FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORP 10-Q

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The objective of this section of the report is to provide a discussion and analysis, from management’s perspective, of the material information necessary to assess Farmer Mac's financial condition and results of operations for the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Financial information included in this report is consolidated to include the accounts of Farmer Mac and its two subsidiaries – Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation and Farmer Mac II LLC. This discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read together with: (1) the interim unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this report; and (2) Farmer Mac's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2022 (the "2021 Annual Report"). FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS In this report, the words "Farmer Mac," "we," "our," and "us" refer to the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires. Some statements made in this report, such as in the "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section, are "forward-looking statements" as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 about management's current expectations for Farmer Mac's future financial results, business prospects, and business developments. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, any statement, including statements about the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on Farmer Mac, that may predict, forecast, indicate, or imply future results, performance, or achievements. These statements typically include terms such as "anticipates," "believes," "continues," "estimates," "expects," "forecasts," "intends," "outlook," "plans," "potential," "project," "target," and similar terms, and future or conditional tense verbs like "could," "may," "might," "should," "will," and "would." This report includes forward-looking statements addressing Farmer Mac's: • prospects for earnings; • prospects for growth in business volume; • assessment of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial results, financial condition, and business plans and strategies; • trends in net interest income and net effective spread; • trends in portfolio credit quality, delinquencies, substandard assets, credit losses, and provisions for losses; • assessment of economic and market trends; • trends in expenses; • trends in investment securities; • prospects for asset impairments and allowance for losses; • changes in capital position; • future dividend payments; and • other business and financial matters. Management's expectations for Farmer Mac's future necessarily involve assumptions, estimates, and the evaluation of risks and uncertainties. Various factors or events, both known and unknown, could cause Farmer Mac's actual results to differ materially from the expectations as expressed or implied by the 48 forward-looking statements, including the factors discussed under "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report, as well as uncertainties about: • the availability to Farmer Mac of debt and equity financing and, if available, the reasonableness of rates and terms; • legislative or regulatory developments that could affect Farmer Mac, its sources of business, or agricultural or rural infrastructure industries; • fluctuations in the fair value of assets held by Farmer Mac and its subsidiaries; • the level of lender interest in Farmer Mac's products and the secondary market provided by Farmer Mac; • the general rate of growth in agricultural mortgage and rural utilities indebtedness; • the effect of economic conditions and geopolitics on agricultural mortgage or rural utilities lending, borrower repayment capacity, or collateral values, including fluctuations in interest rates, changes in U.S. trade policies, fluctuations in export demand for U.S. agricultural products, supply chain disruptions, increases in input costs, labor availability, volatility in commodity prices, and the effects of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine; • the degree to which Farmer Mac is exposed to interest rate risk resulting from fluctuations in Farmer Mac's borrowing costs relative to market indexes; • developments in the financial markets, including possible investor, analyst, and rating agency reactions to events involving government-sponsored enterprises, including Farmer Mac; • the effects of the Federal Reserve’s efforts to achieve monetary policy normalization and slow inflation; • other factors that could hinder agricultural mortgage lending or borrower repayment capacity, including the effects of severe weather, climate change, or fluctuations in agricultural real estate values; • the duration, spread, and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the business operations of agricultural and rural borrowers, the capital markets, and Farmer Mac's business operations; and • the public response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including the possibility of government actions to mitigate the pandemic and its effects, and any social or economic disruption that may be caused by any new COVID-19 variants or any further outbreaks. Considering these potential risks and uncertainties, no undue reliance should be placed on any forward-looking statements expressed in this report. Farmer Mac undertakes no obligation to release publicly the results of revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or any future events or circumstances, except as otherwise required by applicable law. The information in this report is not necessarily indicative of future results. 49 Overview Farmer Mac is a mission-focused, purpose-driven company determined to improve the economic opportunity in rural America by increasing the availability and affordability of credit. As the nation’s secondary market for agricultural and rural infrastructure loans, we provide a broad array of financial solutions to lenders that support flexible low-cost financing to farmers, ranchers, agribusinesses, renewable energy projects, rural utilities, and other related rural businesses and enterprises. Farmer Mac also serves as a critical investment tool for entities such as states, counties, municipalities, pension funds, banks, public trust funds, and credit unions. Farmer Mac offers those entities a variety of investment opportunities that may diversify their investment portfolios and provide the opportunity to earn a competitive return on their investment dollars. Farmer Mac’s performance during first quarter 2022, described in more detail below, reflects the success of our continued focus on pursuing new channels and innovative ways to further our mission to help build a strong and vital rural America. The discussion below of Farmer Mac's financial information includes "non-GAAP measures," which are measures of financial performance not presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures." Net Income and Core Earnings The following table shows our net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings for the periods presented. Core earnings and core earnings per share are non-GAAP measures that differ from net income attributable to common stockholders and earnings per common share, respectively, by excluding the effects of fair value fluctuations and specified infrequent or unusual transactions. Table 1 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 (in thousands) Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 41,046 $ 29,892 $ 27,958 Core earnings 25,761 30,027 25,911 The $11.2 million sequential increase in net income attributable to common stockholders was due to a $14.5 million after-tax increase in the fair value of undesignated financial derivatives and a $3.5 million after-tax increase in net interest income. These factors were partially offset by the non-recurrence of the fourth quarter 2021 $5.2 million after-tax gain on sale of mortgage loans, a net change in our (release)/provision for credit losses of $1.1 million after tax, and a $0.7 million after-tax increase in operating expenses. The $13.1 million year-over-year increase in net income attributable to common stockholders was due to a $9.3 million after-tax increase in the fair value of undesignated financial derivatives and a $6.8 million after-tax increase in net interest income. These factors were partially offset by a $2.0 million after-tax increase in operating expenses and a $1.5 million increase in preferred stock dividends. 50 The $4.3 million sequential decrease in core earnings was due to the non-recurrence of the fourth quarter 2021 $5.2 million after-tax gain on sale of mortgage loans, a net change in our (release)/provision for credit losses of $1.1 million after tax, and a $0.7 million after-tax increase in operating expenses. These factors were partially offset by a $2.8 million after-tax increase in net effective spread. The $0.2 million year-over-year decrease in core earnings was due to the $2.0 million after-tax increase in operating expenses and the $1.5 million increase in preferred stock dividends. These factors were partially offset by a $3.1 million after-tax increase in net effective spread. For more information about net income attributable to common stockholders, the composition of core earnings, and a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations." For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures." Net Interest Income and Net Effective Spread The following table shows our net interest income and net effective spread in both dollars and percentage yield or spread for the periods presented. Farmer Mac uses net effective spread, a non-GAAP measure, as an alternative to net interest income because management believes it is a useful metric that reflects the economics of the net spread between all the assets owned by Farmer Mac and all related funding, including any associated derivatives, some of which may not be included in net interest income. Table 2 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 (in thousands) Net interest income $ 61,875 $ 57,390 $ 53,251 Net interest yield % 1.00 % 0.95 % 0.91 % Net effective spread $ 57,839 $ 54,333 $ 53,859 Net effective spread % 0.97 % 0.94 % 0.97 % The $4.5 million sequential increase in net interest income was primarily due to a $1.9 million increase related to net new business volume, a $1.4 million decrease in funding costs, and a $0.8 million increase in cash-basis interest income. In percentage terms, the sequential 0.05% increase was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.03% in funding costs, an increase of 0.01% in net new business volume, and an increase of 0.01% in net fair value changes from financial derivatives designated in hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives). The $8.6 million year-over-year increase in net interest income was primarily due to a $5.0 million increase from net new business volume, a $2.0 million increase in the fair value of designated financial derivatives, a $0.8 million increase in net coupon yields related to our acquisition, in third quarter 2021, of the loan servicing rights on a sizeable portion of our Farm & Ranch loan and USDA Guaranteed Securities portfolios, and a $0.7 million increase in cash-basis interest income. In percentage terms, the year-over-year 0.09% increase was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.05% in funding costs and an increase of 0.03% in net fair value changes from designated financial derivatives. 51 The $3.5 million sequential increase in net effective spread in dollars was primarily due to an increase of $1.9 million from net new business volume, a $1.2 million decrease in non-GAAP funding costs, and a $0.8 million increase in cash-basis interest income. In percentage terms, the sequential increase of 0.03% was primarily attributable to an increase of 0.01% in net new business volume and an increase of 0.01% in cash-basis interest income. The $4.0 million year-over-year increase in net effective spread in dollars was primarily due to a $4.4 million increase from net new business volume, a $0.8 million increase in net coupon yields related to the acquisition of loan servicing rights referenced above, and a $0.7 million increase in cash-basis interest income. These factors were partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in non-GAAP funding costs. In percentage terms, net effective spread remained constant on a year-over-year basis. For more information about Farmer Mac's use of net effective spread as a financial measure, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures." For a reconciliation of net interest income to net effective spread, see Table 11 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Net Interest Income." Business Volume Our outstanding business volume was $24.2 billion as of March 31, 2022, a net increase of $0.6 billion from December 31, 2021 after taking into account all new business, maturities, sales, and paydowns on existing assets. The net increase was primarily attributable to net increases of $0.5 billion in the Agricultural Finance line of business and $0.1 billion in the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business. For more information about Farmer Mac's business volume, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Business Volume." Capital Table 3 As of March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Core capital $ 1,232,509 $ 1,200,560 Capital in excess of minimum capital level required 488,730 486,810 The increase in capital in excess of the minimum capital level required was primarily due to an increase in retained earnings. 52 Credit Quality The following table presents Agricultural Finance on-balance sheet loan purchase and off-balance sheet LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities substandard assets, in dollars and as a percentage of the respective portfolio as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: Table 4 On-Balance Sheet Off-Balance Sheet Substandard Assets % of Portfolio Substandard Assets % of Portfolio (dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 $ 181,303 2.6 % $ 34,516 1.2 % December 31, 2021 185,758 2.7 % 60,922 2.1 % Increase/(decrease) from prior year-ending $ (4,455) (0.1) % $ (26,406) (0.9) % The decrease of $4.5 million in on-balance sheet substandard assets during first quarter was primarily driven by credit upgrades during the quarter in crops, permanent plantings, livestock, and part-time farms, partially offset by credit downgrades in storage and processing. The on-balance sheet Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio grew by $85.2 million, which, when coupled with credit upgrades, caused the percentage of substandard assets to decrease. The $26.4 million decrease in substandard assets in our off-balance sheet LTSPC and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities portfolios during first quarter was primarily due to credit upgrades across the portfolios, particularly crops and livestock. There were no substandard assets in the Rural Infrastructure Finance loan purchase portfolio as of March 31, 2022 and one loan classified as substandard in that portfolio as of December 31, 2021. For an analysis of current loan-to-value ratios across substandard and other internally assigned risk ratings, see Table 27 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees." 53 The following table presents 90-day delinquencies for on-balance sheet Agricultural Finance mortgage loan purchases and off-balance sheet LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, in dollars and as a percentage of the respective balance sheet category as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: Table 5 On-Balance Sheet Off-Balance Sheet 90-Day Delinquencies % of Portfolio 90-Day Delinquencies % of Portfolio (dollars in thousands) March 31, 2022 $ 53,960 0.78 % $ 1,887 0.06 % December 31, 2021 43,710 0.64 % 3,597 0.12 % Increase/(decrease) from prior year-ending $ 10,250 0.14 % $ (1,710) (0.06) % On-balance sheet Agricultural Finance loans 90 or more days delinquent increased in all commodity groups, except crops. Off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities 90 days or more delinquent decreased in livestock and permanent plantings, while all other commodity groups remained constant. The top ten borrower exposures over 90 days delinquent in either the on- or off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance portfolio represented over half of the aggregate 90-day delinquencies as of March 31, 2022. As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no 90-day delinquencies in Farmer Mac's portfolio of Rural Infrastructure Finance loan purchases and loans underlying LTSPCs. For more information about Farmer Mac's credit metrics, including 90-day delinquencies, the total allowance for losses, and substandard assets, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees." COVID-19 Pandemic Farmer Mac has operated successfully throughout the COVID-19 pandemic with most employees still working remotely. Farmer Mac has maintained uninterrupted access to the debt capital markets during that time and remains a source of capital and liquidity to rural borrowers facing economic or market volatility stemming from the ongoing pandemic. For more information on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Farmer Mac's business, see "Business—Human Capital" in the 2021 Annual Report and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook" in the 2021 Annual Report and in this report. Use of Non-GAAP Measures In the accompanying analysis of its financial information, Farmer Mac uses "non-GAAP measures," which are measures of financial performance that are not presented in accordance with GAAP. Specifically, Farmer Mac uses the following non-GAAP measures: "core earnings," "core earnings per share," and "net effective spread." Farmer Mac uses these non-GAAP measures to measure corporate economic performance and develop financial plans because, in management's view, they are useful alternative measures in understanding Farmer Mac's economic performance, transaction economics, and business trends. 