CENTERSPACE 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes appearing elsewhere in this report. Historical results and trends which might appear in the Consolidated Financial Statements should not be interpreted as being indicative of future operations. This and other sections of this Report contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, with respect to our expectations for future periods. Forward-looking statements do not discuss historical fact, but instead include statements related to expectations, projections, intentions or other items related to the future. Executive Summary We are a real estate investment trust, or REIT that owns, manages, acquires, redevelops, and develops apartment communities. We primarily focus on investing in markets characterized by stable and growing economic conditions, strong employment, and an attractive quality of life that we believe, in combination, lead to higher demand for our apartment homes and retention of our residents. As of December 31, 2023, we owned interests in 72 apartment communities consisting of 13,088 homes as detailed in Item 2 - Properties. Property owned, as presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was $2.4 billion at December 31, 2023, compared to $2.5 billion at December 31, 2022. Renting apartment homes is our primary source of revenue, and our business objective is to provide great homes. We strive to maximize resident satisfaction and retention by investing in high-quality assets in desirable locations and developing and training team members to create vibrant apartment communities through resident-centered operations. We believe that delivering superior resident experiences will drive consistent profitability for our shareholders. We have paid quarterly distributions every quarter since our first distribution in 1971. Significant Transactions and Events for the Year Ended December 31, 2023 Highlights . For the year ended December 31, 2023, our highlights included the following: • Net Income was $2.32 per basic and diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to Net Loss of $1.35 per basic and diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2022; • Core funds from operations (“CFFO”) per diluted share, a non-GAAP measure, increased 7.9% (refer to reconciliations of Funds from Operations and Core Funds from Operations beginning on page 30 for additional detail) to $4.78 from $4.43; • Operating income increased to $84.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $13.9 million for the prior year; and • Same-store year-over-year net operating income growth of 9.0% driven by same-store revenue growth of 7.2% (refer to Reconciliation of Operating Income (Loss) to Net Operating Income on page 27 for additional detail). Acquisitions and Dispositions . During the year ended December 31, 2023, we completed the following transactions in furtherance of our strategic plan: • Disposed of 13 non-core apartment communities for an aggregate sales price of $226.8 million and a realized gain on sale of $71.2 million; and • Acquired Lake Vista Apartment Homes, a 303 home apartment community in Loveland, Colorado for an aggregate purchase price of $94.5 million. Financing Transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we completed the following financing transactions: • Repurchased 216,000 common shares for total consideration of $11.5 million and an average of $53.44 per share. Outlook We intend to continue our focus on maximizing the financial performance of the communities in our existing portfolio. To accomplish this, we have introduced initiatives to expand our operating margin by enhancing the resident experience, making value-add investments, and implementing technology solutions and expense controls. We will actively manage our existing portfolio and strategically pursue acquisitions of multifamily communities and selective dispositions as opportunities arise and market conditions allow. We will explore potential new markets and acquisition opportunities as market conditions allow. We seek to manage a strong balance sheet that should provide us with flexibility to pursue both internal and external growth. 26 Table of Contents RESULTS OF OPERATIONS We are presenting our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. For additional comparison of results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, please refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 21, 2023. Non-GAAP Financial Measures Net operating income. Net operating income (“NOI”) is a non-GAAP financial measure which we define as total real estate revenues less property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, which is reconciled to operating income. Refer to the reconciliation of Operating Income to Net Operating Income below. We believe that NOI is an important supplemental measure of operating performance for real estate because it provides a measure of operations that is unaffected by sales of real estate and other investments, impairment, depreciation, amortization, financing costs, property management expenses, casualty losses, and general and administrative expense. NOI does not represent cash generated by operating activities in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to net income (loss), net income (loss) available for common shareholders, or cash flow from operating activities as a measure of financial performance. Throughout this Report, we have provided certain information on a same-store and non-same-store basis. Same-store apartment communities are owned or in service for substantially all of the periods being compared and, in the case of development properties, have achieved a target level of physical occupancy of 90%. On the first day of each calendar year, we determine the composition of our same-store pool for that year as well as adjust the previous year, which allows us