Allison Transmission Holdings Inc 10-K

ITEM 1. Business Overview Allison Transmission Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Allison,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a leading designer and manufacturer of propulsion solutions for commercial and defense vehicles and the largest global manufacturer of medium- and heavy-duty fully automatic transmissions. The business was founded in 1915 and has been headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana since inception. Allison is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “ALSN”. We have a global presence by serving customers in North America, Asia, Europe, South America, and Africa, with approximately 77% of our revenues being generated in North America in 2024. We serve customers through an independent network of approximately 1,600 independent distributor and dealer locations worldwide. Our Business We are the world’s largest manufacturer of fully automatic transmissions for medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles and medium- and heavy-tactical U.S. defense vehicles and a leader in electrified propulsion systems. Allison products are used in a wide variety of applications, including on-highway vehicles (distribution, refuse, construction, fire and emergency), buses (primarily school, transit and coach), motorhomes, off-highway vehicles and equipment (energy, mining, construction and agriculture) and defense vehicles (tactical wheeled and tracked). We believe the Allison brand is one of the most recognized in our industry as a result of the performance, reliability and fuel efficiency of our propulsion solutions and is associated with high quality, durability, vocational value, technological leadership and superior customer service. We introduced the world’s first fully automatic transmission for commercial vehicles over 75 years ago. Since that time, we have driven the trend in North America and other parts of the world towards increasing automaticity by targeting a diverse range of commercial vehicle vocations. Allison products are optimized for the unique performance requirements of end users, which typically vary by vocation. Our products are highly engineered, requiring advanced manufacturing processes, and employ complex software algorithms for our propulsion system controls to maximize end user performance. We have more than 200 different models that are compatible with more than 500 combinations of engine brands, models and ratings (including diesel, gasoline, natural gas and other alternative fuels). Additionally, we have created thousands of unique Allison-developed calibrations available to be used with our control modules. Our Industry Commercial vehicles typically employ one of three transmission types: manual, automated manual or fully automatic. Manual transmissions and automated manual transmissions ("AMT") are the most prevalent transmission types used in Class 8 tractors in North America. Manual transmissions are the most prevalent in medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles, generally, outside North America. Manual transmissions utilize a disconnect clutch causing power to be interrupted during each gear shift resulting in energy loss-related inefficiencies and less work being accomplished for a given amount of fuel consumed. In long-distance trucking, this power interruption is not a significant factor, as the manual transmission provides its highest degree of fuel economy during steady-state cruising. However, steady-state cruising is only one part of the duty cycle. When the duty cycle requires a high degree of “start and stop” activity or speed transients, as is common in many vocations as well as in urban environments, we believe manual transmissions result in reduced performance, lower fuel efficiency, lower average speed for a given amount of fuel consumed and inferior ride quality. Moreover, the clutches must be replaced regularly, resulting in increased maintenance expense and vehicle downtime. Manual transmissions also 4 Table of Contents require a skilled driver to operate the disconnect clutch when launching the vehicle and shifting gears. AMTs are manual transmissions that feature automated operation of the disconnect clutch. Fully automatic transmissions utilize technology that smoothly shifts gears instead of a disconnect clutch, thereby delivering uninterrupted power to the wheels during gear shifts and requiring minimal driver input. These transmissions deliver superior acceleration, higher productivity, increased fuel efficiency, reduced operating costs, less driveline shock and smoother shifting relative to both manual transmissions and AMTs in vocations with a high degree of “start and stop” activity, as well as in urban environments. Emerging technologies in commercial-duty propulsion solutions include electric hybrid and fully electric propulsion solutions in certain end markets and are in part driven by efforts to reduce fuel consumption, noise and greenhouse gas emissions. Fully electric powertrains differ from electric hybrid powertrains because they only have a battery for energy storage and exclusively power the wheels using electric motors. In contrast, electric hybrids may use multiple energy storage sources including diesel and hydrogen and may drive the wheels exclusively with electric motors or in parallel with an internal combustion engine. While both emerging technologies are gaining use in automotive markets and electric hybrids and fully electric propulsion solutions have gained use in the bus market, fully electric propulsion solutions remain in a developmental phase in the medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicle market. Our Served Markets We sell our propulsion solutions globally for use in medium- and heavy-duty on-highway commercial vehicles, off-highway vehicles and equipment and defense vehicles. In addition to the sale of propulsion solutions, we also sell branded replacement parts, support equipment, aluminum die cast components and other products necessary to service the installed base of vehicles utilizing our solutions. The following table provides a summary of our business by end market for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. NORTH AMERICA OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA END MARKET ON- HIGHWAY OFF- HIGHWAY ON- HIGHWAY OFF- HIGHWAY DEFENSE SERVICE PARTS, SUPPORT EQUIPMENT & OTHER 2024 NET SALES (IN MILLIONS) $ 1,752 $ 8 $ 493 $ 97 $ 212 $ 663 % OF TOTAL 54% —% 15% 3% 7% 21% • Construction • Day Cab Tractors • Distribution • Emergency • Motorhome • Refuse • School, transit, shuttle and coach buses • Utility • Construction • Energy • Mining • Specialty vehicle • Agriculture • Construction • Distribution • Emergency • Mining • Refuse • School, transit, shuttle and coach buses • Specialty • Wheeled defense platforms • Utility • Construction • Energy • Mining • Specialty vehicle • Global tracked combat platforms • North America wheeled platforms • Aluminum die cast components • Extended transmission coverage • Remanufactured propulsion solutions • Royalties • Saleable engineering • Service parts • Support equipment • Transmission fluids Refer to "Note 19. Concentration of Risk” in Part II, Item 8., of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our significant original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) customers. 5 Table of Contents North America On-Highway. We are the largest manufacturer of fully automatic transmissions for the on-highway medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicle market in North America. The following is a summary of our on-highway net sales by vehicle class and type in North America. Our North American on-highway market includes Class 4-5, Class 6-7 and Class 8 straight trucks and regional haul tractors, conventional transit, shuttle and coach buses, school buses and motorhomes. Class 8 trucks are subdivided into two markets: straight and tractor. Class 8 straight trucks are those with a unified body (e.g., refuse, construction, and dump trucks), while tractors have a vehicle chassis that is separable from the trailer they pull. Class 8 tractors are further divided into two subcategories: regional haul and line-haul. Regional haul tractors are typically used for local or regional hauling, whereas line-haul tractors are typically used in extended duration long distance hauling. We have been supplying transmissions for Class 8 straight trucks for decades, and it is a core end market for us. We have limited exposure to the Class 8 line-haul tractor market because lower priced manual transmissions and AMTs generally meet the needs of these vehicles which are primarily used in long distance hauling. We also provide electric hybrid and fully electric propulsion solutions within the North American on-highway market. The interest in conserving fuel and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is driving demand for more fuel-efficient commercial vehicles. Our electric hybrid and fully electric propulsion customers include bus and truck applications. We compete primarily with BAE Systems plc and manufacturers of fully electric propulsion solutions such as Dana Incorporated ("Dana") and Cummins Inc. as well as certain vertically integrated OEMs. We sell substantially all of our propulsion solutions in the North American on-highway market to OEMs. These OEMs, in turn, install our propulsion solutions in vehicles in which our product is either the exclusive propulsion solution available or is specifically requested by end users. In 2024, OEM customers representing over 90% of our North American on-highway unit volume participated in long-term agreements (“LTAs”) with us. Generally, these LTAs offer the OEM customer defined levels of mutual commitment with respect to growing Allison’s presence in the OEMs’ products and promotional efforts, pricing and sharing of commodity cost risk. The length of our LTAs is typically between three and five years. We often compete in this market against (i) independent manufacturers of manual transmissions, AMTs, electric hybrid and fully electric propulsion solutions, (ii) fully automatic transmissions 6 Table of Contents manufactured by Ford Motor Company (“Ford”), ZF Friedrichshafen AG (“ZF”) and Voith GmbH (“Voith”) and (iii) vertically integrated OEMs in certain weight classes that use their own internally manufactured transmissions in certain vehicles. Off-Highway. We have provided products used in vehicles and equipment that primarily