54 The non-GAAP financial measures that Farmer Mac uses may not be comparable to similarly labeled non-GAAP financial measures disclosed by other companies. Farmer Mac's disclosure of these non-GAAP measures is intended to be supplemental in nature and is not meant to be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or as more important than, the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Core Earnings and Core Earnings Per Share The main difference between core earnings and core earnings per share (non-GAAP measures) and net income attributable to common stockholders and earnings per common share (GAAP measures) is that those non-GAAP measures exclude the effects of fair value fluctuations. These fluctuations are not expected to have a cumulative net impact on Farmer Mac's financial condition or results of operations reported in accordance with GAAP if the related financial instruments are held to maturity, as is expected. Another difference is that these two non-GAAP measures exclude specified infrequent or unusual transactions that we believe are not indicative of future operating results and that may not reflect the trends and economic financial performance of Farmer Mac's core business. For example, we have excluded from core earnings and core earnings per share any losses on retirement of preferred stock. For a reconciliation of Farmer Mac's net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings and of earnings per common share to core earnings per share, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations." Net Effective Spread Farmer Mac uses net effective spread to measure the net spread Farmer Mac earns between its interest-earning assets and the related net funding costs of these assets. As further explained below, net effective spread differs from net interest income and net interest yield by excluding certain items from net interest income and net interest yield and including certain other items that net interest income and net interest yield do not contain. Farmer Mac excludes from net effective spread the premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value because they either do not reflect actual cash premiums paid for the assets at acquisition or are not expected to have an economic effect on Farmer Mac's financial performance if the assets are held to maturity, as is expected. Farmer Mac also excludes from net effective spread the interest income and interest expense associated with the consolidated trusts and the average balance of the loans underlying these trusts to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns on the related Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities owned by third parties is effectively a guarantee fee. Accordingly, the excluded interest income and interest expense associated with consolidated trusts is reclassified to guarantee and commitment fees in determining Farmer Mac's core earnings. Farmer Mac also excludes from net effective spread the fair value changes of financial derivatives and the corresponding assets or liabilities designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships because they are not expected to have an economic effect on Farmer Mac's financial performance, as we expect to hold the financial derivatives and corresponding hedged items to maturity. Net effective spread also differs from net interest income and net interest yield because it includes the accrual of income and expense related to the contractual amounts due on financial derivatives that are not designated in hedge accounting relationships ("undesignated financial derivatives"). Farmer Mac uses interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate risk exposure by synthetically modifying the interest rate reset or maturity characteristics of certain assets and liabilities. The accrual of the contractual amounts 55 due on interest rate swaps designated in hedge accounting relationships is included as an adjustment to the yield or cost of the hedged item and is included in net interest income. For undesignated financial derivatives, Farmer Mac records the income or expense related to the accrual of the contractual amounts due in "Gains on financial derivatives" on the consolidated statements of operations. However, the accrual of the contractual amounts due for undesignated financial derivatives are included in Farmer Mac's calculation of net effective spread. Net effective spread also differs from net interest income and net interest yield because it includes the net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives, which consist of: (1) the net effects of cash settlements on agency forward contracts on the debt of other GSEs and U.S. Treasury security futures that we use as short-term economic hedges on the issuance of debt; and (2) the net effects of initial cash payments that Farmer Mac receives upon the inception of certain swaps. The inclusion of these items in net effective spread is intended to reflect our view of the complete net spread between an asset and all of its related funding, including any associated derivatives, whether or not they are designated in a hedge accounting relationship. For a reconciliation of net interest income and net interest yield to net effective spread, see Table 11 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Net Interest Income." Results of Operations Reconciliations of Farmer Mac's net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings and core earnings per share are presented in the following tables along with information about the composition of core earnings: 56 Table 6 Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Common Stockholders to Core Earnings For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 (in thousands, except per share amounts) Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 41,046 $ 27,958 Less reconciling items: Gains on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 14) 1,698 1,695 Gains/(losses) on hedging activities due to fair value changes 2,024 (271) Unrealized gains/(losses) on trading securities 94 (14) Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value 20 16 Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives 15,512 1,165 Income tax effect related to reconciling items (4,063) (544) Sub-total 15,285 2,047 Core earnings $ 25,761 $ 25,911 Composition of Core Earnings: Revenues: Net effective spread (1) $ 57,839 $ 53,859 Guarantee and commitment fees (2) 4,557 4,240 Other (3) 514 451 Total revenues 62,910 58,550 Credit related expense (GAAP): Release of losses (54) (31) Total credit related expense (54) (31) Operating expenses (GAAP): Compensation and employee benefits 13,298 11,795 General and administrative 7,278 6,336 Regulatory fees 812 750 Total operating expenses 21,388 18,881 Net earnings 41,576 39,700 Income tax expense (4) 9,024 8,520 Preferred stock dividends (GAAP) 6,791 5,269 Core earnings $ 25,761 $ 25,911 Core earnings per share: Basic $ 2.39 $ 2.41 Diluted 2.37 2.39 Weighted-average shares: Basic 10,767 10,738 Diluted 10,887 10,819 (1) Net effective spread is a non-GAAP measure. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures—Net Effective Spread" for an explanation of net effective spread. See Table 11 for a reconciliation of net interest income to net effective spread. (2) Includes interest income and interest expense related to consolidated trusts owned by third parties reclassified from net interest income to guarantee and commitment fees to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee on the consolidated Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities. (3) Reflects reconciling adjustments for the reclassification to exclude expenses related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges and terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives, and reconciling adjustments to exclude fair value adjustments on financial derivatives and trading assets and the recognition of deferred gains over the estimated lives of certain Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities. (4) Includes the tax impact of non-GAAP reconciling items between net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings. 57 Table 7 Reconciliation of GAAP Basic Earnings Per Share to Core Earnings - Basic Earnings Per Share For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 (in thousands, except per share amounts) GAAP - Basic EPS $ 3.81 $ 2.60 Less reconciling items: Gains on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 14) 0.16 0.16 Gains/(losses) on hedging activities due to fair value changes 0.19 (0.03) Unrealized gains on trading securities 0.01 — Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value — — Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives 1.44 0.11 Income tax effect related to reconciling items (0.38) (0.05) Sub-total 1.42 0.19 Core Earnings - Basic EPS $ 2.39 $ 2.41 Shares used in per share calculation (GAAP and Core Earnings) 10,767 10,738 Reconciliation of GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share to Core Earnings - Diluted Earnings Per Share For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 (in thousands, except per share amounts) GAAP - Diluted EPS $ 3.77 $ 2.58 Less reconciling items: Gains on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 14) 0.16 0.16 Gains/(losses) on hedging activities due to fair value changes 0.19 (0.03) Unrealized gains on trading securities 0.01 — Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value — — Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives 1.42 0.11 Income tax effect related to reconciling items (0.38) (0.05) Sub-total 1.40 0.19 Core Earnings - Diluted EPS $ 2.37 $ 2.39 Shares used in per share calculation (GAAP and Core Earnings) 10,887 10,819 58 The non-GAAP reconciling items between net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings are: 1. Losses on financial derivatives due to fair value changes are presented by two reconciling items in Table 6 above: (a) Gains on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes; and (b) Gains/(losses) on hedging activities due to fair value changes. The table below calculates the non-GAAP reconciling item for losses on hedging activities due to fair value changes: Table 8 Non-GAAP Reconciling Items for (Losses)/Gains on Hedging Activities due to Fair Value Changes For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 (in thousands) Gains due to fair value changes (see Table 4.2) $ 2,364 $ 345 Initial cash payment (received) at inception of swap (340) (616) Gains/(losses) on hedging activities due to fair value changes $ 2,024 $ (271) 2. Unrealized gains/(losses) on trading securities. The unrealized gains/(losses) on trading securities are reported on Farmer Mac's consolidated statements of operations, which represent changes during the period in fair values for trading assets remaining on Farmer Mac's balance sheet as of the end of the reporting period. 3. The net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value. The amount of this non-GAAP reconciling item is the recorded amount of premium, discount, or deferred gain amortization during the reporting period on those assets for which the premium, discount, or deferred gain was based on the application of an accounting principle (e.g., consolidation of variable interest entities) rather than on a cash transaction (e.g., a purchase price premium or discount). 4. The net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives. These terminations or net settlements relate to: • Forward contracts on the debt of other GSEs and futures contracts on U.S. Treasury securities. These contracts are used as a short-term economic hedge of the issuance of debt. For GAAP purposes, realized gains or losses on settlements of these contracts are reported in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they occur. For core earnings purposes, these realized gains or losses are deferred and amortized as net yield adjustments over the term of the related debt, which generally ranges from 3 to 15 years. • Initial cash payments received by Farmer Mac upon the inception of certain swaps. When there is no direct payment arrangement between a swap dealer counterparty and a debt dealer issuing Farmer Mac's medium-term notes for a particular transaction, Farmer Mac may receive an initial cash payment from the swap dealer at the inception of the swap to offset dollar-for-dollar the amount of the discount on the associated hedged debt. For GAAP purposes, changes in fair value of the swaps are recognized in "Gains on financial derivatives," while the economically offsetting discount on the associated hedged debt is amortized over the term of the debt as an adjustment to its yield. For purposes of core earnings, these initial cash payments are deferred and amortized as net yield adjustments over the term of the related debt, which generally ranges from 3 to 25 years. The following sections provide more detail about specific components of Farmer Mac's results of operations. 59 Net Interest Income . The following table provides information about interest-earning assets and funding for the quarters ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The average balance of non-accruing loans is included in the average balance of loans, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and USDA Securities presented, though the related income is accounted for on a cash basis. Therefore, as the average balance of non-accruing loans and the income received increases or decreases, the net interest income and yield will fluctuate accordingly. The average balance of loans in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties is disclosed in the net effect of consolidated trusts and is not included in the average balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The interest income and expense associated with these trusts are shown in the net effect of consolidated trusts. Table 9 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 Average Balance Income/ Expense Average Rate Average Balance Income/ Expense Average Rate (dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets: Cash and investments $ 4,949,656 $ 5,716 0.46 % $ 4,840,870 $ 5,529 0.46 % Loans, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities (1) 18,930,349 98,447 2.08 % 17,354,400 91,281 2.10 % Total interest-earning assets 23,880,005 104,163 1.74 % 22,195,270 96,810 1.74 % Funding: Notes payable due within one year 2,849,575 1,148 0.16 % 4,350,474 1,583 0.15 % Notes payable due after one year (2) 20,065,027 42,158 0.84 % 17,215,386 43,186 1.00 % Total interest-bearing liabilities (3) 22,914,602 43,306 0.76 % 21,565,860 44,769 0.83 % Net non-interest-bearing funding 965,403 — 629,410 — Total funding 23,880,005 43,306 0.73 % 22,195,270 44,769 0.81 % Net interest income/yield prior to consolidation of certain trusts 23,880,005 60,857 1.02 % 22,195,270 52,041 0.94 % Net effect of consolidated trusts (4) 881,756 1,018 0.46 % 1,152,098 1,210 0.42 % Net interest income/yield $ 24,761,761 $ 61,875 1.00 % $ 23,347,368 $ 53,251 0.91 % (1) Excludes interest income of $8.1 million and $10.6 million in first quarter 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties. (2) Includes current portion of long-term notes. (3) Excludes interest expense of $7.0 million and $9.4 million in first quarter 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties. (4) Includes the effect of consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties. The $8.6 million year-over-year increase in net interest income was primarily due to a $5.0 million increase from net new business volume, a $2.0 million increase in the fair value of derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives), a $0.8 million increase in net coupon yields related to the acquisition, in third quarter 2021, of the loan servicing rights on a sizeable portion of our Farm & Ranch loan and USDA Guaranteed Securities portfolios, and a $0.7 million increase in cash-basis interest income. In percentage terms, the year-over-year 0.09% increase was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.05% in funding costs and an increase of 0.03% in net fair value changes from designated financial derivatives. 60 The following table sets forth information about changes in the components of Farmer Mac's net interest income prior to consolidation of certain trusts for the periods indicated. For each category, information is provided on changes attributable to changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by old rate), and changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by old volume), and then allocated based on the relative size of rate and volume changes from the prior period. Table 10 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Compared to Same Period in 2021 Increase/(Decrease) Due to Rate Volume Total (in thousands) Income from interest-earning assets: Cash and investments $ 62 $ 125 $ 187 Loans, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities (1,040) 8,206 7,166 Total (978) 8,331 7,353 Expense from other interest-bearing liabilities (4,160) 2,697 (1,463) Change in net interest income prior to consolidation of certain trusts (1) $ 3,182 $ 5,634 $ 8,816 (1) Excludes the effect of debt in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties. The following table presents a reconciliation of net interest income and net interest yield to net effective spread. Net effective spread is measured by: including (1) expenses related to undesignated financial derivatives, which consists of income or expense related to contractual amounts due on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships (the income or expense related to financial derivatives designated in hedge accounting relationships is already included in net interest income), and (2) the amortization of losses due to terminations or net settlements of financial derivatives; and excluding (3) the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, (4) the net effects of consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties, and (5) the fair value changes of financial derivatives and corresponding financial assets or liabilities in fair value hedge relationships. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures—Net Effective Spread" for more information about net effective spread. Table 11 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 Dollars Yield Dollars Yield (dollars in thousands) Net interest income/yield $ 61,875 1.00 % $ 53,251 0.91 % Net effects of consolidated trusts (1,018) 0.02 % (1,210) 0.03 % Expense related to undesignated financial derivatives (994) (0.02) % 2,068 0.04 % Amortization of premiums/discounts on assets consolidated at fair value (16) — % (8) — % Amortization of losses due to terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives 356 0.01 % 103 — % Fair value changes on fair value hedge relationships (2,364) (0.04) % (345) (0.01) % Net effective spread $ 57,839 0.97 % $ 53,859 0.97 % The $4.0 million year-over-year increase in net effective spread in dollars was primarily due to an increase of $4.4 million increase from net new business volume, a $0.8 million increase in net coupon yields related to our acquisition, in third quarter 2021, of the loan servicing rights of a sizeable portion of our 61 Farm & Ranch loan and USDA Guaranteed Securities portfolios, and a $0.7 million increase in cash-basis interest income. These factors were partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in non-GAAP funding costs. In percentage terms, net effective spread remained constant on a year-over-year basis. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about net interest income and net effective spread from Farmer Mac's individual business segments. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Supplemental Information" for quarterly net effective spread by line of business. Provision for and Release of Allowance for Losses and Reserve for Losses . The following table summarizes the components of Farmer Mac's total allowance for losses for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: Table 12 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 Allowance for Losses Reserve for Losses Total Allowance for Losses Allowance for Losses Reserve for Losses Total Allowance for Losses (in thousands) Beginning balance $ 14,492 $ 1,950 $ 16,442 $ 14,298 $ 3,277 $ 17,575 Provision for/(release of) losses 56 (110) (54) 913 (944) (31) Charge-offs (84) — (84) — — — Ending balance $ 14,464 $ 1,840 $ 16,304 $ 15,211 $ 2,333 $ 17,544 See Notes 5 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees." During first quarter 2022, we recorded a $2.4 million release from the allowance for losses related to a Rural Utilities loan as a result of the upgrade of that loan under our internal ratings system after the borrower successfully securitized a large payable incurred during the arctic freeze that struck Texas in February 2021. This securitization transaction received an investment grade credit rating and exhibited the inherent strength of rural electric cooperatives and the legislative support that these providers of essential energy services typically receive. The release from the allowance for losses attributable to this one loan was offset by provisions to the allowance for losses attributable to new loan volume added during first quarter 2022 and other risk rating downgrades, resulting in an overall provision to the allowance for losses of $56,000 during first quarter 2022. Guarantee and Commitment Fees . The following table presents guarantee and commitment fees, which compensate Farmer Mac for assuming the credit risk on loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs, for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: 62 Table 13 For the Three Months Ended Change March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 $ % (in thousands) Contractual guarantee fees $ 3,502 $ 3,030 $ 472 16 % Guarantee obligation amortization 2,195 2,709 (514) (19) % Guarantee asset fair value changes (2,002) (2,709) 707 (26) % Guarantee fee income $ 3,695 $ 3,030 $ 665 22 % Guarantee and commitment fees increased for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 compared to 2021, which was due to increases in the average outstanding balance of LTSPCs and off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities during first quarter 2022. As adjusted for the core earnings presentation, guarantee and commitment fees were $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $4.2 million for first quarter 2021. In Farmer Mac's presentation of core earnings, guarantee and commitment fees include interest income and interest expense related to consolidated trusts owned by third parties to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee on those consolidated Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities. Additionally, Farmer Mac has excluded guarantee asset fair value changes, because these fluctuations are not expected to have a cumulative net impact on Farmer Mac's financial condition or results of operations if Farmer Mac fulfills its guarantee obligation throughout the term of the guaranteed securities, as is expected. For more information about net income attributable to common stockholders, the composition of core earnings, and a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings, see Table 6 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations." For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures." Gains on financial derivatives. The components of gains and losses on financial derivatives for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized in the following table: Table 14 For the Three Months Ended Change March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 $ % (in thousands) Gains due to fair value changes $ 1,698 $ 1,695 $ 3 — % Accrual of contractual payments (994) 2,068 (3,062) (148) % Gains due to terminations or net settlements 15,370 530 14,840 2800 % Gains on financial derivatives $ 16,074 $ 4,293 $ 11,781 274 % These changes in fair value are primarily the result of fluctuations in long-term interest rates. The accrual of periodic cash settlements for interest paid or received from Farmer Mac's interest rate swaps that are undesignated financial derivatives is shown as expense related to financial derivatives. Payments or 63 receipts to terminate undesignated derivative positions or net cash settled forward sales contracts on the debt of other GSEs and undesignated U.S. Treasury security futures and initial cash payments received upon the inception of certain undesignated swaps are included in "Gains due to terminations or net settlements" in the table above. For undesignated swaps, when there is no direct payment arrangement between a swap dealer counterparty and a debt dealer issuing Farmer Mac's medium-term notes for a particular transaction, Farmer Mac may receive an initial cash payment from the swap dealer at the inception of the swap to offset dollar-for-dollar the amount of the discount on the associated hedged debt. Changes in the fair value of these swaps are recognized immediately in "Gains on financial derivatives," while the offsetting discount on the hedged debt is amortized over the term of the debt as an adjustment to its yield. The amounts of initial cash payments received by Farmer Mac vary depending on the number of the aforementioned type of swaps it executes during a quarter. Other Income . The following table presents other income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: Table 15 For the Three Months Ended Change March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 $ % (in thousands) Late fees $ 354 $ 287 $ 67 23 % Servicing fees 280 — 280 N/A Mortgage servicing rights amortization (131) — (131) N/A Other 172 296 (124) (42) % Total other income $ 675 $ 583 $ 92 16 % The increase in other income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to 2021 is primarily due to an increase in servicing fees, partially offset by a decrease in loan rate modification fees. Operating Expenses . The components of operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized in the following table: Table 16 For the Three Months Ended Change March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 $ % (in thousands) Compensation and employee benefits $ 13,298 $ 11,795 $ 1,503 13 % General and administrative 7,278 6,336 942 15 % Regulatory fees 812 750 62 8 % Total Operating Expenses $ 21,388 $ 18,881 $ 2,507 13 % Compensation and Employee Benefits . The increase in compensation and employee benefits expenses for first quarter 2022 compared to 2021 was due to increased headcount and increased stock compensation. 64 General and Administrative Expenses (G&A) . The increase in G&A expenses for first quarter 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to increased spending on software licenses and information technology and other consultants to support growth and strategic initiatives. We entered into a transition services agreement in connection with the strategic acquisition of loan servicing rights in third quarter 2021. Under that agreement, we have agreed to pay $1.25 million to the seller of the servicing rights in installments through December 31, 2022 for continuing transition assistance. Income Tax Expense . The following table presents income tax expense and the effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: Table 17 For the Three Months Ended Change March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 $ % (dollars in thousands) Income tax expense $ 13,085 $ 9,067 $ 4,018 44 % Effective tax rate 21.5 % 21.4 % 0.1 % 65 Business Volume . The following table sets forth the net growth or decrease in Farmer Mac's lines of business for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: Table 18 Net New Business Volume For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 On or Off Balance Sheet Net Growth/(Decrease) Net Growth/(Decrease) (in thousands) Agricultural Finance: Farm & Ranch: Loans On-balance sheet $ 160,496 $ 255,228 Loans held in consolidated trusts: Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors On-balance sheet (60,423) (112,520) IO-FMGS (1) On-balance sheet (378) — USDA Securities On-balance sheet (4,999) 14,777 AgVantage Securities On-balance sheet 430,000 (200,000) LTSPCs and unfunded commitments Off-balance sheet (8,824) (70,788) Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities Off-balance sheet (33,874) (21,539) Loans serviced for others Off-balance sheet (1,042) — Total Farm & Ranch $ 480,956 $ (134,842) Corporate AgFinance: Loans On-balance sheet $ (14,837) $ (16,179) AgVantage Securities On-balance sheet 7,798 322 Unfunded Loan Commitments Off-balance sheet 9,965 (462) Total Corporate AgFinance $ 2,926 $ (16,319) Total Agricultural Finance $ 483,882 $ (151,161) Rural Infrastructure Finance: Rural Utilities: Loans On-balance sheet $ 157,232 $ (23,173) AgVantage Securities On-balance sheet (23,381) 101,997 LTSPCs and Unfunded Loan Commitments Off-balance sheet (22,632) (10,040) Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities Off-balance sheet — — Total Rural Utilities $ 111,219 $ 68,784 Renewable Energy: Loans On-balance sheet $ 5,483 $ 9,864 Unfunded Loan Commitments Off-balance sheet 28,363 10,949 Total Renewable Energy $ 33,846 $ 20,813 Total Rural Infrastructure Finance $ 145,065 $ 89,597 Total $ 628,947 $ (61,564) (1) An interest-only Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security retained as part of a structured securitization. Farmer Mac's outstanding business volume was $24.2 billion as of March 31, 2022, a net increase of $0.6 billion from December 31, 2021 after taking into account all new business, maturities, sales, and paydowns on existing assets. 66 The $0.5 billion net increase in Farm & Ranch during first quarter 2022 resulted from $2.5 billion of new purchases, commitments, and guarantees, partially offset by $2.0 billion of scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $416.2 million in loans, which was primarily driven by farm real estate acquisitions due to improved borrower economics as well as a competitive, albeit an increasing interest rate environment resulting in demand for intermediate and long-term financing solutions. The $416.2 million in gross Farm & Ranch loan purchases was partially offset by $255.7 million in scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac also purchased a total of $1.8 billion in Farm & Ranch AgVantage Securities during first quarter 2022, which primarily reflected the refinancing of maturing securities as well as financial counterparties seeking to add longer term AgVantage securities to manage their asset-liability maturity profile given recent increases in credit spreads and interest rates. The $1.8 billion in gross purchases was partially offset by $1.3 billion in scheduled maturities. Approximately $1.1 billion of the total $1.8 billion in gross purchases reflected purchases that refinanced maturing AgVantage securities and were issued at short-term tenors, which may create volatility in AgVantage volumes throughout the year. However, Farmer Mac does not anticipate a material impact to its net effective spread given the low spread related to these securities due to the short maturities and the credit strength of the counterparties. The $2.9 million net increase in Corporate AgFinance during first quarter 2022 resulted from $103.4 million of new loan and AgVantage security purchases, which was offset by $100.4 million of scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $61.7 million in loans, which was offset by $76.5 million in scheduled maturities and repayments. This net decrease in loans was primarily due to scheduled amortization and prepayments due to strong land values and agricultural incomes. The $111.2 million net increase in Rural Utilities during first quarter 2022 resulted from $378.0 million of new purchases, commitments, and guarantees, which was partially offset by $266.7 million of scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $208.0 million in Rural Utilities loans, which was fueled by a competitive but increasing interest rate environment resulting in demand for long-term financing solutions for planned maintenance and capital expenditures. The $208.0 million in loan purchases was partially offset by $50.7 million in scheduled maturities and repayments. The $33.8 million net increase in Renewable Energy during first quarter 2022 primarily reflects a $35.0 million commitment to a large solar project being constructed in the southeast United States, consisting of $6.6 million of funded loan purchases (which was partially offset by $1.2 million of other loan repayments) and $28.4 million in unfunded loan commitments expected to be drawn throughout 2022. Farmer Mac's outstanding business volume was $21.9 billion as of March 31, 2021, a net decrease of $61.6 million from December 31, 2020 after taking into account all new business, scheduled maturities, and paydowns on existing assets. The $134.8 million net decrease in Farm & Ranch during first quarter 2021 resulted from $1.2 billion of scheduled maturities and repayments, partially offset by $1.1 billion of new purchases and guarantees, The $16.3 million net decrease in Corporate AgFinance during first quarter 2021 resulted from $202.7 million of scheduled maturities and repayments, partially offset by $186.4 million of new purchases. 67 The $68.8 million net increase in Rural Utilities during first quarter 2021 resulted from $171.5 million of new purchases and guarantees, which was partially offset by $102.8 million of scheduled maturities and repayments. The $20.8 million net increase in Renewable Energy during first quarter 2021 resulted from $23.5 million of new purchases, which was partially offset by $2.7 million of repayments. The level and composition of Farmer Mac’s outstanding business volume is based on the relationship between new business, loan sales, scheduled maturities, and repayments on existing assets from year to year. This relationship in turn depends on a variety of factors both internal and external to Farmer Mac. The external factors include general market forces, competition, and our counterparties’ liquidity needs, access to alternative funding, desired products, and assessment of strategic factors. The internal factors include our assessment of profitability, mission fulfillment, credit risk, and customer relationships. For more information about potential growth opportunities in Farmer Mac's lines of business, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook" in this report. The following table sets forth information about the Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities issued during the periods indicated: Table 19 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 March 31, 2021 (in thousands) AgVantage securities $ 1,941,360 $ 442,912 Loans securitized and held in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties 25,928 49,133 Total Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities Issuances $ 1,967,288 $ 1,967,288 $ 492,045 Farmer Mac either retains the loans it purchases or securitizes them and retains or sells Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities backed by those loans. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, Farmer Mac realized no gains or losses from the securitization of loans that it holds in consolidated trusts. Farmer Mac consolidates these loans and presents them as "Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost" on the consolidated balance sheets. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, Farmer Mac realized no gains or losses from the issuance of Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities or AgVantage Securities. 68 The following table sets forth information about outstanding volume in each of Farmer Mac's lines of business as of the dates indicated: Table 20 Outstanding Business Volume On or Off Balance Sheet As of March 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Agricultural Finance: Farm & Ranch: Loans On-balance sheet $ 4,935,566 $ 4,775,070 Loans held in consolidated trusts: Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors On-balance sheet 888,200 948,623 IO-FMGS (1) On-balance sheet 11,919 12,297 USDA Securities On-balance sheet 2,440,807 2,445,806 AgVantage Securities On-balance sheet 5,155,000 4,725,000 LTSPCs and unfunded commitments Off-balance sheet 2,578,330 2,587,154 Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities Off-balance sheet 544,484 578,358 Loans serviced for others Off-balance sheet 21,289 22,331 Total Farm & Ranch $ 16,575,595 $ 16,094,639 Corporate AgFinance: Loans On-balance sheet $ 1,108,463 $ 1,123,300 AgVantage Securities On-balance sheet 375,262 367,464 Unfunded Loan Commitments Off-balance sheet 57,035 47,070 Total Corporate AgFinance $ 1,540,760 $ 1,537,834 Total Agricultural Finance $ 18,116,355 $ 17,632,473 Rural Infrastructure Finance: Rural Utilities: Loans On-balance sheet $ 2,459,605 $ 2,302,373 AgVantage Securities On-balance sheet 3,009,881 3,033,262 LTSPCs and Unfunded Loan Commitments Off-balance sheet 534,205 556,837 Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities Off-balance sheet 2,755 2,755 Total Rural Utilities $ 6,006,446 $ 5,895,227 Renewable Energy: Loans On-balance sheet $ 92,246 $ 86,763 Unfunded Loan Commitments Off-balance sheet 28,363 — Total Renewable Energy $ 120,609 $ 86,763 Total Rural Infrastructure Finance $ 6,127,055 $ 5,981,990 Total $ 24,243,410 $ 23,614,463 (1) An interest-only Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security retained as part of a structured securitization. 69 The following table summarizes by maturity date the scheduled principal amortization of loans held, loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities (excluding AgVantage securities) and LTSPCs, USDA Securities, and Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities as of March 31, 2022: Table 21 Schedule of Principal Amortization as of March 31, 2022 Loans Loans Underlying Off-Balance Sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs USDA Securities and Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities Total (in thousands) 2022 $ 257,849 $ 181,425 $ 84,266 $ 523,540 2023 363,987 272,249 116,695 752,931 2024 386,374 200,123 115,421 701,918 2025 411,234 210,914 118,940 741,088 2026 476,678 231,629 121,814 830,121 Thereafter 7,587,958 2,413,977 2,115,771 12,117,706 Total $ 9,484,080 $ 3,510,317 $ 2,672,907 $ 15,667,304 Of Farmer Mac's $24.2 billion outstanding principal balance of business volume as of March 31, 2022, $8.5 billion were AgVantage securities included in the Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance lines of business. Unlike business volume in the form of purchased loans, USDA Securities, and loans underlying LTSPCs and non-AgVantage Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, most AgVantage securities do not require periodic payments of principal based on amortization schedules and instead have fixed maturity dates when the secured general obligation is due. The following table summarizes by maturity date the outstanding principal amount of both on- and off-balance sheet AgVantage securities as of March 31, 2022: Table 22 AgVantage Balances by Year of Maturity As of March 31, 2022 (in thousands) 2022 $ 2,188,842 2023 1,129,586 2024 800,216 2025 561,025 2026 975,660 Thereafter (1) 2,887,569 Total $ 8,542,898 (1) Includes various maturities ranging from 2026 to 2044. The weighted-average remaining maturity of the outstanding AgVantage securities shown in the table above was 4.9 years as of March 31, 2022. 70 Outlook Farmer Mac continues to provide a stable source of liquidity, capital, and risk management tools as a secondary market that helps meet the financing needs of rural America. The pace and trajectory of Farmer Mac's growth will depend on the capital and liquidity needs of the lending institutions in the agriculture and rural utilities business and the overall financial health of borrowers in the sectors we serve. Farmer Mac foresees opportunities for profitable growth across our lines of business driven by several key factors: • As agricultural and rural infrastructure lenders seek to manage equity capital and return on equity capital requirements or reduce exposure due to lending or concentration limits, Farmer Mac can provide relief for those institutions through loan and portfolio purchases, participations, guarantees, LTSPCs, or wholesale funding. • As a result of business and product development efforts and continued interest in the agricultural asset class from institutional investors and nontraditional agricultural real estate lenders, Farmer Mac's customer base and product set continue to expand and diversify, which may generate more demand for Farmer Mac's products from new sources. • Farmer Mac's growing relationships with larger regional and national lenders, as well as consolidation within the agricultural lending industry, continue to provide opportunities that could influence Farmer Mac's loan demand and increase the average transaction size within Farmer Mac's lines of business. • Future growth opportunities in Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business may evolve by deepening business relationships with eligible counterparties, financing broadband-related capital expenditures and rural telecommunications facilities, growing opportunities for renewable energy project finance, and exploring new types of loan products. These opportunities may be limited by sector growth, credit quality, and the competitiveness of Farmer Mac's products. • Expansion and acquisition opportunities for agricultural producers resulting from high agricultural incomes and rising costs have increased financing requirements for mergers and acquisitions, consolidation, and vertical integration across many sectors of the agricultural industry, which may also generate demand for Farmer Mac's loan products. • While market rates have increased dramatically since the lows experienced in 2021, rates are near Farmer Mac's 15-year historical averages. However, future changes to monetary policy and the overall level and pace of increases in interest rates could impact the pace and timing of Agricultural Finance mortgage loan purchase demand. Russia's invasion of Ukraine has increased volatility for commodity prices and agricultural production costs for farmers and ranchers, who were already challenged by a strong inflationary environment. While high commodity prices have thus far outpaced the significant increase in input costs, the impact on global commodity markets from the Ukraine conflict creates further uncertainty for farmers and ranchers in terms of global production, prices, and costs. According to data from the USDA, Ukraine accounts for 10% of global wheat trade and 15% of global corn trade, so any disruption to production in 2022 could increase demand for U.S. production and keep commodity prices elevated. However, sanctions and trade restrictions have elevated oil and fertilizer prices, which influence U.S. farmers' planting decisions, 71 particularly for acreage planted to corn, soybeans, and wheat. Volatility is likely to persist until there is more certainty around the timing, pace, and conclusion of the conflict in Ukraine. In addition to continued uncertainty from supply-side disruptions, market interest rates increased rapidly in first quarter 2022, driven by the Federal Reserve’s accelerated efforts to achieve monetary policy normalization and decelerate inflation. A higher interest rate environment could slow the pace of farm mortgage refinancing. While lower refinances could result in lower levels of new loan purchases in Farm & Ranch and USDA Guarantees products, it could also result in lower portfolio prepayment speeds, as was Farmer Mac’s experience between 2014 and 2018. Farmer Mac offers a range of interest rates, tenors, and resetting options for loan products, allowing flexibility for originators and borrowers in all interest rate environments. Operating Expense . Farmer Mac continues to expand its investments in human capital, technology, and business infrastructure to increase capacity and efficiency as it seeks to accommodate its growth opportunities and achieve its long-term strategic objectives. Farmer Mac expects continued increases in its operating expenses over the next several years corresponding to business and revenue growth. We expect these efforts to continue and increase over the next 12 - 18 months as we innovate and grow our business while monitoring the growth in operating expenses commensurate with the growth in our revenue. During 2021, we closed on a strategic acquisition that enhanced our operations by expanding our internal loan servicing function and acquiring the loan servicing rights for a sizeable portion of our Farm & Ranch loan and USDA Securities portfolios. This acquisition should increase our interest income on our Farm & Ranch loans and USDA Securities that we service because there will not be any third-party central servicer retaining a central servicer fee on those assets. That increased interest income is expected to be partially offset by the increase in our operating expenses relating to our enhanced internal loan servicing operations. In the short term, we do not expect the effect on core earnings to be significant. In the medium to long term, the effect will depend on the size of our portfolio that we service and the long-run costs of our servicing operations. Agricultural Industry . The agricultural economy experienced generally favorable conditions in first quarter 2022, with higher commodity prices partially offset by higher input prices. In response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, grain commodity prices rose rapidly in February and March 2022. Higher commodity prices for grains and many animal proteins are likely to substantially increase gross cash receipts for the 2022 and 2023 marketing years. Farm expenses also rose in first quarter 2022, driven by rising feed, energy, interest, and labor costs. However, growth in income outpaced growth in expense, and net cash farm income increased nearly 15% in 2021 to $134.2 billion, the highest level since 2013. Consumers have continued their return to restaurants and food service establishments in 2022, with a 19% annual increase in retail spending at food service and drinking places, according to advance retail sales data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Combined with an annual 8.4% increase in retail spending at food and drinking stores (e.g., grocery), consumers have demonstrated the ability to absorb increasing commodity prices in their food budgets in 2022. The increase in farm profitability combined with low interest rates in 2020 and 2021 drove a rapid rise in land values and a decrease in farm delinquencies and bankruptcies. Land value survey data from the USDA show a 7.0% increase in average farm real estate values from June 2020 to June 2021. Annual farm real estate value gains were highest in the Northern Plains (9.4%) and the Southern Plains (9.0%) but also strong in Pacific states (8.6%) and the Corn Belt (7.7%). The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago AgLetter reported a 22% gain in farmland values in the Seventh District (primarily Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, and 72 Wisconsin) between January 2021 and January 2022. Data from the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City show a similar rise in land values in the Tenth District (primarily Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma). Historically, rising farm real estate values have paired with an increase in real estate secured debt. While regional averages for farmland values provide a good barometer for the overall movement in U.S. farmland values, economic forces affecting land markets are highly localized, and some markets may experience greater volatility than state or national averages indicate. Economic conditions are likely to bring mixed effects to credit demand throughout 2022. Strong asset appreciation and rising interest rates could signal a credit cycle expansion as financial decision-makers look to lock in long-term economics for their appreciating farm and agribusiness assets. Farm profitability generally increases asset values and demand for the asset class, which also contributes to increasing credit demand. The low interest rate environment in 2021 increased farmland mortgage refinancing and loan prepayment speeds throughout the year. A reduction in loan refinancing is likely in 2022, as fewer borrowers will economically benefit from refinancing or restructuring their farm debt. This could have mixed effects on mortgage portfolios, potentially lowering new sales and originations but also slowing portfolio prepayments and exits. Finally, a rising yield curve coupled with widening market credit spreads could increase opportunities for corporate and institutional lending, as Farmer Mac's programs become more attractive at higher costs of capital. Combined, these factors are expected to be generally supportive of continued net portfolio growth for Farmer Mac in 2022. Positive economic conditions improved Farmer Mac's portfolio performance in early 2022, and they could continue to positively influence loan delinquencies and losses throughout the year. Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquencies and substandard assets levels improved in first quarter 2022 relative to first quarter 2021. One-quarter of the loan volume past due 90-days or more in fourth quarter 2021 cured or paid off by March 31, 2022. The overall delinquency rate fell from 0.84% of the Farm & Ranch operating segment as of March 31, 2021 to 0.57% of the Farm & Ranch portfolio by March 31, 2022, a significant improvement. The percentage of the portfolio rated substandard also continued to improve in first quarter 2022 to the lowest levels since 2016. However, supply chain disruptions, rising input costs, and the potential for continued economic and weather-related stress increase the level of uncertainty inherent in the agricultural credit sector could alter the trajectory of the current agricultural cycle. Farmer Mac believes that its portfolio continues to be highly diversified, both geographically and by commodity and that its portfolio has been underwritten to high credit quality standards. Therefore, Farmer Mac believes that its portfolio is well-positioned to endure reasonably foreseeable volatility from cyclical and external factors. For more information about the loan balances, loan-to-value ratios, 90-day delinquencies, and substandard asset rate for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans in Farmer Mac's portfolio as of March 31, 2022, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees." Exogenous factors facing farm and food producers can create uncertainty and market instability within the sector. External market conditions that could adversely impact the farm and food sectors in 2022 include supply chain disruptions, foreign trade and trade policy, and environmental conditions. The logistics of growing, harvesting, processing, packaging, shipping, storing, and retailing food are complex and intertwined. Labor shortages and transportation disruptions created supply chain stoppages in 2020 and 2021, and they could continue to challenge producers throughout 2022. The U.S. agricultural sector has become increasingly dependent on foreign markets as a source of demand, making trade policy increasingly important to farms and food. The USDA reports U.S. agricultural exports in the fiscal year 2021 at $177 billion, 35% of the total estimated gross farm income in 2021. The USDA's initial forecast for 2022 is a modest increase in export value, and through February 2022, agricultural exports are up 8% 73 in 2022 compared to 2021. Disruptions to global grain supplies in Ukraine and Russia could boost demand for U.S. agricultural products in 2022. However, slower global growth could be a headwind for consumer-oriented products like animal proteins, dairy, fruits, and nuts. However, because Farmer Mac has significant exposure to crop commodities like corn, soybeans, hay, wheat, and cotton, a sustained rally in agricultural commodities is likely to benefit Farmer Mac's overall portfolio credit quality more than degradation from downward pressure on livestock and consumer product profitability. Severe weather conditions and long-term environmental change continue to shape agricultural sectors. The U.S. experienced 20 separate billion-dollar weather disasters in 2021, the second-highest level in the 40 years tracked by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration behind 2020. Many of those events affected agriculture, including a midwestern derecho, western wildfires, and western drought. Federal crop insurance provides a strong mitigator against this risk, but farmers and ranchers face increasingly-severe weather incidents. Long and persistent drought conditions impacted western agriculture during much of 2021. Although drought conditions improved in fourth quarter 2021 and early weeks of 2022, 20% of the continental U.S. remained in exceptional or extreme drought as of April 19, 2022, according to data from the National Drought Mitigation Center. Extended periods of drought and dryness can reduce agricultural productivity, cause lasting damage to permanent crops like fruit and tree nuts, and result in producers leaving some fields fallow due to lack of water. States also regulate water use, and state laws like California's Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) will continue to shape state-led efforts to manage water infrastructure and use. Agricultural production in California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, and Utah is likely to experience the greatest impact from the 2021 and 2022 droughts. For loans in areas that commonly experience exceptional drought (primarily in California), Farmer Mac's underwriting process includes an assessment of anticipated long-term water availability for the related property and how that impacts the collateral value and borrower's cash flow position to mitigate that risk. For more information about Farmer Mac's environmental risk mitigation requirements, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees—Environmental Considerations" in Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report. Rural Infrastructure Industry . Economic conditions affecting the rural infrastructure industry tend to follow those in the general economy. According to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, sales and the revenue from the sale of electricity to customers increased by 2.3% and 8.8%, respectively, in the last 12 months through January 2022 compared to January 2021. This increase was driven by a sharp recovery in sales to the commercial and industrial sectors and an increase in the retail price of electricity. Several economic indicators remained positive in first quarter 2022, with improved employment, credit, and retail sales activity, but COVID-19 variants, trade disruptions, and higher inflation continue to impact economic activity. Higher energy input prices such as natural gas and coal are a potential headwind for the industry in 2022. Natural gas prices have risen consistently in late 2021 and early 2022 as a result of reduced supply and additional demand for U.S. liquified natural gas from European countries. Coal prices also trended higher in first quarter 2022, driven by higher natural gas prices and additional overseas demand to offset Russian coal exports. Despite higher input costs, power producers are generally able to pass cost increases through higher retail electricity prices. Through March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac had not observed material degradation in the financial performance of its rural infrastructure portfolio, and that portfolio has never experienced a serious delinquency or default since inception. Prospects for loan growth within the rural infrastructure industry overall appear to be moderate in the near term, as ongoing normal-course capital expenditures related to maintaining and upgrading utility 74 infrastructure continue at typical levels. Farmer Mac's future growth opportunities for financing the electric cooperative industry may be affected by the demand for electric power in rural areas, capital expenditures by electric cooperatives driven by regulatory or technological changes, the continuation of a low interest rate environment compared to historical rates, and competitive dynamics within the rural utilities cooperative finance industry. In December 2020, the Federal Communications Commission's Rural Digital Opportunity Fund (RDOF) auction awarded $9.2 billion in broadband-related operating cost subsidies to winning bidders. As RDOF auction winners submit plans to the FCC and begin development, Farmer Mac could see increased lending activity for rural utilities providers. In addition to RDOF broadband, Farmer Mac could see an increase in financing opportunities for other telecommunications providers in rural areas with wireless broadband increasingly important to economic opportunity and precision agriculture. The growth in renewable energy generation and deployment of energy storage technologies may help deepen Farmer Mac's relationships with existing customers through new business opportunities. According to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, renewable electricity capacity is expected to grow by 48% in the next five years, compared to total electric capacity growth of 10%. The rising cost of fossil fuel-based inputs combined with the falling costs of renewable power generation may hasten this increase in capacity. This growth may broaden Farmer Mac's customer base with cooperative lenders focused on lending to renewable energy customers. In response to this growth, Farmer Mac has deployed new financing products tailored to the renewable energy sector, which represents a new market opportunity for Farmer Mac. Under this new initiative, Farmer Mac's total outstanding loan purchase balance of renewable energy financing transactions was $92.2 million as of March 31, 2022. Weather is an ongoing source of uncertainty for the utilities sector. Adverse weather can drive demand, outages, and damage to power and telecommunications facilities. In February 2022, a Texas electric cooperative issued the first securitization financing to recover extraordinary costs arising from extreme weather events, showing a potential outlet for smoothing unpredictable and impactful weather events over future periods. Farmer Mac believes that the current risk ratings applied to the Rural Infrastructure portfolio reflect any remaining financial stress resulting from recent weather events and elevated energy costs. However, an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events could elevate the probability of disruptions and credit stress in the future. Legislative and Regulatory Outlook . Farmer Mac continues to monitor potential legislative and regulatory changes that could affect Farmer Mac or its stakeholders, including: • Farmer Mac is authorized to purchase certain U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) loan guarantees, including those issued by the Farm Service Agency (FSA). Section 1005 of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 allows the USDA to provide debt relief to socially disadvantaged producers who had outstanding principal balances on FSA direct and guaranteed loans as of January 1, 2021. Multiple lawsuits have been filed challenging the constitutionality of the debt relief and delaying its implementation. If ultimately implemented, this provision could lead to a short-term acceleration in the prepayment of the FSA guaranteed loans in Farmer Mac’s USDA Securities portfolio. • Farmer Mac continues to monitor legislative developments that could lead to changes in the tax code that could affect Farmer Mac’s business. Changes to the corporate tax rate (currently at 21%) have been proposed in recent years as a possible offset to increased federal spending. Changes to the corporate tax rate may impact corporate earnings. 75 • The current farm bill is set to expire in 2023. The farm bill is an omnibus piece of legislation that may impact several programs impacting farm profitability, the vitality of rural communities, and Farmer Mac’s charter. The House and Senate Agriculture Committees began consideration of a new farm bill earlier this year. Farmer Mac will continue to monitor this legislation for any impact it may have on Farmer Mac and farm profitability. • Agricultural exports from the United States were valued at more than $177 billion in the 2021 fiscal year. In 2021, Congress passed a $550 billion bipartisan infrastructure bill that provides for key investments to improve roads, bridges, freight rail, electric, broadband, ports, and waterways that are expected to support farmers and ranchers' profitability, competitiveness, and access to global markets. The ability to produce food and fiber and transport it efficiently across the globe is critical for the U.S. food and agricultural sectors' competitiveness internationally. • The prudential regulator of Farmer Mac is expected to undergo significant changes to its board this year. The three-member board of the Farm Credit Administration (FCA) currently has one vacant seat, a member whose term expired in 2018, and a third member whose term expires in May 2022. The two current board members continue to serve until any proposed replacements for them are nominated by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The Biden Administration recently announced a nominee to the vacant seat on the FCA board. That nominee will need to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate before officially joining the FCA board. Farmer Mac will continue to monitor changes to the composition of the FCA board, as it may affect Farmer Mac's regulatory environment. COVID-19 Pandemic . While disruptions caused by COVID-19 have significantly moderated, recent and rapid increases in cases of COVID-19 resulting from variants of coronavirus demonstrates the volatility and uncertainty stemming from the pandemic. Future variants and outbreaks may result in increased market volatility and supply chain disruptions similar to the market dislocations experienced in 2020 and 2021. Farmer Mac's mission is to support rural America, and the disruptions caused by COVID-19 may continue to present new and expanded opportunities for Farmer Mac to help meet the financing needs of rural America while also presenting uncertainties and risks. See "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report for more information about the uncertainties and risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic on Farmer Mac and its business. 76 Balance Sheet Review The following table summarizes Farmer Mac's balance sheet as of the periods indicated: Table 23 As of Change March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 $ % (in thousands) Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 890,046 $ 908,785 $ (18,739) (2) % Investment securities, net of allowance 4,241,788 3,882,590 359,198 9 % Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, net of allowance 8,506,464 8,361,798 144,666 2 % USDA Securities 2,439,489 2,440,732 (1,243) — % Loans, net of allowance 8,477,200 8,300,619 176,581 2 % Loans held in trusts, net of allowance 887,740 948,059 (60,319) (6) % Other 346,687 302,908 43,779 14 % Total assets $ 25,789,414 25,789,414 $ 25,145,491 $ 643,923 3 % Liabilities Notes Payable 23,039,967 22,716,156 323,811 1 % Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties 895,145 981,379 (86,234) (9) % Other 661,458 243,543 417,915 172 % Total liabilities $ 24,596,570 $ 23,941,078 $ 655,492 3 % Total equity 1,192,844 1,204,413 (11,569) (1) % Total liabilities and equity $ 25,789,414 $ 25,145,491 $ 643,923 3 % Assets . The increase in total assets was primarily attributable to a larger investment portfolio, new loan volume, and new Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities loan volume. Liabilities . The increase in total liabilities was primarily due to an increase in other liabilities related to a $350 million AgVantage security that was traded, but did not yet settle, during first quarter 2022 and an increase in total notes payable to fund the acquisition of loan and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities volume. Equity . The decrease in total equity was primarily due to a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income, partially offset by an increase in retained earnings. Risk Management Credit Risk – Loans and Guarantees . Agricultural Finance - Direct Credit Exposure Farmer Mac's direct credit exposure to Agricultural Finance mortgage loans as of March 31, 2022 was $9.9 billion across 48 states. Farmer Mac applies credit underwriting standards and methodologies to help assess exposures to loan purchases, which may include collateral valuation, financial metrics, and other appropriate borrower financial and credit information. For Corporate AgFinance loans, which are often larger loan exposures to agriculture production and agribusinesses that support agriculture production, food and fiber processing, and other supply chain production, and which may have risk profiles that differ from smaller agricultural mortgage loans, Farmer Mac has implemented methodologies and parameters 77 that help assess credit risk based on the appropriate sector, borrower construct, and transaction complexity. For more information about Farmer Mac's underwriting and collateral valuation standards for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Farm & Ranch" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Corporate AgFinance" in Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report. Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquency measure includes loans 90 days or more past due, as well as loans in foreclosure and non-performing loans where the borrower is in bankruptcy. For Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure, Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquencies as of March 31, 2022, were $55.8 million (0.57% of the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure), compared to $47.3 million (0.48% of the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio) as of December 31, 2021. Those 90-day delinquencies were comprised of 40 and 32 delinquent loans as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The increase in 90-day delinquencies was primarily driven by increased delinquencies in permanent plantings, storage and processing, and part-time farms, partially offset by decreased delinquencies in crops and livestock. The top ten borrower exposures over 90 days delinquent represented over half of the 90-day delinquencies as of March 31, 2022. Farmer Mac believes that it remains adequately collateralized on its delinquent loans. Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquency rate as of March 31, 2022 was below Farmer Mac's historical average. In the near-term, our delinquency rate may exceed our historical average due to the impact of adverse weather events and/or supply chain disruptions on the agricultural economy. Farmer Mac's average 90-day delinquency rate as a percentage of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio over the last 15 years is approximately 1%. The highest 90-day delinquency rate observed during that period occurred in 2009 at approximately 2%, which coincided with increased delinquencies in loans within Farmer Mac's ethanol loan portfolio. The following table presents historical information about Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquencies in the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio compared to the unpaid principal balance of all Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure: Table 24 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans 90-Day Delinquencies Percentage (dollars in thousands) As of: March 31, 2022 $ 9,879,978 $ 55,847 0.57 % December 31, 2021 9,811,749 47,307 0.48 % September 30, 2021 9,445,359 54,792 0.58 % June 30, 2021 9,056,152 63,076 0.70 % March 31, 2021 8,629,352 72,346 0.84 % December 31, 2020 8,581,181 46,232 0.54 % September 30, 2020 8,249,349 88,041 1.07 % June 30, 2020 8,017,850 68,682 0.86 % March 31, 2020 7,811,594 79,722 1.02 % 78 Across all of Farmer Mac's lines of business, 90-day delinquencies represented 0.23% of total outstanding business volume as of March 31, 2022, compared to 0.20% as of December 31, 2021 and 0.33% as of March 31, 2021. The following table presents outstanding Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and 90-day delinquencies as of March 31, 2022 by year of origination, geographic region, commodity/collateral type, original loan-to-value ratio, and range in the size of borrower exposure: 79 Table 25 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans 90-Day Delinquencies as of March 31, 2022 Distribution of Agricultural Loans Agricultural Loans 90-Day Delinquencies (1) Percentage (dollars in thousands) By year of origination: 2012 and prior 8 % $ 704,753 $ 3,461 0.49 % 2013 3 % 303,729 720 0.24 % 2014 3 % 252,732 600 0.24 % 2015 4 % 398,258 9,641 2.42 % 2016 6 % 605,151 12,801 2.12 % 2017 6 % 623,790 9,783 1.57 % 2018 6 % 634,907 2,987 0.47 % 2019 9 % 914,814 10,224 1.12 % 2020 22 % 2,187,911 2,927 0.13 % 2021 28 % 2,777,347 2,703 0.10 % 2022 5 % 476,586 — 0.10 % Total 100 % $ 9,879,978 $ 55,847 0.57 % By geographic region (2) : Northwest 13 % $ 1,264,381 $ 7,823 0.62 % Southwest 31 % 3,126,826 15,660 0.50 % Mid-North 27 % 2,661,472 5,780 0.22 % Mid-South 16 % 1,551,729 10,329 0.67 % Northeast 4 % 407,543 4,811 1.18 % Southeast 9 % 868,027 11,444 1.32 % Total 100 % $ 9,879,978 $ 55,847 0.57 % By commodity/collateral type: Crops 50 % $ 4,921,323 $ 31,532 0.64 % Permanent plantings 22 % 2,180,481 11,947 0.55 % Livestock 19 % 1,847,887 10,101 0.55 % Part-time farm 5 % 482,995 1,082 0.22 % Ag. Storage and Processing 4 % 429,987 1,185 0.28 % Other — 17,305 — — % Total 100 % $ 9,879,978 $ 55,847 0.57 % By original loan-to-value ratio: 0.00% to 40.00% 18 % $ 1,733,753 $ 2,753 0.16 % 40.01% to 50.00% 23 % 2,300,260 21,565 0.94 % 50.01% to 60.00% 35 % 3,503,214 26,562 0.76 % 60.01% to 70.00% 21 % 2,050,820 4,398 0.21 % 70.01% to 80.00% (3) 3 % 263,520 569 0.22 % 80.01% to 90.00% (3) — % 28,411 — — % Total 100 % $ 9,879,978 $ 55,847 0.57 % By size of borrower exposure (4) : Less than $1,000,000 26 % $ 2,540,533 $ 7,403 0.29 % $1,000,000 to $4,999,999 36 % 3,552,154 30,090 0.85 % $5,000,000 to $9,999,999 16 % 1,542,733 8,713 0.56 % $10,000,000 to $24,999,999 13 % 1,339,556 9,641 0.72 % $25,000,000 and greater 9 % 905,002 — — % Total 100 % $ 9,879,978 $ 55,847 0.57 % (1) Includes loans held and loans underlying off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs that are 90 days or more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan. (2) Geographic regions: Northwest (AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY); Southwest (AZ, CA, CO, HI, NM, NV, UT); Mid-North (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, NE, ND, SD, WI); Mid-South (AR, KS, LA, MO, OK, TX); Northeast (CT, DE, KY, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV); Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TN). (3) Primarily part-time farm loans. Loans with an original loan-to-value ratio of greater than 80% are required to have private mortgage insurance. (4) Includes aggregated loans to single borrowers or borrower-related entities. 80 Another indicator that Farmer Mac considers in analyzing the credit quality of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loans is the level of internally-rated "substandard" assets, both in dollars and as a percentage of the outstanding portfolio. Assets categorized as "substandard" have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses, and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance mortgage loans (to which it has direct credit exposure) comprising substandard assets were $215.8 million (2.2% of the portfolio), compared to $246.7 million (2.5% of the portfolio) as of December 31, 2021. Those substandard assets comprised 254 loans as of March 31, 2022 and 274 loans as of December 31, 2021. The decrease of $30.9 million in substandard assets during first quarter 2022 was driven by credit upgrades in both our on- and off-balance sheet portfolios. Substandard assets decreased as a percentage of the total on- and off-balance sheet portfolios due to a combination of credit upgrades in both portfolios and growth in the on-balance sheet portfolio. The percentage of substandard assets within the portfolio as of March 31, 2022 was below the historical average. Farmer Mac's average substandard assets as a percentage of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loans over the last 15 years is approximately 4%. The highest substandard asset rate observed during the last 15 years occurred in 2010 at approximately 8%, which coincided with an increase in substandard loans within Farmer Mac's ethanol portfolio. If Farmer Mac's substandard asset rate increases from current levels, it is likely that Farmer Mac's provision to the allowance for loan losses and the reserve for losses will also increase. Although some credit losses are inherent to the business of agricultural lending, Farmer Mac believes that losses associated with the current agricultural credit cycle will be moderated by the strength and diversity of its portfolio, which Farmer Mac believes is adequately collateralized. Farmer Mac considers a loan's original loan-to-value ratio as one of many factors in evaluating loss severity. Loan-to-value ratios depend on the market value of a property, as determined in accordance with Farmer Mac's collateral valuation standards. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the average unpaid principal balances for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans outstanding and to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure was $786,000 and $790,000, respectively. Farmer Mac calculates the "original loan-to-value" ratio of a loan by dividing the original loan principal balance by the original appraised property value. This calculation does not reflect any amortization of the original loan balance or any adjustment to the original appraised value to provide a current market value. The original loan-to-value ratio of any cross-collateralized loans is calculated on a combined basis rather than on a loan-by-loan basis. The weighted-average original loan-to-value ratio for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans purchased during first quarter 2022 was 46%, compared to 53% for loans purchased during first quarter 2021. The weighted-average original loan-to-value ratio for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and loans underlying off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs was 52% as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The weighted-average original loan-to-value ratio for all 90-day delinquencies was 51% as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The weighted-average current loan-to-value ratio (the loan to-value ratio based on original appraised value and current outstanding loan amount adjusted to reflect amortization) for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and loans underlying off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs was 47% as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. 81 The following table presents the current loan-to-value ratios for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure, as disaggregated by internally assigned risk ratings: Table 26 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans current loan-to-value ratio by internally assigned risk rating as of March 31, 2022 Acceptable Special Mention Substandard Total (in thousands) Current loan-to-value ratio (1) : 0.00% to 40.00% $ 2,821,548 $ 60,157 $ 81,764 $ 2,963,469 40.01% to 50.00% 2,368,142 142,226 58,306 2,568,674 50.01% to 60.00% 2,541,555 92,391 45,215 2,679,161 60.01% to 70.00% 1,388,636 37,259 13,961 1,439,856 70.01% to 80.00% 163,926 15,266 3,281 182,473 80.01% and greater 27,629 5,424 13,292 46,345 Total $ 9,311,436 $ 352,723 $ 215,819 $ 9,879,978 (1) The current loan-to-value ratio is based on original appraised value (or most recently obtained valuation, if available) and current outstanding loan amount adjusted to reflect loan amortization. 82 The following table presents Farmer Mac's cumulative net credit losses relative to the cumulative original balance for all Agricultural Finance mortgage loans as of March 31, 2022 by year of origination, geographic region, and commodity/collateral type. The purpose of this information is to present information about realized losses relative to original Farm & Ranch purchases, guarantees, and commitments. Table 27 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans Credit Losses Relative to Cumulative Original Loans, Guarantees, and LTSPCs as of March 31, 2022 Cumulative Original Loans, Guarantees and LTSPCs Cumulative Net Credit Losses/(Recoveries) Cumulative Loss Rate (dollars in thousands) By year of origination: 2012 and prior $ 17,245,088 $ 33,785 0.20 % 2013 1,470,293 — — % 2014 1,059,486 — — % 2015 1,227,120 (516) (0.04) % 2016 1,547,772 84 0.01 % 2017 1,645,188 4,311 0.26 % 2018 1,334,083 — — % 2019 1,553,984 — — % 2020 2,831,852 — — % 2021 3,138,282 — — % 2022 486,834 — % Total $ 33,539,982 $ 37,664 0.11 % By geographic region (1) : Northwest $ 4,373,153 $ 11,275 0.26 % Southwest 11,407,600 8,542 0.07 % Mid-North 8,445,257 17,165 0.20 % Mid-South 4,576,159 (613) (0.01) % Northeast 1,770,035 323 0.02 % Southeast 2,967,778 972 0.03 % Total $ 33,539,982 $ 37,664 0.11 % By commodity/collateral type: Crops $ 15,535,113 $ 2,971 0.02 % Permanent plantings 7,271,627 9,783 0.13 % Livestock 7,436,349 3,836 0.05 % Part-time farm 1,855,183 1,090 0.06 % Ag. Storage and Processing 1,275,050 19,984 1.57 % Other 166,660 — — % Total $ 33,539,982 $ 37,664 0.11 % (1) Geographic regions: Northwest (AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY); Southwest (AZ, CA, CO, HI, NM, NV, UT); Mid-North (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, NE, ND, SD, WI); Mid-South (AR, KS, LA, MO, OK, TX); Northeast (CT, DE, KY, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV); Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TN). 83 Analysis of portfolio performance indicates that commodity type is the primary determinant of Farmer Mac's exposure to loss on a given loan. The following tables present concentrations of Agricultural Finance mortgage loans by commodity type within geographic region and cumulative credit losses by origination year and commodity type: Table 28 As of March 31, 2022 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans Concentrations by Commodity Type within Geographic Region Crops Permanent Plantings Livestock Part-time Farm Ag. Storage and Processing Other Total (dollars in thousands) By geographic region (1) : Northwest $ 633,036 $ 187,593 $ 297,052 $ 103,752 $ 42,868 $ 80 $ 1,264,381 6.4 % 1.9 % 3.0 % 1.1 % 0.4 % — % 12.8 % Southwest 654,197 1,651,798 549,638 102,115 153,980 15,098 3,126,826 6.5 % 16.7 % 5.6 % 1.0 % 1.6 % 0.2 % 31.6 % Mid-North 2,241,193 10,634 215,754 95,647 96,317 1,927 2,661,472 22.7 % 0.1 % 2.2 % 1.0 % 1.0 % — % 27.0 % Mid-South 866,070 70,736 504,209 64,437 46,261 16 1,551,729 8.8 % 0.7 % 5.1 % 0.6 % 0.5 % — % 15.7 % Northeast 194,108 42,505 78,269 52,820 39,841 — 407,543 2.0 % 0.4 % 0.8 % 0.5 % 0.4 % — % 4.1 % Southeast 332,719 217,215 202,965 64,224 50,720 184 868,027 3.4 % 2.2 % 2.0 % 0.7 % 0.5 % — % 8.8 % Total $4,921,323 $2,180,481 $1,847,887 $482,995 $429,987 $17,305 $9,879,978 49.8 % 22.0 % 18.7 % 4.9 % 4.4 % 0.2 % 100.0 % (1) Geographic regions: Northwest (AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY); Southwest (AZ, CA, CO, HI, NM, NV, UT); Mid-North (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, NE, ND, SD, WI); Mid-South (AR, KS, LA, MO, OK, TX); Northeast (CT, DE, KY, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV); Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TN). 84 Table 29 As of March 31, 2022 Agricultural Loans Cumulative Credit Losses by Origination Year and Commodity Type Crops Permanent Plantings Livestock Part-time Farm Ag. Storage and Processing Total (in thousands) By year of origination: 2012 and prior $ 3,427 $ 9,783 $ 3,836 $ 1,066 $ 15,673 $ 33,785 2013 — — — — — — 2014 — — — — — — 2015 (540) — — 24 — (516) 2016 84 — — — — 84 2017 — — — — 4,311 4,311 2018 — — — — — — 2019 — — — — — — 2020 — — — — — — 2021 — — — — — — 2022 — — — — — — Total $ 2,971 $ 9,783 $ 3,836 $ 1,090 $ 19,984 $ 37,664 For more information about the credit quality of Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and the associated allowance for losses please refer to Note 5 and Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements. Activity affecting the allowance for loan losses and reserve for losses is discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Provision for and Release of Allowance for Loan Losses and Reserve for Losses." Rural Infrastructure Finance - Direct Credit Exposure Farmer Mac's direct credit exposure to Rural Infrastructure Finance loans held and loans underlying LTSPCs as of March 31, 2022 was $3.1 billion across 45 states. For more information about Farmer Mac's underwriting and collateral valuation standards for Rural Infrastructure Finance loans, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards" in Farmer Mac’s 2021 Annual Report. As of March 31, 2022, there were no delinquencies in Farmer Mac's portfolio of Rural Infrastructure Finance loans. Farmer Mac evaluates credit risk for these assets by reviewing a variety of borrower credit risk characteristics. These characteristics can include (but is not limited to) financial metrics, internal risk ratings, ratings assigned by ratings agencies, types of customers served, sources of power supply, and the regulatory environment. The following table presents Farmer Mac’s portfolio of generation and transmission ("G&T") and distribution cooperative borrowers, as well as renewable energy loans, disaggregated by internally assigned risk ratings. 85 Table 30 Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio by internally assigned risk rating as of March 31, 2022 Acceptable Special Mention Substandard Total (in thousands) Distribution Cooperative $ 2,222,468 $ — $ — $ 2,222,468 G&T Cooperative 771,343 — — 771,343 Renewable Energy 120,608 — — 120,608 Rural Utilities Total $ 3,114,419 $ — $ — $ 3,114,419 For more information about the credit quality of Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio and the associated allowance for losses please refer to Notes 5 and 6 of the consolidated financial statements. Other Considerations Regarding Credit Risk Related to Loans and Guarantees The credit exposure on USDA Securities, including those underlying Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities, is guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the United States. Therefore, Farmer Mac believes that we have little or no credit risk exposure to the USDA Securities in the Agricultural Finance line of business because of the USDA guarantee. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac had not experienced any credit losses on any USDA Securities or Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities and does not expect to incur any such losses in the future. Because we do not expect credit losses on this portfolio, Farmer Mac does not provide an allowance for losses on its portfolio of USDA Securities. Farmer Mac requires many lenders to make representations and warranties about the conformity of Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and Rural Infrastructure Finance loans to Farmer Mac's standards, the accuracy of loan data provided to Farmer Mac, and other requirements related to the loans. Sellers who make these representations and warranties are responsible to Farmer Mac for breaches of those representations and warranties. Farmer Mac has the ability to require a seller to cure, replace, or repurchase a loan sold or transferred to Farmer Mac if any breach of a representation or warranty is discovered that was material to Farmer Mac's decision to purchase the loan or that directly or indirectly causes a default or potential loss on a loan sold or transferred by the seller to Farmer Mac. During the previous three years ended March 31, 2022, there have been no breaches of representations and warranties by sellers that resulted in Farmer Mac requiring a seller to cure, replace, or repurchase a loan. In addition to relying on the representations and warranties of sellers, Farmer Mac also underwrites the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans (other than rural housing and part-time farm mortgage loans) and Rural Infrastructure Finance loans on which it has direct credit exposure. For rural housing and part-time farm mortgage loans, Farmer Mac relies on representations and warranties from the seller that those loans conform to Farmer Mac's specified underwriting criteria. For more information about Farmer Mac's loan eligibility requirements and underwriting standards, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Loan Eligibility," "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Farm & Ranch," "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Corporate AgFinance," and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards" in Farmer Mac’s 2021 Annual Report. Under contracts with Farmer Mac and in consideration for servicing fees, Farmer Mac-approved servicers service loans in accordance with Farmer Mac's requirements. Servicers are responsible to Farmer Mac for serious errors in the servicing of those loans. If a servicer materially breaches the terms of its servicing agreement with Farmer Mac, such as failing to forward payments received or releasing collateral without 86 Farmer Mac's consent, or experiences insolvency or bankruptcy, the servicer is responsible for any corresponding damages to Farmer Mac and, in most cases, Farmer Mac has the right to terminate the servicing relationship for a particular loan or the entire portfolio serviced by the servicer. Farmer Mac also can proceed against the servicer in arbitration or exercise any remedies available to it under law. During the previous three years ended March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac had not exercised any remedies or taken any formal action against any servicers. For more information about Farmer Mac's servicing requirements, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Loan Servicing" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Lenders and Loan Servicing" in Farmer Mac’s 2021 Annual Report. Credit Risk – Counterparty Risk . Farmer Mac is exposed to credit risk arising from its business relationships with other institutions, which include: • issuers of AgVantage securities; • approved lenders and servicers; and • interest rate swap counterparties. Farmer Mac approves AgVantage counterparties and manages institutional credit risk related to those AgVantage counterparties by requiring them to meet Farmer Mac's standards for creditworthiness for the particular counterparty type and transaction. The required collateralization level is established when the AgVantage facility is entered into with the counterparty and does not change during the life of the AgVantage securities issued under the facility without Farmer Mac's consent. In AgVantage transactions, the corporate obligor is typically required to remove from the pool of pledged collateral loans that become and remain (within specified parameters) delinquent in the payment of principal or interest and to substitute eligible loans that are current in payment or pay down the AgVantage securities to maintain the minimum required collateralization level. In the event of a default on an AgVantage security, Farmer Mac would have recourse to the pledged collateral and have rights to the ongoing borrower payments of principal and interest. As a result, Farmer Mac has indirect credit exposure to the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and Rural Utilities loans that secure AgVantage securities. For AgVantage counterparties that are institutional real estate investors or financial funds and other similar entities, Farmer Mac also typically requires that the counterparty (1) maintain a higher collateralization level, through either a higher overcollateralization percentage or lower loan-to-value ratio thresholds and (2) comply with specified financial covenants for the life of the related AgVantage security to avoid default. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac had not experienced any credit losses on any AgVantage securities. For a more detailed description of AgVantage securities, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Other Products – Agricultural Finance—AgVantage Securities" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Other Products – Rural Infrastructure Finance—AgVantage Securities" in Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report. The unpaid principal balance of outstanding on-balance sheet AgVantage securities secured by loans eligible for the Agricultural Finance line of business totaled $5.5 billion as of March 31, 2022 and $5.1 billion as of December 31, 2021. The unpaid principal balance of on-balance sheet AgVantage securities secured by loans eligible for the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business totaled $3.0 billion as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The unpaid principal balance of outstanding off-balance sheet AgVantage securities totaled $2.8 million as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. 87 The following table provides information about the issuers of AgVantage securities and the required collateralization levels for those transactions as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: Table 31 As of March 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 Counterparty Balance Required Collateralization Balance Required Collateralization (dollars in thousands) AgVantage: CFC $ 3,012,636 100% $ 3,036,017 100% MetLife 2,400,000 103% 2,050,000 103% Rabo AgriFinance 2,330,000 110% 2,550,000 110% Other (1) 800,262 106% to 125% 492,464 106% to 125% Total outstanding $ 8,542,898 $ 8,128,481 (1) Consists of AgVantage securities issued by 13 different issuers as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Farmer Mac manages institutional credit risk related to lenders and servicers by requiring those institutions to meet Farmer Mac's standards for creditworthiness. Farmer Mac monitors the financial condition of those institutions by evaluating financial statements and credit rating agency reports. For more information about Farmer Mac's lender eligibility requirements, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Lenders" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Lenders and Loan Servicing" in Farmer Mac’s 2021 Annual Report. Farmer Mac manages institutional credit risk related to its interest rate swap counterparties through collateralization provisions contained in each of its swap agreements that vary based on the market value of its swap portfolio with each counterparty. Farmer Mac and its interest rate swap counterparties are required to fully collateralize their derivatives positions without any minimum threshold for cleared swap transactions, as well as for non-cleared swap transactions entered into after March 1, 2017. Farmer Mac transacts interest rate swaps with multiple counterparties to reduce counterparty credit exposure concentration. Farmer Mac's usage of cleared derivatives has increased over time as has its exposure to clearinghouses. The usage of cleared swap transactions reduces Farmer Mac's exposure to individual counterparties with the central clearinghouse acting to settle the change in value of contracts on a daily basis. Credit risk related to interest rate swap contracts is discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Interest Rate Risk" and Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements. Credit Risk – Other Investments . As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac had $0.9 billion of cash and cash equivalents and $4.2 billion of investment securities. The management of the credit risk inherent in these investments is governed by Farmer Mac's internal policies as well as FCA regulations found at 12 C.F.R. §§ 652.1-652.45 (the "Liquidity and Investment Regulations"). In addition to establishing a portfolio of highly liquid investments as an available source of cash, the goals of Farmer Mac's investment policies are designed to minimize Farmer Mac's exposure to financial market volatility, preserve capital, and support Farmer Mac's access to the debt markets. The Liquidity and Investment Regulations and Farmer Mac's internal policies require that investments held in Farmer Mac's investment portfolio meet the following creditworthiness standards: (1) at a minimum, at least one obligor of the investment must have a very strong capacity to meet financial commitments for the life of the investment, even under severely adverse or stressful conditions, and generally present a very low risk of default; (2) if the obligor whose capacity to meet financial 88 commitments is being relied upon to meet the standard set forth in subparagraph (1) is located outside of the United States, the investment must also be fully guaranteed by a U.S. government agency; and (3) the investment must exhibit low credit risk and other risk characteristics consistent with the purpose or purposes for which it is held. The Liquidity and Investment Regulations and Farmer Mac's internal policies also establish concentration limits, which are intended to limit exposure to any single entity, issuer, or obligor. The Liquidity and Investment Regulations limit Farmer Mac's total credit exposure to any single entity, issuer, or obligor of securities to 10% of Farmer Mac's regulatory capital ($124.9 million as of March 31, 2022). However, Farmer Mac's current policy limits this total credit exposure to 5% of its regulatory capital ($62.4 million as of March 31, 2022). These exposure limits do not apply to obligations of U.S. government agencies or GSEs, although Farmer Mac's current policy restricts investing more than 100% of regulatory capital in the senior non-convertible debt securities of any one GSE. Although the Liquidity and Investments Regulations do not establish limits on the maximum amount, expressed as a percentage of Farmer Mac's investment portfolio, that can be invested in each eligible asset class, Farmer Mac's internal policies set forth asset class limits as part of Farmer Mac's overall risk management framework. Interest Rate Risk . Farmer Mac is subject to interest rate risk on all interest-earning assets on its balance sheet because of timing differences in the cash flows due to maturity, paydown, or repricing of the assets and debt together with financial derivatives. Cash flow mismatches due to changing interest rates can reduce the earnings of Farmer Mac if assets prepay sooner than expected and the resulting cash flows must be reinvested in lower-yielding investments when Farmer Mac's funding costs cannot be correspondingly reduced. Alternatively, Farmer Mac could realize a decline in income if assets repay more slowly than originally forecasted and the associated maturing debt must be replaced by debt issuances at higher interest rates. Interest Rate Risk Management The goal of interest rate risk management at Farmer Mac is to manage the balance sheet in a manner that generates stable earnings and value across a variety of interest rate environments. Recognizing that interest rate sensitivities may change with the passage of time and as interest rates change, Farmer Mac regularly assesses this exposure and, if necessary, adjusts its portfolio of interest-earning assets, debt, and financial derivatives. Farmer Mac's objective is to maintain its exposure to interest rate risk within appropriate limits, as approved by Farmer Mac's board of directors. Farmer Mac's management-level Asset and Liability Committee ("ALCO") provides oversight, establishes guidelines, and approves strategies to maintain interest rate risk within the board-established limits. Farmer Mac's primary strategy for managing interest rate risk is to fund asset purchases with debt that together with financial derivatives have similar duration and convexity characteristics and help mitigate impacts from interest rate changes across the yield curve. As part of this debt issuance strategy, Farmer Mac seeks to issue debt securities across a variety of maturities that together with financial derivatives closely align the forecasted debt and financial derivative cash flows with forecasted asset cash flows. 89 Farmer Mac issues discount notes and both callable and non-callable medium-term notes across a spectrum of maturities to execute its debt issuance strategy. Callable debt is issued to mitigate prepayment risk associated with certain interest-earning assets held on balance sheet. In general, as interest rates decline, prepayments typically increase, and Farmer Mac is able to economically extinguish certain callable debt issuances. In addition, Farmer Mac enters into financial derivatives, primarily interest rate swaps, to better match the durations of Farmer Mac's assets and liabilities, thereby reducing overall sensitivity to changing interest rates. Taking into consideration the prepayment provisions and the default probabilities associated with its portfolio of interest-earning assets, Farmer Mac incorporates behavioral prepayment models when projecting and valuing cash flows associated with these assets. In recognition that borrowers' behaviors in various interest rate environments may change over time, Farmer Mac periodically evaluates the effectiveness of these models compared to actual prepayment experience and adjusts and refines the models as necessary to improve the precision of future prepayment forecasts. Changes in interest rates may affect the timing of asset prepayments which may, in turn, impact durations and values of the assets. Declining interest rates generally results in increased prepayments, which shortens the duration of these assets, while rising interest rates generally results in lower prepayments, thereby extending the duration of the assets. Farmer Mac is subject to interest rate risk on loans and securities it has committed to acquire but not yet purchased (other than delinquent loans purchased through LTSPCs or loans designated for securitization under a forward purchase agreement). When Farmer Mac commits to purchase these assets, it is exposed to interest rate risk between the time it commits to purchase the loans and the time it issues debt to fund the purchase of these loans. Farmer Mac manages the interest rate risk exposure related to these loans by entering into exchange-traded futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities and other financial derivatives. Similarly, when Farmer Mac commits to sell certain assets, the associated interest rate exposure is primarily managed with exchange-traded futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities and other financial derivatives. Farmer Mac's $0.9 billion of cash and cash equivalents held as of March 31, 2022 mature within three months. As of March 31, 2022, $3.1 billion of the $4.2 billion of investment securities (74%) were floating rate securities with rates that adjust within one year or fixed rate securities with original maturities between three months and one year. Farmer Mac's floating rate investment securities are funded with floating rate debt. The fixed rate investment securities are generally funded in a manner consistent with Farmer Mac's overall funding strategy that approximates a duration and convexity match. 90 Interest Rate Risk Metrics Farmer Mac regularly evaluates and conducts interest rate shock simulations on its portfolio of financial assets, debt, and financial derivatives and examines a variety of metrics to quantify and manage its exposure to interest rate risk. These metrics include sensitivity to interest rate movements on the market value of equity ("MVE") and forecasted net effective spread ("NES") as well as a duration gap analysis. MVE represents management's estimate of the present value of all future cash flows from its current portfolio of on- and off-balance sheet assets, liabilities, and financial derivatives, discounted at current interest rates and appropriate spreads. However, MVE is not indicative of the market value of Farmer Mac as a going concern because these market values are theoretical and do not reflect future business activities. The MVE sensitivity analysis measures the degree to which the market values of Farmer Mac's assets, liabilities, and financial derivatives are estimated to change for a given change in interest rates. Farmer Mac's NES simulation represents the difference between projected income over the next twelve months from the current portfolio of interest-earning assets and interest expense produced by the related funding, including associated financial derivatives. Farmer Mac's NES simulation may be impacted by changes in market interest rates resulting from timing differences between maturities and re-pricing characteristics of funded assets and debt together with the associated financial derivatives. The direction and magnitude of any such effect depends on the direction and magnitude of the change in interest rates across the yield curve as well as the composition of Farmer Mac's portfolio. The NES simulation represents an estimate of the net effective spread income that Farmer Mac's current portfolio is expected to produce over a twelve-month horizon. As a result, the NES simulation sensitivity statistics provide a short-term view of Farmer Mac's NES income sensitivity to interest rate shocks. Duration is a measure of a financial instrument's fair value sensitivity to small changes in interest rates. Duration gap is calculated using the net estimated durations of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets, debt, and financial derivatives. Duration gap quantifies the extent to which estimated fair value sensitivities are matched for interest-earning assets, debt and financial derivatives. Duration gap provides a relatively concise measure of the interest rate risk inherent in Farmer Mac's outstanding portfolio. A positive duration gap denotes that the duration of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets is greater than the duration of its debt and financial derivatives. A positive duration gap indicates that with small changes in interest rate movements the fair value change of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets is more sensitive than the fair value change of its debt and financial derivatives. Conversely, a negative duration gap indicates that with small changes in interest rate movements the fair value change of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets are less sensitive than the fair value change of its debt and financial derivatives. A duration gap of zero indicates that with small changes in interest rate movements the fair value change of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets is effectively offset by the fair value change of its debt and financial derivatives. Each of the interest rate risk metrics is quantified using asset/liability models and derived based on management's best estimates of factors such as implied forward interest rates across the yield curve, interest rate volatility, and timing of asset prepayments and callable debt redemptions. Accordingly, these metrics are estimates rather than precise measurements. Actual results may differ to the extent there are material changes to Farmer Mac's financial asset portfolio or changes in funding or hedging strategies undertaken to mitigate unfavorable sensitivities to interest rate changes. 91 The following schedule summarizes the results of Farmer Mac's MVE and NES sensitivity analysis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 to an immediate and instantaneous uniform or "parallel" shift in the yield curve: Table 32 Percentage Change in MVE from Base Case Interest Rate Scenario (1) As of March 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 (1) +100 basis points 1.1 % 3.7 % -100 basis points (0.9) % (0.1) % Percentage Change in NES from Base Case Interest Rate Scenario As of March 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 (1) +100 basis points 3.4 % 6.6 % -100 basis points (1.1) % (0.1) % (1) The down 100 basis points shock scenario was replaced in 2020 with a proportional shock relative to 50% of the 3-month Treasury bill rate, with the approval of the Financial Risk Committee of the Board of Directors. The replacement down shock scenario was negative 25 basis points as of March 31, 2022 and negative 2 basis points as of December 31, 2021. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac's duration gap was positive 0.2 months, compared to negative 1.5 months as of December 31, 2021. Farmer Mac updated its duration gap measure to interest-earning assets, debt, and financial derivatives as of December 31, 2021. Interest rates within the yield curve increased significantly during first quarter 2022 with the 2-year and 10-year U.S. Treasury Note yield-to-maturity increasing by approximately 160 basis points and 83 basis points, respectively, versus year-end 2021. This rate movement contributed to extending the duration of Farmer Mac's funded assets compared to its debt and financial derivatives, thereby narrowing Farmer Mac's duration gap. Financial Derivatives Transactions The economic effects of financial derivatives are included in Farmer Mac's MVE, NES, and duration gap analyses. Farmer Mac typically enters into the following types of financial derivative transactions principally to protect against risk from the effects of market price or interest rate movements on the value of interest-earning assets, future cash flows, and debt issuance, and not for trading or speculative purposes: • "pay-fixed" interest rate swaps, in which Farmer Mac pays fixed rates of interest to, and receives floating rates of interest from, counterparties; • "receive-fixed" interest rate swaps, in which Farmer Mac receives fixed rates of interest from, and pays floating rates of interest to, counterparties; • "basis swaps," in which Farmer Mac pays floating rates of interest based on one index to, and receives floating rates of interest based on a different index from, counterparties; and • exchange-traded futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac had $18.9 billion combined notional amount of interest rate swaps, with terms ranging from less than one year to just over thirty years, of which $8.1 billion were pay-fixed interest rate swaps, $9.5 billion were receive-fixed interest rate swaps, and $1.4 billion were basis swaps. Farmer Mac enters into interest rate swaps to more closely match the cash flow and duration characteristics of its interest-earning assets with those of its debt. For example, Farmer Mac transacts pay-fixed interest rate swaps and issues floating rate debt to effectively create fixed rate funding that approximately matches the duration of the corresponding fixed rate assets being funded. Farmer Mac 92 evaluates the overall cost of using interest rate swaps in conjunction with debt issuance as a funding alternative to duration-matched debt and enters into interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risks across the balance sheet. Certain financial derivatives are designated as fair value hedges of fixed rate assets classified as available for sale or liabilities to protect against fair value changes in the assets or liabilities related to a benchmark interest rate (e.g., LIBOR or Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”)). Also, certain financial derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges to mitigate the volatility of future interest rate payments on floating rate debt. As discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, all financial derivatives are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value as derivative assets or as derivative liabilities. Changes in the fair values of undesignated financial derivatives are reported in "Gains on financial derivatives" in the consolidated statements of operations. For financial derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships, changes in the fair values of the hedged items related to the risk being hedged are reported in "Net interest income" in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest accruals on derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships are also recorded in "Net interest income" in the consolidated statements of operations. For financial derivatives designated in cash flow hedge accounting relationships, the unrealized gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income. Because the hedging instrument is an interest rate swap and the hedged forecasted transactions are future interest payments on floating rate debt, amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to "Total interest expense" in conjunction with the recognition of interest expense on the debt. All of Farmer Mac's interest rate swap transactions are conducted under standard collateralized agreements that limit Farmer Mac's potential credit exposure to any counterparty. As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Farmer Mac had no uncollateralized net exposures based on the mark-to-market value of the portfolio of interest rate swaps Re-funding and repricing risk Farmer Mac is subject to re-funding and repricing risk on any floating rate assets that are not funded to contractual maturity. Re-funding and repricing risk arises from potential changes in funding costs resulting from a funding strategy whereby Farmer Mac issues floating rate debt across a variety of maturities to fund floating rate or synthetically floating rate assets that on average may have longer maturities. Changes in Farmer Mac's funding costs relative to the benchmark market index rate to which the assets are indexed can cause changes to net interest income when debt matures and is reissued at then current interest rates to continue funding those assets. In addition, many of Farmer Mac's floating rate assets may prepay before the contractual maturity date. Farmer Mac is subject to re-funding and repricing risk on a portion of its fixed rate assets as a result of its use of pay-fixed receive-floating interest rate swaps that effectively convert the required funding needed from fixed rate to floating rate. These fixed rate assets are then effectively synthetically floating rate assets that require floating rate funding. Farmer Mac can meet floating rate funding needs in several ways, including: • issuing short-term fixed rate discount notes with maturities that match the reset period of the assets; 93 • issuing floating rate medium-term notes with maturities and reset frequencies that match the assets being funded; • issuing non-maturity matched, floating rate medium-term notes with reset frequencies that match the assets being funded; or • issuing non-maturity matched, fixed rate discount notes or medium-term notes swapped to floating rate to match the interest rate reset dates of the assets. To meet certain floating rate funding needs, Farmer Mac frequently issues shorter-term floating-rate medium-term notes or fixed rate medium-term notes paired with a received-fixed interest rate swap because these funding alternatives generally provide a lower cost of funding while generating an effective interest rate match. As funding for these floating rate assets matures, Farmer Mac seeks to refinance the debt associated with these assets in a similar fashion to achieve an appropriate interest rate match in the context of Farmer Mac's overall debt issuance and liquidity management strategies. However, if the funding cost of Farmer Mac’s discount notes or medium-term notes increased relative to the benchmark market index of the associated assets during the time between when these floating rate assets were first funded and when Farmer Mac refinanced the associated debt, Farmer Mac would be exposed to a commensurate reduction of net effective spread. Conversely, if the funding cost on Farmer Mac’s discount notes or medium-term notes decreased relative to the benchmark market index during that time, Farmer Mac would benefit from a commensurate increase to net effective spread. Farmer Mac's debt issuance strategy targets balancing liquidity risk and re-funding and repricing risk while maintaining an appropriate liability management profile that is consistent with Farmer Mac's risk tolerance. Farmer Mac regularly adjusts its funding strategies to mitigate the effects of interest rate variability and seeks to maintain an effective mixture of funding structures in the context of its overall liability management and liquidity management strategies. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac held $5.1 billion of floating rate assets in its lines of business and its investment portfolio that reset based on floating rate market indices, such as LIBOR or SOFR. As of the same date, Farmer Mac also had $8.1 billion of interest rate swaps outstanding where Farmer Mac pays a fixed rate of interest and receives a floating rate of interest, primarily LIBOR or SOFR. Discontinuation of LIBOR As described in "Risk Factors—Market Risk" in Part I, Item 1A of the 2021 Annual Report, Farmer Mac faces risks associated with the reform, replacement, or discontinuation of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate and the transition to an alternative benchmark interest rate. Farmer Mac is evaluating the potential effect on our business of the replacement of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate, including the possibility of replacement benchmark interest rates. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac held $3.2 billion of floating rate assets in its lines of business and its investment portfolio, had issued $0.3 billion of floating rate debt, and had entered into $12.9 billion notional amount of interest rate swaps, each of which reset based on LIBOR. In addition, our Non-Cumulative Series C Preferred Stock currently pays a fixed rate of interest until July 17, 2024. It becomes redeemable at our option on July 18, 2024 and thereafter pays interest at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 3.260%. 94 The market transition away from LIBOR and towards alternative benchmark interest rate indices that may be developed is expected to be complicated and may require the development of term and credit adjustments to accommodate for differences between the benchmark interest rate indices. The transition may also result in different financial performance for existing transactions, require different hedging strategies, or require renegotiation of existing transactions. As of March 31, 2022, we had $1.8 billion outstanding in medium-term notes based on SOFR, a potential alternative benchmark interest rate index. Liquidity and Capital Resources Farmer Mac's primary sources of funds to meet its liquidity and funding needs are the proceeds of its debt issuances, guarantee and commitment fees, net effective spread, loan repayments, and maturities of AgVantage and investment securities. Farmer Mac regularly accesses the debt capital markets for funding, and Farmer Mac has maintained access to the debt capital markets at relatively favorable interest rates throughout first quarter 2022. Farmer Mac funds its purchases of eligible loan assets, USDA Securities, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and investment assets and finances its operations primarily by issuing debt obligations of various maturities in the debt capital markets. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac had outstanding discount notes of $1.9 billion, medium-term notes that mature within one year of $4.7 billion, and medium-term notes that mature after one year of $16.7 billion. Assuming continued access to the debt capital markets, Farmer Mac believes it has sufficient liquidity and capital resources to support its operations for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. Farmer Mac has a contingency funding plan to manage unanticipated disruptions in its access to the debt capital markets. Farmer Mac must maintain a minimum of 90 days of liquidity under the Liquidity and Investment Regulations prescribed for Farmer Mac by FCA. In accordance with the methodology for calculating available days of liquidity under those regulations, Farmer Mac maintained a monthly average of 408 days of liquidity during first quarter 2022 and had 416 days of liquidity as of March 31, 2022. Farmer Mac maintains cash, cash equivalents (including U.S. Treasury securities and other short-term money market instruments), and other investment securities that can be drawn upon for liquidity needs. Farmer Mac's current policies authorize liquidity investments in: • obligations of or fully guaranteed by the United States or a U.S. government agency; • obligations of or fully guaranteed by GSEs; • municipal securities; • international and multilateral development bank obligations; • money market instruments; • diversified investment funds; • asset-backed securities; • corporate debt securities; and • mortgage-backed securities. 95 The following table presents these assets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: Table 33 As of March 31, 2022 As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents $ 890,046 $ 908,785 Investment securities: Guaranteed by U.S. Government and its agencies 1,766,255 1,579,452 Guaranteed by GSEs 2,455,068 2,282,655 Asset-backed securities 18,961 19,254 Total $ 5,130,330 $ 4,790,146 The objective of the investment portfolio as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was to provide a level of liquidity that mitigates enterprise risk, provides a reliable source of short-term and long-term liquidity, to prepare for the possibility of future volatility in the debt capital markets, and to support program asset growth. Capital Requirements . Farmer Mac is subject to the following statutory capital requirements – minimum, critical, and risk-based. Farmer Mac must comply with the higher of the minimum capital requirement and the risk-based capital requirement. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac was in compliance with its statutory capital requirements and was classified as within "level 1" (the highest compliance level). In accordance with FCA's rule on capital planning, Farmer Mac's board of directors has adopted a policy for maintaining a sufficient level of "Tier 1" capital (consisting of retained earnings, paid-in capital, common stock, and qualifying preferred stock). That policy restricts Tier 1-eligible dividends and any discretionary bonus payments if Tier 1 capital falls below specified thresholds. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Farmer Mac's Tier 1 capital ratio was 15.0% and 14.7%, respectively. The increase in our Tier 1 capital ratio was due to that fact that capital growth, driven by increases in retained earnings, outpaced the growth in risk-weighted assets during first quarter 2022. As of March 31, 2022, Farmer Mac was in compliance with its capital adequacy policy. Farmer Mac does not expect its compliance on an ongoing basis with FCA's rule on capital planning, including Farmer Mac's policy on Tier 1 capital, to materially affect Farmer Mac's operations or financial condition. For more information about the capital requirements applicable to Farmer Mac, its capital adequacy policy, and FCA's rule on capital planning, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Capital Standards" in Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report. See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about Farmer Mac's capital position. Other Matters None. 96 Supplemental Information The following tables present quarterly and annual information about new business volume, repayments, and outstanding business volume: Table 34 New Business Volume Agricultural Finance Rural Infrastructure Finance Farm & Ranch Corporate AgFinance Rural Utilities Renewable Energy Total (in thousands) For the quarter ended: March 31, 2022 $ 2,452,539 $ 103,353 $ 377,965 $ 41,636 $ 2,975,493 December 31, 2021 2,075,540 411,838 631,338 12,594 3,131,310 September 30, 2021 1,791,662 122,043 609,745 4,152 2,527,602 June 30, 2021 925,950 159,958 410,666 3,441 1,500,015 March 31, 2021 1,087,897 186,393 171,546 23,484 1,469,320 December 31, 2020 907,316 242,394 145,416 44,313 1,339,439 September 30, 2020 1,059,891 212,829 52,300 10,000 1,335,020 June 30, 2020 1,069,693 279,021 358,866 — 1,707,580 March 31, 2020 768,700 165,128 392,668 10,000 1,336,496 For the year ended: December 31, 2021 $ 5,881,049 $ 880,232 $ 1,823,295 $ 43,671 $ 8,628,247 December 31, 2020 3,805,600 899,372 949,250 64,313 5,718,535 97 Table 35 Repayments of Assets Agricultural Finance Rural Infrastructure Finance Farm & Ranch Corporate AgFinance Rural Utilities Renewable Energy Total (in thousands) For the quarter ended: Scheduled $ 1,535,369 $ 39,480 $ 266,349 $ 7,790 $ 1,848,988 Unscheduled 434,794 60,947 397 — 496,138 March 31, 2022 $ 1,970,163 $ 100,427 $ 266,746 $ 7,790 $ 2,345,126 Scheduled $ 928,663 $ 205,778 $ 816,802 $ 18,526 $ 1,969,769 Unscheduled 318,024 48,042 — — 366,066 December 31, 2021 $ 1,246,687 $ 253,820 $ 816,802 $ 18,526 $ 2,335,835 Scheduled $ 725,713 $ 406,285 $ 95,443 $ 4,043 $ 1,231,484 Unscheduled 374,287 — 201 — 374,488 September 30, 2021 $ 1,100,000 $ 406,285 $ 95,644 $ 4,043 $ 1,605,972 Scheduled $ 380,684 $ 139,774 $ 225,257 $ 4,704 $ 750,419 Unscheduled 409,393 3,921 1,652 — 414,966 June 30, 2021 $ 790,077 $ 143,695 $ 226,909 $ 4,704 $ 1,165,385 Scheduled $ 721,090 $ 120,621 $ 100,482 $ 2,671 $ 944,864 Unscheduled 501,651 82,090 2,279 — 586,020 March 31, 2021 $ 1,222,741 $ 202,711 $ 102,761 $ 2,671 $ 1,530,884 Scheduled $ 365,732 $ 197,108 $ 405,597 $ 561 $ 968,998 Unscheduled 400,809 27,850 1,610 — 430,269 December 31, 2020 $ 766,541 $ 224,958 $ 407,207 $ 561 $ 1,399,267 Scheduled $ 569,820 $ 74,038 $ 211,152 $ 279 $ 855,289 Unscheduled 531,062 1,489 — — 532,551 September 30, 2020 $ 1,100,882 $ 75,527 $ 211,152 $ 279 $ 1,387,840 Scheduled $ 523,721 $ 109,543 $ 67,708 $ 240 $ 701,212 Unscheduled 448,900 50,737 3,935 — 503,572 June 30, 2020 $ 972,621 $ 160,280 $ 71,643 $ 240 $ 1,204,784 Scheduled $ 320,488 $ 94,775 $ 165,467 $ — $ 580,730 Unscheduled 326,078 8,318 — — 334,396 March 31, 2020 $ 646,566 $ 103,093 $ 165,467 $ — $ 915,126 For the year ended: Scheduled $ 2,756,150 $ 872,458 $ 1,237,984 $ 29,944 $ 4,896,536 Unscheduled 1,603,355 134,053 4,132 — 1,741,540 December 31, 2021 $ 4,359,505 $ 1,006,511 $ 1,242,116 $ 29,944 $ 6,638,076 Scheduled $ 1,779,761 $ 475,464 $ 849,924 $ 1,080 $ 3,106,229 Unscheduled 1,706,849 88,394 5,545 — 1,800,788 December 31, 2020 $ 3,486,610 $ 563,858 $ 855,469 $ 1,080 $ 4,907,017 98 Table 36 Outstanding Business Volume Agricultural Finance Rural Infrastructure Finance Farm & Ranch Corporate AgFinance Rural Utilities Renewable Energy Total (in thousands) As of: March 31, 2022 $ 16,575,595 $ 1,540,760 $ 6,006,446 $ 120,609 $ 24,243,410 December 31, 2021 16,094,639 1,537,834 5,895,227 86,763 23,614,463 September 30, 2021 15,565,589 1,379,816 6,080,691 92,695 23,118,791 June 30, 2021 14,873,926 1,664,059 5,566,591 92,585 22,197,161 March 31, 2021 14,738,052 1,647,796 5,382,835 93,848 21,862,531 December 31, 2020 14,872,894 1,664,115 5,314,051 73,035 21,924,095 September 30, 2020 14,737,485 1,646,679 5,575,841 29,283 21,989,288 June 30, 2020 14,778,474 1,509,378 5,734,694 19,562 22,042,108 March 31, 2020 14,681,403 1,390,637 5,447,470 19,802 21,539,312 Table 37 On-Balance Sheet Outstanding Business Volume Fixed Rate 5- to 10-Year ARMs & Resets 1-Month to 3-Year ARMs Total Held in Portfolio (in thousands) As of: March 31, 2022 $ 14,174,611 $ 2,858,521 $ 3,443,816 $ 20,476,948 December 31, 2021 13,228,675 2,896,014 3,695,269 19,819,958 September 30, 2021 12,921,572 2,872,499 3,818,550 19,612,621 June 30, 2021 11,800,429 2,878,637 4,254,625 18,933,691 March 31, 2021 11,454,321 2,824,551 4,410,661 18,689,533 December 31, 2020 11,330,414 2,816,840 4,511,964 18,659,218 September 30, 2020 10,879,372 2,811,547 5,013,640 18,704,559 June 30, 2020 10,793,629 2,845,266 5,076,445 18,715,340 March 31, 2020 10,296,598 2,818,869 4,996,478 18,111,945 99 The following table presents the quarterly net effective spread (a non-GAAP measure) by segment: Table 38 Net Effective Spread (1) Agricultural Finance Rural Infrastructure Finance Treasury Farm & Ranch Corporate AgFinance Rural Utilities Renewable Energy Funding Investments Net Effective Spread Dollars Yield Dollars Yield Dollars Yield Dollars Yield Dollars Yield Dollars Yield Dollars Yield (dollars in thousands) For the quarter ended: March 31, 2022 (2) $ 30,354 1.02 % $ 7,209 1.96 % $ 3,159 0.23 % $ 375 1.69 % $ 16,738 0.28 % $ 4 — % $ 57,839 0.97 % December 31, 2021 28,998 0.99 % 6,321 1.84 % 2,521 0.19 % 356 1.53 % 15,979 0.28 % 158 0.01 % 54,333 0.94 % September 30, 2021 28,914 1.06 % 7,163 1.80 % 2,067 0.16 % 236 1.09 % 17,386 0.31 % 159 0.01 % 55,925 0.99 % June 30, 2021 29,163 1.06 % 6,676 1.65 % 1,759 0.14 % 378 1.80 % 18,449 0.33 % 126 0.01 % 56,551 1.01 % March 31, 2021 (2) 26,461 0.98 % 6,921 1.67 % 1,720 0.14 % 249 1.28 % 18,394 0.33 % 114 0.01 % 53,859 0.97 % December 31, 2020 25,596 0.95 % 6,237 1.53 % 1,838 0.15 % 123 1.20 % 20,585 0.37 % 143 0.01 % 54,522 0.98 % September 30, 2020 23,735 0.89 % 5,786 1.45 % 2,022 0.16 % 75 1.19 % 20,034 0.37 % 150 0.01 % 51,802 0.96 % June 30, 2020 21,597 0.83 % 4,997 1.36 % 1,701 0.14 % 47 0.93 % 19,449 0.37 % (1,322) (0.13) % 46,469 0.89 % March 31, 2020 19,230 0.76 % 4,421 1.32 % 1,315 0.11 % 58 1.51 % 19,150 0.39 % (11) — % 44,163 0.89 % (1) Farmer Mac excludes the Corporate segment in the presentation above because the segment does not have any interest-earning assets. (2) See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of GAAP net interest income by segment to net effective spread by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. 100 The following table presents quarterly core earnings (a non-GAAP measure) reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders: Table 39 Core Earnings by Quarter End March 2022 December 2021 September 2021 June 2021 March 2021 December 2020 September 2020 June 2020 March 2020 (in thousands) Revenues: Net effective spread $ 57,839 $ 54,333 $ 55,925 $ 56,551 $ 53,859 $ 54,522 $ 51,802 $ 46,469 $ 44,163 Guarantee and commitment fees 4,557 4,637 4,322 4,334 4,240 4,652 4,659 4,943 4,896 Gain on sale of mortgage loans — 6,539 — — — — — — — Other 514 241 687 301 451 512 453 1,048 674 Total revenues 62,910 65,750 60,934 61,186 58,550 59,686 56,914 52,460 49,733 Credit related expense/(income): (Release of)/provision for losses (54) (1,428) 255 (983) (31) 2,973 1,200 51 3,831 REO operating expenses — — — — — — — — — Losses/(gains) on sale of REO — — — — — 22 — — (485) Total credit related expense/(income) (54) (1,428) 255 (983) (31) 2,995 1,200 51 3,346 Operating expenses: Compensation and employee benefits 13,298 11,246 10,027 9,779 11,795 9,497 8,791 8,087 10,127 General and administrative 7,278 8,492 6,330 6,349 6,336 6,274 5,044 5,295 5,363 Regulatory fees 812 812 750 750 750 750 725 725 725 Total operating expenses 21,388 20,550 17,107 16,878 18,881 16,521 14,560 14,107 16,215 Net earnings 41,576 46,628 43,572 45,291 39,700 40,170 41,154 38,302 30,172 Income tax expense 9,024 9,809 9,152 9,463 8,520 8,470 8,297 8,016 6,598 Preferred stock dividends 6,791 6,792 6,774 5,842 5,269 5,269 5,166 3,939 3,431 Core earnings $ 25,761 $ 30,027 $ 27,646 $ 29,986 $ 25,911 $ 26,431 $ 27,691 $ 26,347 $ 20,143 Reconciling items: Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes $ 1,698 $ (1,213) $ (1,864) $ (3,721) $ 1,695 $ (1,758) $ (4,149) $ 8,700 $ (6,484) Gains/(losses) on hedging activities due to fair value changes 2,024 1,476 (2,093) (2,097) (271) 3,827 (5,245) (2,676) (5,925) Unrealized gains/(losses) on trading assets 94 (76) 36 (61) (14) 223 (258) (20) 106 Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value 20 71 23 20 16 (77) 97 35 3 Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives 15,512 (429) (351) 109 1,165 1,583 233 720 (1,300) Issuance costs on the retirement of preferred stock — — — — — (1,667) — — Income tax effect related to reconciling items (4,063) 36 892 1,208 (544) (798) 1,957 (1,419) 2,856 Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 41,046 $ 29,892 $ 24,289 $ 25,444 $ 27,958 $ 29,431 $ 18,659 $ 31,687 $ 9,399