to evaluate the performance of existing apartment communities and their contribution to net income. Management believes that measuring performance on a same-store basis is useful to investors because it enables evaluation of how a fixed pool of communities are performing year-over-year. Management uses this measure to assess whether or not it has been successful in increasing NOI, raising average rental revenue, renewing the leases of existing residents, controlling operating costs, and making prudent capital improvements. The discussion below focuses on the main factors affecting real estate revenue and real estate expenses from same-store apartment communities because changes from one year to another in real estate revenue and expenses from non-same-store communities are generally due to the addition of those properties to our real estate portfolio, and accordingly provide less useful information for evaluating the ongoing operational performance of our real estate portfolio. For the comparison of the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 66 apartment communities were classified as same-store and six apartment communities were non-same-store. See Item 2 - Properties for the list of communities classified as same-store and non-same-store. Sold communities are included in “Dispositions” for the periods prior to the sale, which also includes non-multifamily properties and the non-multifamily components of mixed-use properties. Reconciliation of Operating Income to Net Operating Income (non-GAAP) The following table provides a reconciliation of operating income to NOI (non-GAAP), which is defined above. (in thousands, except percentages) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ Change % Change Operating income $ 84,453 $ 13,861 $ 70,592 509.3 % Adjustments: Property management expenses 9,353 9,895 (542) (5.5) % Casualty loss 2,095 1,591 504 31.7 % Depreciation and amortization 101,678 105,257 (3,579) (3.4) % Impairment 5,218 — 5,218 N/A General and administrative expenses 20,080 17,516 2,564 14.6 % Gain on sale of real estate and other investments (71,244) (41) (71,203) * Loss on litigation settlement 3,864 — 3,864 N/A Net operating income $ 155,497 $ 148,079 $ 7,418 5.0 % *Not a meaningful percentage GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures The following table metrics, including GAAP and non-GAAP measures, cover the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. 27 Table of Contents (in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ Change % Change Revenue Same-store (1) $ 230,333 $ 214,941 $ 15,392 7.2 % Non-same-store (1) 16,031 9,434 6,597 69.9 % Other (1) 2,601 2,466 135 5.5 % Dispositions (1) 12,344 29,875 (17,531) (58.7) % Total 261,309 256,716 4,593 1.8 % Property operating expenses, including real estate taxes Same-store (1) 92,847 88,785 4,062 4.6 % Non-same-store (1) 5,915 3,542 2,373 67.0 % Other (1) 797 940 (143) (15.2) % Dispositions (1) 6,253 15,370 (9,117) (59.3) % Total 105,812 108,637 (2,825) (2.6) % Net operating income (2) Same-store (1) 137,486 126,156 11,330 9.0 % Non-same-store (1) 10,116 5,892 4,224 71.7 % Other (1) 1,804 1,526 278 18.2 % Dispositions (1) 6,091 14,505 (8,414) (58.0) % Total $ 155,497 $ 148,079 $ 7,418 5.0 % Property management expense (9,353) (9,895) (542) (5.5) % Casualty loss (2,095) (1,591) 504 31.7 % Depreciation and amortization (101,678) (105,257) (3,579) (3.4) % Impairment of real estate investments (5,218) — 5,218 N/A General and administrative expenses (20,080) (17,516) 2,564 14.6 % Gain on sale of real estate and other investments 71,244 41 71,203 * Loss on litigation settlement (3,864) — 3,864 N/A Interest expense (36,429) (32,750) 3,679 11.2 % Interest and other income 1,207 1,248 (41) (3.3) % NET INCOME (LOSS) $ 49,231 $ (17,641) $ 66,872 379.1 % Dividends to preferred unitholders (640) (640) — — Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests – Operating Partnership and Series E preferred units (7,141) 4,299 (11,440) (266.1) % Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests – consolidated real estate entities (125) (127) 2 1.6 % Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interests 41,325 (14,109) 55,434 392.9 % Dividends to preferred shareholders (6,428) (6,428) — — NET INCOME (LOSS) AVAILABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS $ 34,897 $ (20,537) $ 55,434 269.9 % (1) This is a component of Net operating income and a non-GAAP financial measure. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered an alternative to net income (loss), net income (loss) available for common shareholders, or cash flow from operating activities as a measure of financial performance. (2) Net operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure, as defined above in Results of Operations, Non-GAAP Financial Measures. Refer to the Reconciliation of Operating Income to Net Operating Income on page 27. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered an alternative to net income (loss), net income (loss) available for common shareholders, or cash flow from operating activities as a measure of financial performance. * Not a meaningful percentage . Year Ended December 31, Weighted Average Occupancy (1) 2023 2022 Same-store 94.9 % 94.6 % Non-same-store 95.2 % 93.5 % Total 94.9 % 94.6 % (1) Weighted average occupancy is defined as the percentage resulting from dividing actual rental revenue by scheduled rental revenue. Scheduled rental revenue represents the value of all homes, with occupied homes valued at contractual rental rates pursuant to leases and vacant homes valued at estimated market rents. When calculating actual rents for occupied homes and market rents for vacant homes, delinquencies and concessions are not taken into account. Market rates are determined using the currently offered effective rates on new leases at the community and are used as the starting point in determination of the market rates of vacant apartment homes. We believe that weighted average occupancy is a meaningful measure of occupancy because it considers the value of each vacant unit at its estimated market rate. Weighted average occupancy may not completely reflect short-term trends in physical occupancy, and our calculation of weighted average occupancy may not be comparable to that disclosed by other real estate companies. 28 Table of Contents December 31, Number of Homes 2023 2022 Same-store 12,173 12,173 Non-same-store 915 612 Total 13,088 12,785 Same-store analysis. Revenue from same-store communities increased by 7.2% or $15.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in the prior year. Approximately 6.9% of the increase was due to higher average monthly revenue per occupied home and 0.3% from an increase in occupancy as weighted average occupancy increased from 94.6% to 94.9% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Property operating expenses at same-store communities increased by 4.6% or $4.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in the prior year. At same-store communities, controllable expenses (which exclude insurance and real estate taxes), increased by $1.5 million, primarily due to $2.1 million in compensation costs, offset by decreased utilities and turnover costs. Non-controllable expenses at same-store communities increased by $2.6 million primarily due to insurance premiums and deductibles on claims and real estate taxes. Same-store NOI increased by $11.3 million to $137.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $126.2 million in the same period in the prior year. Non-same-store analysis. Revenue from non-same-store apartment communities increased by $6.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in the prior year. Property operating expenses from non-same-store apartment communities increased by $2.4 million. Net operating income from non-same-store communities increased by $4.2 million. The increase in revenue, property operating expenses, and NOI from non-same-store communities is primarily due to the addition of apartment communities in the latter part of 2022 and 2023. Other and dispositions analysis. Revenue from other, which encompasses our commercial and mixed use activity, increased by 5.5% or $135,000 while revenue from dispositions decreased by $17.5 million. Property operating expenses from other decreased by 15.2% or $143,000 while property operating expenses from disposition decreased by $9.1 million due to sold properties. We disposed of 13 apartment communities and associated commercial space during the year ended December 31, 2023. Property management expense. Property management expense, consisting of property management overhead and property management fees paid to third parties decreased by 5.5% to $9.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $9.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to decreased costs for technology initiatives and compensation costs combined with fewer properties due to dispositions. Casualty loss. Casualty loss increased to $2.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $1.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increased insurance claims activity over the prior year period. Refer to Involuntary Conversion of Assets in Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the report for more details. Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization decreased by 3.4% to $101.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $105.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, attributable to a decrease of $5.6 million from dispositions and $378,000 from other properties, offset by increases at same-store communities and non-same-store communities driven by the addition of an apartment community in the fourth quarter of the current year and value add and acquisition capital projects. Impairment of real estate investments. Impairment of real estate investments increased to $5.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to no impairment in the prior year. These impairments were the result of two apartment communities that were written down to estimated fair value based on the receipt and acceptance of market offers to purchase the apartment communities. Refer to Real Estate Investments in Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the report for more details. General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by 14.6% to $20.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $17.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily attributable to $3.2 million in executive severance and transition costs related to the CEO departure, $910,000 in incentive related compensation, and $406,000 in legal fees related to the loss on litigation settlement, offset by $1.3 million in abandoned pursuit costs and $873,000 in technology implementation costs that did not occur in the current year. Gain on sale of real estate and other investments. In the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded gains on sale of real estate and other investments of $71.2 million and $41,000, respectively. The increase was due to the sale of 13 29 Table of Contents apartment communities and associated commercial space during the current year that did not occur in the prior year. Refer to Note 9 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Loss on Litigation Settlement. Loss on litigation settlement was $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to a trial judgment against Centerspace for property damage and monetary losses to a neighboring property. Refer to Litigation Settlement in Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Operating income. Operating income increased by 509.3% to $84.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $13.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. Interest expense. Interest expense increased 11.2% to $36.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $32.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to higher interest rates. Interest and other income. Interest and other income was $1.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Net income (loss) available to common shareholders. Net income (loss) available to common shareholders increased to net income of $34.9 million compared to a net loss of $20.5 million in the prior year. Funds from Operations and Core Funds From Operations We believe that funds from operations (“FFO”), which is a non-GAAP financial measure used as a standard supplemental measure for equity real estate investment trusts, is helpful to investors in understanding our operating performance, primarily because its calculation does not assume the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time, as implied by the historical cost convention of GAAP and the recording of depreciation and amortization. We use the definition of FFO adopted by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc. (“Nareit”). Nareit defines FFO as net income or loss calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding: • depreciation and amortization related to real estate; • gains and losses from the sale of certain real estate assets; • impairment write-downs of certain real estate assets and investments in entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity; and • similar adjustments for partially owned consolidated real estate entities. The exclusion in Nareit’s definition of FFO of impairment write-downs and gains and losses from the sale of real estate assets helps to identify the operating results of the long-term assets that form the base of our investments, and assists management and investors in comparing those operating results between periods. Due to limitations of the Nareit FFO definition, we have made certain interpretations in applying the definition. We believe all such interpretations not specifically provided for in the Nareit definition are consistent with the definition. Nareit’s FFO White Paper 2018 Restatement clarified that impairment write-downs of land related to a REIT’s main business are excluded from FFO and a REIT has the option to exclude impairment write-downs of assets that are incidental to the main business. While FFO is widely used by us as a primary performance metric, not all real estate companies use the same definition of FFO or calculate FFO the same way. Accordingly, FFO presented here is not necessarily comparable to FFO presented by other real estate companies. FFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income or any other GAAP measurement of performance, but rather should be considered as an additional, supplemental measure. FFO also does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund all cash needs, including the ability to service indebtedness or make distributions to shareholders. Core funds from operations (“Core FFO”), a non-GAAP measure, is FFO adjusted for non-routine items or items not considered core to business operations. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of core business operations, we believe that Core FFO provides investors with additional information to compare core operating and financial performance between periods. Core FFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income or as any other GAAP measurement of performance, but rather should be considered an additional supplemental measure. Core FFO also does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund all cash needs, including the ability to service indebtedness or make distributions to shareholders. Core FFO is a non-GAAP and non-standardized financial measure that may be calculated differently by other REITs and that should not be considered a substitute for operating results determined in accordance with GAAP. 30 Table of Contents Net income available to common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased to $34.9 million compared to a net loss of $20.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. FFO applicable to common shares and Units for the year ended December 31, 2023, decreased to $77.3 million compared to $79.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a change of 3.3%, primarily due to $3.2 million in severance and transition expenses related to the departure of Mark Decker, former CEO, increased interest expense, loss on litigation settlement, and decreased NOI from dispositions, offset by increased NOI from same-store and non-same-store communities and $2.2 million in abandoned pursuit costs and technology implementation costs from the prior year that did not occur in the year ended December 31, 2023. For a comparison of FFO applicable to common shares and Units for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 21, 2023. 31 Table of Contents Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Shareholders to Funds from Operations and Core Funds From Operations (in thousands, except per share and unit amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Funds from operations: Net income (loss) available to common shareholders $ 34,897 $ (20,537) Adjustments: Noncontrolling interests – Operating Partnership and Series E preferred units 7,141 (4,299) Depreciation and amortization 101,678 105,257 Less depreciation – non real estate (322) (387) Less depreciation – partially owned entities (80) (65) Impairment of real estate 5,218 — Gain on sale of real estate (71,240) (41) FFO applicable to common shares and Units $ 77,292 $ 79,928 Adjustments to Core FFO: Non-cash casualty loss $ 1,350 $ 254 Loss on extinguishment of debt — 5 Technology implementation costs (1) — 873 Interest rate swap amortization and mark-to-market 936 (100) Amortization of assumed debt (212) (464) Pursuit costs 5 1,302 Severance and transition related costs 3,170 — Loss on litigation settlement and associated trial costs (2) 4,270 — Other miscellaneous items (3) (137) 85 Core FFO applicable to common shares and Units $ 86,674 $ 81,883 FFO applicable to common shares and Units $ 77,292 $ 79,928 Dividends to preferred unitholders 640 640 FFO applicable to common shares and Units - diluted $ 77,932 $ 80,568 Core FFO applicable to common shares and Units $ 86,674 $ 81,883 Dividends to preferred unitholders 640 640 Core FFO applicable to common shares and Units - diluted $ 87,314 $ 82,523 Per Share Data Income (loss) per common share - diluted $ 2.32 $ (1.35) FFO per share and Unit - diluted $ 4.27 $ 4.32 Core FFO per share and Unit - diluted $ 4.78 $ 4.43 Weighted average shares - basic 14,994 15,216 Effect of redeemable operating partnership units 925 978 Effect of Series D preferred units 228 228 Effect of Series E preferred units 2,100 2,185 Effect of dilutive restricted stock units and stock options 24 38 Weighted average shares and Units - diluted 18,271 18,645 (1) Costs are related to a two-year implementation. (2) Consists of $3.9 million loss on litigation settlement for a trial judgment entered against the Company and $406,000 in associated trial costs related to the litigation matter during the year ended December 31, 2023. (3) Consists of (gain) loss on investments. 32 Table of Contents Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview We strive to maintain a strong balance sheet and preserve financial flexibility, which we believe should enhance our ability to capitalize on appropriate investment opportunities as they may arise. We intend to continue to focus on core fundamentals, which include generating positive cash flows from operation, maintaining appropriate debt levels and leverage ratios, and controlling overhead costs. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents on hand and cash flows generated from operations. Other sources include availability under our unsecured lines of credit, proceeds from property dispositions, including restricted cash related to net tax deferred proceeds, offerings of preferred and common shares under our shelf registration statement, including offerings of common shares under our 2021 ATM program, and long-term unsecured debt and secured mortgages. Our primary liquidity demands are normally-recurring operating and overhead expenses, debt service and repayments, capital improvements to our communities, distributions to the holders of our preferred shares, common shares, Series D preferred units, Series E preferred units, and Units, value-add redevelopment, common and preferred share buybacks, Unit redemptions, and acquisitions of additional communities. We have historically met our short-term liquidity requirements through net cash flows provided by our operating activities and, from time to time, through draws on our lines of credit. We believe our ability to generate cash from property operating activities and draw on our lines of credit is adequate to meet all expected operating requirements and to make distributions to our shareholders in accordance with the REIT provisions of the Code. Budgeted expenditures for ongoing maintenance and capital improvements and renovations to our real estate portfolio are also generally expected to be funded from existing cash on hand, cash flow generated from property operations, draws on our lines of credit and/or new borrowings. We believe we will have sufficient liquidity to meet our commitments over the next twelve months. To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must pay dividends to our shareholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. Under a separate requirement, we must distribute 100% of net capital gains or pay a corporate level tax in lieu thereof. While we have historically satisfied this distribution requirement by making cash distributions to our shareholders, we may choose to satisfy this requirement by making distributions of other property, including, in limited circumstances, our own common shares. As a result of this distribution requirement, our Operating Partnership cannot rely on retained earnings to fund ongoing operations. We pay dividends from cash available for distribution. Until it is distributed, cash available for distribution is typically used to reduce balances outstanding under our line of credit or is invested in investment grade securities. In the event of deterioration in property operating results, we may need to consider additional cash preservation alternatives, including reducing development activities, capital improvements, and renovations. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we declared cash distributions of $46.4 million to common shareholders and unitholders of Centerspace, LP, as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $89.5 million and FFO of $77.3 million. Factors that could increase or decrease our future liquidity include, but are not limited to, changes in interest rates or sources of financing, general volatility in capital and credit markets, changes in minimum REIT dividend requirements, and our ability to access the capital markets on favorable terms, or at all. As a result of the foregoing conditions or general economic conditions in our markets that affect our ability to attract and retain residents, we may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations. If we are unable to obtain capital from other sources, we may not be able to pay the distribution required to maintain our status as a REIT, make required principal and interest payments, make strategic acquisitions or make necessary routine capital improvements or undertake value add renovation opportunities with respect to our existing portfolio of operating assets. As of December 31, 2023, we had total liquidity of approximately $234.6 million, which included $226.0 million available on our lines of credit based on the value of unencumbered properties and $8.6 million of cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022, we had total liquidity of approximately $153.0 million, which included $142.5 million available on our lines of credit based on the value of unencumbered properties and $10.5 million of cash and cash equivalents. Debt As of December 31, 2023, we had a multibank, revolving line of credit with total commitments and borrowing capacity of $250.0 million, based on the value of unencumbered properties. As of December 31, 2023, the additional borrowing availability was $220.0 million beyond the $30.0 million drawn. As of December 31, 2022, the line of credit borrowing capacity was $250.0 million based on the value of our unencumbered properties, of which $113.5 million was drawn on the line. The line of credit is utilized to refinance existing indebtedness, to finance property acquisitions, to finance capital expenditures, and for general corporate purposes. This credit facility matures in September 2025, with an option to extend maturity for up to two additional six-month periods and has an accordion option to increase borrowing capacity up to $400.0 million. 33 Table of Contents On May 31, 2023, this Unsecured Credit Facility was amended to replace the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the benchmark alternative reference rate under the credit facility. The interest rates on the line of credit are based on the consolidated leverage ratio, at the Company’s option, on either the lender’s base rate plus a margin, ranging from 25-80 basis points, or daily or term SOFR, plus a margin that ranges from 125-180 basis points, with the consolidated leverage ratio described under the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, as amended. Prior to the amendment, interest rates on the line of credit were also based on the consolidated leverage ratio, applying the same margin ranges to LIBOR. We also have a $6.0 million unsecured operating line of credit. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no outstanding balance on this line of credit. This operating line of credit is designed to enhance treasury management activities and more effectively manage cash balances. This operating line matures on September 30, 2024, with pricing based on SOFR. We have a private shelf agreement with PGIM, Inc., an affiliate of Prudential Financial, Inc., and certain affiliates of PGIM, Inc. (collectively, "PGIM") under which we have issued $200.0 million in unsecured senior promissory notes (“unsecured senior notes”). We also have a separate note purchase agreement for the issuance of $125.0 million senior unsecured promissory notes, of which $25.0 million was issued under the private shelf agreement with PGIM. The following table shows the notes issued under both agreements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. (in thousands) Amount Maturity Date Fixed Interest Rate Series A $ 75,000 September 13, 2029 3.84 % Series B $ 50,000 September 30, 2028 3.69 % Series C $ 50,000 June 6, 2030 2.70 % Series 2021-A $ 35,000 September 17, 2030 2.50 % Series 2021-B $ 50,000 September 17, 2031 2.62 % Series 2021-C $ 25,000 September 17, 2032 2.68 % Series 2021-D $ 15,000 September 17, 2034 2.78 % In November 2022, we entered into a $100.0 million term loan agreement (“Term Loan”) with PNC Bank, National Association as administrative agent. The interest rate on the Term Loan was based on SOFR, plus a margin that ranged from 120 to 175 basis points based on our consolidated leverage ratio. The Term Loan had a 364-day term with an option for an additional 364-day term. As of December 31, 2023, the Term Loan was paid in full. As of December 31, 2022, the Term Loan had a balance of $100.0 million. We have a $198.9 million Fannie Mae Credit Facility Agreement (“FMCF”). The FMCF is currently secured by mortgages on 12 apartment communities. The notes are interest-only, with varying maturity dates of 7, 10, and 12 years, and a blended weighted average fixed interest rate of 2.78%. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the FMCF had a balance of $198.9 million. The FMCF is included within mortgages payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Mortgage loan indebtedness, excluding the FMCF, was $391.1 million on and $299.4 million on December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively on 14 and 15 apartment communities, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average rate of interest on our mortgage debt was 4.05%, compared to 3.85% on December 31, 2022. Refer to Note 6 of our Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Report for the principal payments due on our mortgage indebtedness and other tabular information. All of our mortgage debt is collateralized by apartment communities and is non-recourse at fixed rates of interest, with staggered maturities. This reduces the exposure to changes in interest rates, which minimizes the effect of interest rate fluctuations on our results of operations and cash flows. Refer to Item 7A in this Report for additional information on our market and interest rate risk. Equity We have an at-the-market offering program (“2021 ATM program”) through which we may offer and sell common shares having an aggregate sales price of up to $250.0 million, in amounts and at times that we determine. The proceeds from the sale of common shares under the 2021 ATM program are intended to be used for general corporate purposes, which may include the funding of acquisitions, construction or mezzanine loans, community renovations, and the repayment of indebtedness. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not issue any common shares under the 2021 ATM program. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we issued 321,000 common shares under the 2021 ATM program at an average price of $98.89 per share, net of commissions. During the year ended December 31, 2022, total consideration, net of commissions and issuance costs, was approximately $31.4 million. As of December 31, 2023, common shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $126.6 34 Table of Contents million remained available under the 2021 ATM program. Refer to Note 4 of our Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Report. On March 10, 2022, the Board of Trustees approved a share repurchase program (the “Share Repurchase Program”), providing for the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of our outstanding common shares. Under the Share Repurchase Program, we are authorized to repurchase common shares through open-market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block trades, or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans and under Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The repurchases have no time limit and may be suspended or discontinued completely at any time. The specific timing and amount of repurchases will vary based on available capital resources or other financial and operational performance, market conditions, securities law limitations, and other factors. The table below provides details on the shares repurchased during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2023, we had $9.4 million remaining authorized for purchase under this program. (in thousands, except per share amounts) Number of Common Shares Aggregate Cost (1) Average Price Per Share (1) Year ended December 31, 2023 216 $ 11,539 $ 53.44 Year ended December 31, 2022 432 $ 29,059 $ 67.23 (1) Amount includes commissions. We had 1.7 million and 1.8 million Series E preferred units outstanding on December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Each Series E preferred unit has a par value of $100. The Series E preferred unit holders receive a preferred distribution at the rate of 3.875% per year. Each Series E preferred unit is convertible, at the holder’s option, into 1.2048 Units. The Series E preferred units have an aggregate liquidation preference of $172.5 million. The holders of the Series E preferred units do not have voting rights. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had 3.9 million Series C preferred shares outstanding. Changes in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $8.6 million and restricted cash consisting of $639,000 of escrows held by lenders for real estate taxes, insurance, and capital additions. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $10.5 million and restricted cash consisting of $1.4 million of escrows held by lenders for real estate taxes, insurance, and capital additions. The following discussion relates to changes in consolidated cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash which are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in Item 15 of this report. In addition to cash flows from operations, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we generated capital from various activities, including: • Receiving $223.3 million in net proceeds from the sale of 13 apartment communities and associated commercial space; and • Receiving $90.0 million in proceeds from a new mortgage on our Parkhouse community. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we used capital for various activities, including: • Acquiring an apartment community in Loveland, Colorado for $42.2 million in cash, including transaction costs, with the remainder of the purchase price in assumption of mortgage debt; • Repaying $83.5 million on our line of credit, net of proceeds; • Repaying approximately $46.7 million of mortgage principal; • Repaying $100.0 million on notes payable; • Repurchasing of 216,000 common shares for $11.5 million, net of issuance costs; • Paying distributions on common shares, Series E preferred units, Units, and Series C preferred shares of $59.7 million; and • Funding capital improvements for apartment communities of approximately $58.8 million. 35 Table of Contents Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments Our primary contractual obligations relate to borrowings under our lines of credit, unsecured senior notes, and mortgages payable. The primary line of credit had a $30.0 million balance outstanding at December 31, 2023 and matures in September 2025. Our unsecured senior notes had an aggregate balance of $300.0 million at December 31, 2023 with varying maturities from September 2028 through September 2034. (in thousands) Less than More than Total 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years 5 Years Lines of credit (principal and interest) (1) $ 33,483 $ 1,995 $ 31,488 — — Notes payable (principal and interest) $ 360,390 $ 9,347 $ 18,694 $ 68,233 $ 264,116 Mortgages payable (principal and interest) $ 727,180 $ 28,285 $ 173,457 $ 145,576 $ 379,862 Total $ 1,121,053 $ 39,627 $ 223,639 $ 213,809 $ 643,978 (1) The future interest payments on the lines of credit were estimated using the outstanding principal balance and interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2023. We fund capital expenditures, primarily to maintain or renovate our apartment communities. The amounts of these expenditures can vary from year to year depending on the age of the apartment community, timing of planned improvements, and lease turnover. As of December 31, 2023, we had no significant off-balance-sheet arrangements. Inflation and Supply Chain Our apartment leases generally have terms of one year or less, which means that, in an inflationary environment, we would have the ability, subject to market conditions, to increase rents upon the commencement of new leases or renewal of existing leases to manage the impact of inflation on our business. However, the cost to operate and maintain communities could increase at a rate greater than our ability to increase rents, which could adversely affect our results of operations. High inflation could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases. We also continue to monitor pressures surrounding supply chain challenges. Supply chain and inflationary pressures are likely to result in increased operating expenses, specifically, increases in energy costs, salary related costs, and construction materials for repairs and maintenance or capital projects. A worsening of the current environment could contribute to delays in obtaining construction materials and result in higher than anticipated costs, which could prevent us from obtaining expected returns on value add projects. We continue to have access to the financial markets; however, a prolonged disruption of the markets or a decline in credit and financing conditions could negatively affect our ability to access capital necessary to fund our operations or refinance maturing debt in the future. Additionally, rising interest rates could negatively impact our borrowing costs for any variable rate borrowings or refinancing activity. Critical Accounting Estimates Set forth below is a summary of the accounting estimates that management believes are critical to the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. Real Estate . Real estate is carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation, less an adjustment for impairment, if any. Depreciation requires an estimate by management of the useful life of each asset as well as an allocation of the costs associated with a property to its various components. As described further below, the process of allocating property costs to its components requires a considerable amount of subjective judgments to be made by management. If we do not allocate these costs appropriately or incorrectly estimate the useful lives of our real estate, depreciation expense may be misstated. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We use a 10-37 year estimated life for buildings and improvements and a 5-10 year estimated life for furniture, fixtures, and equipment. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Renovations and improvements that improve and/or extend the useful life of the asset are capitalized over their estimated useful life, generally five to twenty years. Acquisition of Investments in Real Estate. Upon acquisitions of real estate, we assess the fair value of acquired tangible assets (including land, buildings and personal property), which is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant, and consider whether there were significant intangible assets acquired (for example, above-and below-market leases, the value of acquired in-place leases and resident relationships) and assumed liabilities, and allocate the purchase price based on these assessments. 36 Table of Contents The as-if-vacant value is allocated to land, buildings, and personal property based on our determination of the relative fair value of these assets. Techniques used to estimate fair value include discounted cash flow analysis and reference to recent sales of comparable properties. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors, including the historical operating results, known trends, and market/economic conditions that may affect the property. Land value is assigned based on the purchase price if land is acquired separately or based on a relative fair value allocation if acquired in a portfolio acquisition. Other intangible assets acquired include amounts for in-place lease values that are based upon our evaluation of the specific characteristics of the leases. Factors considered in the fair value analysis include an estimate of carrying costs and foregone rental income during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, consideration of current market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases. We also consider information about each property obtained during our pre-acquisition due diligence, marketing and leasing activities in estimating the relative fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired. Impairment. We periodically evaluate our long-lived assets, including our investments in real estate, for impairment indicators. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on factors such as operational performance, market conditions, expected holding period of each property, and legal and environmental concerns. If indicators exist, we compare the estimated future undiscounted cash flows for the property against the carrying amount of that property. If the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is generally recorded for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying amount. If our anticipated holding period for properties, the estimated fair value of properties, or other factors change based on market conditions or otherwise, our evaluation of impairment charges may be different and such differences could be material to our Consolidated Financial Statements. The evaluation of estimated cash flows is subjective and is based, in part, on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results. Plans to hold properties over longer periods decrease the likelihood of recording impairment losses. Held for Sale. We classify properties as held for sale when they meet the GAAP criteria, which include: (a) management commits to and initiates a plan to sell the asset; (b) the sale is probable and expected to be completed within one year under terms that are usual and customary for sales of such assets; and (c) actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. Held for sale properties are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For disclosure regarding recent accounting pronouncements and the anticipated impact they will have on our operations, please refer to Note 2 of our Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this Report.