serve energy, mining and construction applications in North America for over 70 years. Off-highway energy applications include hydraulic fracturing equipment, well-stimulation equipment, pumping equipment, and well-servicing rigs, which often use a fully automatic transmission in stationary pumping applications. We supply our heavy-duty off-highway transmissions to producers of well-stimulation and well-servicing equipment. Competition in this end market includes Caterpillar Inc. (“Caterpillar”), Twin Disc, Inc. (“Twin Disc”) and certain alternative hydraulic fracturing technologies. We also provide heavy-duty transmissions used in mining trucks, specialty vehicles and construction vehicles. Off-highway mining and construction applications include trucks used to haul various commodities and other products around construction sites and mines, including underground mines. These trucks include rigid dump trucks, wide-body dump trucks and underground trucks with load capacities between 40 to 130 tons. Our major competitors in this end market include vertically integrated companies that manufacture fully automatic transmissions for their vehicles. These vertically integrated competitors include Caterpillar, Komatsu Ltd. (“Komatsu”), and Volvo Group (“Volvo”). We also compete with independent manufacturers such as ZF. Specialty vehicles using our heavy-duty off-highway transmissions include airport rescue and firefighting vehicles. Our major competitor in this end market is Twin Disc. 7 Table of Contents Outside North America Outside North America we serve several different markets, including: Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, Africa (collectively, “EMEA”), and South America. On-Highway. We are the largest manufacturer of fully automatic transmissions for the medium-duty and heavy-duty commercial vehicle market outside of North America. We also provide fully electric propulsion solutions for the outside North America on-highway market. While the use of fully automatic transmissions in the medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicle market has been widely accepted in North America, markets outside North America continue to be dominated by manual transmissions. Where adopted, fully automatic transmission-equipped medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles are concentrated in certain vocational end markets. We often compete in this market against (i) independent manufacturers of manual transmissions, AMTs, electric hybrid and fully electric propulsion solutions, (ii) fully automatic transmissions manufactured by ZF, Voith, and Shaanxi Fast Gear Co., Ltd. and (iii) vertically integrated OEMs. The following is a summary of our on-highway net sales by region outside of North America. Asia-Pacific. Our key Asia-Pacific markets include Australia, China, India, Japan and South Korea; however, we actively participate in several other important Asia-Pacific countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. In addition, OEMs in the Asia-Pacific market are increasingly exporting their products to other regions. Within Asia-Pacific, our sales efforts are principally focused on the transit bus, vocational truck, severe service, distribution and wide-body dump truck markets. Currently, manual transmissions are the predominant transmission type used in commercial vehicles in the Asia-Pacific region. Europe, Middle East, Africa. EMEA is composed of several different markets, each of which differs from our core North American market by the degree of market maturity, sophistication and acceptance of fully automatic transmission and electric propulsion solution technology. Within Europe, we serve Western European developed markets, as well as Eastern European emerging markets, principally in the refuse, emergency, transit bus, coach bus, distribution, utility and wheeled defense vehicle markets. Competition in Western Europe is most notably characterized by a high level of vertical powertrain integration, with OEMs often utilizing vertically integrated manual transmissions and AMTs in their vehicles, and electric hybrid and fully electric propulsion solutions. The Middle East 8 Table of Contents and Africa regions are generally characterized by very limited local vehicle production, with imports from China, Europe, India, South America, Turkey and the U.S. accounting for the majority of vehicles. South America. The South American region is characterized by a high level of OEM vertical integration, with captive manual transmission and AMT manufacturing. Currently, manual transmissions are the predominant transmissions used in commercial vehicles in South America. We serve the South American region primarily in the bus, refuse, vocational truck and agricultural markets. Off-Highway. The following is a summary of our off-highway net sales by region outside of North America. Asia-Pacific. Off-highway markets in Asia are shared by energy, mining and construction applications. Our primary competitors are Caterpillar, Danyang Winstar Auto Parts Co., Ltd., Twin Disc and manufacturers of electrified solutions in energy applications; Caterpillar, Xi’an FC Intelligence Transmission Co. Ltd. and Komatsu in mining applications; and Caterpillar, Volvo and ZF in construction applications. Europe, Middle East, Africa. Our off-highway markets in EMEA are mining and construction. Our primary off-highway competitors are Caterpillar, Volvo and Komatsu, all of which are vertically integrated manufacturers of off-highway mining vehicles, including the specific fully automatic transmission used in their mining trucks. A typical mining application is a rigid, underground or articulated dump truck, with competition from Caterpillar, Dana, Volvo and ZF. Defense We have had a long-standing relationship with the U.S. Department of Defense (the “DOD”) since the 1940s, when we began developing our first-generation tank transmission. Today, we sell substantially all of the propulsion solutions for medium- and heavy-tactical wheeled vehicles used by the U.S. military, including the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle, Light Armored Vehicle, Stryker Armored Vehicle, the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles, Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Trucks, Palletized Loading Systems, Heavy Dump Trucks and Heavy Equipment Transporters. Propulsion solutions for tactical wheeled vehicles are typically sold to OEMs. 9 Table of Contents We supply tracked vehicle propulsion solutions to the U.S. Army, including the Abrams M1A2 Main Battle Tank, Joint Assault Bridge, Assault Breacher Vehicles, M10 Booker and the M113A3 Armored Personnel Carrier family of vehicles. We also sell parts kits to the U.S. Army for Abrams Tank sustainment. See Part I, Item 1A., “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of risks associated with our contracts with the DOD. We have defense products in approximately 120 countries around the world. Increasingly, we are supplying vehicle propulsion solutions for international tracked vehicles, such as light tracked personnel carriers, armored fighting vehicles, heavy tracked artillery systems, and Main Battle Tanks. Our defense products are manufactured at our headquarters in Indianapolis and by our licensees internationally for export world-wide. Globally, we face competition primarily from Renk AG/Renk America, SAPA S.p.A, ST Kinetics and QinetiQ Group plc for the supply of tracked vehicle propulsion solutions. Additionally, we face competition from ZF in certain defense wheeled vehicles using automatic transmissions and from several AMT suppliers. Service Parts, Support Equipment and Other Our service parts, support equipment and other end market is comprised of: Allison-branded service parts and transmission fluids, aluminum die cast components, extended transmission coverage, remanufactured propulsion solutions, royalties, saleable engineering and support equipment. The aftermarket provides us with a relatively stable source of revenues as the installed base of vehicles and equipment utilizing our solutions continues to grow. The need for replacement parts is driven by normal vehicle and equipment maintenance requirements. Uninterrupted operation is generally critical for end users’ profitability. The sale of Allison-branded service parts and transmission fluids, remanufactured propulsion solutions and support equipment is fundamental to our brand promise. We have assembled a worldwide network of approximately 1,600 independent distributor and dealer locations to sell, service and support our solutions. As part of our brand strategy, our distributors and dealers are required to sell genuine Allison-branded service parts. Within the aftermarket, we offer remanufactured propulsion solutions as a cost-effective alternative for repairs and replacements. We also provide support equipment to our OEMs to assist in installing new Allison solutions into vehicles, and, therefore, sales of support equipment are dependent upon sales of new solutions. The competition for service parts and remanufactured propulsion solutions comes from a variety of smaller-scale companies sourcing non-genuine “will-fit” parts from unauthorized manufacturers. These “will-fit” parts often do not meet our product specifications, and therefore may be of lesser quality than genuine Allison parts. 10 Table of Contents Our Product Offerings Allison transmissions and electric propulsion solutions are sold under the Allison Transmission brand name and remanufactured transmissions are sold under the ReTran brand name. The following is a summary of our product lines. On-Highway Products Product Applications 1000 Series • Agriculture • Distribution • Motorhome • Refuse • School and Shuttle Bus • Services • Specialty • Wheeled Defense 2000 Series • Agriculture • Distribution • Motorhome • Refuse • School and Shuttle Bus • Services • Specialty • Wheeled Defense 3000 Series • Agriculture • Coach and Transit Bus • Construction • Day Cab Tractors • Distribution • Fire and Emergency • Motorhome • Refuse • Services • Specialty • Wheeled Defense 4000 Series • Articulated and Wide Body Mining Dump Trucks • Coach and Transit Bus • Construction • Day Cab Tractors • Distribution • Fire and Emergency • Motorhome • Refuse • Specialty • Wheeled Defense eGen Flex Electric Hybrid Propulsion Solutions • Transit and Shuttle Bus eGen Power Fully Electric Propulsion Solutions • Coach and Transit Bus • Day Cab Tractors • Distribution • Fire and Emergency • Line-Haul Tractors • Refuse • School and Shuttle Bus Off-Highway Products Product Applications 6000 Series • Rigid, Articulated, and Wide-Body Mining Dump Trucks • Underground Mine Truck • Well Service Rigs 8000 Series • Hydraulic Fracturing Equipment • Rigid Dump Trucks 9000 Series • Hydraulic Fracturing Equipment • Rigid Dump Trucks FracTran • Hydraulic Fracturing Equipment Defense Products Product Applications X200 • Tracked Vehicles 3040MX • Tracked Vehicles 4040MX • Tracked Vehicles X1100 • Tracked Vehicles eGen Force • Tracked Vehicles 11 Table of Contents Product Development and Engineering We maintain product development and engineering capabilities dedicated to the design, development, refinement and support of our fully automatic transmissions and electric hybrid and fully electric propulsion systems. We believe our customers expect our products to provide unparalleled performance and value defined in various ways, including delivering maximum cargo in minimum time, using the least amount of fuel possible while employing the fewest vehicles possible and experiencing maximum vehicle uptime. In response to those needs and the evolving customer focus on fuel efficiency and reduced emissions, we provide vehicle specification guidelines, propulsion control software and mechanical components to optimize fuel economy while delivering desired vehicle performance. Further, we are developing new products and technology to improve the fuel efficiency and fuel economy of our fuel agnostic conventional products, including by allowing engines to operate more efficiently and at lower speeds to avoid consuming fuel without compromising performance, and to expand our portfolio of electric hybrid and fully electric propulsion solutions. Sales and Marketing Organization Our sales and marketing effort is organized along geographic and customer lines and is comprised of marketing, sales and service professionals, supported by customer integration engineers worldwide. In North America, selling efforts in the on-highway end market are organized by distributor area responsibility, OEM sales and, for our large end users, national accounts. Outside North America, we manage our sales, marketing, service and customer integration engineering professionals through regional areas of responsibility. These regional management teams distribute OEM service and customer integration engineering resources globally. We have developed a marketing strategy to reach OEM customers as well as end users. We target our end users primarily through marketing activities by our sales staff, who directly call on end users and attend local trade shows, targeting specific vocations globally and through our plant tour programs, where end users may test our products on our Indianapolis test track and our enhanced customer experience demonstration track at our Hungary facility. While our marketing management uses the term “customer” interchangeably for OEMs and end users, the primary objective of our marketing strategy is to create demand for propulsion solutions through: • OEM and body builder promotion of our products and incorporation of our propulsion solutions in their commercial vehicle product offerings; • Allison representative and/or Allison distributor contact with identified, major end users; and • Our network of independent dealers who contact other end users. The process is interactive, as Allison representatives, Allison distributors, OEMs and dealers educate customers and respond to the specific applications, requirements and needs of numerous specialty markets. Similarly, we work with customers, dealers and OEMs to educate, improve and simplify how they specify vehicles and vehicle systems in order to optimize vehicle performance and fuel consumption. Our field organization also works closely with distributors who, in turn, work with dealers to provide end users with education, parts, service and warranty support. The defense group focuses on industry OEMs and collaborative dialogue with OEMs and government leaders to understand program requirements and determine our long-term product development strategy. 12 Table of Contents Manufacturing Our manufacturing strategy provides for distributed capability in manufacturing and assembly of our products for the global commercial vehicle market. Our primary manufacturing facilities, located in Indianapolis, Indiana, consist of approximately 2.3 million square feet of usable manufacturing space in five plants. Our high volume on-highway products are produced in multiple global locations (United States, Chennai, India and Szentgotthard, Hungary), while off-highway, electric hybrid propulsion and defense tracked products are produced in Indianapolis and fully electric propulsion solutions are produced in Auburn Hills, Michigan. In addition, our aluminum die cast components are produced in Lewisburg, Tennessee. We also have established customization and parts distribution in the United States, the Netherlands, Brazil, China, Hungary, India and Japan. Suppliers and Raw Materials A significant amount of the part numbers that make up our propulsion solutions are purchased from outside suppliers, and during 2024, we purchased approximately $1,101 million of direct materials and components from outside suppliers. The