series C preferred share for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Distributions of

$0.9655 per Series D preferred unit were declared during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and $1.931 per Series D preferred unit for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Distributions of $0.96875 per Series E preferred unit were declared during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and $1.9375 per Series E preferred unit for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Distributions of $0.75 and $0.73 per common share and Unit were declared during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Distributions of $2.25 and $2.19 were declared during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Distributions of $0.4140625 per Series C preferred share were declared during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and $1.2421875 per Series C preferred share for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Distributions of $0.9655 per Series D preferred unit were declared during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and $2.8965 per Series D preferred unit for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Distributions of $0.96875 per Series E preferred unit were declared during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and $2.90625 per Series E preferred unit for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

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Other sources include availability under the unsecured lines of credit, proceeds from property dispositions, including restricted cash related to net tax deferred proceeds, offerings of preferred and common shares, including offerings of common shares under the ATM Program, and long-term unsecured debt and secured mortgages.

Our primary liquidity demands are normally-recurring operating and overhead expenses, debt service and repayments, capital improvements to communities, distributions to the holders of preferred shares, common shares, Series D and Series E preferred units, and Units, value-add redevelopment, common and preferred share buybacks and Unit redemptions, funding of mezzanine loans, and acquisitions of additional communities.

Although we believe that our financial condition and liquidity are sufficient to meet our reasonably anticipated liquidity demands, factors that could impact our future liquidity include, but are not limited to, volatility in capital and credit markets, interest rate increases, the ability to access capital and credit markets, the minimum REIT dividend requirements, and our ability to complete asset purchases, sales, or developments.

As of June 30, 2024, we had total liquidity of approximately $222.3 million, which included $208.0 million available on the lines of credit based on the value of unencumbered properties and $14.3 million of cash and cash equivalents.

As of September 30, 2024, we had total liquidity of approximately $235.5 million, which included $221.0 million available on the lines of credit based on the value of unencumbered properties and $14.5 million of cash and cash equivalents.

As of December 31, 2023, we had total liquidity of approximately $234.6 million, which included $226.0 million available on the lines of credit based on the value of unencumbered properties and $8.6 million of cash and cash equivalents.

As of June 30, 2024, we had a multibank, revolving line of credit with total commitments and borrowing capacity of $250.0 million, based on the value of unencumbered properties, (the “Unsecured Credit Facility”).

As of June 30, 2024, there was $48.0 million outstanding on this line of credit and additional borrowing availability was $202.0 million.

As of September 30, 2024, we had a multibank, revolving line of credit with total commitments and borrowing capacity of $250.0 million, based on the value of unencumbered properties, (the “Unsecured Credit Facility”).

As of September 30, 2024, there was $39.0 million outstanding on this line of credit and additional borrowing availability was $211.0 million.

At December 31, 2023, the line of credit borrowing capacity was $250.0 million based on the value of unencumbered properties, of which $30.0 million was drawn on the line.

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As amended, the interest rates on the line of credit are based on the consolidated leverage ratio, at the Company’s option, on either the lender’s base rate plus a margin, ranging from 20-80 basis points, or the daily or term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), plus a margin that ranges from 120-180 basis points, with the consolidated leverage ratio described under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, as amended.

We also have a $6.0 million operating line of credit.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was no balance outstanding on this line of credit.

This operating line of credit is designed to enhance treasury management activities and more effectively manage cash balances.

This operating line matures on September 30, 2024, with pricing based on SOFR.

In September 2024, we entered into a line of credit agreement with borrowing capacity of up to $10.0 million and pricing based on SOFR.

This operating line of credit terminates in September 2025 and is designed to enhance treasury management activities and more effectively manage cash balances.

We had a $6.0 million operating line of credit with pricing based on SOFR that matured on August 31, 2024.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was no outstanding balance on these lines of credit.

We had a private shelf agreement with PGIM, Inc., an affiliate of Prudential Financial, Inc., and certain affiliates of PGIM, Inc.

(collectively, “PGIM”) under which we issued $200.0 million in unsecured senior promissory notes (“unsecured senior notes”).

We also have a separate note purchase agreement for the issuance of $125.0 million senior unsecured promissory notes, of which $25.0 million was issued under the private shelf agreement with PGIM.

The following table shows the notes issued under both agreements as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(collectively, “PGIM”) under which we issued $175.0 million in unsecured senior promissory notes (“Unsecured Shelf Notes”).

On October 28, 2024, the shelf agreement was amended to extend the period of time during which we may borrow money to October 2027 and to increase the borrowing capacity to $300.0 million.

We also had a separate private note purchase agreement with PGIM and certain other lenders for the issuance of $125.0 million of senior unsecured promissory notes (“Unsecured Club Notes”, and collectively with the Unsecured Shelf Notes, the “unsecured senior notes”), of which all $125.0 million was issued in September 2021.

The following table shows the notes issued under both agreements as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(in thousands)

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The notes are interest-only, have varying maturity dates of 7, 10, and 12 years, and a blended, weighted average interest rate of 2.78%.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the FMCF had a balance of $198.9 million.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the FMCF had a balance of $198.9 million.

The FMCF is included within mortgages payable on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Mortgage loan indebtedness, excluding the FMCF and unamortized premiums and discounts, was $389.1 million and $392.3 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, on 14 apartment communities.

Mortgage loan indebtedness, excluding the FMCF and unamortized premiums and discounts, was $387.3 million and $392.3 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, on 14 apartment communities.

All of our mortgage debt is collateralized by apartment communities and is non-recourse at fixed rates of interest, with staggered maturities.

This decreases the exposure to changes in interest rates, which reduces the effect of interest rate fluctuations on our results of operations and cash flows.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted average interest rate on mortgage debt was 4.05%.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted average interest rate on mortgage debt was 4.05%.

Further information can be found in Note 5 - Debt in the Condensed Consolidated notes.

We have an equity distribution agreement in connection with the ATM Program through which we may offer and sell common shares having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $250.0 million, in amounts and at times determined by management.

On August 21, 2024, our Board of Trustees authorized the redemption of all of our outstanding Series C preferred shares.

On August 30, 2024, we delivered notice to holders of the Series C preferred shares that we intended to redeem all 3.9 million Series C preferred shares at a redemption price equal to $25 per share plus any accrued but unpaid distributions per share up to and including the redemption date of September 30, 2024.

On September 30, 2024, we completed the redemption of the Series C preferred shares for an aggregate redemption price of $97.0 million, excluding distributions, and such shares are no longer deemed outstanding as of such date and were delisted from trading on the NYSE.

We amended our equity distribution agreement in connection with the ATM Program through which we may offer and sell common shares in amounts and at times determined by management.

The amendment increased the maximum aggregate offering price of common shares available for offer and sale thereunder from $250.0 million to $500.0 million.

Under the ATM Program, we may enter into separate forward sale agreements.

The proceeds from the sale of common shares under the ATM Program may be used for general corporate purposes, including the funding of acquisitions, construction or mezzanine loans, community renovations, and the repayment of indebtedness.

The table below provides details on the shares sold during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

As of June 30, 2024, common shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $118.9 million remained available under the ATM Program.

The table below provides details on the shares sold during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

As of September 30, 2024, common shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $262.9 million remained available under the ATM Program.

Further information can be found in Note 4 - Equity and Mezzanine Equity in the Condensed Consolidated notes.

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

Three and Six Months Ended June 30,

Number of Common Shares

Three Months Ended September 30, Number of Common Shares

Net Consideration (1)

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2024 1,477 $ 105,052 $ 71.12

(1) Total consideration is net of $115 in commissions during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

We have a share repurchase program (the “Share Repurchase Program”), providing for the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of the our outstanding common shares.

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2024 1,587 $ 112,613 $ 71.66

(1) Includes 869,000 shares sold on a forward basis for $62.7 million which were physically settled during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

(2) Total consideration is net of $1.0 million and $1.1 million in commissions during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

We have a share repurchase program (the “Share Repurchase Program”), providing for the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of our outstanding common shares.

Under the Share Repurchase Program, we are authorized to repurchase common shares through open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block trades or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans and under Rule 10b-18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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The specific timing and amount of repurchases will vary based on available capital resources or other financial and operational performance, market conditions, securities law limitations, and other factors.

The table below provides details on the shares repurchased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

As of June 30, 2024, we had $4.7 million remaining authorized for purchase under this program.

There were no shares repurchased under this program during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The table below provides details on the common shares repurchased under this program during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

As of September 30, 2024, we had $4.7 million remaining authorized for purchase under this program.

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

Three Months Ended June 30, Number of Common Shares Aggregate Cost (1)

Nine Months Ended September 30, Number of Common Shares Aggregate Cost (1)

Average Price Per Share (1)

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2023 124 $ 6,718 $ 54.19

Six Months Ended June 30,

2024 88 $ 4,703 $ 53.62

2023 124 6,718 $ 54.19

(1) Amount includes commissions.

Changes in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

As of June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $14.3 million and restricted cash consisting of $1.1 million of escrows held by lenders for real estate taxes, insurance, and capital additions.

As of September 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $14.5 million and restricted cash consisting of $2.8 million of real estate deposits and escrows held by lenders for real estate taxes, insurance, and capital additions.

The following discussion relates to changes in consolidated cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash which are presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in Part I, Item 1 above.

In addition to cash flow from operations, during the six months ended June 30, 2024, we generated capital from various activities, including:

In addition to cash flow from operations, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we generated capital from various activities, including:

• Receiving $18.3 million in net proceeds from the sale of two apartment communities;

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• Receiving $1.9 million in net insurance proceeds primarily due to one large casualty event that was settled.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we used capital for various activities, including:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we used capital for various activities, including:

• Redeeming all of our outstanding Series C preferred shares for $97.0 million;

• Funding of mezzanine loan of $13.6 million;

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Our apartment leases generally have terms of one year or less, which means that, in an inflationary environment, we would have the ability, subject to market conditions, to increase rents upon the commencement of new leases or renewal of existing leases to manage the impact of inflation on our business.

However, the cost to operate and maintain communities could increase at a rate greater than our ability to increase rents, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

However, the cost to operate and maintain communities could increase

at a rate greater than our ability to increase rents, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

High inflation could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of June 30, 2024, we had no significant off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K.

As of September 30, 2024, we had no significant off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K.

Critical Accounting Policies

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Actual results could differ from those estimates.

A summary of critical accounting policies is included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023,

filed with the SEC on February 20, 2024 under the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Refer to Note 2 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this report for additional information.

There have been no other significant changes to the critical accounting policies during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

A summary of critical accounting policies is included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2024 under the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Refer to Note 2 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this report for additional information.

There have been no other significant changes to the critical accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis