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Item 1A. Risk Factors

2023-08-16 compared with 2022-09-27 · 906 added, 817 removed, 15 unchanged (99% of the section changed)

Our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects are

subject to the following risks.

Additional risks and uncertainties not presently foreseeable to us may also impair our business operations.

If any of the following risks or the risks described elsewhere in this report actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating

results could be materially adversely affected.

In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and our stockholders

may lose all or part of their investment in the shares of our common stock.

This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and

uncertainties.

These statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believes,” “expects,”

“intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “predict” or “anticipation”

or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology.

Actual results could differ materially from those discussed

in the forward- looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth below and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

We have no products approved for commercial sale, have never generated

any revenues and may never achieve revenues or profitability, which could cause us to cease operations.

We have no products approved for commercial sale and, to date, we have

not generated any revenue.

Our ability to generate revenue depends heavily on (a) successful completion of one or more development programs

demonstrating in human clinical trials that BIV201 and NE3107, our product candidates, are safe and effective;

(b) our ability to seek

and obtain regulatory approvals, including, without limitation, with respect to the indications we are seeking;

of our product candidates;

and (d) market acceptance of our products.

There are no assurances that we will achieve any of the forgoing

Furthermore, our product candidates are in the development stage, and have not been fully evaluated in human clinical trials.

If we do not successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates we will not achieve revenues or profitability in the foreseeable

future, if at all.

If we are unable to generate revenues or achieve profitability, we may be unable to continue our operations.

We are a development stage company with a limited operating history,

making it difficult for you to evaluate our business and your investment.

Our business, financial condition, operating results

and prospects are subject to the following risks.

Additional risks and uncertainties not presently foreseeable to us may also impair our

business operations.

If any of the following risks or the risks described elsewhere in this report actually occurs, our business, financial

condition or operating results could be materially adversely affected.

In such case, the trading price of our Company’s Class A

Common Stock, par value $0.0001 (“Common Stock”) Common Stock could decline, and our stockholders may lose all or part of

their investment in the shares of our Common Stock.

Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.

These statements can be identified by the use of

forward-looking terminology such as believes, expects, intends, plans, may,

will, should, predict or anticipation or the negative thereof or other variations

thereon or comparable terminology.

Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward- looking statements as

a result of certain factors, including those set forth below and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Relating to Our Business and Industry

have no products approved for commercial sale, have never generated any revenues and may never achieve revenues or profitability, which

could cause us to cease operations.

have no products approved for commercial sale and, to date, we have not generated any revenue.

Our ability to generate revenue depends

heavily on (a) successful completion of one or more development programs demonstrating in human clinical trials that BIV201 and NE3107,

our product candidates, are safe and effective;

(b) our ability to seek and obtain regulatory approvals, including, without limitation,

with respect to the indications we are seeking;

and (d) market acceptance

of our products.

There are no assurances that we will achieve any of the forgoing objectives.

Furthermore, our product candidates are

in the development stage, and have not been fully evaluated in human clinical trials.

If we do not successfully develop and commercialize

our product candidates we will not achieve revenues or profitability in the foreseeable future, if at all.

If we are unable to generate

revenues or achieve profitability, we may be unable to continue our operations.

are a development stage company with a limited operating history, making it difficult for you to evaluate our business and your investment.

was incorporated on April 10, 2013.

We are a development stage

biopharmaceutical company with potential therapies that have not been fully evaluated in clinical trials, and our operations are subject

to all of the risks inherent in the establishment of a new business enterprise, including but not limited to the absence of an operating

history, the lack of commercialized products, insufficient capital, expected substantial and continual losses for the foreseeable future,

limited experience in dealing with regulatory issues, the lack of manufacturing experience and limited marketing experience, possible

reliance on third parties for the development and commercialization of our proposed products, a competitive environment characterized

by numerous, well-established and well capitalized competitors and reliance on key personnel.

Since inception, we have not established any revenues or operations that

would provide financial stability in the long term, and there can be no assurance that we will realize our plans on our projected timetable

in order to reach sustainable or profitable operations.

Investors are subject to all the risks incident to the creation and development

of a new business and each investor should be prepared to withstand a complete loss of his, her or its investment.

Furthermore, the accompanying

financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern.

We have not emerged from the development stage,

and may be unable to raise further equity.

These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Because we are subject to these risks, you may have a difficult time evaluating

our business and your investment in our Company.

Our ability to become profitable depends primarily on our ability to develop drugs, to

obtain approval for such drugs, and if approved, to successfully commercialize our drugs, our research and development (“R&D”)

efforts, including the timing and cost of clinical trials;

and our ability to enter into favorable alliances with third-parties who can

provide substantial capabilities in clinical development, regulatory affairs, sales, marketing and distribution.

Even if we successfully develop and market BIV201 and/or NE3107, we may

not generate sufficient or sustainable revenue to achieve or sustain profitability, which could cause us to cease operations and cause

you to lose all of your investment.

If the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities approve generic

versions of any of our product candidates that receive marketing approval, or such authorities do not grant our products sufficient, or

any, periods of exclusivity before approving generic versions of our products, the sales of our products could be adversely affected.

Once a new drug application (“NDA”) is approved, the product

covered thereby becomes a “reference listed drug” or RLD, in the FDA’s publication, “Approved Drug Products with

Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,” commonly known as the Orange Book.

Other manufacturers may seek approval of generic versions

of reference listed drugs through submission of abbreviated new drug applications (“ANDAs”) in the United States.

of an ANDA, a generic manufacturer need not conduct clinical trials.

Rather, the applicant generally must show that its product has the

same active ingredient(s), dosage form, strength, route of administration and conditions of use or labeling as the reference listed drug

and that the generic version is bioequivalent to the reference listed drug, meaning it is absorbed in the body at the same rate and to

the same extent as the RLD.

Generic products may be significantly less costly to bring to market than the reference listed drug and companies

that produce generic products are generally able to offer them at lower prices.

Moreover, generic versions of RLDs are often automatically

substituted for the RLD by pharmacies when dispensing a prescription written for the RLD.

Thus, following the introduction of a generic

drug, a significant percentage of the sales of any branded product or reference listed drug is typically lost to the generic product.

The FDA may not approve an ANDA for a generic product until any applicable

period of non-patent exclusivity for the reference listed drug has expired.

The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”)

provides a period of five years of non-patent exclusivity for a new drug containing a new chemical entity (“NCE”).

is an active ingredient that has not previously been approved by FDA in any other NDA.

Specifically, in cases where such exclusivity has

been granted, an ANDA may not be submitted to the FDA until the expiration of five years unless the submission is accompanied by a Paragraph IV

certification that a patent covering the reference listed drug is either invalid or will not be infringed by the generic product, in which

case the applicant may submit its application four years following approval of the reference listed drug.

If an ANDA is submitted to FDA

with a Paragraph IV Certification, the generic applicant must also provide a “Paragraph IV Notification” to the holder of

the NDA for the RLD and to the owner of the listed patent(s) being challenged by the ANDA applicant, providing a detailed written statement

of the basis for the ANDA applicant’s position that the relevant patent(s) is invalid or would not be infringed.

If the patent owner

brings a patent infringement lawsuit against the ANDA applicant within 45 days of the Paragraph IV Notification, FDA approval of the ANDA

will be automatically stayed for 30 months, or until 7-1/2 years after the NDA approval if the generic application was filed between 4

years and 5 years after the NDA approval.

Any such stay will be terminated earlier if the court rules that the patent is invalid or would

not be infringed.

While we believe that BIV201 contains an active ingredient, terlipressin,

that would be treated as an NCE by the FDA and, therefore, if it is the first terlipressin drug product to be approved, should be afforded

NCE exclusivity, the FDA may disagree with that conclusion and may approve generic products after a period that is less than five years.

If the FDA were to award NCE exclusivity to someone who receives approval of a terlipressin drug product before us, we believe that we

could still be awarded a different type of exclusivity protection from generic competition, which is awarded when an NDA or supplemental

NDA for a new use of a drug contains reports of new clinical investigations (other than bioavailability studies) conducted or sponsored

by an applicant and which FDA deems to have been essential for approval of the application or supplement.

Such exclusivity prevents FDA

approval of a generic version of the RLD for three years from the date of the RLD approval.

Manufacturers may seek to launch generic products

following the expiration of any applicable marketing exclusivity period, even if we still have patent protection for our product and no

30-month stay is in effect.

If we do not maintain patent protection and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates, our business

may be materially harmed.

Competition that our products may face from generic versions of our products

could materially and adversely impact our future revenue, profitability and cash flows and substantially limit our ability to obtain a

return on the investments we have made in those product candidates.

If we fail to obtain

or maintain Orphan Drug exclusivity for BIV201, we will have to rely on other potential marketing exclusivity, and on our intellectual

property rights, which may reduce the length of time that we can prevent competitors from selling generic versions of BIV201.

We have obtained Orphan Drug Designation for BIV201 (terlipressin) in the

for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome (received November 21, 2018) and treatment of ascites due to all etiologies except cancer

(received September 8, 2016).

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an Orphan Drug if it is a drug intended to

treat a rare disease or condition, defined, in part, as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the U.S.

In the EU, Orphan Drug

designation may be granted to drugs intended to treat, diagnose or prevent a life-threatening or chronically debilitating disease having

a prevalence of no more than five in 10,000 people in the EU, and which meet other specified criteria.

The company that first obtains

FDA approval for a designated Orphan Drug for the associated rare disease may receive a seven year period of marketing exclusivity during

which time FDA may not approve another application for the same drug for the same orphan disease or condition.

Orphan Drug Exclusivity

does not prevent FDA approval of another application for the same drug for a different disease or condition, or of an application for

a different drug for the same rare disease or condition.

Orphan Drug exclusive marketing rights may be lost under several circumstances,

including a later determination by the FDA that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer

is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug.

Similar regulations are available in the EU with a ten-year period of market exclusivity.

Even though BioVie has obtained two Orphan Drug Designations for its lead

product candidate, terlipressin, for treatment of ascites and for treatment of hepatorenal syndrome, and may seek other Orphan Drug Designations

for BIV201, and Orphan Drug Designation for other product candidates, there is no assurance that BioVie will be the first to obtain marketing

approval for any particular rare indication.

Further, even though BioVie has obtained Orphan Drug Designations for its lead product candidate,

or even if BioVie obtains Orphan Drug Designation for other potential product candidates, such designation may not effectively protect

BioVie from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition and the same drug can be approved for different

conditions and potentially used off-label in the Orphan indication.

Even after an Orphan Drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve

another competing drug with the same active ingredient for the same condition for several reasons, including, if the FDA concludes that

the later drug is clinically superior due to being safer or more effective or because it makes a major contribution to patient care.

Drug Designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a drug, nor gives the drug any advantage in the regulatory

review or approval process.

In addition, other companies have received Orphan Drug designations for

terlipressin.

Mallinckrodt Hospital Products IP Limited received Orphan Drug designation in 2004 for terlipressin for the treatment of

Hepatorenal Syndrome.

Mallinckrodt has already filed an NDA for its product, and the FDA convened an advisory committee meeting to discuss

that application in 2020.

FDA then issued a complete response letter declining to approve the NDA as filed based on safety concerns.

resubmitted the NDA in November 2021 with additional analysis and received a CRL in February 2022 for a packaging and labelling issue.

In their press release Mallinckrodt stated there were no safety or efficacy issues cited in the CRL.

In a press release on June 13, 2022

Mallinckrodt announce resubmission of the NDA.

PharmaIN Corporation received Orphan Drug Designation in 2012 for PGC-C12E-terlipressin

for treatment of ascites due to all etiologies except cancer.

In addition, Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc.

received Orphan Drug designation

in 1986 for terlipressin for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.

If one of those or any other company with Orphan Drug Designation

for the same drug as ours for the same proposed disease or condition receives FDA approval and Orphan Drug Exclusivity before our product

is approved, approval of our drug(s) for the orphan indication may be blocked for seven years by the other company’s Orphan Exclusivity

and they may obtain a competitive advantage even after the exclusivity period expires associated with being the first to market.

We will need to raise substantial additional capital in the future

to fund our operations and we may be unable to raise such funds when needed and on acceptable terms, which could have a materially adverse

effect on our business.