largest elements of our direct spending are aluminum and steel castings and forgings that are formed by our suppliers into our larger components and assemblies for use in our propulsion solutions. Our spending on aluminum and steel raw materials directly and indirectly through our purchase of these components constituted approximately 19% of our direct material and component costs in 2024. The balance of our direct and indirect materials and components costs are primarily composed of value-added services and conversion costs. Our supply contracts, along with an intensive supplier selection and performance monitoring process, have enabled us to establish and maintain close relationships with suppliers and have contributed to our overall operating efficiency and quality. Intellectual Property Patents, trademarks, and other proprietary rights are important to the continued success of our business. We also rely upon trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our competitive position. We protect our proprietary rights through a variety of methods, including confidentiality agreements and proprietary information agreements with suppliers, employees, consultants and others who may have access to our proprietary information. We own and have licensing arrangements for a number of U.S. and foreign patents related to our products and business. We do not consider our business to be dependent on any single patent, nor will the expiration of any single patent materially affect our business. Our current patents will expire over various periods, and we continue to file new patent applications on newly-developed technology. Seasonality Overall, the demand for our products is relatively consistent over the year. However, in typical market conditions, the North American truck market experiences a higher level of production in the first half of the year due to fewer holidays and the practice of plant shutdowns in July and December. Human Capital At Allison, we believe in the power of our people, our processes and our products. For more than 105 years, we have built our business on these values: Quality, Customer Focus, Integrity, Innovation, and Teamwork. We use a variety of human capital measures in managing our business, including: workforce demographics; equality of opportunity; and employee health and safety. Workforce Demographics . Our people are a critical component in our continued success, the delivery of our values and the execution of our growth initiatives. As of December 31, 2024, we had a highly skilled workforce of approximately 4,000 employees, with approximately 89% of those employees in the U.S. Approximately 50% of our 13 Table of Contents U.S. employees are represented by the International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (“UAW”) and are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. In January 2024, we entered into a new four-year collective bargaining agreement with UAW Local 933 that expires in November 2027. Equality of Opportunity . Allison recognizes the power of different thought, accepts and respects each individual and strives to create a workplace where everyone can reach their full potential, driving innovation and business results. Allison hires, promotes, trains, and compensates its employees based on merit, experience, or other work-related criteria. Allison values the wide range of backgrounds of our employees. Allison views our diversity as a strength and strives to create work environments that accept differences while promoting productivity and teamwork. Everyone at Allison is responsible for creating and maintaining a productive work environment where the dignity of all employees is respected. Our efforts to promote a respectful workplace include: providing training; utilizing non-traditional recruiting sources, such as organizations focused on veterans and people with disabilities, diverse professional organizations, and schools with diverse student bodies; organizing virtual mentoring programs to connect employees from different locations, departments and backgrounds; and creating multicultural, emerging professionals, and military veterans employee resource groups that are open to all. Employee Health & Safety . Allison’s overriding priority is to protect the health and safety of each employee. As part of our health and safety programs, Allison is certified in ISO 45001, Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. ISO 45001 is the only internationally recognized Safety Management System. Employees participate in training focused on health and safety, and metrics are reviewed regularly, including the number of injury incidents that occur and those incidents that result in lost work days. For 2024, we achieved an overall recordable rate of 1.47 at our global locations, meaning that for every 100 employees, 1.47 employees incurred an injury that resulted in recordable medical treatment, and the number of lost work days was 0.49 at our global locations, meaning that for every 100 employees, 0.49 individuals experienced an incident that resulted in days away from work. Government Regulations We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, including those governing the discharge of pollutants into the air or water, the management and disposal of hazardous substances or wastes, and the cleanup of contaminated sites. Some of our operations require environmental permits and controls to prevent and reduce air and water pollution. These permits are subject to modification, renewal and revocation by issuing authorities. In addition, certain of our products and our customer’s products are subject to certification requirements by a variety of regulatory bodies. We believe we are in substantial compliance with all material environmental laws and regulations applicable to our plants and operations. Historically, our annual costs of achieving and maintaining compliance with environmental, health and safety requirements have not been material to our financial results. Increasing global efforts to control emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrogen oxide and other greenhouse gases and pollutants, as well as the shifting focus of regulatory efforts towards total emissions output, have the potential to impact our facilities, costs, products and customers. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has taken action to control greenhouse gases from certain stationary and mobile sources. In addition, several states have taken steps, such as the adoption of cap and trade programs or other regulatory systems, to address greenhouse gases. There have also been international efforts seeking legally binding reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases. These developments and further actions that may be taken in the U.S. and in other countries, states or provinces could affect our operations both positively and negatively (e.g., by affecting the demand for or suitability of some of our products). 14 Table of Contents In addition to the foregoing, various legislation, regulations and international accords pertaining to climate change have been implemented or are being considered for implementation, particularly as they relate to the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability efforts being undertaken, such as the European Union’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive ("CSRD"), California’s Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act and Climate-Related Financial Risk Act, and the SEC's final climate disclosure rules, which are currently stayed. We continue to monitor the development and implementation of such legislation and regulations and are evaluating the impact these laws and regulations may have on the Company, including the extent of our potential disclosures or other reporting requirements. We also continue to regularly report our sustainability efforts and metrics under the Global Reporting Initiative framework and report our progress in our annual Corporate Social Responsibility Report. We also may be subject to liability as a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and similar state or foreign laws for contaminated properties that we currently own, lease or operate or that we or our predecessors have previously owned, leased or operated and sites to which we or our predecessors sent hazardous substances. Such liability may be joint and several so that we may be liable for more than our share of any contamination, and any such liability may be determined without regard to causation or knowledge of contamination. We or our predecessors have been named potentially responsible parties at contaminated sites from time to time. We do not anticipate our liabilities relating to contaminated sites will be material to our financial results. Competition We compete on the basis of product performance, quality, price, distribution capability, service and fuel efficiency, in addition to other factors. We face competition from numerous manufacturers of various types of propulsion solutions for commercial vehicles. Furthermore, we face an increasing amount of competition from vertical integration, as some of our customers are OEMs that manufacture propulsion solutions for their own products. Despite their propulsion solutions manufacturing capabilities, we believe that our existing OEM customers have chosen to purchase certain propulsion solutions from us due to the quality, reliability and strong brand of our propulsion solutions and in order to limit fixed costs, minimize production risks and maintain company focus on commercial vehicle design, production and marketing. 15 Table of Contents Corporate Information Allison Transmission Holdings, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 2007. Our principal executive offices are located at One Allison Way, Indianapolis, IN 46222 and our telephone number is (317) 242-5000. Our internet address is https://www.allisontransmission.com. We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other documents with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These periodic and current reports and all amendments to those reports are available free of charge on the investor relations page of our website at https://ir.allisontransmission.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. We have included our website address throughout this filing as textual references only. The information contained on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at https://www.sec.gov. 16 Table of Contents