Developing biopharmaceutical products, including conducting pre-clinical

studies and clinical trials and establishing manufacturing capabilities, requires substantial funding.

Additional financing will be required

to fund the research and development of our product candidates.

We have not generated any product revenues, and do not expect to generate

any revenues until, and only if, we develop, and receive approval to sell our product candidates from the FDA and other regulatory authorities

for our product candidates.

We may not have the resources to complete the development and commercialization

of any of our proposed product candidates.

We will require additional financing to further the clinical development of our product candidates.

In the event that we cannot obtain the required financing, we will be unable to complete the development necessary to file an NDA with

the FDA for BIV201 or NE3107.

This will delay or require termination of research and development programs, preclinical studies and clinical

trials, material characterization studies, regulatory processes, the establishment of our own laboratory or a search for third party marketing

partners to market our products for us, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

The amount of capital we may need will depend on many factors, including

the progress, timing and scope of our research and development programs, the progress, timing and scope of our preclinical studies and

clinical trials, the time and cost necessary to obtain regulatory approvals, the time and cost necessary to establish our own marketing

capabilities or to seek marketing partners, the time and cost necessary to respond to technological and market developments, changes made

or new developments in our existing collaborative, licensing and other commercial relationships, and new collaborative, licensing and

other commercial relationships that we may establish.

Until we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenue, if ever,

we expect to finance future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, or corporate collaboration and licensing

arrangements.

Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all.

If adequate funds

are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our research or development programs

or our commercialization efforts.

In addition, we could be forced to discontinue product development and reduce or forego attractive business

opportunities.

To the extent that we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience additional significant

dilution, and debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants.

To the extent that we raise additional funds through collaboration

and licensing arrangements, it may be necessary to relinquish some rights to our technologies or our product candidates, or grant licenses

on terms that may not be favorable to us.

We may seek to access the public or private capital markets whenever conditions are favorable,

even if we do not have an immediate need for additional capital at that time.

Our fixed expenses, such as rent and other contractual commitments, will

likely increase in the future, as we may enter into leases for new facilities and capital equipment and/or enter into additional licenses

and collaborative agreements.

Therefore, if we fail to raise substantial additional capital to fund these expenses, we could be forced

to cease operations, which could cause you to lose all of your investment.

We have limited experience in drug development and may not be able

to successfully develop any drugs, which would cause us to cease operations.

We have never successfully developed a new drug and brought it to market.

Our management and clinical teams have experience in drug development but they may not be able to successfully develop any drugs.

ability to achieve revenues and profitability in our business will depend on, among other things, our ability to develop products internally

or to obtain rights to them from others on favorable terms;

complete laboratory testing and human studies;

obtain and maintain necessary

intellectual property rights to our products;

successfully complete regulatory review to obtain requisite governmental agency approvals;

into arrangements with third parties to manufacture our products on our behalf;

and enter into arrangements with third parties to

provide sales and marketing functions.

If we are unable to achieve these objectives we will be forced to cease operations and you will

lose all of your investment.

Development of pharmaceutical products is a time-consuming process,

subject to a number of risks, many of which are outside of our control.

Consequently, if we are unsuccessful or fail to timely develop

new drugs, we could be forced to discontinue our operations.

Our lead product candidate, BIV201 (continuous infusion terlipressin),

has been cleared by the FDA to undergo testing in a mid-stage (Phase 2b) clinical trial for treatment of ascites.

On June 24, 2021, we

announced that the first patient has been enrolled in this study.

If our Phase 2b study in ascites fails to generate sufficient evidence

of effectiveness, or shows significant safety risks, we may not be able to continue development of the product for that proposed use.

As reflected by the FDA’s complete response letter to Malllinckrodt’s new drug application (NDA) for terlipressin dosed as

an intermittent IV bolus (1 or 2 mg every 6 hours) to treat hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), terlipressin may cause significant toxicity when

administered this way.

We believe that our continuous infusion approach to terlipressin treatment may overcome some of those safety concerns,

but there can be no assurance that we will be able to demonstrate acceptable safety for BIV201 to the FDA’s satisfaction.

23, 2021, we announced that FDA has provided guidance on our planned Phase 3 clinical trial of BIV201 in hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney

syndrome and have since reached agreement on the key elements of the trial design.

On April, 15, 2022, we received FDA comments in respons

to a subsequent Type C meeting request.

We may fail to obtain FDA clearance to proceed with the study in our proposed form.

Our new drug product candidate NE3107, which we acquired from NeurMedix

in 2021, has been cleared by FDA for use in a Phase 3, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, multicenter study

in subjects who have mild to moderate Alzheimer’s Disease.

Enrollment in that trial began in August 2021, with a planned primary

completion in late 2022/early 2023.

We are a development stage biopharmaceutical company with potential therapies that have not

been fully evaluated in clinical trials, and our operations are subject to all of the risks inherent in the establishment of a new business

enterprise, including but not limited to the absence of an operating history, the lack of commercialized products, insufficient capital,

expected substantial and continual losses for the foreseeable future, limited experience in dealing with regulatory issues, the lack

of manufacturing experience and limited marketing experience, possible reliance on third parties for the development and commercialization

of our proposed products, a competitive environment characterized by numerous, well-established and well capitalized competitors and

reliance on key personnel.

inception, we have not established any revenues or operations that would provide financial stability in the long term, and there can

be no assurance that we will realize our plans on our projected timetable in order to reach sustainable or profitable operations.

are subject to all the risks incident to the creation and development of a new business and each investor should be prepared to withstand

a complete loss of his, her or its investment.

Furthermore, the accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that we

will continue as a going concern.

We have not emerged from the development stage, and may be unable to raise further equity.

These factors

raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

The financial statements do not include any adjustments that

might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

we are subject to these risks, you may have a difficult time evaluating our business and your investment in our Company.

to become profitable depends primarily on our ability to develop drugs, to obtain approval for such drugs, and if approved, to successfully

commercialize our drugs, our research and development (R&D) efforts, including the timing and cost of clinical trials;

and our ability to enter into favorable alliances with third-parties who can provide substantial capabilities in clinical development,

regulatory affairs, sales, marketing and distribution.

if we successfully develop and market BIV201 and/or NE3107, we may not generate sufficient or sustainable revenue to achieve or sustain

profitability, which could cause us to cease operations and cause you to lose all of your investment.

the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities approve generic versions of any of our product candidates that receive marketing

approval, or such authorities do not grant our products sufficient, or any, periods of exclusivity before approving generic versions

of our products, the sales of our products could be adversely affected.

a new drug application (NDA) is approved, the product covered thereby becomes a reference listed drug or

RLD, in the FDAs publication, Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as

the Orange Book.

Other manufacturers may seek approval of generic versions of reference listed drugs through submission of abbreviated

new drug applications (ANDAs) in the United States.

In support of an ANDA, a generic manufacturer need not conduct clinical

Rather, the applicant generally must show that its product has the same active ingredient(s), dosage form, strength, route of

administration and conditions of use or labeling as the reference listed drug and that the generic version is bioequivalent to the reference

listed drug, meaning it is absorbed in the body at the same rate and to the same extent as the RLD.

Generic products may be significantly

less costly to bring to market than the reference listed drug and companies that produce generic products are generally able to offer

them at lower prices.

Moreover, generic versions of RLDs are often automatically substituted for the RLD by pharmacies when dispensing

a prescription written for the RLD.

Thus, following the introduction of a generic drug, a significant percentage of the sales of any

branded product or reference listed drug is typically lost to the generic product.

FDA may not approve an ANDA for a generic product until any applicable period of non-patent exclusivity for the reference listed drug

The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) provides a period of five years of non-patent

exclusivity for a new drug containing a new chemical entity (NCE).

An NCE is an active ingredient that has not previously

been approved by FDA in any other NDA.

Specifically, in cases where such exclusivity has been granted, an ANDA may not be submitted to

the FDA until the expiration of five years unless the submission is accompanied by a Paragraph IV certification that a patent covering

the reference listed drug is either invalid or will not be infringed by the generic product, in which case the applicant may submit its

application four years following approval of the reference listed drug.

If an ANDA is submitted to FDA with a Paragraph IV Certification,

the generic applicant must also provide a Paragraph IV Notification to the holder of the NDA for the RLD and to the owner

of the listed patent(s) being challenged by the ANDA applicant, providing a detailed written statement of the basis for the ANDA applicants

position that the relevant patent(s) is invalid or would not be infringed.

If the patent owner brings a patent infringement lawsuit against

the ANDA applicant within 45 days of the Paragraph IV Notification, FDA approval of the ANDA will be automatically stayed for 30 months,

or until 7-1/2 years after the NDA approval if the generic application was filed between 4 years and 5 years after the NDA approval.

Any such stay will be terminated earlier if the court rules that the patent is invalid or would not be infringed.

that our products may face from generic versions of our products could materially and adversely impact our future revenue, profitability

and cash flows and substantially limit our ability to obtain a return on the investments we have made in those product candidates.

we fail to obtain or maintain Orphan Drug exclusivity for BIV201, we will have to rely on other potential marketing exclusivity, and

on our intellectual property rights, which may reduce the length of time that we can prevent competitors from selling generic versions

have obtained Orphan Drug Designation for BIV201 (terlipressin) in the U.S.

for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome (received November

21, 2018) and treatment of ascites due to all etiologies except cancer (received September 8, 2016).

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA

may designate a product as an Orphan Drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, defined, in part, as a patient

population of fewer than 200,000 in the U.S.

In the EU, Orphan Drug designation may be granted to drugs intended to treat, diagnose or

prevent a life-threatening or chronically debilitating disease having a prevalence of no more than five in 10,000 people in the EU, and

which meet other specified criteria.

The company that first obtains FDA approval for a designated Orphan Drug for the associated rare

disease may receive a seven-year period of marketing exclusivity during which time FDA may not approve another application for the same

drug for the same orphan disease or condition.

Orphan Drug Exclusivity does not prevent FDA approval of another application for the same

drug for a different disease or condition, or of an application for a different drug for the same rare disease or condition.

exclusive marketing rights may be lost under several circumstances, including a later determination by the FDA that the request for designation

was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug.

Similar regulations are available

in the EU with a ten-year period of market exclusivity.

though BioVie has obtained two Orphan Drug Designations for its lead product candidate, terlipressin, for treatment of ascites and for

treatment of hepatorenal syndrome, and may seek other Orphan Drug Designations for BIV201, and Orphan Drug Designation for other product

candidates, there is no assurance that BioVie will be the first to obtain marketing approval for any particular rare indication.

even though BioVie has obtained Orphan Drug Designations for its lead product candidate, or even if BioVie obtains Orphan Drug Designation

for other potential product candidates, such designation may not effectively protect BioVie from competition because different drugs

can be approved for the same condition and the same drug can be approved for different conditions and potentially used off-label in the

Orphan indication.

Even after an Orphan Drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve another competing drug with the same active

ingredient for the same condition for several reasons, including, if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior due

to being safer or more effective or because it makes a major contribution to patient care.

Orphan Drug Designation neither shortens the

development time or regulatory review time of a drug, nor gives the drug any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process.

In addition, other companies have received Orphan

Drug designations for terlipressin.

Mallinckrodt Hospital Products IP Limited received Orphan Drug designation in 2004 for terlipressin

for the treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome.

Mallinckrodt has already gained FDA approval for its product, lyophilized terlipressin acetate

for bolus intravenous administration for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome Type 1 in September 2022.

PharmaIN Corporation received

Orphan Drug Designation in 2012 for PGC-C12E-terlipressin for treatment of ascites due to all etiologies except cancer.

In addition, Ferring

Pharmaceuticals Inc.

received Orphan Drug designation in 1986 for terlipressin for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.

of those or any other company with Orphan Drug Designation for the same drug as ours for the same proposed disease or condition receives

FDA approval and Orphan Drug Exclusivity before our product is approved, approval of our drug(s) for the orphan indication may be blocked

for seven years by the other company’s Orphan Exclusivity and they may obtain a competitive advantage even after the exclusivity

period expires associated with being the first to market.

will need to raise substantial additional capital in the future to fund our operations and we may be unable to raise such funds when

needed and on acceptable terms, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

biopharmaceutical products, including conducting pre-clinical studies and clinical trials and establishing manufacturing capabilities,

requires substantial funding.

Additional financing will be required to fund the research and development of our product candidates.

have not generated any product revenues, and do not expect to generate any revenues until, and only if, we develop, and receive approval

to sell our product candidates from the FDA and other regulatory authorities for our product candidates.

may not have the resources to complete the development and commercialization of any of our proposed product candidates.

We will require

additional financing to further the clinical development of our product candidates.

In the event that we cannot obtain the required financing,

we will be unable to complete the development necessary to file an NDA with the FDA for BIV201 or NE3107.

This will delay or require

termination of research and development programs, preclinical studies and clinical trials, material characterization studies, regulatory

processes, the establishment of our own laboratory or a search for third party marketing partners to market our products for us, which

could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

amount of capital we may need will depend on many factors, including the progress, timing and scope of our research and development programs,

the progress, timing and scope of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, the time and cost necessary to obtain regulatory approvals,

the time and cost necessary to establish our own marketing capabilities or to seek marketing partners, the time and cost necessary to

respond to technological and market developments, changes made or new developments in our existing collaborative, licensing and other

commercial relationships, and new collaborative, licensing and other commercial relationships that we may establish.

we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenue, if ever, we expect to finance future cash needs through public or private equity

offerings, debt financings, or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements.

Additional funds may not be available when we need

them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all.

If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope

of, or eliminate one or more of our research or development programs or our commercialization efforts.

In addition, we could be forced

to discontinue product development and reduce or forego attractive business opportunities.

To the extent that we raise additional funds

by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience additional significant dilution, and debt financing, if available, may

involve restrictive covenants.

To the extent that we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements, it may

be necessary to relinquish some rights to our technologies or our product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable

We may seek to access the public or private capital markets whenever conditions are favorable, even if we do not have an immediate

need for additional capital at that time.

fixed expenses, such as rent and other contractual commitments, will likely increase in the future, as we may enter into leases for new

facilities and capital equipment and/or enter into additional licenses and collaborative agreements.

Therefore, if we fail to raise substantial

additional capital to fund these expenses, we could be forced to cease operations, which could cause you to lose all of your investment.

have limited experience in drug development and may not be able to successfully develop any drugs, which would cause us to cease operations.

have never successfully developed a new drug and brought it to market.

Our management and clinical teams have experience in drug development

but they may not be able to successfully develop any drugs.

Our ability to achieve revenues and profitability in our business will depend

on, among other things, our ability to develop products internally or to obtain rights to them from others on favorable terms;

laboratory testing and human studies;

obtain and maintain necessary intellectual property rights to our products;

successfully complete

regulatory review to obtain requisite governmental agency approvals;

enter into arrangements with third parties to manufacture our

products on our behalf;

and enter into arrangements with third parties to provide sales and marketing functions.

If we are unable

to achieve these objectives we will be forced to cease operations and you will lose all of your investment.

Development of pharmaceutical products is

a time-consuming process, subject to a number of risks, many of which are outside of our control.

Consequently, we can provide no assurance

that our product candidates will obtain regulatory approval, and if we are unsuccessful or fail to timely develop new drugs, we could

be forced to discontinue our operations.

Our drug product candidate NE3107 was cleared

by FDA for use in a Phase 3, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, multicenter study in subjects who have mild

to moderate Alzheimer’s Disease.

Enrollment in that trial began in August 2021, with a planned primary completion in late 2022/early

Alzheimer’s Disease is a complex and still poorly understood disease.

In June 2021, FDA approved

the drug aducanumab for treatment of Alzheimer’s despite a strong recommendation against approval from an FDA advisory committee.

That FDA approval has generated significant medical and political controversy, including a Congressional investigation, announced on June

25, 2021, into the basis for FDA’s approval decision.

That investigation, other potential investigations, and negative publicity

of FDA’s approval decision could adversely impact the agency’s oversight of our clinical development program, how the agency

may view and act upon any NDA we may file for NE3107, and the commercial viability of NE3107 if it were to be approved and marketed.

Further development and extensive testing will be required to determine

the technical feasibility and commercial viability of BIV201 and NE3107.

Our success will depend on our ability to achieve scientific

and technological advances and to translate such advances into reliable, commercially competitive drugs on a timely basis.

we may develop are not likely to be commercially available, at a minimum, for several years, if ever.

The proposed development schedules

for our product candidates may be affected by a variety of factors, including technological difficulties, proprietary technology of others,

and changes in government regulation, many of which will not be within our control.

Any delay in the development, introduction or marketing

of our product candidates could result either in such drugs being marketed at a time when their cost and performance characteristics would

not be competitive in the marketplace or in the shortening of their commercial lives.

In light of the long-term nature of our projects

and other risk factors described elsewhere in this document, we may not be able to successfully complete the development or marketing

of any drugs, which could cause us to cease operations.

We may fail to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidate(s)

if it is found to be unsafe or ineffective in clinical trials;

does not receive necessary approval from the FDA or foreign regulatory

fails to conform to a changing standard of care for the disease it seeks to treat;

or is less effective or more expensive than

current or alternative treatment methods.

Drug development failure can occur at any stage of clinical trials and

as a result of many factors, there can be no assurance that we or our collaborators will reach our anticipated clinical targets.

if we or our collaborators complete our clinical trials, we do not know what the long-term effects of exposure to our product candidates

Furthermore, our product candidates may be used in combination with other treatments and there can be no assurance that such

use will not lead to unique or unexpected safety issues.

Failure to complete clinical trials or to prove that our product candidates are

safe and effective would have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue and could require us to reduce the scope of

or discontinue our operations, which could cause you to lose all of your investment.

We face business disruption and related risks

resulting from the outbreak of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which could have a material adverse effect on our business

The continual widespread health emergencies or pandemics

such as the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic (and its related variants), has led to continued regional quarantines, business

shutdowns, labor shortages, disruptions to supply chains, and overall economic instability, which could materially and adversely affect

the clinical trials, supply chain, financial condition and financial performance of our company.

Although some jurisdictions have relaxed

these measures, others have not or have reinstated them as COVID-19 cases surge and its variants continue to emerge.

The duration and

spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the long-term impact of COVID-19 and its variants on the financial markets and the overall economy

are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time.

If the financial markets and/or the overall economy are impacted for an extended

period, the Company’s ability to raise funds may be materially adversely affected.

In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has created

a widespread labor shortage, including a shortage of medical professionals, and has impacted and may continue to impact the potential

patient participation in our studies which may adversely impact our ability to continue or complete our clinical trials in the planned

We have no manufacturing experience, and the failure to comply with

all applicable manufacturing regulations and requirements could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

We have never manufactured products in the highly regulated environment

of pharmaceutical manufacturing, and our team has limited experience in the manufacture of drug therapies.

There are numerous regulations

and requirements that must be maintained to obtain licensure and permitting required prior to the commencement of manufacturing, as well

as additional requirements to continue manufacturing pharmaceutical products.

We currently do not own or lease facilities that could be

used to manufacture any products that might be developed by us, and have contracted with an experienced Contract Manufacturing Organization

(“CMO”) to perform the manufacturing of our new product candidates BIV201 and NE 3107.

In addition, we do not have the resources

at this time to acquire or lease suitable facilities.

If we or our CMO fail to comply with regulations, to obtain the necessary licenses

and knowhow or to obtain the requisite financing in order to comply with all applicable regulations and to own or lease the required facilities

in order to manufacture our products, we could be forced to cease operations, which would cause you to lose all of your investment.

In addition, the FDA and other regulatory authorities require that product

candidates and drug products be manufactured according to cGMP.

Any failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with cGMP could

lead to a shortage of BIV201 and NE3107.

In addition, such failure could be the basis for action by the FDA to withdraw approval, if granted

to us, and for other regulatory enforcement action, including Warning Letters, product seizure, injunction or other civil or criminal

BIV201 and NE3107 and any other product candidates that we develop may

have to compete with other products and product candidates for access to manufacturing facilities.

There are a limited number of manufacturers

that operate under cGMP regulations and that are both capable of manufacturing for us and willing to do so.

If we need to find another

source of drug substance or drug product manufacturing for BIV201 and NE3107, we may not be able to identify, or reach agreement with,

commercial-scale manufacturers on commercially reasonably terms, or at all.

If we are unable to do so, we will need to develop our own

commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities, which would:

impact commercialization of BIV201 and NE3107 in the U.S.

and other countries

where it may be approved;

require a capital investment by us that could be quite costly;

and increase our operating expenses.

If our existing third-party manufacturers, or the third parties that we

engage in the future to manufacture a product for commercial sale or for our clinical trials, should cease to continue to do so for any

reason, we likely would experience significant delays in obtaining sufficient quantities of product for us to meet commercial demand or

to advance our clinical trials while we identify and qualify replacement suppliers.

If for any reason we are unable to obtain adequate

supplies of BIV201 or any other product candidate that we develop, or the drug substances used to manufacture it, it will be more difficult

for us to compete effectively, generate revenue, and further develop our products.

In addition, if we are unable to assure a sufficient

quantity of the drug for patients with rare diseases or conditions, we may lose any Orphan Drug exclusivity to which the product otherwise

would be entitled.

We do not currently have the sales and marketing personnel necessary

to sell products, and the failure to hire and retain such staff could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

We are an early stage development company with limited resources.

if we had products available for sale, which we currently do not, we have not secured sales and marketing staff at this early stage of

operations to sell products.

We cannot generate sales without sales or marketing staff and must rely on others to provide any sales or

marketing services until such personnel are secured, if ever.

If we fail to hire and retain the requisite expertise in order to market

and sell our products or fail to raise sufficient capital in order to afford to pay such sales or marketing staff, then we could be forced

to cease operations and you could lose all of your investment.

Even if we were to successfully develop approvable drugs, we will

not be able to sell these drugs if we or our third-party manufacturers fail to comply with manufacturing regulations, which could have

a materially adverse effect on our business.

If we were to successfully develop approvable drugs, before we can begin

selling these drugs, we must obtain regulatory approval of our manufacturing facility and process or the manufacturing facility and process

of the third party or parties with whom we may outsource our manufacturing activities.

In addition, the manufacture of our products must

comply with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations, commonly known as GMP regulations.

The GMP regulations govern

quality control and documentation policies and procedures.

Our manufacturing facilities, if any in the future, and the manufacturing facilities

of our third-party manufacturers will be continually subject to inspection by the FDA and other state, local and foreign regulatory authorities,

before and after product approval.

We cannot guarantee that we, or any potential third-party manufacturer of our products, will be able

to comply with the GMP regulations or other applicable manufacturing regulations.

The failure to comply with all necessary regulations

would have a materially adverse effect on our business and could force us to cease operations and you could lose all of your investment.

We must comply with significant and complex government regulations,

compliance with which may delay or prevent the commercialization of our product candidates, which could have a materially adverse effect

on our business.

The R&D, manufacture and marketing of drug product candidates are subject

to regulation, primarily by the FDA in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries.

These national agencies and

other federal, state, local and foreign entities regulate, among other things, R&D activities (including testing in animals and in

humans) and the testing, manufacturing, handling, labeling, storage, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of the product

that we are developing.

Noncompliance with applicable requirements can result in various adverse consequences, including approval delays

or refusals to approve drug licenses or other applications, suspension or termination of clinical investigations, revocation of approvals

previously granted, warning letters, fines, criminal prosecution, recalls or seizures of products, injunctions against shipping drugs

and total or partial suspension of production and/or refusal to allow a company to enter into governmental supply contracts.

The process of obtaining FDA approval is costly and time consuming.

FDA requirements for a new human drug or biological product to be marketed in the United States include, among other things:

(a) the successful

conclusion of pre-clinical laboratory and animal tests, if appropriate, to gain preliminary information on the product’s safety;

(b) filing with the FDA of an IND application to conduct human clinical trials for drugs or biologics;

adequate and well-controlled human clinical investigations to establish the safety and efficacy of the product for its recommended use;

and (d) filing by a company and acceptance and approval by the FDA of a NDA for a drug product or a BLA for a biological product to allow

commercial distribution of the drug or biologic.

A delay in one or more of the procedural steps outlined above could be harmful to us

in terms of getting our product candidates through clinical testing and to market, which could have a materially adverse effect on our

The FDA, clinical investigators, Data Safety Monitoring Boards, and Institutional

Review Boards review the ongoing conduct of, and emerging safety information from, clinical trials and may order the temporary or permanent

discontinuation of clinical trials at any time if it believes the product candidate exposes clinical subjects to an unacceptable health

Investigational drugs used in clinical studies must be produced in compliance with cGMP rules pursuant to FDA regulations.

Development, approval, and sales outside the United States of products

that we develop will also be subject to regulatory requirements governing human clinical trials and marketing for drugs and biological

products and devices.

The requirements vary widely from country to country, but typically the registration and approval process takes

several years and requires significant resources.

If we experience delays or discontinuations of our clinical trials by the

FDA or comparable authorities in other countries, or if we fail to obtain registration or other approvals of our products or devices then

we could be forced to cease our operations and you will lose all of your investment.

Even if we are successful in developing BIV201 and NE3107, our product

candidates, we have limited experience in conducting or supervising clinical trials that must be performed to obtain data to submit in

concert with applications for approval by the FDA.

The regulatory process to obtain approval for drugs for commercial sale involves numerous

Drugs are subjected to clinical trials that allow development of case studies to examine safety, efficacy, and other issues to

ensure that sale of drugs meets the requirements set forth by various governmental agencies, including the FDA.

In the event that our

protocols do not meet standards set forth by the FDA, or that our data is not sufficient to allow such trials to validate our drugs in

the face of such examination, we might not be able to meet the requirements that allow our drugs to be approved for sale which could have

a materially adverse effect on our business.

We can provide no assurance that our product candidates will obtain

regulatory approval or that the results of clinical studies will be favorable.

The business plan we have developed for the next twenty-four months for

the liver disease program is to complete the Phase 2b clinical development program for our lead new product candidate BIV201 for treatment

of ascites, conduct a single pivotal Phase 3 trial of BIV201 for ascites, and commence a pivotal Phase 3 trial required for new drug approval

of BIV201 for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI), and to pursue other key milestones such as additional

patent issuances.

For NE3107, we have commenced a potentially pivotal 18-month Phase 3 trial in Alzheimer’s Disease, commenced a

Phase 2 study of NE3017 in Parkinson’s Disease.

Due to our financial constraints, we do not have the resources necessary to complete

all of these clinical studies.

Subject to FDA guidance, we plan to commence additional Phase 2 and potentially Phase 3 clinical trials

upon receipt of a successful capital raise.

There is no guarantee the FDA will approve the commencement of a Phase 3 trial for BIV201,

and even if they do our financial constraints may prevent us from undertaking clinical trials.

Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately

prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information and disclosure of our trade secrets or proprietary information could

compromise any competitive advantage that we have, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary

rights to the technologies used in our product candidates.

We depend heavily upon confidentiality agreements with our officers, employees,

consultants and subcontractors to maintain the proprietary nature of our technology.

These measures may not afford us complete or even

sufficient protection, and may not afford an adequate remedy in the event of an unauthorized disclosure of confidential information.

we fail to protect and/or maintain our intellectual property, third parties may be able to compete more effectively against us, we may

lose our technological or competitive advantage, and/or we may incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to recover or restrict

use of our intellectual property.

In addition, others may independently develop technology similar to ours, otherwise avoiding the confidentiality

agreements, or produce patents that would materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of

operations, in which event you could lose all of your investment.

We may be unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights

relating to our product candidates, and we may be liable for infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others, which could have

In June 2021, FDA approved the drug aducanumab for treatment

of Alzheimer’s despite a strong recommendation against approval from an FDA advisory committee.

That FDA approval has generated

significant medical and political controversy, including a Congressional investigation, announced on June 25, 2021, into the basis for

FDA’s approval decision.

That investigation, other potential investigations, and negative publicity of FDA’s approval decision

could adversely impact the agency’s oversight of our clinical development program, how the agency may view and act upon any NDA

we may file for NE3107, and the commercial viability of NE3107 if it were to be approved and marketed.

Our drug product candidate, BIV201 (continuous

infusion terlipressin), was cleared by the FDA to undergo testing in a mid-stage (Phase 2b) clinical trial for the treatment of refractory

ascites due to cirrhosis.

On June 24, 2021, we announced that the first patient has been enrolled in this study.

The open-label trial

was stopped after 15 of the planned 30 patients were enrolled and an evaluation of those completed patients assessed.

Encouraging data

from these patients appeared to show that treatment with BIV201 plus SOC resulted in a reduction in ascites fluid accumulation during

treatment versus pre-treatment.

In June 2023, the Company requested guidance from the FDA regarding the design and endpoints for definitive

clinical testing of BIV201 for the treatment of ascites due to chronic liver cirrhosis.

FDA accepted the request and intends to send written

comments in the third quarter of calendar year 2023.

BIV201 has also received Orphan Drug designation for HRS.

Patients with refractory

ascites often progress to HRS which is the onset of kidney failure and requires emergency hospitalization.

As reflected by approved label

for Malllinckrodt’s drug Terlivaz, terlipressin dosed as an intermittent IV bolus (1 or 2 mg every 6 hours) to treat HRS, however,

terlipressin may cause significant toxicity when administered this way in this critically ill patient population.

We believe that our

continuous infusion approach to terlipressin treatment may overcome some of those safety concerns, but there can be no assurance that

we will be able to demonstrate an acceptable risk;safety benefit for BIV201 for the treatment of refractory ascites or HRS to the FDA’s

satisfaction.

On June 23, 2021, we announced that FDA has provided guidance on our planned Phase 3 clinical trial of BIV201 in (HRS-AKI)

and have since reached agreement on the key elements of the trial design.

Although we have deprioritized HRS-AKI program to focus on NE3107,

on April 15, 2022, we received additional FDA comments regarding the trial design in response to a subsequent Type C meeting request related

to BV201 in HRS-AKI.

development and extensive testing will be required to determine the technical feasibility and commercial viability of BIV201 and NE3107.

Our success will depend on our ability to achieve scientific and technological advances and to translate such advances into reliable,

commercially competitive drugs on a timely basis.

Drugs that we may develop are not likely to be commercially available, at a minimum,

for several years, if ever.

The proposed development schedules for our product candidates may be affected by a variety of factors, including

technological difficulties, proprietary technology of others, and changes in government regulation, many of which will not be within

Any delay in the development, introduction or marketing of our product candidates could result either in such drugs being

marketed at a time when their cost and performance characteristics would not be competitive in the marketplace or in the shortening of

their commercial lives.

In light of the long-term nature of our projects and other risk factors described elsewhere in this document,

we may not be able to successfully complete the development or marketing of any drugs, which could cause us to cease operations.

may fail to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidate(s) if it is found to be unsafe or ineffective in clinical trials;

does not receive necessary approval from the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies;

fails to conform to a changing standard of care for

the disease it seeks to treat;

or is less effective or more expensive than current or alternative treatment methods.

Drug development failure can occur at any stage

of clinical trials and as a result of many factors, there can be no assurance that we or our collaborators will reach our anticipated

clinical targets.

Even if the trials are successfully completed, clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses,

and we cannot guarantee that the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities will interpret the results as we do, and more trials

could be required before we submit our product candidates for approval.

We cannot guarantee that the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory

authorities will view our product candidates as having efficacy even if positive results are observed in clinical trials.

In some instances,

there can be significant variability in safety or efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same product candidate due

to numerous factors, including changes in trial procedures set forth in protocols, differences in the size and type of the patient populations,

changes in and adherence to the clinical trial protocols, and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants.

If the results of

our ongoing or future clinical trials are inconclusive with respect to the efficacy of our product candidates, if we do not meet the clinical

endpoints with statistical and clinically meaningful significance, or if there are safety concerns associated with our product candidates,

we may be delayed in obtaining marketing approval, if at all.

Additionally, any safety concerns observed in any one of our clinical trials

in our targeted indications could limit the prospects for regulatory approval of our product candidates in those and other indications.

We also do not know what the long-term effects of exposure to our product candidates will be.

Furthermore, our product candidates may

be used in combination with other treatments and there can be no assurance that such use will not lead to unique or unexpected safety

Failure to complete clinical trials or to prove

that our product candidates are safe and effective would have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue and could require

us to reduce the scope of or discontinue our operations, which could cause you to lose all of your investment.

We rely and will continue to rely on third

parties to conduct our clinical trials.

If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected

deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of or commercialize our product candidates.

We depend, and will continue to depend, on contract

research organizations (“CROs”), clinical trial sites and clinical trial principal investigators, contract laboratories, and

other third parties to conduct our clinical trials.

We rely heavily on these third parties over the course of our clinical trials, and

we control only certain aspects of their activities.

Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted

in accordance with the protocol and applicable legal, regulatory, and scientific standards and regulations, and our reliance on third

parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

We and these third parties are required to comply with current good clinical

practices (“cGCPs”), which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities

for the conduct of clinical trials on product candidates in clinical development.

Regulatory authorities enforce cGCPs through periodic

inspections and for-cause inspections of clinical trial principal investigators and trial sites.

If we or any of these third parties fail

to comply with applicable cGCPs or fail to enroll a sufficient number of patients, we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials

to support our marketing applications, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

Moreover, our business may be implicated if

any of these third parties violates federal, state, or foreign fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy

and security laws, or provide us or government agencies with inaccurate, misleading, or incomplete data.

Although we design the clinical trials for our

product candidates, our CROs will facilitate and monitor our clinical trials.

As a result, many important aspects of our clinical development

programs, including site and investigator selection, and the conduct and timing and monitoring of the study, will be partly or completely

outside our direct control.

Our reliance on third parties to conduct clinical trials will also result in less direct control over the

collection, management, and quality of data developed through clinical trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon

our own employees.

Communicating with third parties can also be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties in

coordinating activities.

Any third parties conducting our clinical trials

are not, and will not be, our employees and, except for remedies available to us under our agreements with these third parties, we cannot

control whether they devote sufficient time and resources to our ongoing preclinical, clinical, and nonclinical programs.

parties may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical

trials or other drug development activities, which could affect their performance on our behalf.

If these third parties do not successfully

carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain

is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or if there are other difficulties with

such third parties, such as staffing difficulties, changes in priorities, or financial distress, our clinical trials may be extended,

delayed, or terminated.

As a result, we may not be able to complete development of, obtain regulatory approval of, or successfully commercialize

our product candidates.

As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates will be harmed, our

costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.

If any of our relationships with trial sites, or any CRO that we may

use in the future, terminates, we may not be able to timely enter into arrangements with alternative trial sites or CROs, or do so on

commercially reasonable terms.

Switching or adding clinical trial sites or CROs to conduct our clinical trials involves substantial cost

and requires extensive management time, training, and focus.

In addition, there is a natural transition lag when a new third party must

learn about our product candidates and protocols, which can result in delays that may materially impact our ability to meet our desired

clinical development timelines.

face business disruption and related risks resulting from the outbreak of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which could

have a material adverse effect on our business plan.

continual widespread health emergencies or pandemics such as the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (and its related variants),

has led to continued regional quarantines, business shutdowns, labor shortages, disruptions to supply chains, and overall economic instability,

which could materially and adversely affect the clinical trials, supply chain, financial condition and financial performance of our company.

Although some jurisdictions have relaxed these measures, others have not or have reinstated them as COVID-19 cases surge and its variants

continue to emerge.

The duration and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the long-term impact of COVID-19 and its variants on the financial

markets and the overall economy are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time.

If the financial markets and/or the overall

economy are impacted for an extended period, the Companys ability to raise funds may be materially adversely affected.

the COVID-19 pandemic has created a widespread labor shortage, including a shortage of medical professionals, and has impacted and may

continue to impact the potential patient participation in our studies which may adversely impact our ability to continue or complete

our clinical trials in the planned timeline.

have no manufacturing experience, and the failure to comply with all applicable manufacturing regulations and requirements could have

a materially adverse effect on our business.

Our ability to compete effectively will depend on our ability to maintain

the proprietary nature of our technologies.

We cannot assure investors that we will continue to innovate and file new patent applications,

or that if filed any future patent applications will result in granted patents with respect to the technology owned by us or licensed

Further, we cannot predict how long it will take for such patents to issue, if at all.

The patent position of pharmaceutical or

biotechnology companies, including ours, is generally uncertain and involves complex legal and factual considerations and, therefore,

validity and enforceability cannot be predicted with certainty.

Patents may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or circumvented.

BioVie has also filed a PCT (“Patent Cooperation Treaty”) application

covering our novel liquid formulations of terlipressin (international patent application PCT/US2020/034269 published as WO2020/237170)

and we will seek patent protection in at least the United States, Europe, China and Japan.

have never manufactured products in the highly regulated environment of pharmaceutical manufacturing, and our team has limited experience

in the manufacture of drug therapies.

There are numerous regulations and requirements that must be maintained to obtain licensure and

permitting required prior to the commencement of manufacturing, as well as additional requirements to continue manufacturing pharmaceutical

We currently do not own or lease facilities that could be used to manufacture any products that might be developed by us, and

have contracted with an experienced Contract Manufacturing Organization (CMO) to perform the manufacturing of our new product

candidates BIV201 and NE3107.

In addition, we do not have the resources at this time to acquire or lease suitable facilities.

or our CMO fail to comply with regulations, to obtain the necessary licenses and knowhow or to obtain the requisite financing in order

to comply with all applicable regulations and to own or lease the required facilities in order to manufacture our products, we could

be forced to cease operations, which would cause you to lose all of your investment.

addition, the FDA and other regulatory authorities require that product candidates and drug products be manufactured according to cGMP.

Any failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with cGMP could lead to a shortage of BIV201 and NE3107.

In addition, such failure

could be the basis for action by the FDA to withdraw approval, if granted to us, and for other regulatory enforcement action, including

Warning Letters, product seizure, injunction or other civil or criminal penalties.

and NE3107 and any other product candidates that we develop may have to compete with other products and product candidates for access

to manufacturing facilities.

There are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that are both capable

of manufacturing for us and willing to do so.

If we need to find another source of drug substance or drug product manufacturing for BIV201

and NE3107, we may not be able to identify, or reach agreement with, commercial-scale manufacturers on commercially reasonably terms,

If we are unable to do so, we will need to develop our own commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities, which would:

commercialization of BIV201 and NE3107 in the U.S.

and other countries where it may be approved;

require a capital investment by us that

could be quite costly;

and increase our operating expenses.

our existing third-party manufacturers, or the third parties that we engage in the future to manufacture a product for commercial sale

or for our clinical trials, should cease to continue to do so for any reason, we likely would experience significant delays in obtaining

sufficient quantities of product for us to meet commercial demand or to advance our clinical trials while we identify and qualify replacement

If for any reason we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of BIV201 or any other product candidate that we develop, or the

drug substances used to manufacture it, it will be more difficult for us to compete effectively, generate revenue, and further develop

our products.

In addition, if we are unable to assure a sufficient quantity of the drug for patients with rare diseases or conditions,

we may lose any Orphan Drug exclusivity to which the product otherwise would be entitled.

do not currently have the sales and marketing personnel necessary to sell products, and the failure to hire and retain such staff could

have a materially adverse effect on our business.

are an early stage development company with limited resources.

Even if we had products available for sale, which we currently do not,

we have not secured sales and marketing staff at this early stage of operations to sell products.

We cannot generate sales without sales

or marketing staff and must rely on others to provide any sales or marketing services until such personnel are secured, if ever.

fail to hire and retain the requisite expertise in order to market and sell our products or fail to raise sufficient capital in order

to afford to pay such sales or marketing staff, then we could be forced to cease operations and you could lose all of your investment.

if we were to successfully develop approvable drugs, we will not be able to sell these drugs if we or our third-party manufacturers fail

to comply with manufacturing regulations, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

we were to successfully develop approvable drugs, before we can begin selling these drugs, we must obtain regulatory approval of our

manufacturing facility and process or the manufacturing facility and process of the third party or parties with whom we may outsource

our manufacturing activities.

In addition, the manufacture of our products must comply with the FDAs current Good Manufacturing

Practices regulations, commonly known as GMP regulations.

The GMP regulations govern quality control and documentation policies and procedures.

Our manufacturing facilities, if any in the future, and the manufacturing facilities of our third-party manufacturers will be continually

subject to inspection by the FDA and other state, local and foreign regulatory authorities, before and after product approval.

guarantee that we, or any potential third-party manufacturer of our products, will be able to comply with the GMP regulations or other

applicable manufacturing regulations.

The failure to comply with all necessary regulations would have a materially adverse effect on

our business and could force us to cease operations and you could lose all of your investment.

must comply with significant and complex government regulations, compliance with which may delay or prevent the commercialization of

our product candidates, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

R&D, manufacture and marketing of drug product candidates are subject to regulation, primarily by the FDA in the United States and

by comparable authorities in other countries.

These national agencies and other federal, state, local and foreign entities regulate,

among other things, R&D activities (including testing in animals and in humans) and the testing, manufacturing, handling, labeling,

storage, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of the product that we are developing.

Noncompliance with applicable requirements

can result in various adverse consequences, including approval delays or refusals to approve drug licenses or other applications, suspension

or termination of clinical investigations, revocation of approvals previously granted, warning letters, fines, criminal prosecution,

recalls or seizures of products, injunctions against shipping drugs and total or partial suspension of production and/or refusal to allow

a company to enter into governmental supply contracts.

process of obtaining FDA approval is costly and time consuming.

Current FDA requirements for a new human drug or biological product to

be marketed in the United States include, among other things:

(a) the successful conclusion of pre-clinical laboratory and animal tests,

if appropriate, to gain preliminary information on the products safety;

(b) filing with the FDA of an IND application to conduct

human clinical trials for drugs or biologics;

to establish the safety and efficacy of the product for its recommended use;

and (d) filing by a company and acceptance and approval

by the FDA of a NDA for a drug product or a BLA for a biological product to allow commercial distribution of the drug or biologic.

delay in one or more of the procedural steps outlined above could be harmful to us in terms of getting our product candidates through

clinical testing and to market, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

FDA, clinical investigators, Data Safety Monitoring Boards, and Institutional Review Boards review the ongoing conduct of, and emerging

safety information from, clinical trials and may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of clinical trials at any time if it

believes the product candidate exposes clinical subjects to an unacceptable health risk.

Investigational drugs used in clinical studies

must be produced in compliance with cGMP rules pursuant to FDA regulations.

approval, and sales outside the United States of products that we develop will also be subject to regulatory requirements governing human

clinical trials and marketing for drugs and biological products and devices.

The requirements vary widely from country to country, but

typically the registration and approval process takes several years and requires significant resources.

we experience delays or discontinuations of our clinical trials by the FDA or comparable authorities in other countries, or if we fail

to obtain registration or other approvals of our products or devices then we could be forced to cease our operations and you will lose

all of your investment.

if we are successful in developing BIV201 and NE3107, our product candidates, we have limited experience in conducting or supervising

clinical trials that must be performed to obtain data to submit in concert with applications for approval by the FDA.

The regulatory

process to obtain approval for drugs for commercial sale involves numerous steps.

Drugs are subjected to clinical trials that allow development

of case studies to examine safety, efficacy, and other issues to ensure that sale of drugs meets the requirements set forth by various

governmental agencies, including the FDA.

In the event that our protocols do not meet standards set forth by the FDA, or that our data

is not sufficient to allow such trials to validate our drugs in the face of such examination, we might not be able to meet the requirements

that allow our drugs to be approved for sale which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

We may face business disruption

and related risks if there is another surge of COVID-19 or if there is another pandemic caused by other bacteria or viruses, which

could have a material adverse effect on our business plan.

Health emergencies or

pandemics, whether from COVID-19 or other viruses or bacteria, may lead to regional quarantines, business shutdowns, labor shortages,

disruptions to supply chains, and overall economic instability, which could materially and adversely affect the clinical trials, supply

chain, financial condition and financial performance of our company.

The duration and spread of a pandemic and its long-term impact on

the financial markets and the overall economy are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

If the financial markets and/or the overall

economy are impacted for an extended period, the Company’s ability to raise funds may be materially adversely affected.

such health emergencies or pandemics may create a widespread labor shortage, including a shortage of medical professionals, and may impact

potential patient participation in our studies which may adversely impact our ability to continue or complete our clinical trials in

the planned timeline.

Confidentiality

agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information and disclosure

of our trade secrets or proprietary information could compromise any competitive advantage that we have, which could have a materially

adverse effect on our business.

success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary rights to the technologies used in our product candidates.

heavily upon confidentiality agreements with our officers, employees, consultants and subcontractors to maintain the proprietary nature

of our technology.

These measures may not afford us complete or even sufficient protection, and may not afford an adequate remedy in

the event of an unauthorized disclosure of confidential information.

If we fail to protect and/or maintain our intellectual property,

third parties may be able to compete more effectively against us, we may lose our technological or competitive advantage, and/or we may

incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to recover or restrict use of our intellectual property.

In addition, others may independently

develop technology similar to ours, otherwise avoiding the confidentiality agreements, or produce patents that would materially and adversely

affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations, in which event you could lose all of your investment.

may be unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights relating to our product candidates, and we may be liable for infringing

upon the intellectual property rights of others, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

ability to compete effectively will depend on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our technologies.

We cannot assure investors

that we will continue to innovate and file new patent applications, or that if filed any future patent applications will result in granted

patents with respect to the technology owned by us or licensed to us.

Further, we cannot predict how long it will take for such patents

to issue, if at all.

The patent position of pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies, including ours, is generally uncertain and involves

complex legal and factual considerations and, therefore, validity and enforceability cannot be predicted with certainty.

be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or circumvented.

The Company has also filed a PCT (“Patent

Cooperation Treaty”) application covering our novel liquid formulations of terlipressin (international patent application PCT/US2020/034269

published as WO2020/237170), and we are seeking patent protection in the United States, Europe, China, Japan and at eight other jurisdictions.

We also have fifteen (15) issued U.S.

one (1) pending U.S.

application and one (1) pending U.S.

provisional application (provisional application filed May 18, 2021) directed

to our newly acquired drug candidates, including NE3107.

However, there can be no assurance that our pending patent applications will

result in issued patents, or that any issued patent claims from pending or future patent applications will be sufficiently broad to protect

BIV201, NE3107, or any other product candidates or to provide us with competitive advantages.

Any patents we do obtain may be challenged by re-examination or otherwise

invalidated or eventually found unenforceable.

Both the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be

time consuming and expensive.

If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent related to one of our

products, the defendant in such litigation could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable.

In patent litigation in

the U.S., defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace, as are validity challenges by the defendant

against the subject patent or other patents before the USPTO.

Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any

of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement, failure to meet the written description requirement,

indefiniteness, and/or failure to claim patent eligible subject matter.

Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation

that someone connected with prosecution of the patent intentionally withheld material information from the USPTO, or made a misleading

statement, during prosecution.

Additional grounds for an unenforceability assertion include an allegation of misuse or anticompetitive

use of patent rights, and an allegation of incorrect inventorship with deceptive intent.

Third parties may also raise similar claims before

the USPTO even outside the context of litigation.

patents, one (1) pending U.S.

application, one (1) pending PCT application and six (6) issued foreign

patents directed to protecting NE3107 and related compounds and methods of making and using thereof.

However, there can be no assurance

that our pending patent applications will result in issued patents, or that any issued patent claims from pending or future patent applications

will be sufficiently broad to protect BIV201, NE3107, or any other product candidates or to provide us with competitive advantages.

Any patents we do obtain may be challenged

by re-examination or otherwise invalidated or eventually found unenforceable.

Both the patent application process and the process of managing

patent disputes can be time consuming and expensive.

If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent

related to one of our products, the defendant in such litigation could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable.

patent litigation in the U.S., defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace, as are validity challenges

by the defendant against the subject patent or other patents before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “USPTO”).

Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty,

obviousness or non-enablement, failure to meet the written description requirement, indefiniteness, and/or failure to claim patent eligible

subject matter.

Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent

intentionally withheld material information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution.

Additional grounds for

an unenforceability assertion include an allegation of misuse or anticompetitive use of patent rights, and an allegation of incorrect

inventorship with deceptive intent.

Third parties may also raise similar claims before the USPTO even outside the context of litigation.

The outcome is unpredictable following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability.

With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that no invalidating prior art existed of which we and the patent

examiner were unaware during prosecution.

With respect to the validity question, for

example, we cannot be certain that no invalidating prior art existed of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution.

These assertions may also be based on information known to us or the Patent Office.

If a defendant

or third party were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all,

of the claims of the challenged patent.

If a defendant or third party were to prevail on a

legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the claims of the challenged patent.

Such a loss of patent protection would or could have a material adverse impact on our business.

The standards that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (and foreign

countries) use to grant patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change.

There is also no uniform, worldwide policy

regarding the subject matter and scope of claims granted or allowable in pharmaceutical or biotechnology patents.

Accordingly, we do not

know the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights or the breadth of claims that will be allowed in any patents issued to

us or to others.

Further, we rely on a combination of trade secrets, know-how, technology

and nondisclosure, and other contractual agreements and technical measures to protect our rights in the technology.

If any trade secret,

know-how or other technology not protected by a patent were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our business

and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights

to the same extent as the laws of the U.S., and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries.

We do not believe that either BIV201 or NE3107, the product candidates

we are currently developing, infringe upon the rights of any third parties nor are they infringed upon by third parties.

However, there

can be no assurance that our technology will not be found in the future to infringe upon the rights of others or be infringed upon by

The standards that the United States Patent

and Trademark Office (and foreign countries) use to grant patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change.

is also no uniform, worldwide policy regarding the subject matter and scope of claims granted or allowable in pharmaceutical or biotechnology

Accordingly, we do not know the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights or the breadth of claims that will be

allowed in any patents issued to us or to others.

Further, we rely on

a combination of trade secrets, know-how, technology and nondisclosure, and other contractual agreements and technical measures to protect

our rights in the technology.

If any trade secret, know-how or other technology not protected by a patent were to be disclosed to or

independently developed by a competitor, our business and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The laws of some

foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S., and we may encounter significant

problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries.

We do not believe that either BIV201 or NE3107,

the product candidates we are currently developing, infringe upon the rights of any third parties nor are they infringed upon by third

However, there can be no assurance that our technology will not be found in the future to infringe upon the rights of others

or be infringed upon by others.

Moreover, patent applications are in some cases maintained in secrecy until patents are issued.

The publication of discoveries

in the scientific or patent literature frequently occurs substantially later than the date on which the underlying discoveries were made

and patent applications were filed.

Because patents can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications of which

we are unaware that may later result in issued patents that our products or product candidates infringe.

For example, pending applications

may exist that provide support or can be amended to provide support for a claim that results in an issued patent that our product infringes.

In such a case, others may assert infringement claims against us, and should we be found to infringe upon their patents, or otherwise

impermissibly utilize their intellectual property, we might be forced to pay damages, potentially including treble damages, if we are

found to have willfully infringed on such parties’ patent rights.

In addition to any damages we might have to pay, we may be required

to obtain licenses from the holders of this intellectual property.

We may fail to obtain any of these licenses or intellectual property

rights on commercially reasonable terms.

Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors

access to the same technologies licensed to us.

In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop

or license replacement technology.

If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected products, which

could materially harm our business and the third parties owning such intellectual property rights could seek either an injunction prohibiting

our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation.

Conversely, we

may not always be able to successfully pursue our claims against others that infringe upon our technology.

The publication

of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature frequently occurs substantially later than the date on which the underlying discoveries

were made and patent applications were filed.

Because patents can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications

of which we are unaware that may later result in issued patents that our products or product candidates infringe.

For example, pending

applications may exist that provide support or can be amended to provide support for a claim that results in an issued patent that our

product infringes.

In such a case, others may assert infringement claims against us, and should we be found to infringe upon their patents,

or otherwise impermissibly utilize their intellectual property, we might be forced to pay damages, potentially including treble damages,

if we are found to have willfully infringed on such parties’ patent rights.

In addition to any damages we might have to pay, we

may be required to obtain licenses from the holders of this intellectual property.

We may fail to obtain any of these licenses or intellectual

property rights on commercially reasonable terms.

Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our

competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us.

In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources

to develop or license replacement technology.

If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected products,

which could materially harm our business and the third parties owning such intellectual property rights could seek either an injunction

prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation.

we may not always be able to successfully pursue our claims against others that infringe upon our technology.

Thus, the proprietary nature

of our technology or technology licensed by us may not provide adequate protection against competitors.

The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by extensive litigation regarding

patents and other intellectual property rights.

Moreover, the cost to us of any litigation or other proceeding relating to our patents

and other intellectual property rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, and the litigation would divert our management’s

We may not have sufficient resources to bring any such action to a successful conclusion.

Uncertainties resulting from the initiation

and continuation of any litigation could limit our ability to continue our operations and you could lose all of your investment.

We depend upon our management and their loss or unavailability could

put us at a competitive disadvantage which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We currently depend upon the efforts and abilities of our executive management

team of Cuong Do, our Chief Executive Officer & President;

Wendy Kim, our Chief Financial Officer;

Dr Joseph Palumbo, our Chief Medical

Penelope Markham, Executive Vice President – Cirrhosis R&D;

Chris Reading, our Executive Vice President of Neuroscience

Clarence Ahlem, our Executive Vice President Product Development who all serve the Company the full-time.

unavailability of the services of any of these individuals for any significant period of time could have a material adverse effect on

our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations which may cause you to lose all of your investment.

obtained, do not own, nor are we the beneficiary of key-person life insurance.

We may not be able to attract and retain highly skilled personnel,

which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

Our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel is critical

to our operations and expansion.

We face competition for these types of personnel from other pharmaceutical companies and more established

organizations, many of which have significantly larger operations and greater financial, technical, human and other resources than us.

We may not be successful in attracting and retaining qualified personnel on a timely basis, on competitive terms, or at all.

not successful in attracting and retaining these personnel, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations will

be materially and adversely affected.

The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized

by rapid technological developments and a high degree of competition.

We may be unable to compete with enterprises equipped with more

substantial resources than us, which could cause us to curtail or cease operations.

The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by

rapid technological developments and a high degree of competition based primarily on scientific and technological factors.

These factors

include the availability of patent and other protection for technology and products, the ability to commercialize technological developments

and the ability to obtain government approval for testing, manufacturing and marketing.

We compete with biopharmaceutical firms in the United States, Europe and

elsewhere, as well as a growing number of large pharmaceutical companies that are applying biotechnology to their operations.

Many biopharmaceutical

companies have focused their development efforts in the human therapeutics area.

Many major pharmaceutical companies have developed or

acquired internal biotechnology capabilities or made commercial arrangements with other biopharmaceutical companies.

These companies,

as well as academic institutions, government agencies and private research organizations, also compete with us in recruiting and retaining

highly qualified scientific personnel and consultants.

Our ability to compete successfully with other companies in the pharmaceutical

field will also depend to a considerable degree on the continuing availability of capital to us.

Although there are not currently any therapies approved by the FDA specifically

for the treatment of ascites due to liver cirrhosis, we still face significant competitive and market risk.

Other companies, such as Mallinckrodt

Inc., are developing therapies for severe complications of advanced liver cirrhosis, which may in the future be developed for the treatment

of ascites, and these therapies could compete indirectly or directly with our product candidate.

Similarly, other companies, such as Biogen

and Eli Lilly, are developing treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease, which could compete indirectly or

directly with our product candidate.

There may be other competitive development programs of which we are unaware.

Even if our product

candidates are ultimately approved by the FDA, there is no guarantee that once it is on the market doctors will adopt them in favor of

current ascites treatment procedures such as diuretics and paracentesis with respect to BIV201 and Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s

Disease with respect to NE3107.

These competitive and market risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial

condition and results of operations which may cause you to lose all of your investment.

Our competition will be determined in part by the potential indications

for which drugs are developed and ultimately approved by regulatory authorities.

Additionally, the timing of the market introduction of

some of our potential product candidate or of competitors’ products may be an important competitive factor.

Accordingly, the relative

speed with which we can develop drugs, complete pre-clinical testing, clinical trials, approval processes and supply commercial quantities

to market are important competitive factors.

We expect that competition among drugs approved for sale will be based on various factors,

including product efficacy, safety, reliability, availability, price and patent protection.

The successful development of biopharmaceuticals is highly uncertain.

variety of factors including, pre-clinical study results or regulatory approvals, could cause us to abandon the development of our product

The pharmaceutical industry is characterized

by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights.

Moreover, the cost to us of any litigation or other

proceeding relating to our patents and other intellectual property rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, and the

litigation would divert our management’s efforts.

We may not have sufficient resources to bring any such action to a successful

Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could limit our ability to continue our operations

and you could lose all of your investment.

depend upon our management and their loss or unavailability could put us at a competitive disadvantage which could have a material adverse

effect on our business.

We currently depend upon the efforts and abilities

of our executive management team of Cuong Do, our Chief Executive Officer - President;

Wendy Kim, our Senior Vice President - Chief Financial

Dr Joseph Palumbo, our Executive Vice President -Chief Medical Officer;

Penelope Markham, Senior Vice President – Ascites

Programs & Strategic Initiatives;

Chris Reading, our Senior Vice President -Alzheimer’s’ Programs;

Clarence Ahlem,

our Senior Vice President – Operations Development;

Steven White, our Senior Vice President – Discovery;

and David Morse,

our Senior Vice President – Chief Regulatory Officer;

who all serve the Company the full-time.

The loss or unavailability of the

services of any of these individuals for any significant period of time could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects,

financial condition and results of operations which may cause you to lose all of your investment.

We have not obtained, do not own, nor

are we the beneficiary of key-person life insurance.

may not be able to attract and retain highly skilled personnel, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel is critical to our operations and expansion.

We face competition for these types

of personnel from other pharmaceutical companies and more established organizations, many of which have significantly larger operations

and greater financial, technical, human and other resources than us.

We may not be successful in attracting and retaining qualified personnel

on a timely basis, on competitive terms, or at all.

If we are not successful in attracting and retaining these personnel, our business,

prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapid technological developments and a high degree of competition.

We may be unable to compete with enterprises equipped with more substantial resources than us, which could cause us to curtail or cease

biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapid technological developments and a high degree of competition

based primarily on scientific and technological factors.

These factors include the availability of patent and other protection for technology

and products, the ability to commercialize technological developments and the ability to obtain government approval for testing, manufacturing

and marketing.

compete with biopharmaceutical firms in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, as well as a growing number of large pharmaceutical

companies that are applying biotechnology to their operations.

Many biopharmaceutical companies have focused their development efforts

in the human therapeutics area.

Many major pharmaceutical companies have developed or acquired internal biotechnology capabilities or

made commercial arrangements with other biopharmaceutical companies.

These companies, as well as academic institutions, government agencies

and private research organizations, also compete with us in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific personnel and consultants.

Our ability to compete successfully with other companies in the pharmaceutical field will also depend to a considerable degree on the

continuing availability of capital to us.

there are not currently any therapies approved by the FDA specifically for the treatment of ascites due to liver cirrhosis, we still

face significant competitive and market risk.

Other companies, such as Mallinckrodt Inc., are developing therapies for severe complications

of advanced liver cirrhosis, which may in the future be developed for the treatment of ascites, and these therapies could compete indirectly

or directly with our product candidate.

Similarly, other companies, such as Biogen and Eli Lilly, are developing treatments for Alzheimers

Disease and Parkinsons Disease, which could compete indirectly or directly with our product candidate.

There may be other competitive

development programs of which we are unaware.

Even if our product candidates are ultimately approved by the FDA, there is no guarantee

that once it is on the market doctors will adopt them in favor of current ascites treatment procedures such as diuretics and paracentesis

with respect to BIV201 and Alzheimers Disease and Parkinsons Disease with respect to NE3107.

These competitive and market

risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations which may cause

you to lose all of your investment.

competition will be determined in part by the potential indications for which drugs are developed and ultimately approved by regulatory

Additionally, the timing of the market introduction of some of our potential product candidate or of competitors

products may be an important competitive factor.

Accordingly, the relative speed with which we can develop drugs, complete pre-clinical

testing, clinical trials, approval processes and supply commercial quantities to market are important competitive factors.

that competition among drugs approved for sale will be based on various factors, including product efficacy, safety, reliability, availability,

price and patent protection.

successful development of biopharmaceuticals is highly uncertain.

and is dependent on numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Product candidates that appear promising in the early phases of development

may fail to reach the market for several reasons.

Pre-clinical study results may show the product candidate to be less effective than

desired (e.g., the study failed to meet its primary endpoints) or to have harmful or problematic side effects.

Product candidates may

fail to receive the necessary regulatory approvals or may be delayed in receiving such approvals.

Among other things, such delays may

be caused by slow enrollment in clinical studies, length of time to achieve study endpoints, additional time requirements for data analysis

or a IND and later NDA, preparation, discussions with the FDA, an FDA request for additional pre-clinical or clinical data or unexpected

safety or manufacturing issues;

manufacturing costs, pricing or reimbursement issues, or other factors that make the product not

Proprietary rights of others and their competing products and technologies may also prevent the product from being commercialized.

Success in pre-clinical and early clinical studies does not ensure that

large-scale clinical studies will be successful.

Clinical results are frequently susceptible to varying interpretations that may delay,

limit or prevent regulatory approvals.

The length of time necessary to complete clinical studies and to submit an application for marketing

approval for a final decision by a regulatory authority varies significantly from one product to the next, and may be difficult to predict.

There can be no assurance that any of our products will develop successfully, and the failure to develop our products will have a materially

adverse effect on our business and will cause you to lose all of your investment.

There may be conflicts of interest among our officers, directors

and stockholders.

Certain of our executive officers and directors and their affiliates are

engaged in other activities and have interests in other entities on their own behalf or on behalf of other persons.

Neither we nor any

of our shareholders will have any rights in these ventures or their income or profits.

In particular, our executive officers or directors

or their affiliates may have an economic interest in or other business relationship with partner companies that invest in us or are engaged

in competing drug development.

Our executive officers or directors may have conflicting fiduciary duties to us and third parties.

terms of transactions with third parties may not be subject to arm’s length negotiations and therefore may be on terms less favorable

to us than those that could be procured through arm’s length negotiations.

Although we have established an audit committee comprised

solely of independent directors to oversee transactions between us and our insiders, we do not have any formal policies in place to deal

with such conflicting fiduciary duties should such a conflict arise.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls,

we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or detect fraud.

Consequently, investors could lose confidence in our financial

reporting and this may decrease the trading price of our common stock.

We must maintain effective internal controls to provide reliable financial

reports and detect fraud.

We have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures internal controls, as well as internal controls

over financial reporting, are effective.

Failure to implement changes to our internal controls or any others that we identify as necessary

to establish an effective system of internal controls could harm our operating results and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported

financial information.

Any such loss of confidence would have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

A variety of factors including, pre-clinical study results or regulatory

approvals, could cause us to abandon the development of our product candidates.

development of biopharmaceuticals is highly uncertain and is dependent on numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control.

candidates that appear promising in the early phases of development may fail to reach the market for several reasons.

Pre-clinical study

results may show the product candidate to be less effective than desired (e.g., the study failed to meet its primary endpoints) or to

have harmful or problematic side effects.

Product candidates may fail to receive the necessary regulatory approvals or may be delayed

in receiving such approvals.

Among other things, such delays may be caused by slow enrollment in clinical studies, length of time to

achieve study endpoints, additional time requirements for data analysis or a IND and later NDA, preparation, discussions with the FDA,

an FDA request for additional pre-clinical or clinical data or unexpected safety or manufacturing issues;

manufacturing costs, pricing

or reimbursement issues, or other factors that make the product not economical.

Proprietary rights of others and their competing products

and technologies may also prevent the product from being commercialized.

in pre-clinical and early clinical studies does not ensure that large-scale clinical studies will be successful.

Clinical results are

frequently susceptible to varying interpretations that may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approvals.

The length of time necessary

to complete clinical studies and to submit an application for marketing approval for a final decision by a regulatory authority varies

significantly from one product to the next, and may be difficult to predict.

There can be no assurance that any of our products will

develop successfully, and the failure to develop our products will have a materially adverse effect on our business and will cause you

to lose all of your investment.

may be conflicts of interest among our officers, directors and stockholders.

Certain of our executive officers and directors

and their affiliates are engaged in other activities and have interests in other entities on their own behalf or on behalf of other persons.

Neither we nor any of our shareholders will have any rights in these ventures or their income or profits.

In particular, our executive

officers or directors or their affiliates may have an economic interest in or other business relationship with partner companies that

invest in us or are engaged in competing drug development.

Our executive officers or directors may have conflicting fiduciary duties to

us and third parties.

The terms of transactions with third parties may not be subject to arm’s length negotiations and therefore

may be on terms less favorable to us than those that could be procured through arm’s length negotiations.

Although we have established

an audit committee comprised solely of independent directors to oversee transactions between us and our insiders, we do not have any formal

policies in place to deal with such conflicting fiduciary duties should such a conflict arise.

If we fail to maintain an effective

system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or detect fraud.

Consequently, investors could

lose confidence in our financial reporting and this may decrease the trading price of our Common Stock.

We must maintain effective internal controls to

provide reliable financial reports and detect fraud.

We have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures internal controls,

as well as internal controls over financial reporting, are effective.

Failure to implement changes to our internal controls or any others

that we identify as necessary to establish an effective system of internal controls could harm our operating results and cause investors

to lose confidence in our reported financial information.

Any such loss of confidence would have a negative effect on the trading price

of our Common Stock.

We indemnify our officers and directors

against liability to us and our security holders, and such indemnification could increase our operating costs.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws require

us to indemnify our officers and directors against claims associated with carrying out the duties of their offices.

We are also required

to advance the costs of certain legal defenses upon the indemnitee undertaking to repay such expenses to the extent it is determined that

such person was not entitled to indemnification of such expenses.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities

Act may be permitted to our officers, directors, or control persons, the SEC has advised that such indemnification is against public

policy and is therefore unenforceable.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR COMMON STOCK

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings

or if we issue shares subject to options, warrants, stock awards or other arrangements.

In order to raise additional capital, we may in the

future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock, including

under the Sales Agreement (as defined below).

We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that

is less than the current market price of our securities, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have

rights superior to existing stockholders.

The sale of additional shares of common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable

for our common stock would dilute all of our stockholders, and if such sales of convertible securities into or exchangeable into our

common stock occur at a deemed issuance price that is lower than the current exercise price of our outstanding warrants sold to Acuitas

You may experience future dilution as a

result of future equity offerings or if we issue shares subject to options, warrants, stock awards or other arrangements.

In order to raise additional capital, we may in

the future offer additional shares of our Common Stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Common Stock, including

under the Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”), dated as of August 31, 2022, with Cantor Fitzgerald

(the “Agent”), pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell from time to time shares of Common Stock

through the Agent.

We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the current market

price of our securities, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders.

The sale of additional shares of Common Stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Common Stock would dilute all

of our stockholders, and if such sales of convertible securities into or exchangeable into our Common Stock occur at a deemed issuance

price that is lower than the current exercise price of our outstanding warrants sold to Acuitas Group Holdings, LLC (“Acuitas”)

in August 2022, the exercise price for those warrants would adjust downward to the deemed issuance price pursuant to price adjustment

protection contained within those warrants.

In addition, as of June 30, 2022, there were warrants outstanding to purchase

an aggregate of 510,372 shares of common stock at exercise prices ranging from $1.88 to $75.00 per share and 3,398,764 shares issuable

upon exercise of outstanding options at exercise prices ranging from $1.69 to $42.09 per share.

Our Loan Agreement entered into on November

30, 2021, contains a conversion feature whereby at the option of lender, up to $5 million of the outstanding loan amount maybe converted

to shares of common stock at a conversion price of $6.98 per share.

We may grant additional options, warrants or stock awards.

extent such shares are issued, the interest of holders of our common stock will be diluted.

Moreover, we are obligated to issue shares of common stock upon achievement

of certain clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones with respect to certain of our drug candidates (i.e., NE3107, NE3291, NE3413,

NE3789) pursuant to the asset purchase agreement, dated April 27, 2021, by and among the Company, NeurMedix, Inc.

and Acuitas Group Holdings,

LLC, as amended on May 9, 2021.

The achievement of these milestones could result in the issuance of up to 18 million shares of our common

stock, further diluting the interest of holders of our common stock.

Certain stockholders who are also officers and directors of the Company

may have significant control over our management.

As of September 13, 2022 our

directors and executive officers currently own an aggregate 23,431,826 shares of our common stock, which currently constitutes 81.8% of

our issued and outstanding common stock.

As a result, directors and executive officers may have a significant influence on our affairs

In addition, as of June 30, 2023, there were

warrants outstanding to purchase an aggregate of 7,770,285 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $1.82 to $12.50

per share and 3,952,864 shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options at exercise prices ranging from $1.69 to $42.09 per

share and restricted stock units totaling 596,457.

Our Loan Agreement entered into on November 30, 2021 contains a conversion feature

whereby at the option of lender, up to $5 million of the outstanding loan amount may be converted into shares of Common Stock at a conversion

price of $6.98 per share.

We may grant additional options, warrants or equity awards.

To the extent such shares are issued, the interest

of holders of our Common Stock will be diluted.

Moreover, we are obligated to issue shares of

Common Stock upon achievement of certain clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones with respect to certain of our drug candidates

(i.e., NE3107, NE3291, NE3413, and NE3789) pursuant to the asset purchase agreement, dated April 27, 2021, by and among the Company, NeurMedix,

and Acuitas, as amended on May 9, 2021.

The achievement of these milestones could result in the issuance of up to 18 million shares

of our Common Stock, further diluting the interest of holders of our Common Stock.

stockholders who are also officers and directors of the Company may have significant control over our management.

As of August 9, 2023, our directors and executive

officers and affiliates currently own aggregate 23,587,296 shares of our Common Stock, which currently constitutes 64.0% of our issued

and outstanding Common Stock.

As a result, directors and executive officers and affiliates may have a significant influence on our affairs

and management, as well as on all matters requiring member approval, including electing and removing members of our Board of Directors,

causing us to engage in transactions with affiliated entities, causing or restricting our sale or merger, and certain other matters.

Chairman, Mr.

Terren Peizer, may be deemed to beneficially own the shares held by Acuitas.

Such concentration of ownership and control

could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us even when such a change of control would be in the

best interests of our stockholders.

We may, in the future, issue additional common stock, which

would reduce investors’ percent of ownership and may dilute our share value.

As of September 13, 2022, our Articles of Incorporation, as amended,

authorize the issuance of 800,000,000 shares of common stock, and we had 30,165,319 shares of common stock outstanding.

we may issue up to an additional 758,532,203 shares of common stock.

The future issuance of common stock may result in substantial

dilution in the percentage of our common stock held by our then existing shareholders.

We may value any common stock in the future

on an arbitrary basis.

The issuance of common stock for future services or acquisitions or other corporate actions may have the

effect of diluting the value of the shares held by our investors, might have an adverse effect on any trading market for our common

stock and could impair our ability to raise capital in the future through the sale of equity securities.

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile.

The market price and trading volume of our common stock has been volatile.

We expect that the market price of our common stock will continue to fluctuate significantly for many reasons, including in response to

the risk factors described in this prospectus or for reasons unrelated to our specific performance.

In recent years, the stock market

has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations.

This volatility has affected the market prices of securities issued by many companies

for reasons unrelated to their operating performance and may adversely affect the market price and trading volume of our common stock.

Prices for our common stock may also be influenced by the depth and liquidity of the market for our common stock, investor perceptions

about us and our business, our future financial results, the absence of cash dividends on our common stock and general economic and market

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility

in their stock price.

This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and could divert our management and other resources.

We have a large number of restricted shares outstanding, a portion

of which may be sold under Rule 144 which may reduce the market price of our shares.

As of September 13, 2022, we had 30,165,319 shares of common stock

issued and outstanding, of which 6,733,493 shares are held by non-affiliates and 23,431,826 are owned by affiliates of the Company,

consisting of our officers and directors or entities controlled by them.

The majority of our common stock, including all of the

affiliates’ securities are deemed “restricted securities” within the meaning of Rule 144 as promulgated under the

Securities Act.

It is anticipated that all of the “restricted securities” will

be eligible for resale under Rule 144.

In general, under Rule 144, subject to the satisfaction of certain other conditions, a person,

who is not an affiliate (and who has not been an affiliate for a period of at least three months immediately preceding the sale) and who

has beneficially owned restricted shares of our common stock for at least six months is permitted to sell such shares without restriction,

provided that there is sufficient public information about us as contemplated by Rule 144.

An affiliate who has beneficially owned restricted

shares of our common stock for a period of at least one year may sell a number of shares equal to one percent of our issued and outstanding

common stock approximately every three months.

Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial

reporting could harm us.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate

internal control over financial reporting.

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance

regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S.

generally accepted

accounting principles (“GAAP”).

Under standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”),

a deficiency in internal control over financial reporting exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or

personnel, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis.

defines a material weakness as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there

is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented, or detected

and corrected, on a timely basis.

If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting

is effective, or when required in the future, if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified

opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness

of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected and we could become subject to litigation or

investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require

additional financial and management resources.

The lack of public company experience of our management team could

adversely impact our ability to comply with the reporting requirements of U.S.

securities laws, which could have a materially adverse

effect on our business.

Our officers have limited public company experience, which could impair

our ability to comply with legal and regulatory requirements such as those imposed by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Such responsibilities

include complying with federal securities laws and making required disclosures on a timely basis.

Any such deficiencies, weaknesses or

lack of compliance could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to comply with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange

Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which is necessary to maintain our public company status.

If we were to fail

to fulfill those obligations, our ability to continue as a U.S.

public company would be in jeopardy in which event you could lose your

entire investment in our Company.

We are considered a smaller reporting company and is exempt from

certain disclosure requirements, which could make our stock less attractive to potential investors.

Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act defines a “smaller reporting company”

as an issuer that is not an investment company, an asset-backed issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent that is not a smaller

reporting company and that:

Had a public float of less than $250 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed fiscal quarter, computed by multiplying the aggregate number of worldwide number of shares of its voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates by the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average of the bid and asked prices of common equity, in the principle market for the common equity;

In the case of an initial registration statement under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act for shares of its common equity, had a public float of less than $250 million as of a date within 30 days of the date of the filing of the registration statement, computed by multiplying the aggregate worldwide number of such shares held by non-affiliates before the registration plus, in the case of a Securities Act registration statement, the number of such shares included in the registration statement by the estimated public offering price of the shares;

In the case of an issuer who had annual revenue of less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year for which audit financial statements are available, had a public float as calculated under paragraph (1) or (2) of this definition that was either zero or less than $700 million.

As a “smaller reporting company” we are not required and may

not include a Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”) section in our proxy statements;

we provide only 3 years of

business development information;

and have other “scaled” disclosure requirements that are less comprehensive than issuers

that are not “smaller reporting companies” which could make our stock less attractive to potential investors, which could

make it more difficult for you to sell your shares.

We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange

Act, which require us to incur audit fees and legal fees in connection with the preparation of such reports.

These additional costs will

negatively affect our ability to earn a profit.

We are required to file periodic reports with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange

Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.

In order to comply with such requirements, our independent registered auditors have to review

our financial statements on a quarterly basis and audit our financial statements on an annual basis.

Moreover, our legal counsel

has to review and assist in the preparation of such reports.

Factors such as the number and type of transactions that we engage in and

the complexity of our reports cannot accurately be determined at this time and may have a major negative effect on the cost and amount

of time to be spent by our auditors and attorneys.

However, the incurrence of such costs is an expense to our operations and

thus has a negative effect on our ability to meet our overhead requirements and earn a profit.

Because we do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our common

stock, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their shares unless they sell them.

We intend to retain any future earnings to finance the development and

expansion of our business.

We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Unless we pay

dividends, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their shares unless they sell them.

There is no assurance that stockholders

will be able to sell shares when desired.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

causing us to engage in transactions with affiliates entities, causing or restricting our sale or merger, and certain other matters.

majority shareholder, Mr.

Terren Peizer, may be deemed to beneficially own the 23,166,210 shares of Common Stock held by Acuitas,

which constitutes 63.0% of our issued and outstanding Common Stock Such concentration of ownership and control could have the effect of

delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us even when such a change of control would be in the best interests of our stockholders.

We may, in the future, issue additional

Common Stock, which would reduce investors’ percent of ownership and may dilute our share value.

As of June 30, 2023, our Articles of Incorporation,

as amended, authorize the issuance of 800,000,000 shares of Common Stock, and we had 36,451,829 shares of Common Stock issued and

36,428,949 issued and outstanding.

Accordingly, we may issue up to an additional 763,548,171 shares of Common Stock.

The future issuance

of Common Stock may result in substantial dilution in the percentage of our Common Stock held by our then existing stockholders.

value any Common Stock in the future on an arbitrary basis.

The issuance of Common Stock for future services or acquisitions or other

corporate actions may have the effect of diluting the value of the shares held by our investors, might have an adverse effect on any trading

market for our Common Stock and could impair our ability to raise capital in the future through the sale of equity securities.

The market price and trading volume of our

Common Stock may be volatile.

The market price and trading volume of our Common

Stock has been volatile.

We expect that the market price of our Common Stock will continue to fluctuate significantly for many reasons,

including in response to the risk factors described in this prospectus or for reasons unrelated to our specific performance.

years, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations.

This volatility has affected the market prices of securities

issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to their operating performance and may adversely affect the market price and trading volume

of our Common Stock.

Prices for our Common Stock may also be influenced by the depth and liquidity of the market for our Common Stock,

investor perceptions about us and our business, our future financial results, the absence of cash dividends on our Common Stock and general

economic and market conditions.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following

periods of volatility in their stock price.

This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and could divert our management

and other resources.

We have a large number of restricted shares

outstanding, a portion of which may be sold under Rule 144 which may reduce the market price of our shares.

As of August 9, 2023, there were 36,803,768 shares

of Common Stock issued and outstanding, of which 13,166,847 shares are held by non-affiliates and 23,587,296 held by affiliates of the

Company, consisting of an affiliate who owns 23,166,210 shares and 421,086 shares owned by our officers and directors or entities controlled

The majority of our Common Stock, including all of the affiliates’ securities are deemed “restricted securities”

within the meaning of Rule 144 as promulgated under the Securities Act.

It is anticipated that all of the “restricted

securities” will be eligible for resale under Rule 144.

In general, under Rule 144, subject to the satisfaction of certain other

conditions, a person, who is not an affiliates (and who has not been an affiliates for a period of at least three months immediately preceding

the sale) and who has beneficially owned restricted shares of our Common Stock for at least six months is permitted to sell such shares

without restriction, provided that there is sufficient public information about us as contemplated by Rule 144.

An affiliate who has beneficially

owned restricted shares of our Common Stock for a period of at least one year may sell a number of shares equal to one percent of our

issued and outstanding Common Stock approximately every three months.

failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could harm us.

management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting.

Internal control over

financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation

of financial statements in accordance with U.S.

generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

Under standards established

by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), a deficiency in internal control over financial reporting exists

when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or personnel, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions,

to prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis.

The PCAOB defines a material weakness as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies,

in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim

financial statements will not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis.

If we are unable to assert that our internal

control over financial reporting is effective, or when required in the future, if our independent registered public accounting firm is

unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose

confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our Common Stock could be adversely affected

and we could become subject to litigation or investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other

regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

There is a limited trading market for

our common stock, which could make it difficult to liquidate an investment in our common stock, in a timely manner.

Our common stock is currently traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Because there is a limited public market for our common stock, investors may not be able to liquidate their investment whenever desired.

We cannot assure that there will be an active trading market for our common stock and the lack of an active public trading market could

mean that investors may be exposed to increased risk.

In addition, if we failed to meet the criteria set forth in SEC regulations, various

requirements would be imposed by law on broker dealers who sell our securities to persons other than established customers and accredited

Consequently, such regulations may deter broker-dealers from recommending or selling our common stock, which may further affect

its liquidity.

lack of public company experience of our management team could adversely impact our ability to comply with the reporting requirements

securities laws, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

officers have limited public company experience, which could impair our ability to comply with legal and regulatory requirements such

as those imposed by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Such responsibilities include complying with federal securities laws and making required

disclosures on a timely basis.

Any such deficiencies, weaknesses or lack of compliance could have a materially adverse effect on our

ability to comply with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act),

which is necessary to maintain our public company status.

If we were to fail to fulfill those obligations, our ability to continue as

public company would be in jeopardy in which event you could lose your entire investment in our Company.

We are considered a smaller reporting company

that is exempt from certain disclosure requirements, which could make our stock less attractive to potential investors.

12b-2 of the Exchange Act defines a smaller reporting company as an issuer that is not an investment company, an asset-backed

issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent that is not a smaller reporting company and that:

a public float of less than $250 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed fiscal quarter, computed by multiplying

the aggregate number of worldwide number of shares of its voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates by the price

at which the common equity was last sold, or the average of the bid and asked prices of common equity, in the principle market for

the common equity;

the case of an initial registration statement under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act for shares of its common equity, had a

public float of less than $250 million as of a date within 30 days of the date of the filing of the registration statement, computed

by multiplying the aggregate worldwide number of such shares held by non-affiliates before the registration plus, in the case of

a Securities Act registration statement, the number of such shares included in the registration statement by the estimated public

offering price of the shares;

the case of an issuer who had annual revenue of less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year for which audit

financial statements are available, had a public float as calculated under paragraph (1) or (2) of this definition that was either

zero or less than $700 million.

a smaller reporting company we are not required and may not include a Compensation Discussion and Analysis (CD&A)

section in our proxy statements;

we provide only 3 years of business development information;

and have other scaled disclosure

requirements that are less comprehensive than issuers that are not smaller reporting companies which could make our stock

less attractive to potential investors, which could make it more difficult for you to sell your shares.

are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, which require us to incur audit fees and legal fees in connection

with the preparation of such reports.

These additional costs will negatively affect our ability to earn a profit.

are required to file periodic reports with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.

comply with such requirements, our independent registered auditors have to review our financial statements on a quarterly basis and audit

our financial statements on an annual basis.

Moreover, our legal counsel has to review and assist in the preparation of such reports.

Factors such as the number and type of transactions that we engage in and the complexity of our reports cannot accurately be determined

at this time and may have a major negative effect on the cost and amount of time to be spent by our auditors and attorneys.

the incurrence of such costs is an expense to our operations and thus has a negative effect on our ability to meet our overhead requirements

and earn a profit.

we do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our Common Stock, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their shares

unless they sell them.

intend to retain any future earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business.

We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends

on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

Unless we pay dividends, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their

shares unless they sell them.

There is no assurance that stockholders will be able to sell shares when desired.

are authorized to issue “blank check” preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could adversely impact the rights

of holders of our securities.

Our articles of incorporation authorize us

to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of blank check preferred stock.

Any preferred stock that we issue in the future may rank ahead of our

common stock in terms of dividend priority or liquidation premiums and may have greater voting rights than our common stock.

Any preferred

stock issued may contain provisions allowing those shares to be converted into shares of common stock, which could dilute the value of

our common stock to current stockholders and could adversely affect the market price, if any, of our common stock.

The preferred stock

could be utilized, under certain circumstances, as a method of discouraging, delaying, or preventing a change in control of our company.

Although we have no present intention to issue any shares of our authorized preferred stock, there can be no assurance that we will not

do so in the future.

Provisions in our articles of incorporation,

our bylaws, and Nevada law might discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or changes in our management and, therefore,

depress the trading price of our common stock.

Provisions of our articles of incorporation,

our bylaws, and Nevada law may have the effect of deterring unsolicited takeovers or delaying or preventing a change in control of our

company or changes in our management, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares

over then current market prices.

In addition, these provisions may limit the ability of stockholders to approve transactions that they

may deem to be in their best interests.

These provisions include:

the inability of stockholders to call special meetings;

the “business combinations” and “control share acquisitions” provisions of Nevada law, to the extent applicable, could discourage attempts to acquire our stockholders stock even on terms above the prevailing market price;

the ability of our board of directors to designate the terms of and issue new series of preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could include the right to approve an acquisition or other change in our control or could be used to institute a rights plan, also known as a poison pill, that would dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, likely preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board of directors.

The existence of the forgoing provisions

and anti-takeover measures could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.

They could also deter potential acquirers of our company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you could receive a premium for your common

stock in an acquisition.

STAFF COMMENTS

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors