ADAMAS TRUST, INC. 10-K

nymt-20221231 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 ___________________ FORM 10-K ___________________ ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31 , 2022 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _______ to ____________ Commission File Number 001-32216 NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Maryland 47-0934168 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 90 Park Avenue , New York , NY 10016 (Address of principal executive office) (Zip Code) ( 212 ) 792-0107 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Trading Symbols Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share NYMT NASDAQ Stock Market 8.000% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference NYMTN NASDAQ Stock Market 7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference NYMTM NASDAQ Stock Market 6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference NYMTL NASDAQ Stock Market 7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, $25.00 Liquidation Preference NYMTZ NASDAQ Stock Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (check one): Large Accelerated Filer ☒ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-Accelerated Filer ☐ Smaller Reporting Company ☐ Emerging Growth Company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 USC. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2022 (the last day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was $ 1,034,351,582 based on the closing sale price on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on June 30, 2022. The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding on February 15, 2023 was 365,642,429 . DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Document Where Incorporated 1. Portions of the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled for June 2023 to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission by no later than April 30, 2023. Part III, Items 10-14 2 NEW YORK MORTGAGE TRUST, INC. FORM 10-K For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business 4 Item 1A. Risk Factors 19 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 49 Item 2. Properties 49 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 49 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 49 PART II Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 50 Item 6. [ Reserved ] 53 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 54 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 107 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 113 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 114 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 115 Item 9B. Other Information 116 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions t hat Prevent Inspections 116 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 117 Item 11. Executive Compensation 117 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 117 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 117 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 117 PART IV Item 15. Exhibit s and F inancial Statement Schedules 118 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary 124 Table of Contents PART I Item 1. BUSINESS Certain Defined Terms In this Annual Report on Form 10-K we refer to New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, as “we,” “us,” “Company,” or “our,” unless we specifically state otherwise or the context indicates otherwise, and we refer to our wholly-owned taxable REIT subsidiaries as “TRSs” and our wholly-owned qualified REIT subsidiaries as “QRSs.” In addition, the following defines certain of the commonly used terms in this report: • “ABS” refers to debt and/or equity tranches of securitizations backed by various asset classes including, but not limited to, automobiles, aircraft, credit cards, equipment, franchises, recreational vehicles and student loans; • “Agency ARMs” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate RMBS; • “Agency CMBS” refers to CMBS representing interests or obligations backed by pools of mortgage loans guaranteed by a government sponsored enterprise (“GSE”), such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”); • “Agency fixed-rate RMBS” refers to Agency RMBS comprised of fixed-rate RMBS; • “Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS representing interests in or obligations backed by pools of residential loans guaranteed by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or an agency of the U.S. government, such as the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae"); • “Agency securities” refers to Agency RMBS and/or Agency CMBS; • “ARMs” refers to adjustable-rate residential loans; • “business purpose loans” refers to (i) short-term loans that are collateralized by residential properties and are made to investors who intend to rehabilitate and sell the residential property for a profit or (ii) loans that finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants; • “CDO” refers to collateralized debt obligation and includes debt that permanently finances the residential loans held in Consolidated SLST, multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series, the Company's residential loans held in securitization trusts and a non-Agency RMBS re-securitization that we consolidate, or consolidated, in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP; • “CMBS” refers to commercial mortgage-backed securities comprised of commercial mortgage pass-through securities issued by a GSE, as well as PO, IO, or mezzanine securities that represent the right to a specific component of the cash flow from a pool of commercial mortgage loans; • “Consolidated K-Series” refers to Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family loan K-Series securitizations, of which we, or one of our “special purpose entities,” or “SPEs,” owned the first loss POs and certain IOs and certain senior or mezzanine securities that we consolidated in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP prior to disposition; • “Consolidated SLST” refers to a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization, comprised of seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans, of which we own or owned the first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs and senior securities that we consolidate in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP; • “Consolidated Real Estate VIEs” refers to Consolidated VIEs that own multi-family properties; • “Consolidated VIEs” refers to VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary, as it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE and that we consolidate in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP; 4 Table of Contents • “excess mortgage servicing spread” refers to the difference between the contractual servicing fee with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae and the base servicing fee that is retained as compensation for servicing or subservicing the related mortgage loans pursuant to the applicable servicing contract; • “GAAP” refers to generally accepted accounting principles within the United States; • “IOs” refers collectively to interest only and inverse interest only mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the interest component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans; • “Mezzanine Lending” refers, collectively, to preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments; • “MBS” refers to mortgage-backed securities; • “multi-family CMBS” refers to CMBS backed by commercial mortgage loans on multi-family properties; • “non-Agency RMBS” refers to RMBS that are not guaranteed by any agency of the U.S. Government or GSE; • “non-QM loans” refers to residential loans that are not deemed “qualified mortgage,” or “QM,” loans under the rules of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau; • “POs” refers to mortgage-backed securities that represent the right to the principal component of the cash flow from a pool of mortgage loans; • “RMBS” refers to residential mortgage-backed securities backed by adjustable-rate, hybrid adjustable-rate, or fixed-rate residential loans; • “second mortgages” refers to liens on residential properties that are subordinate to more senior mortgages or loans; and • “Variable Interest Entity” or “VIE” refers to an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. General We are a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets. Our objective is to deliver long-term stable distributions to our stockholders over changing economic conditions through a combination of net interest spread and capital gains from a diversified investment portfolio. Our investment portfolio includes credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets. We intend to focus on our core portfolio strengths of single-family and multi-family residential credit assets, which we believe will deliver better risk adjusted returns over time. Our targeted investments include (i) residential loans, including business purpose loans, (ii) structured multi-family property investments such as preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties, (iii) non-Agency RMBS, (iv) Agency RMBS, (v) CMBS, (vi) single-family rental properties and (vii) certain other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets and s trategic investments in companies from which we purchase, or may in the future purchase, our targeted assets . Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and the maintenance of our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), we also may opportunistically acquire and/or manage various other types of mortgage-, residential housing- and other credit-related or alternative investments that we believe will compensate us appropriately for the risks associated with them, including, without limitation, Agency RMBS, collateralized mortgage obligations, mortgage servicing rights, excess mortgage servicing spreads, securities issued by newly originated securitizations, including credit sensitive securities from these securitizations, ABS and debt or equity investments in alternative assets or businesses. 5 Table of Contents In recent years, we have internalized and expanded our investment management platform through the addition of multiple teams of investment professionals with expertise in our targeted assets. This includes the acquisition in 2016 of the external manager for our structured multi-family property investments and the addition of investment professionals in 2018 and 2019, which expanded our capabilities in self managing, sourcing and creating single-family credit assets. We believe that these steps have strengthened our ability to identify and secure attractive investment opportunities. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and have complied, and intend to continue to comply, with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), with respect thereto. Accordingly, we do not expect to be subject to federal income tax on our REIT taxable income that we currently distribute to our stockholders if certain asset, income, distribution and ownership tests and record keeping requirements are fulfilled. Even if we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we expect to be subject to some federal, state and local taxes on our income generated in our TRSs. Our Investment Strategy Our strategy is to construct a portfolio of primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets that include elements of credit risk and/or interest rate risk. We have sought over the past years, and intend to continue, to focus on expanding our portfolio of “single-family and multi-family credit” assets, many of which we have originated or sourced through proprietary channels, which we believe will deliver more attractive risk-adjusted returns over time. In particular, we seek investment opportunities in markets where we believe we have a competitive advantage due to operational barriers to entry. We define credit assets as (i) residential loans, including business purpose loans, (ii) non-Agency RMBS, (iii) structured multi-family investments and (iv) other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets that contain credit risk. In pursuing credit assets, we target assets that we believe will provide an attractive total rate of return, as compared to assets that strictly provide net interest spread. We also, from time to time, have owned and managed, and may in the future own and/or manage, a leveraged portfolio of Agency securities primarily comprised of Agency fixed-rate RMBS, Agency ARMs, and Agency CMBS. We also currently own and manage a portfolio of joint venture equity investments in 32 multi-family properties having an aggregate net equity carrying value of approximately $388.8 million. In September 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a strategic repositioning of our business pursuant to which we will opportunistically dispose of these joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties over time and, following disposition, we will reallocate the capital associated with such assets to our targeted assets. Beginning in 2020, we saw an attractive opportunity within the multi-family property sector to utilize our sourcing network and add common equity exposure to properties through joint venture equity investments. Due to various factors, the multi-family property sector recorded historical increases in per unit rent in several targeted markets resulting in improved valuations that we believe are capable of achieving our targeted returns for such investments on an accelerated timeline. As a result, we are considering various opportunities to monetize what we believe is appreciated value within our portfolio of multi-family joint venture equity investments. We believe that through a well-navigated disposition process, we can rotate the portfolio over time to more attractive investments in a higher rate environment. We expect to continue to invest in multi-family mezzanine lending going forward, which remains one of our targeted assets. In light of current market and financing conditions, we are presently focused on acquiring assets with less price sensitivity to credit deterioration by targeting assets with shorter duration, significant discount-to-par pricing or minimal credit risk. Shorter duration assets generate higher portfolio turnover that will better enable us to reposition our portfolio in a volatile and changing interest rate environment. Assets with discount-to-par create a margin of safety on price to account for potential credit losses. Selecting assets with lower credit exposure, either through agency guarantees, structure or collateral quality, can also reduce the overall risk profile of the portfolio. Since our inception in 2003, we have benefited from being able to flexibly move in and out of new niche investment opportunities as market conditions permit. As a result, we may pursue opportunistic acquisitions of other types of assets not described above that meet our investment criteria. We also may manage for third parties investments that fall within our area of expertise that are not a focus of our Company or are less suitable to being owned in a REIT. In these cases, we may agree to invest in these assets akin to a "general partner"-like capital contribution as part of the agreement to manage the assets. 6 Table of Contents Prior to deploying capital to any of the assets we target or determining to dispose of any of our investments, our management team will consider, among other things, the availability of suitable investments, the amount and nature of anticipated cash flows from the asset, our ability to finance or borrow against the asset and the terms of such financing, the related capital requirements, the credit risk, prepayment risk, hedging risk, interest rate risk, fair value risk and/or liquidity risk related to the asset or the underlying collateral, the composition of our investment portfolio, the background experience and track record of our partners (if applicable), REIT qualification, the maintenance of our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act and other regulatory requirements and future general market conditions. In periods where we have working capital in excess of our short-term liquidity needs, we may invest the excess in more liquid assets until such time as we are able to re-invest that capital in assets that meet our underwriting and return requirements. Consistent with our strategy to produce returns through a combination of net interest spread and capital gains, we will seek, from time to time, to sell certain assets within our portfolio when we believe the combination of realized gains on an asset and reinvestment potential for the related sale proceeds are consistent with our long-term return objectives. Our investment strategy does not, subject to our investment guidelines, continued compliance with applicable REIT tax requirements and the maintenance of our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, limit the amount of our capital that may be invested in any of these investments or in any particular class or type or geographic concentration of assets. Thus, our future investments may include asset classes or types different from the targeted or other assets described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our investment and capital allocation decisions depend on prevailing market conditions, among other factors, and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different economic and capital market environments. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our capital that will be invested in any particular investment at any given time. For more information regarding our portfolio as of December 31, 2022, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below. Investment Portfolio Our portfolio is substantially comprised of investments in two asset categories: single-family and multi-family residential investments. Single-Family Investments We have deep experience managing different whole loan strategies across the credit spectrum. We generally seek to acquire pools of single-family residential loans through proprietary sourcing channels from select mortgage loan originators and secondary market institutions, including through bulk purchases and/or flow arrangements, including through originators in which we hold an equity investment. We do not directly service the mortgage loans we acquire, and instead contract with fully licensed third-party subservicers to handle substantially all servicing functions. Set forth below is a description of the investments that substantially comprise our single-family investment portfolio. 7 Table of Contents Residential Loans . Our portfolio of residential loans consists of (i) seasoned re-performing, non-performing and other delinquent mortgage loans secured by first liens on one- to four-family properties, which were purchased at a discount to the aggregate principal amount outstanding, which we believe provides us with downside protection while we work to rehabilitate these loans to performing status, (ii) performing residential mortgage loans that consist of GSE-eligible mortgage loans, non-QM loans that predominantly meet our underwriting guidelines, loans originally underwritten to GSE or another program's guidelines but are either undeliverable to the GSE or ineligible for a program due to certain underwriting or compliance errors, and investor loans generally underwritten to our program guidelines, (iii) short-term business purpose loans with terms generally of 12 to 24 months that are collateralized by residential properties and made to investors who intend to rehabilitate and sell the property for a profit, or "business purpose bridge loans," (iv) business purpose loans that finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants, or "business purpose rental loans," and (v) second mortgages that had combined loan-to-value ratios of 95% at origination and predominantly met our underwriting guidelines. In connection with our acquisitions of residential loans, we or a third-party due diligence firm perform an independent review of the mortgage file to assess the state of mortgage loan files, the servicing of the mortgage loan, compliance with existing guidelines, as well as our ability to enforce the contractual rights in the mortgage. We also obtain certain representations and warranties from each seller with respect to the mortgage loans, as well as the enforceability of the lien on the mortgaged property. In addition, as part of our process, we focus on selecting a servicer with the appropriate expertise to mitigate losses and maximize our overall return on these residential loans. This involves, among other things, performing due diligence on the servicer prior to their engagement, assigning the appropriate servicer on each loan based on certain characteristics and monitoring each servicer's performance on an ongoing basis. Investments in Non-Agency RMBS. Our non-Agency RMBS are collateralized by residential credit assets. The non-Agency RMBS in our investment portfolio may consist of the senior, mezzanine or subordinated tranches in the securitizations. The underlying collateral of these securitizations are predominantly residential credit assets, which may be exposed to various macroeconomic and asset-specific credit risks. These securities have varying levels of credit enhancement which provide some structural protection from losses within the securitization from which the securities are issued. We undertake an in-depth assessment of the underlying collateral and securitization structure when investing in these assets, which may include modeling defaults, prepayments and loss across different scenarios. As of December 31, 2022, we owned $260.1 million of non-Agency RMBS. Investments in Agency RMBS. We historically have owned and managed a leveraged Agency RMBS portfolio comprised of Agency fixed-rate RMBS and Agency ARMs, the principal and interest of which are guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae. The Agency fixed-rate RMBS have been primarily backed by 15-year and 30-year residential fixed-rate mortgage loans, while the Agency ARMs have primarily included interest reset periods up to 120 months. In managing our portfolio of Agency RMBS, we historically employ leverage through the use of repurchase agreements to generate risk-adjusted returns. Single-Family Rental. We also participate in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Housing Choice Vouchers program administered by local public housing agencies (“PHAs”) in which we acquire and then rent single-family rental homes to families that are eligible. We target PHAs with programs that help families with children move into high-opportunity neighborhoods with low poverty, high-performing schools, low crime and strong community resources in the following markets: Chicago, IL, Baltimore, MD, Houston, TX and Pittsburgh, PA. The goal of the program is to promote better health and life satisfaction for these families. As of December 31, 2022, we owned 491 single-family rental properties, the majority of which are located in Illinois and Maryland. 8 Table of Contents Multi-Family Investments We first began investing in multi-family credit assets in 2011. We seek to position our multi-family credit investment platform in the marketplace as a real estate investor focused on debt and equity transactions. We do not seek to be the sole owner or day-to-day manager of properties. Rather, we intend to participate at various levels within the capital structure of the properties, typically (i) as a “capital partner” by lending to or co-investing alongside a project-level sponsor that has already identified an attractive investment opportunity, or (ii) through a subordinated security of a multi-family loan securitization. Our multi-family property investments are not limited to any particular geographic area in the United States, although our preferred and equity and mezzanine loan investments tend to be concentrated primarily in the southern and southeastern United States, as these regions currently tend to benefit from growing demand and an acute shortage in housing. We generally focus on middle market multi-family apartment communities with approximately 150 to 600 units located in secondary and tertiary markets that might benefit from strategic value-added improvements. In general terms, pending the disposition over time of our portfolio of joint venture equity investments, we expect that our multi-family credit investments going forward will principally be in the form of preferred equity investments in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties, and multi-family CMBS. With respect to our preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments (collectively, "Mezzanine Lending") and joint venture equity investments where we participate as a capital partner, we have generally pursued multi-family properties with unique or compelling attributes that provide an opportunity for value creation and increased returns through the combination of better management or capital improvements that will lead to net cash flow growth and capital gains and which may benefit from the expertise of our asset management team. Generally, we target investments in multi-family properties that are or have been: • located in a particularly dynamic submarket with strong prospects for rental growth; • located in smaller markets that are underserved and more attractively priced; • poorly managed by the previous owner, creating an opportunity for overall net income growth through better management practices; • undercapitalized and may benefit from an investment in physical improvements; or • highly stable and are suitably positioned to support high-yield preferred equity or mezzanine debt within their capital structure. As a capital partner, we generally seek experienced property-level operators or real estate entrepreneurs who have the ability to identify and manage strong investment opportunities. We generally require our operating partners to maintain a material investment in every multi-family property in which we make a preferred equity investment or to which we provide mezzanine financing. Preferred Equity . We currently own, and expect to originate in the future, preferred equity investments in entities that directly or indirectly own multi-family properties. Preferred equity is not secured, but holders have priority relative to the common equity on cash flow distributions and proceeds from capital events. In addition, as a preferred holder we may seek to enhance our position and protect our equity position with covenants that limit the entity’s activities and grant to the preferred holders the right to control the property upon default under relevant loan agreements or under the terms of our preferred equity investments. Occasionally, the first-mortgage loan on a property prohibits additional liens and a preferred equity structure provides an attractive financing alternative. With preferred equity investments, we may become a special limited partner or member in the ownership entity and may be entitled to take certain actions, or cause a liquidation, upon a default. Under the typical arrangement, the preferred equity investor receives a stated return, and the common equity investor receives all cash flow only after that return has been met. Our preferred equity investment may also have minimum profit hurdles or other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of early repayment. Preferred equity typically has loan-to-value ratios of 60% to 97% when combined with the first-mortgage loan amount. We expect our preferred equity investments will have mandatory redemption dates that will generally be coterminous with the maturity date for the first-mortgage loan on the property, and we intend to hold these investments until the mandatory redemption date. Mezzanine Loans . We have made in the past, and may make in the future, mezzanine loans that are senior to the operating partner’s equity in, and subordinate to a first-mortgage loan on, a multi-family property. These loans are secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in entities that directly or indirectly own the real property. In addition, we may require other collateral to secure mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees or collateral unrelated to the property. 9 Table of Contents We may structure our mezzanine loans so that we receive a fixed or variable interest rate on the loan. Our mezzanine loans may also have prepayment lockouts, prepayment penalties, minimum profit hurdles or other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of premature repayment. We expect these investments will typically have terms from three to ten years. Mezzanine loans typically have loan-to-value ratios between 70% and 90% when combined with the first-mortgage loan amount. Joint Venture Equity. As of December 31, 2022, we owned joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family properties. Joint venture equity is a direct common equity ownership interest in an entity that owns a property. In this type of investment, the return of capital to us is variable and is made on a pro rata basis between us and our operating partners. We have typically provided between 70% and 95% of the total common equity capital to our joint ventures, with our operating partner providing the balance of the common equity capital. In some cases, we also participate in these property investments as a general partner or manager or co-general partner or manager, which may provide us with the ability to earn a promote upon disposition of the asset. Due to certain control provisions, we consolidate certain joint ventures into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. As a result, the real estate assets held by these entities, and the corresponding mortgages payable that finance the real estate assets, are included in our consolidated balance sheets. In December 2021, we entered into a joint venture that presently owns 13 multi-family properties in seven states, including Texas, Tennessee and Florida. We are a co-manager of the joint venture and, as of December 31, 2022, owned an approximate 22% common equity interest in the joint venture. We also held approximately $137.7 million of preferred equity interests in this joint venture as of December 31, 2022. Pursuant to the terms of the operating agreement for the joint venture, subject to certain conditions, the other investors in the joint venture have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us, at their election, on an annual basis at the current fair value of the interests in the joint venture. We do not anticipate making additional joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties that make us a majority or significant minority common equity owner in the future in light of the strategic repositioning of our business discussed above. However, we may agree to make common equity investments in multi-family properties akin to a "general partner"-like capital contribution in connection with one or more agreements to manage third party investments in multi-family properties. Multi-Family CMBS. Our portfolio of multi-family CMBS has been comprised of (i) first loss PO securities issued by certain multi-family loan K-series securitizations sponsored by Freddie Mac and (ii) certain IOs and/or mezzanine securities issued by these securitizations. Prior to March 2020, our investments in first loss POs were a significant contributor to our earnings. In response to the significant disruption in the financial markets in March 2020 associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, we sold our portfolio of first loss POs and have not re-entered the market for first loss POs since that time. Our investments in these privately placed first loss POs generally represented 7.5% of the overall securitization which typically initially totaled approximately $1.0 billion in multi-family residential loans consisting of 45 to 100 individual properties diversified across a wide geographic footprint in the United States. Our first loss POs were typically backed by fixed-rate balloon non-recourse mortgage loans that provide for the payment of principal at maturity date, which is ten to fifteen years from the date the underlying mortgage loans are originated. Moreover, each first loss PO of multi-family CMBS in our portfolio was typically the most junior of securities issued by the securitization, meaning it would absorb all losses in the securitization prior to other more senior securities being exposed to loss. As a result, prior to the purchase of these securities, we typically complete a credit analysis and due diligence. In addition, as the owner of the first loss PO, the Company had the right to participate in the workout of any distressed property in the securitization. We believe this right provided the Company with an opportunity to mitigate or reduce any possible loss associated with the distressed property. The IOs that we owned represented a strip off the entire securitization allowing the Company to receive cash flows over the life of the multi-family loans backing the securitization. These investments range from 10 to 17 basis points and the underlying notional amount approximates $1.0 billion each. We may also invest in and own the mezzanine tranche of multi-family CMBS that sit below the more senior CMBS in terms of priority. Our investment in these mezzanine securities may involve the use of some form of leverage in order to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns on these securities. With respect to the multi-family CMBS owned by us, all of the loans that back the respective securitizations were generally underwritten in accordance with Freddie Mac underwriting guidelines and standards; however, these securities are not guaranteed by Freddie Mac. Investments in Agency CMBS. We have also invested in Agency CMBS, primarily comprised of senior securities issued by certain multi-family loan K-series securitizations sponsored and guaranteed by Freddie Mac. As of December 31, 2022, we did not own any Agency CMBS. 10 Table of Contents Other Investments Although it represents a significantly smaller portion of our overall investment portfolio, we also own and have invested in ABS, an equity investment in an entity that originates residential loans and an equity investment in an entity that owns and manages single-family rental properties. We have made, and may in the future make, investments in the debt and/or equity of other entities engaged in single-family loan-related businesses, such as loan originators. In connection with investments in loan originators, we currently have and may in the future enter into flow agreements that allow or will allow us to purchase new loans from the loan originators in which we invest in accordance with the parameters set forth in the applicable flow agreement. In the future, we may also acquire investments that are structured with terms that reflect a combination of the investment structures described above. We also may invest, from time to time, based on market conditions, in other multi-family investments, structured investments in other property categories, equity and debt securities issued by entities that invest in residential and commercial real estate or in other mortgage-, real estate- and credit-related assets, and certain alternative investments not described here, subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and the maintenance of our exclusion from regulation as an investment company under the Investment Company Act or otherwise. Our Financing Strategy We strive to maintain and achieve a balanced and diverse funding mix to finance our assets and operations. In the past, we have relied primarily on a combination of short-term and longer-termed repurchase agreements and structured financings, including CDOs issued by securitizations, longer termed senior and subordinated debt, and convertible notes. As a result of the severe market dislocations in recent years and, more specifically, unavailability of repurchase agreement financing and illiquidity in securities markets during March 2020, we have placed, and expect to continue to place, a greater emphasis on procuring financing arrangements that provide longer tenor non-mark-to-market features, such as securitizations, term financings and corporate debt securities. These types of financings provide less or no exposure to collateral repricing determinations of financing counterparties or rapid liquidity reductions in repurchase agreement financing markets. We still expect to utilize some level of repurchase agreement financing as we do currently, but expect repurchase agreement financing, particularly short-term agreements that contain mark-to-market margin call risk, to represent a smaller percentage of our financing relative to historic levels. While longer-termed and non-mark-to-market financings incur a greater expense relative to generic repurchase agreement funding, we believe, over time, this weighting towards longer-termed and non-mark-to-market financings may better allow us to manage our liquidity risk and reduce the impact of market events like those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic during March 2020. To this end, we have completed nine non-recourse securitizations and three non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement financings with new and existing counterparties since the first quarter of 2020. In the near term, we intend to continue to explore additional financing arrangements to further strengthen our balance sheet and position ourselves for future investment opportunities, including, without limitation, additional issuances of our equity and debt securities and other financing arrangements; however, no assurance can be given that we will be able to access any such financing or the size, timing or terms thereof. We employ leverage as part of our financing strategy. Our approach to leverage is based on the type of asset, underlying collateral and overall market conditions with the intent of obtaining more permanent, longer-term financing for our more illiquid assets. Currently, we target maximum leverage ratios for each eligible investment, 8:1 in the case of more liquid Agency securities and between 4:1 and 6:1 in the case of our more illiquid assets, such as our non-Agency RMBS and mezzanine CMBS and 8:1 in the case of our residential loans. Currently, our target total debt leverage ratio should not be greater than 3:1. This target may be adjusted depending on the composition of our overall portfolio and market conditions. As of December 31, 2022, our Company recourse leverage ratio, which represents our total recourse debt divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 0.3 to 1. Our Company recourse leverage ratio does not include debt associated with the CDOs or other non-recourse debt, such as mortgages payable on real estate and non-recourse repurchase agreement financing. Our portfolio recourse leverage ratio, which represents our outstanding recourse repurchase agreements divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 0.3 to 1 as of December 31, 2022. We monitor all at-risk or short-term borrowings to ensure that we have adequate liquidity to satisfy margin calls and liquidity covenant requirements. 11 Table of Contents With respect to our investments in credit assets that are not financed by short-term repurchase agreements, such as a portion of residential loans, we finance our investment in these assets through longer-term borrowings and working capital. Our financings may include longer-term structured debt financing, such as longer-term repurchase agreement financing with terms of up to 24 months, non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement financing and CDOs where the assets we intend to finance are contributed to an SPE and serve as collateral for the financing. We issue CDOs through securitizations for the primary purpose of obtaining longer-term non-recourse financing on these assets. Pursuant to the terms of any longer-term debt financings we utilize, our ability to access the cash flows generated by the assets serving as collateral for these borrowings may be significantly limited and we may be unable to sell or otherwise transfer or dispose of or modify such assets until the financing has matured. As part of our longer-term master repurchase agreements that finance certain of our credit assets, such as residential loans, we have provided a guarantee with respect to certain terms of some of these longer-term borrowings incurred by certain of our subsidiaries and we may provide similar guarantees in connection with future financings. The repurchase agreements we have historically used to fund the purchase of residential loans and investment securities typically have terms ranging from 30 days to 24 months and bear interest rates that are linked to the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (“SOFR”), a short-term market interest rate used to determine short term loan rates. In most cases under repurchase agreements, the financial institution that serves as a counterparty will generally agree to provide us with financing based on the market value of the residential loans and investment securities that we pledge as collateral, less a “haircut.” The market value of the collateral represents the price of such collateral obtained from generally recognized sources or most recent closing bid quotation from such source plus accrued income. Our repurchase agreements may require us to deposit additional collateral pursuant to a margin call if the market value of our pledged collateral declines as a result of market conditions or due to principal repayments. Interest rates and haircuts will depend on the underlying collateral pledged. We have entered into three repurchase agreements with an aggregate outstanding balance of $446.8 million as of December 31, 2022 that are not subject to margin calls upon changes in market value of the pledged collateral. We may consolidate certain multi-family joint venture equity investments into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. As a result, the real estate assets held by these entities, and the corresponding mortgages payable that finance the real estate assets, are included in our consolidated balance sheets. We have no obligation for repayment of the mortgages payable but, with respect to certain of the mortgages payable, we may execute a guaranty related to commitment of bad acts. For more information regarding our outstanding financing instruments at December 31, 2022, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below. Our Hedging Strategy The Company enters into derivative instruments in connection with its risk management activities. These derivative instruments may include interest rate caps, interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures, options on futures and mortgage derivatives such as forward-settling purchases and sales of Agency RMBS where the underlying pools of mortgage loans are “To-Be-Announced,” or TBAs. The Company and the entities that own multi-family properties in which the Company owns joint venture equity investments are exposed to risks arising from business operations, economic conditions and financial markets. With respect to one of the Company's financings under repurchase agreements, the Company is required by the lender to enter into an interest rate cap contract. For variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate, the joint venture entities are required by the lender to enter into interest rate cap contracts. These interest rate cap contracts are with a counterparty that involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from the counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. 12 Table of Contents We may use interest rate swaps to hedge any variable cash flows associated with our borrowings. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company typically agrees to pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a variable interest rate based on one- or three-month LIBOR, or an index that it expected over time to be closely correlated to changes in one- or three-month LIBOR, or SOFR, on the notional amount of the interest rate swaps. The floating rate we receive under our swap agreements has the effect of offsetting the repricing characteristics and cash flows of our financing arrangements. In March 2020, in response to the turmoil in the financial markets, we terminated our interest rate swaps and currently do not have any interest rate swaps in place. We may use TBAs, swaptions, futures and options on futures to hedge market value risk for certain of our strategies. We have utilized TBAs as part of our Agency securities investment strategy to enhance the overall yield of the portfolio. In a TBA transaction, we would agree to purchase or sell, for future delivery, Agency RMBS with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of underlying collateral, but the particular Agency RMBS to be delivered is not identified until shortly before the TBA settlement date. The Company typically does not take delivery of TBAs, but rather settles with its trading counterparties on a net basis prior to the forward settlement date. Although TBAs are liquid and have quoted market prices and represent the most actively traded class of RMBS, the use of TBAs exposes us to increased market value risk. We currently do not hold TBAs. In connection with our hedging strategy, we utilize model-based risk analysis to assist in projecting individual asset price and cash flow sensitivities over a variety of different interest rates and market scenarios, such as shifts in interest rates, changes in prepayments and other factors impacting the valuations of our assets and liabilities. Competition We believe that our principal competitors in the business of acquiring and holding mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets of the types in which we invest are financial institutions, such as banks, specialty finance companies, insurance companies, institutional investors, including mutual funds and pension funds, hedge funds and other mortgage REITs. Some of these entities may not be subject to the same regulatory constraints (i.e., REIT compliance or maintaining an exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act) as we are. In addition, many of these entities have greater financial resources and access to capital than we have. The existence of these entities, as well as the possibility of additional entities forming in the future, may increase the competition for the acquisition of residential mortgage assets, resulting in higher prices and lower yields on such assets. Human Capital As of December 31, 2022, we had 74 full-time employees located in offices in New York, New York, Charlotte, North Carolina and Woodland Hills, California. We do not currently employ any temporary or seasonal employees and we do not expect such hiring to become a significant part of our workforce in the future. Our employees include investment portfolio and finance professionals, asset management and servicing professionals, accountants, analysts, administrative staff and our corporate management team. We believe that our employees are our greatest asset and recognize that our achievements and growth as a business are made possible by the recruitment, hiring, training, development and retention of our dedicated employees. As part of our ongoing business, we evaluate and modify our internal processes to improve employee engagement, productivity and efficiency, which benefits our operations. Moreover, our employees are offered regular opportunities to participate in professional development programs and opportunities that may improve employee engagement, effectiveness and well-being. We are committed to maintaining workplaces that are inclusive and free from discrimination or harassment based on age, disability, race, ethnicity, gender identification or expression, national origin, sexual orientation, religion, pregnancy, marital and familial status and other statuses protected by law. We conduct annual required trainings for our employees, including those designed to prevent harassment and discrimination and direct compliance with ethics and laws and we monitor employee conduct, compliance and progress in this regard. We also strive to have a workforce that reflects the diversity of qualified talent that is available in the markets in which our offices are located. As of December 31, 2022, women comprised 24% of our total workforce, while 30% of our employees self-identify as being ethnically diverse. In addition, 50% of our named executive officers are diverse based on gender or ethnicity and 71% of our Board of Directors is diverse based on gender, race or ethnicity. We also recognize the importance of experienced leadership. As of December 31, 2022, the average tenure for our team of executive officers was thirteen years. Additionally, our Compensation Committee will take into account our ESG performance when assessing the performance of our Chief Executive Officer under the qualitative component of our executive compensation program. 13 Table of Contents We strive to provide pay, benefits and services that help meet the varying needs of our employees. Our general total compensatory packages include market-competitive pay, performance-based annual bonus compensation paid in a combination of cash and stock, time- and performance-based long-term incentive compensation for key employees, employer-funded health insurance, paid time off, and family leave. In addition, we pride ourselves on understanding and offering our employees great flexibility to meet their personal and family needs. In 2022, we adopted a fully flexible workplace policy which presently allows all of our employees to determine whether to work from the office or remotely as frequently as the individual employee desires. We believe that by supporting, recognizing, developing and investing in our employees, we are able to attract and retain a highly qualified and talented workforce. COVID-19 Response. We are committed to maintaining a healthy environment for our employees. We continually assess and strive to enhance employee satisfaction and engagement. This commitment continued in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. When COVID-19 forced a shift to a remote work environment, we commenced regular townhall style meetings where we update our full workforce on recent accomplishments and key initiatives and ensure regular communication between management and employees. The Company has also provided greater flexibility in work hours and expectations in recognition of the challenges our employees face in the remote work environment and have taken steps to ensure that our employees have adequate resources and capabilities to work in a remote environment. In 2021, we created a Business Continuity Planning Group to develop continuity plans and responses for a variety of potential crises in the long term. Lastly, unlike many companies across industries, since the pandemic began, the Company has not laid off or furloughed any employees or otherwise reduced employee compensation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The health and safety of NYMT employees and their families continue to be of the highest priority for us. Our commitment to the safety and health of our workforce has guided us as we addressed the unprecedented challenges of the global pandemic. Governmental Regulation Our operations are subject, in certain instances, to supervision and regulation by U.S. and other governmental authorities, and may be subject to various laws, rules and regulations and judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions, which, among other things: (i) regulate lending activities; (ii) establish maximum interest rates, finance charges and other charges; (iii) require disclosures to customers; (iv) govern secured transactions; and (v) set refinancing, loan modification, servicing, collection, foreclosure, repossession, eviction and claims-handling procedures and other trade practices. Some of the laws, rules and regulations to which we are or may be subject are intended primarily to safeguard and protect consumers, rather than stockholders or creditors. Although we do not directly originate or service residential loans, we must comply with various federal and state laws, rules and regulations as a result of owning MBS and residential loans, including, among others, rules promulgated under The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”), and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Modernization Act of 1999. In our judgment, existing statutes, rules and regulations have not had a material adverse effect on our business, although we do incur significant ongoing costs to comply with them. In recent years, legislators in the United States and in other countries have said that greater regulation of financial services firms is needed, particularly in areas such as risk management, leverage, and disclosure. While we expect that additional new legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas will be adopted and existing legislation and regulations may change in the future, it is not possible at this time to forecast the exact nature of any future legislation, regulations, judicial decisions, orders or interpretations, nor their impact upon our future business, financial condition, or results of operations or prospects. Operating and Regulatory Structure REIT Qualification We have elected to be treated as a REIT under Sections 856 through 859 of the Internal Revenue Code. Our qualification as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, various complex requirements under the Internal Revenue Code relating to, among other things, the sources of our gross income, the composition and values of our assets, our distribution levels and the diversity of ownership of our shares. We believe that we are organized to comply with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, and that our manner of operation enables us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. 14 Table of Contents We generally need to distribute at least 90% of our ordinary taxable income each year (subject to certain adjustments) to our stockholders in order to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. Our ability to make distributions to our stockholders depends, in part, upon the performance of our investment portfolio. As a REIT, we generally are not subject to U.S. federal income tax on our REIT taxable income that we distribute currently to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates and may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during which we lost our REIT qualification. Accordingly, our failure to qualify as a REIT could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and our ability to pay distributions, if any, to our stockholders. Investment Company Act Exclusion We conduct our operations so that neither we nor any of our subsidiaries are considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act. Under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act, a company is deemed to be an investment company if it is engaged, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, (the “40% test”). “Investment securities” does not include, among other things, U.S. government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that (i) are not investment companies and (ii) are not relying on the exceptions from the definition of investment company provided by Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act. If the value of securities issued by our subsidiaries that are excluded from the definition of “investment company” by Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act, together with any other investment securities we own, exceeds the 40% test under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act, or if one or more of such subsidiaries fail to maintain an exclusion or exception from the Investment Company Act, we could, among other things, be required either (a) to substantially change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company, (b) to effect sales of our assets in a manner that, or at a time when, we would not otherwise choose to do so, or (c) to register as an investment company, any of which could negatively affect the value of our common stock, the sustainability of our business model, and our ability to make distributions. Our subsidiaries that invest in residential mortgage loans (whether through a consolidated trust or otherwise) rely upon the exemption from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act pursuant to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exemption generally requires that at least 55% of each of these subsidiaries’ assets be comprised of qualifying real estate assets and at least 80% of each of their portfolios be comprised of qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets under the Investment Company Act. Mortgage loans that are fully and exclusively secured by real property are generally qualifying real estate assets for purposes of the exemption. All or substantially all of our residential mortgage loans are fully and exclusively secured by real property with a loan-to-value ratio of less than 100%. As a result, we believe our residential mortgage loans that are fully and exclusively secured by real property meet the definition of qualifying real estate assets. Corporate Offices We were formed as a Maryland corporation in 2003. Our corporate headquarters are located at 90 Park Avenue, Floor 23, New York, New York, 10016 and our telephone number is (212) 792-0107. We also maintain offices in Charlotte, North Carolina and Woodland Hills, California. Access to Our Periodic SEC Reports and Other Corporate Information Our internet website address is www.nymtrust.com. We make available free of charge, through our internet website, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto that we file or furnish pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. 15 Table of Contents We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our executive officers, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and to our other employees. We have also adopted a Code of Ethics for senior financial officers, including the principal financial officer. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K relating to amendments to or waivers from any provision of either of these Code of Ethics applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and other persons performing similar functions by posting such information on our website at www.nymtrust.com, “Corporate Governance”. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of our Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees are available on our website and are available in print to any stockholder upon request in writing to New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., c/o Secretary, 90 Park Avenue, Floor 23, New York, New York, 10016. Information on our website is neither part of, nor incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 16 Table of Contents CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in future filings with the SEC or in press releases or other written or oral communications issued or made by us, statements which are not historical in nature, including those containing words such as “will,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “may,” or similar expressions, are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and, as such, may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are based on estimates, projections, beliefs and assumptions of management of the Company at the time of such statements and are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties in predicting future results and conditions. Actual results and outcomes could differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation: • changes in our business and investment strategy; • inflation and changes in interest rates and the fair market value of our assets, including negative changes resulting in margin calls relating to the financing of our assets; • changes in credit spreads; • changes in the long-term credit ratings of the U.S., Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae; • general volatility of the markets in which we invest; • changes in prepayment rates on the loans we own or that underlie our investment securities; • increased rates of default, delinquency or vacancy and/or decreased recovery rates on or at our assets; • our ability to identify and acquire our targeted assets, including assets in our investment pipeline; • our ability to dispose of assets from time to time on terms favorable to us, including the disposition over time of our joint venture equity investments; • changes in our relationships with our financing counterparties and our ability to borrow to finance our assets and the terms thereof; • changes in our relationships with and/or the performance of our operating partners; • our ability to predict and control costs; • changes in laws, regulations or policies affecting our business, including actions that may be taken to contain or address the impact of the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") and variants; • our ability to make distributions to our stockholders in the future; • our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal tax purposes; • our ability to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act; and • risks associated with investing in real estate assets, including changes in business conditions and the general economy, the availability of investment opportunities and the conditions in the market for Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, ABS and CMBS securities, residential loans, structured multi-family investments and other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets. 17 Table of Contents These and other risks, uncertainties and factors, including the risk factors described herein, as updated by those risks described in our subsequent filings with the SEC under the Exchange Act, could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements we make. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. 18 Table of Contents Item 1A. RISK FACTORS Summary of Risk Factors Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our securities speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary and other risks that we face can be found below and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC before making an investment decision regarding our securities. Risks Related to Our Business • Declines in the market values of assets in our investment portfolio may adversely affect periodic reported results and credit availability. • We may experience losses if we inaccurately estimate the loss-adjusted yields of our investments in credit sensitive assets. • Interest rate increases may decrease the availability of certain of our targeted assets. • Interest rate mismatches between the interest-earning assets held in our investment portfolio and the borrowings used to fund the purchases of those assets may reduce our net income or result in a loss during periods of changing interest rates. • Our portfolio of assets may at times be concentrated in certain asset types or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of real estate sectors or geographic areas, which increases our exposure to economic downturns and risks associated with the real estate and lending industries in general. • Our portfolio of business purpose loans exposes us to new and different risks from our traditional investments in residential mortgage loans. • Our investments may include subordinated tranches of CMBS, RMBS and ABS, which are subordinate in right of payment to more senior securities and residential loans that have greater risk of loss than other investments. • Prepayment rates can change, adversely affecting the performance of our assets. • We have experienced and may experience in the future increased volatility in our GAAP results of operations as we have elected fair value option for majority of our investments. • The failure of third-party service providers to perform a variety of services on which we rely may adversely impact our business and financial results. • Our preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments involve greater risks of loss than more senior loans secured by income-producing properties. • Our investments in multi-family properties are subject to the ability of the property owner to generate net income from operating the property as well as the risks of delinquency, default and foreclosure. • Our operating partners could subject us to liabilities in excess of those contemplated or prevent us from taking actions which are in the best interests of our stockholders. • We may not be able to complete the sale of our joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties on terms acceptable to us, or at all. • Our real estate and real estate-related assets are subject to risks particular to real property. • Due diligence as a part of our acquisition or underwriting process may be limited, may not reveal all of the risks associated with such assets and may not reveal other weaknesses in such assets, which could lead to material losses. • The lack of liquidity in certain of our assets may adversely affect our business. • The use of models in connection with the valuation of our assets subjects us to potential risks in the event that such models are incorrect, misleading or based on incomplete information. • Our investments in residential loans are difficult to value and are dependent upon the borrower’s ability to service or refinance their debt. • Competition may prevent us from acquiring assets on favorable terms or at all. • Maintaining cybersecurity and data security is important to our business, and a breach could result in serious harm. • System failures and other operational disruptions in our information and communications systems and those of our third party service providers could significantly disrupt our business. • We have made and may in the future make investments in companies that we do not control. Risks Related to Debt Financing and Our Use of Hedging Strategies • Our access to financing sources may not be available on favorable terms or at all. • The repurchase agreements that we use to finance our investments may require us to provide additional collateral, which could reduce our liquidity and harm our financial condition. • We leverage our equity, which can exacerbate any losses we incur on our current and future investments and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders. • If we are unable to leverage our equity to the extent we currently anticipate, the returns on certain of our assets could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. 19 Table of Contents • We directly or indirectly utilize non-recourse securitizations and recourse structured financings and such structures expose us to risks that could result in losses to us. • If a counterparty to our repurchase transactions defaults on its obligation to resell the pledged assets back to us at the end of the transaction term or if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement, we may incur losses. • Our use of repurchase agreements to borrow funds may give our lenders greater rights in the event that either we or a lender files for bankruptcy. • Negative impacts on our business may cause us to default on certain financial covenants contained in our financing arrangements. • Hedging against interest rate and market value changes as well as other risks may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Risks Associated With Adverse Developments in the Mortgage, Real Estate, Credit and Financial Markets Generally • Difficult conditions in the mortgage, real estate, and financial markets and the economy generally may cause us to experience losses in the future. • We cannot predict the effect that government policies, laws and interventions adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic or the current inflationary environment or the impact that future changes in the U.S. political environment, governmental policy or regulation will have on our business and the markets in which we operate. • The downgrade, or perceived potential downgrade, of the credit ratings of the U.S. and the failure to resolve issues related to U.S. fiscal and debt policies may materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. • Changes in laws and regulations affecting the relationship between Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae and the U.S. Government may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. • The planned discontinuation of LIBOR and the transition from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate may adversely impact our borrowings and assets. Risks Related To Our Organization, Our Structure and Other Risks • We may change our investment, financing, or hedging strategies and asset allocation and operational and management policies without stockholder consent. • Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations. • Mortgage loan modification programs and future legislative action may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, our targeted assets. • We could be subject to liability for potential violations of predatory lending laws, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. • Our business is subject to extensive regulation. • Certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter and bylaws could hinder, delay or prevent a change in control which could have an adverse effect on the value of our securities. • The stock ownership limit imposed by our charter may inhibit market activity in our common stock and may restrict our business combination opportunities. Tax Risks • Failure to remain qualified as a REIT would adversely affect our operations and ability to make distributions. • REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our liquidity. • Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates on dividend income from regular corporations. • Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego or liquidate otherwise attractive investments. • The failure of certain investments subject to a repurchase agreement to qualify as real estate assets would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. • We could fail to continue to qualify as a REIT if the IRS successfully challenges our treatment of our mezzanine loans. • We may incur a significant tax liability as a result of selling assets that might be subject to the prohibited transactions tax if sold directly by us. • Our qualification as a REIT could be jeopardized as a result of our interests in joint ventures or preferred equity. • We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our common stock. 20 Table of Contents Set forth below are the risks that we believe are material to stockholders and prospective investors. You should carefully consider the following risk factors and the various other factors identified in or incorporated by reference into any other documents filed by us with the SEC in evaluating our company and our business. The risks discussed herein can materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, operating results, prospects, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders, and may cause the market price of our securities to decline. The risk factors described below are not the only risks that may affect us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or not presently deemed material by us, also may materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, operating results, prospects, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Risks Related to Our Business Declines in the market values of assets in our investment portfolio may adversely affect periodic reported results and credit availability, which may reduce our earnings and book value and, in turn, may constrain our liquidity and cash available for distribution to our stockholders. The market value of our investment portfolio may move inversely with changes in interest rates. We anticipate that increases in interest rates will generally tend to decrease our net income and the market value of our investment portfolio, as occurred during much of 2022. Changes in the market values of assets in our investment portfolio where the Company elected the fair value option will be reflected in earnings and changes in the market values of assets in our investment portfolio where the Company did not elect the fair value option will be reflected in stockholders’ equity. As a result, a decline in market values of assets in our investment portfolio may reduce our earnings and book value. A decline in the market value of our interest-bearing assets may adversely affect us, particularly in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those assets. If the market value of those assets declines, the lender may require us to post additional collateral to support the loan, which would reduce our liquidity and limit our ability to leverage our assets. In addition, if we are, or anticipate being, unable to post the additional collateral, we may have to sell the assets at a time when we might not otherwise choose to do so. In the event that we do not have sufficient liquidity to meet such requirements, lending institutions may accelerate indebtedness, increase interest rates and terminate or make more difficult our ability to borrow, any of which could result in a rapid deterioration of our financial condition and cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Moreover, if we liquidate the assets at prices lower than the amortized cost of such assets, we will incur realized losses. The market values of our investments may also decline without any general change in interest rates or in combination with a change in interest rates for a number of reasons, such as increases in defaults, actual or perceived increases in voluntary prepayments for those investments that we have that are subject to prepayment risk, a reduction in the liquidity of the assets and markets generally and widening of credit spreads, adverse legislation or regulatory developments and adverse global, national, regional or local economic, market or geopolitical conditions and developments including those relating to pandemics and other health crises and natural disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic or the market disruption related to the 2008 financial crisis. If the market values of our investments were to decline for any reason, the value of your investment could also decline. Our efforts to manage credit risks may fail. As of December 31, 2022, 100% of our total investment portfolio was comprised of what we refer to as "credit assets." Despite our efforts to manage credit risk, there are many aspects of credit risk that we cannot control. Our credit policies and procedures may not be successful in limiting future delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures or losses, particularly in relation to declining economic conditions or significant market disruptions, or they may not be cost effective. Our underwriting process, due diligence efforts or hedging strategies, if any, may not be effective or sufficient. Loan servicing companies or our operating partners may not cooperate with our loss mitigation efforts or those efforts may be ineffective. Service providers to securitizations, such as trustees, loan servicers, bond insurance providers, and custodians, as well as our operating partners and their property managers, may not perform in a manner that promotes our interests. Delay of foreclosures could delay resolution and increase ultimate loss severities, as a result. The value of the properties we own interests in or that are collateralizing or underlying the loans, securities or interests we own may decline, particularly if we experience a significant or prolonged economic downturn and/or interest rates rise. The frequency of default and the loss severity on our assets upon default may be greater than we anticipate or price into the assets at acquisition. Credit sensitive assets that are partially collateralized by non-real estate assets may have increased risks and severity of loss. If property securing or underlying loans or other investments becomes real estate owned as a result of foreclosure, we bear the risk of not being able to sell the property and recovering our investment and of being exposed to the risks attendant to the ownership of real property. 21 Table of Contents If our estimates of the loss-adjusted yields of our investments in credit sensitive assets prove inaccurate, we may experience losses. We expect to value our investments in many credit sensitive assets based on loss-adjusted yields taking into account estimated future losses on the loans or other assets that we are investing in directly or that underlie securities owned by us, and the estimated impact of these losses on expected future cash flows. Our loss estimates may not prove accurate, as actual results may vary from our estimates. In the event that we underestimate the losses relative to the price we pay for a particular investment, we may experience material losses with respect to such investment. An increase in interest rates may cause a decrease in the availability of certain of our targeted assets and could cause our interest expense to increase, which could materially adversely affect our ability to acquire targeted assets that satisfy our investment objectives, our earnings and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Rising interest rates, which we experienced throughout much of 2022, generally reduce economic activity, which, in turn, generally reduces the demand for mortgage loans due to the higher cost of borrowing and new construction redevelopment or renovation. A reduction in the volume of mortgage loans originated or in new construction, redevelopment or renovation of multi-family properties may affect the volume of targeted assets available to us, which could adversely affect our ability to acquire assets that satisfy our investment and business objectives. We also expect that rising interest rates will cause our targeted assets that were issued, originated or acquired prior to an interest rate increase to experience a decline in their fair value or provide yields that are below prevailing market interest rates. If rising interest rates or interest rate volatility cause us to be unable to acquire a sufficient volume of our targeted assets with a yield that is sufficiently above our borrowing cost, our ability to satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and make distributions to our stockholders will be materially and adversely affected. In addition, a portion of the RMBS and residential loans we invest in may be comprised of ARMs that are subject to periodic and lifetime interest rate caps. Periodic interest rate caps limit the amount an interest rate can increase during any given period. Lifetime interest rate caps limit the amount an interest rate can increase over the life of the security or loan. Our borrowings typically are not subject to similar restrictions. Accordingly, in a period of rapidly increasing interest rates, the interest rates paid on our borrowings could increase without limitation while interest rate caps could limit the interest rates on our securities backed by ARMs or residential loans comprised of ARMs in our portfolio. This problem is magnified for securities backed by or residential loans comprised of ARMs and hybrid ARMs that are not fully indexed. Further, certain securities backed by or residential mortgage loans comprised of ARMs and hybrid ARMs may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in a portion of the interest being deferred and added to the principal outstanding. As a result, the payments we receive on securities backed by or residential mortgage loans comprised of ARMs and hybrid ARMs may be lower than the related debt service costs. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Interest rate fluctuations will also cause variances in the yield curve, which may reduce our net income. The relationship between short-term and longer-term interest rates is often referred to as the “yield curve.” If short-term interest rates rise disproportionately relative to longer-term interest rates (a flattening of the yield curve), our borrowing costs may increase more rapidly than the interest income earned on our interest-earning assets. Additionally, to the extent cash flows from investments that return scheduled and unscheduled principal are reinvested, the spread between the yields of the new investments and available borrowing rates may decline, which would likely decrease our net income. It is also possible that short-term interest rates may exceed longer-term interest rates (a yield curve inversion), as occurred most recently during 2022, in which event our borrowing costs may exceed our interest income and we could incur significant operating losses. Interest rate mismatches between the interest-earning assets held in our investment portfolio and the borrowings used to fund the purchases of those assets may reduce our net income or result in a loss during periods of changing interest rates. A significant portion of the assets held in our investment portfolio have a fixed coupon rate, generally for a significant period, and in some cases, for the average maturity of the asset. At the same time, certain of our borrowings provide for a payment reset period of as short as 30 days. In addition, the average maturity of our borrowings generally will be shorter than the average maturity of the assets currently in our portfolio and certain other targeted assets in which we seek to invest. We have used swap agreements in the past and currently use interest rate caps as a means for attempting to fix the cost of certain of our liabilities over a period of time; however, these agreements would not be sufficient to match the cost of all our liabilities against all of our investments. In the event we experience unexpectedly high or low prepayment rates on the assets in our portfolio, our strategy for matching our assets with our liabilities is more likely to be unsuccessful which may result in reduced earnings or losses and reduced cash available for distribution to our stockholders. 22 Table of Contents Our portfolio of assets may at times be concentrated in certain asset types or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of real estate sectors or geographic areas, which increases, with respect to those asset types, property types or geographic locations, our exposure to economic downturns and risks associated with the real estate and lending industries in general. We are not required to observe any specific diversification criteria. As a result, our portfolio of assets may, at times, be concentrated in certain asset types that are subject to higher risk of delinquency, default or foreclosure, or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of real estate sectors or geographic locations, which increases, with respect to those sectors or geographic locations, our exposure to economic downturns and risks associated with the real estate and lending industries in general, thereby increasing the risk of loss and the magnitude of potential losses to us and our stockholders if one or more of these asset or property types perform poorly or the states or regions in which these properties are located are negatively impacted. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 17.4% of our total investment portfolio represented direct or indirect investments in multi-family properties. Moreover, as of December 31, 2022, 33.8%, 17.7% and 13.9% of the outstanding balance of our Mezzanine Lending investments were made on properties located in Florida, Texas and Alabama, respectively, and 42.9%, 28.7% and 10.1% of our joint venture equity investments owned multi-family properties located in Florida, Texas and Alabama, respectively. Our direct and indirect investments in multi-family properties are subject to the ability of the property owner to generate net income from operating the property, which is impacted by numerous factors and developments, including many risks that affect real estate generally. See “-Our investments in multi-family properties are subject to the ability of the property owner to generate net income from operating the property as well as the risks of delinquency, default and foreclosure” and “-Our business is subject to risks particular to the real property and real estate-related assets.” To the extent any of these factors materially adversely impact the multi-family property sector or the geographic regions in which we invest, the market values of our multi-family assets and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. Similarly, as of December 31, 2022, approximately 78.0% of our total investment portfolio was comprised of residential loans and non-Agency RMBS. Moreover, as of December 31, 2022, significant portions of the properties that secure our residential loans, including loans that secure Consolidated SLST, were concentrated in California, Florida, Texas, New York and New Jersey among other states. California is particularly susceptible to wildfire risk while Florida and Texas are susceptible to hurricane, wind and flood risks. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in any region, or by type of asset or real estate sector, downturns or developments relating generally to such region, type of borrower, asset or sector may result in defaults or losses on a number of our assets within a short time period, which may materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. See “-Our business is subject to risks particular to real property and real estate-related assets.” Residential loans are subject to increased risks of loss. We acquire and manage residential loans, including performing, re-performing, non-performing and business purpose loans and loans that may not meet or conform to the underwriting standards of any GSE. Residential loans are subject to increased risks of loss. Unlike Agency RMBS, the residential loans we invest in generally are not guaranteed by the federal government or any GSE. Additionally, by directly acquiring residential loans, we do not receive the structural credit enhancements that benefit senior securities of RMBS. A residential loan is directly exposed to losses resulting from default. Therefore, the value of the underlying property, the creditworthiness and financial position of the borrower and the priority and enforceability of the lien will significantly impact the value of such mortgage. In the event of a foreclosure, we may assume direct ownership of the underlying real estate. The liquidation proceeds upon sale of such real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, and any costs or delays involved in the foreclosure or liquidation process may increase losses. 23 Table of Contents Many of the loans we own or seek to acquire have been purchased by us at a discount to par value. These residential loans sell at a discount because they generally constitute riskier investments than those selling at or above par value. The residential loans we invest in may be distressed or purchased at a discount because a borrower may have defaulted thereupon, because the borrower is or has been in the past delinquent on paying all or a portion of his obligation under the loan, because the loan may otherwise contain credit quality that is considered to be poor, because of errors by the originator in the loan origination underwriting process or because the loan documentation fails to meet certain standards. In addition, non-performing or sub-performing loans may require a substantial amount of workout negotiations and/or restructuring, which may divert the attention of our management team from other activities and entail, among other things, a substantial reduction in the interest rate, capitalization of interest payments, and a substantial write-down of the principal of the loan. However, even if such restructuring were successfully accomplished, a risk exists that the borrower will not be able or willing to maintain the restructured payments or refinance the restructured mortgage upon maturity. Although we typically expect to receive less than the principal amount or face value of the residential loans that we purchase, the return that we in fact receive thereupon may be less than our investment in such loans due to the failure of the loans to perform or reperform. An economic downturn would exacerbate the risks of the recovery of the full value of the loan or the cost of our investment therein. Finally, residential loans are also subject to "special hazard" risk (property damage caused by hazards, such as earthquakes or environmental hazards, not covered by standard property insurance policies), and to bankruptcy risk (reduction in a borrower's mortgage debt by a bankruptcy court). In addition, claims may be asserted against us on account of our position as a mortgage holder or property owner, including assignee liability, responsibility for tax payments, environmental hazards and other liabilities. In some cases, these liabilities may be "recourse liabilities" or may otherwise lead to losses in excess of the purchase price of the related mortgage or property. Our portfolio of business purpose loans exposes us to new and different risks from our traditional investments in residential mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 40.3% of the asset value of our total investment portfolio is comprised of business purpose loans. Business purpose loans refer to (i) short-term loans with terms of generally twelve to 24 months that are collateralized by residential properties and are made to investors who intend to rehabilitate and sell the residential property for a profit, which we refer to as “business purpose bridge loans,” and (ii) loans that finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants, which we refer to as “business purpose rental loans”. Business purpose loans are directly exposed to losses resulting from default and foreclosure. Therefore, the value of the underlying property, the creditworthiness and financial position of the borrower and the priority and enforceability of the lien will significantly impact the value of such mortgages. Whether or not a loan is originated in accordance with our underwriting standards for such loans, there can be no assurance as to the adequacy of the protection of the terms of the loan, including the validity or enforceability of the loan and the maintenance of the anticipated priority and perfection of the applicable security interests. Furthermore, claims may be asserted that might interfere with enforcement of our rights. In the event of a foreclosure, we may assume direct ownership of the underlying real estate. The liquidation proceeds upon sale of such real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, resulting in a loss to us. Moreover, in the case of business purpose loans made to a borrower who then rents the property to a tenant, local, state or federal government eviction proceeding requirements may delay foreclosure or liquidation proceedings or cause us to incur additional expense. Any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure of the loan or a liquidation of the underlying property will further reduce the proceeds and thus increase the loss. Business purpose loans we own are subject to similar risks as those described above with respect to residential mortgage loans, to the extent business purpose loan borrowers do not timely remit payments of principal and interest relating to their mortgage loans. In addition, if tenants who rent their residence from a multifamily or business purpose loan borrower are unable to make rental payments, are unwilling to make rental payments, or a waiver of the requirement to make rental payments on a timely basis, or at all, is available under the terms of any applicable forbearance or waiver agreement or program (which rental payment forbearance or waiver program may be available as a result of a government-sponsored or -imposed program or under any such agreement or program a landlord may otherwise offer to tenants), then the value of business purpose loans we own will likely be impaired, which would negatively impact our business. A portion of our business purpose loan portfolio currently is, and in the future may be, delinquent and subject to increased risks of credit loss for a variety of reasons, including, without limitation, because the underlying property is too highly-leveraged or the borrower experiences financial distress. Indeed, loans similar to business purpose bridge loans performed poorly during the 2008 financial crisis due, in large part, to high leverage and borrower distress and it is likely these types of loans may perform poorly in an economic downturn or in an environment of decreasing real estate prices. Delinquent loans may require a substantial amount of workout negotiations or restructuring, which may entail, among other things, a reduction in the interest rate or capitalization of past due interest. However, even if restructurings are successfully accomplished, risks still exist that borrowers will not be able or willing to maintain the restructured payments or refinance the restructured mortgage upon maturity. 24 Table of Contents If restructuring is not successful, we may find it necessary to foreclose on the underlying property, and the foreclosure process may be lengthy and expensive, including out-of-pocket costs and increased use of our internal resources. Borrowers may resist mortgage foreclosure actions by asserting numerous claims, counterclaims and defenses against us including, without limitation, numerous lender liability claims and defenses, even when such assertions may have no basis in fact, in an effort to prolong the foreclosure action and exert negotiating pressure on us to agree to a modification of the loan or a favorable buy-out of the borrower’s position. In some states, foreclosure actions can sometimes take several years or more to litigate. Foreclosure may create a negative public perception of the related mortgaged property, resulting in a decrease in its value. Even if we are successful in foreclosing on a loan, the liquidation proceeds upon sale of the underlying real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, resulting in a loss to us. Furthermore, any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure of the loan or a liquidation of the underlying property will further reduce the proceeds and thus increase the loss. Any such reductions could materially and adversely affect the value of the loan and could, in aggregate, have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, business purpose bridge loans on properties in transition may involve a greater risk of loss than traditional mortgage loans and this risk may be heightened during periods of rising interest rates or declining home values. This type of loan is typically used for acquiring and rehabilitating or improving the quality of single-family residential investment properties and generally serves as an interim financing solution for borrowers and/or properties prior to the borrower selling the property or stabilizing the property and obtaining long-term permanent financing. The typical borrower of these business purpose bridge loans has often identified an undervalued asset that has been under-managed or is located in a recovering market. If the market in which the asset is located experiences a downturn or fails to improve according to the borrower’s projections, or if the borrower fails to improve the quality of the asset’s management or the value of the asset or the borrower's expenses exceed expectations due to rising costs, rising interest rates or otherwise without a corresponding increase in asset value or income to be derived from the property, the borrower may not receive a sufficient return on the asset to satisfy the transitional loan, and we bear the risk that we may not recover some or all of our investment. In addition, borrowers often use the proceeds of a conventional mortgage to repay a business purpose bridge loan. Business purpose bridge loans therefore are subject to risk of a borrower’s inability to obtain permanent financing to repay the loan. Business purpose bridge loans are also subject to risks of borrower defaults, bankruptcies, fraud, and other losses. In the event of any default under business purpose bridge loans that may be held by us, we bear the risk of loss of principal and non-payment of interest and fees to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the mortgage collateral and the principal amount and unpaid interest of the transitional loan. To the extent we suffer such losses with respect to these loans, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. Our investments may include subordinated tranches of CMBS, RMBS and ABS, which are subordinate in right of payment to more senior securities and have greater risk of loss than other investments. Our investments include or may include subordinated tranches of CMBS, RMBS and ABS, which are subordinated classes of securities in a structure of securities collateralized by a pool of assets consisting primarily of multi-family or other commercial mortgage loans, residential mortgage loans and auto loans, respectively. Accordingly, the subordinated tranches of securities that we own and invest in, such as certain non-Agency RMBS and ABS, are the first or among the first to bear the loss upon a restructuring or liquidation of the underlying collateral and the last to receive payment of interest and principal. Additionally, estimated fair values of these subordinated interests tend to be more sensitive to changes in economic conditions and increases in defaults, delinquencies and losses than more senior securities. Moreover, subordinated interests generally are not actively traded and may not provide holders thereof with a liquid investment, particularly during periods of market disruption. Numerous factors may affect an issuing entity’s ability to repay or fulfill its payment obligations on its subordinated securities, including, without limitation, the failure to meet its business plan, a downturn in its industry, rising interest rates, negative economic conditions or risks particular to real property. As of December 31, 2022, our portfolio included approximately $185.4 million of subordinated, first loss non-Agency RMBS and $0.9 million of first loss ABS. In the event any of these factors cause the securitization entities in which we own subordinated securities to experience losses, the market value of our assets, our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders may be materially adversely affected. Prepayment rates can change, adversely affecting the performance of our assets. The frequency at which prepayments (including both voluntary prepayments by the borrowers and liquidations due to defaults and foreclosures) occur on the residential loans we own and those that underlie our RMBS and some of the multi-family real estate investments and loans we originate or acquire is difficult to predict and is affected by a variety of factors, including the prevailing level of interest rates as well as economic, demographic, tax, social, legal, legislative and other factors. Generally, borrowers tend to prepay their mortgages when prevailing mortgage rates fall below the interest rates on their mortgage loans. 25 Table of Contents In general, “premium” assets (assets whose market values exceed their principal or par amounts) are adversely affected by faster-than-anticipated prepayments because the above-market coupon that such premium assets carry will be earned for a shorter period of time. Generally, “discount” assets (assets whose principal or par amounts exceed their market values) are adversely affected by slower-than-anticipated prepayments. Because our portfolio is comprised of both discount assets and premium assets, our portfolio may be adversely affected by changes in prepayments in any interest rate environment. Although we estimate prepayment rates to determine the effective yield of our assets and valuations, these estimates are not precise and prepayment rates do not necessarily change in a predictable manner as a function of interest rate changes. The adverse effects of prepayments may impact us in various ways. First, certain investments, such as IOs, may experience outright losses in an environment of faster actual or anticipated prepayments. Second, particular investments may under-perform relative to any hedges that we may have constructed for these assets, resulting in a loss to us. In particular, prepayments (at par) may limit the potential upside of many RMBS to their principal or par amounts, whereas their corresponding hedges often have the potential for unlimited loss. Furthermore, to the extent that faster prepayment rates are due to lower interest rates, the principal payments received from prepayments will tend to be reinvested in lower-yielding assets, which may reduce our income in the long run. Therefore, if actual prepayment rates differ from anticipated prepayment rates, our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be materially adversely affected. Some of the multi-family real estate investments and loans we may originate or that underlie our CMBS may allow the borrower to make prepayments without incurring a prepayment penalty and some may include provisions allowing the borrower or operating partner to extend the term of the loan or instrument beyond the originally scheduled maturity. Because the decision to prepay or extend such a multi-family loan or instrument is typically controlled by the borrower, we may not accurately anticipate the timing of these events, which could affect the earnings and cash flows we anticipate and could impact our ability to finance these assets. We have experienced and may experience in the future increased volatility in our GAAP results of operations as we have elected fair value option for the majority of our investments. We have elected the fair value option accounting model for the majority of our investments. Changes in the fair value of assets, and a portion of the changes in the fair value of liabilities, accounted for using the fair value option are recorded in our consolidated statements of operations each period, which may result in volatility in our financial results. There can be no assurance that such volatility in periodic financial results will not occur during 2022 or in future periods. In connection with our operating and investment activity, we rely on third-party service providers to perform a variety of services, comply with applicable laws and regulations, and carry out contractual covenants and terms, the failure of which by any of these third-party service providers may adversely impact our business and financial results. In connection with our business of acquiring and holding loans, engaging in securitization transactions, and investing in CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and ABS, we rely on third-party service providers, principally loan servicers, to perform a variety of services, comply with applicable laws and regulations, and carry out contractual covenants and terms. For example, we rely on the mortgage servicers who service the mortgage loans we purchase as well as the loans underlying our CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and ABS to, among other things, collect principal and interest payments on such loans and perform loss mitigation services, such as workouts, modifications, refinancings, foreclosures, short sales and sales of foreclosed property. Both default frequency and default severity of loans may depend upon the quality of the servicer. If a servicer is not vigilant in encouraging the borrowers to make their monthly payments, the borrowers may be far less likely to make these payments, which could result in a higher frequency of default. If a servicer takes longer to liquidate non-performing assets, loss severities may be higher than originally anticipated. Higher loss severity may also be caused by less competent dispositions of real estate owned properties. Finally, in the case of the CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and ABS in which we invest, we may have no or limited rights to prevent the servicer of the underlying loans from taking actions that are adverse to our interests. Mortgage servicers and other service providers, such as our trustees, bond insurance providers, due diligence vendors, and document custodians, may fail to perform or otherwise not perform in a manner that promotes our interests. For example, any loan modification legislation or regulatory action currently in effect or enacted in the future may incentivize mortgage loan servicers to pursue such loan modifications and other actions that may not be in the best interests of the beneficial owners of the mortgage loans. As a result, we are subject to the risks associated with a third party’s failure to perform, including failure to perform due to reasons such as fraud, negligence, errors, miscalculations, or insolvency. 26 Table of Contents In the ordinary course of business, our loan servicers and other service providers are subject to numerous legal requirements and proceedings, federal, state or local governmental examinations, investigations or enforcement actions, which could adversely affect their reputation, business, liquidity, financial position and results of operations. Residential mortgage servicers, in particular, have experienced heightened regulatory scrutiny and enforcement actions, and our mortgage servicers could be adversely affected by the market’s perception that they could experience, or continue to experience, regulatory issues. Regardless of the merits of any such claim, proceeding or inquiry, defending any such claims, proceedings or inquiries may be time consuming and costly and may divert the mortgage servicer’s resources, time and attention from servicing our mortgage loans or related assets and performing as expected. In addition, it is possible that regulators or other governmental entities or parties impacted by the actions of our mortgage servicers could seek enforcement or legal actions against us, as the beneficial owner of the loans or other assets, and responding to such claims, and any related losses, could negatively impact our business. Any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure or liquidation of the underlying property of the residential loans we own may further reduce proceeds from the property and may increase our loss. We may find it necessary or desirable from time to time to foreclose on some of the residential mortgage loans we acquire and the foreclosure process may be lengthy and expensive. Borrowers may resist mortgage foreclosure actions by asserting numerous claims, counterclaims and defenses against us including, without limitation, numerous lender liability claims and defenses, even when such assertions may have no basis in fact, in an effort to prolong the foreclosure action and force us into a modification of the loan or a favorable buy-out of the borrower’s position. In some states, foreclosure actions can sometimes take several years or more to litigate. Moreover, during the COVID-19 pandemic, actions were taken by federal, state and local governments and regulators to make foreclosure more difficult, and in some cases, unavailable. At any time prior to or during the foreclosure proceedings, the borrower may file for bankruptcy, which would have the effect of staying the foreclosure actions and further delaying the foreclosure process. Foreclosure may create a negative public perception of the related mortgaged property, resulting in a decrease in its value. Even if we are successful in foreclosing on a mortgage loan, the liquidation proceeds upon sale of the underlying real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, resulting in a loss to us. Furthermore, any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure of the loan or a liquidation of the underlying property will further reduce the proceeds and thus increase the loss. Any such reductions could materially and adversely affect the value of the residential loans in which we invest and, therefore, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Our preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments involve greater risks of loss than more senior loans secured by income-producing properties. We own and originate mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property or a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property. We also own and make preferred equity investments in entities that own property. These types of assets involve a higher degree of risk than senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real property, because the loan may become unsecured or our equity investment may be effectively extinguished as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In addition, mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments are often used to achieve a very high leverage on large commercial projects, resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the risk of loss of principal or investment. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan or preferred equity investment will be satisfied only after the senior debt, in the case of a mezzanine loan, or all senior and subordinated debt, in the case of a preferred equity investment, is paid in full. Where senior debt exists, the presence of intercreditor arrangements, which in this case are arrangements between the lender of the senior loan and the mezzanine lender or preferred equity investor that stipulate the rights and obligations of the parties, may limit our ability to amend our loan documents, assign our loans, accept prepayments, exercise our remedies or control decisions made in bankruptcy proceedings relating to borrowers or preferred equity investors. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our investment, which could result in significant losses. Our investments in multi-family properties are subject to the ability of the property owner to generate net income from operating the property as well as the risks of delinquency, default and foreclosure. Our investments in multi-family properties are subject to risks of delinquency, default and foreclosure on the properties that underlie or back these investments, and risk of loss that may be greater than similar risks associated with loans made on the security of a single-family residential property. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan or obligation secured by, and the return on an equity interest in an entity that owns, an income-producing property typically is dependent primarily upon the successful operation of such property. If the net operating income of the subject property is reduced, the borrower's ability to repay the loan, on a timely basis or at all, or our ability to receive adequate returns on our investment, may be impaired. Similarly, the single-family rental properties we own are subject to the risk that the tenant will be unable to pay rent timely or at all. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be adversely affected by, among other things: 27 Table of Contents • tenant mix; • the performance, actions and decisions of operating partners and the property managers we or they engage in the day-to-day management and maintenance of the property; • property location, condition, and design; • competition, including new construction or rehabilitation of competitive properties; • a surge in homeownership rates; • changes in laws that increase operating expenses or limit rents that may be charged; • changes in specific industry segments, including the labor, credit and securitization markets; • declines in regional or local real estate values or economic conditions; • declines in regional or local rental or occupancy rates; • increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates, construction costs, energy costs and other operating expenses; • costs of remediation and liabilities associated with environmental conditions; • the potential for uninsured or underinsured property losses; and • the risks particular to real property, including those described in “-Our business is subject to risks particular to real property and real estate-related assets.” In the event of any default under a loan held directly by us, we will bear a risk of loss to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the outstanding principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, and any such losses could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Similarly, the CMBS, mezzanine loan and preferred and joint venture equity investments we own may be adversely affected by a default on any of the loans or other instruments that underlie those securities or that are secured by the related property. See “- Our investments may include subordinated tranches of CMBS, RMBS and ABS, which are subordinate in right of payment to more senior securities and have greater risk of loss than other investments.” In the event of the bankruptcy of a commercial mortgage loan borrower, the commercial mortgage loan to such borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the commercial mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law. Foreclosure of a commercial mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Actions of our operating partners could subject us to liabilities in excess of those contemplated or prevent us from taking actions that are in the best interests of our stockholders, which could result in lower investment returns to our stockholders. We make mezzanine loans to and preferred equity investments in owners of multi-family properties as part of our investment strategy and presently own joint venture equity investments in owners of multi-family properties. We consider such owners to be our operating partners with respect to the acquisition, improvement or financing of the underlying properties, as the case may be. We may also make indirect investments in properties through other arrangements. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present when acquiring real estate directly, including, for example: • operating partners may share certain approval rights over major decisions; • our operating partners may have economic or business interests or goals that are or become inconsistent with our business interests or goals, including inconsistent goals relating to the sale of properties held in the joint venture or the timing of termination or liquidation of the joint venture; • we may be limited in our ability to dispose of or refinance properties on a timely basis without financial penalty or at all; 28 Table of Contents • our operating partner in a property might become insolvent, bankrupt or otherwise refuse or be unable to meet its obligations to us or the venture (including its obligation to make capital contributions or property distributions when due); • we may incur liabilities as a result of an action taken by one of our operating partners; • one of our operating partners may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives, including our policy with respect to maintaining our qualification as a REIT; • disputes between us and our operating partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business, which may subject the properties owned by the applicable joint venture to additional risk; • our operating partners obtain blanket property casualty and business interruption insurance insuring properties we own jointly and other properties in which we have no ownership interest and as a result, claims or losses with respect to properties owned by our operating partners but in which we have no interest could significantly reduce or eliminate the insurance available to properties in which we have an interest; • our operating partners may not perform their property oversight responsibilities; • under certain of our arrangements, neither partner may have control, and an impasse could be reached, which might have a negative influence on our investment; and • we rely on our operating partners to provide us with accurate financial information regarding the performance of the properties underlying our preferred equity, mezzanine loan and joint venture investments on a timely basis to enable us to satisfy our annual, quarterly and periodic reporting obligations under the Exchange Act and our operating partners and the entities in which we invest may have inadequate internal controls or procedures that could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and other requirements under the federal securities laws. Actions by one of our operating partners or one of the property managers of the multi-family properties in which we invest, which are generally out of our control, might subject us to liabilities in excess of those contemplated and thus reduce our investment returns. If we have a right of first refusal or buy/sell right to buy out an operating partner, we may be unable to finance such a buy-out if it becomes exercisable or we may be required to purchase such interest at a time when it would not otherwise be in our best interest to do so. If our interest is subject to a buy/sell right, we may not have sufficient cash, available borrowing capacity or other capital resources to allow us to elect to purchase the interest of our operating partner that is subject to the buy/sell right, in which case we may be forced to sell our interest as the result of the exercise of such right when we would otherwise prefer to keep our interest. Pursuant to the operating agreement for one of our joint venture investments, s third party investors have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us at their election once a year subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations and we are obligated to purchase such interests for cash. We may not have sufficient cash, available borrowing capacity or other capital resources to allow us to finance the purchase of such interests, which may cause us to breach our obligations under the operating agreement, or we may be required to purchase such interest at a time when it would not otherwise be in our best interest to do so. Finally, we may not be able to sell our interest in a venture if we desire to exit the venture without our operating partner's consent. 29 Table of Contents The proposed disposition of our portfolio of joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties is subject to a number of risks, including the risk that we may be unable to complete the sale of our joint venture equity portfolio on terms acceptable to us, or at all. In September 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a strategic repositioning of our business pursuant to which we will opportunistically dispose of our joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties over time and, following disposition, we will reallocate the capital associated with such assets to our targeted assets. As a result, we are considering various opportunities to monetize our multi-family joint venture equity investments. As of December 31, 2022 , we held $388.8 million in joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties, representing approximately 10.2% of our total investment portfolio. To date, we have disposed of one multi-family property under this disposition strategy. Although we intend to acquire additional targeted assets with the proceeds from the sale of our joint venture equity interests, we face significant competition for acquisition of our targeted assets and we may not be able or have the opportunity to make suitable investments on favorable terms. We can provide no assurances regarding the timing or pricing of the sales of our joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties, or that such sales will occur at all. If we cannot sell these joint venture equity interests in a timely manner and/or on terms acceptable to us, we may have less flexibility to rotate into more preferred asset classes, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Our business is subject to risks particular to real property and real estate-related assets. We own assets secured or backed by, or closely connected to, real estate, and to a lesser extent real estate assets, and expect in the future to continue to acquire, own and manage these assets. Real estate and real estate-related assets are subject to various risks, including: • acts of God, including earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and other natural disasters, which may result in uninsured losses; • acts of domestic or international war or terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances, including the consequences thereof, such as materially negative impacts on U.S. economic and market conditions; • adverse changes in global, national, regional and local economic and market conditions, including those relating to pandemics and health crises, ; • changes in federal, state or local governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies, zoning ordinances and environmental legislation and the related costs of compliance with federal, state or local laws and regulations, fiscal policies and ordinances; and • adverse developments or conditions resulting from or associated with climate change. The occurrence of any of the foregoing or similar events may result in damage to or destruction of the underlying assets and may materially adversely affect the financial, capital, credit and/or real estate markets in which we operate, generally, or real estate or rental markets more locally, any of which could reduce the returns on, or fair values of, our assets or impair our ability to finance our business on favorable terms or at all. Consequently, the occurrence of any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. To the extent that due diligence is conducted as part of our acquisition or underwriting process, such due diligence may be limited, may not reveal all of the risks associated with such assets and may not reveal other weaknesses in such assets, which could lead to material losses. As part of our acquisition or underwriting process for certain assets, including, without limitation, residential loans, direct and indirect multi-family property investments, CMBS, non-Agency RMBS, ABS or other mortgage-, residential housing- or other credit-related assets, we may conduct (either directly or using third parties) certain due diligence. Such due diligence may include (i) an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the asset’s or underlying asset's credit profile, (ii) a review of all or merely a subset of the documentation related to the asset or underlying asset or (iii) other reviews that we may deem appropriate to conduct. There can be no assurance that we will conduct any specific level of due diligence, or that, among other things, the due diligence process will uncover all relevant facts, the materials provided to us or that we review will be accurate and complete or that any purchase will be successful, which could result in losses on these assets, which, in turn, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. 30 Table of Contents The lack of liquidity in certain of our assets may adversely affect our business. Many of the assets we own or acquire may be subject to legal, contractual and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. For example, certain of our assets may be securitized and are held in a securitization trust and may not be sold or transferred until the note issued by the securitization trust matures or is repaid. Moreover, because many of our assets are subordinated to more senior securities or loans or depend on the ability of a borrower, tenant or operating partner to meet their contractual obligations, any potential buyer of those assets may request to conduct due diligence on those assets, which may delay the sale or transfer of those assets. The illiquidity of certain of our assets may make it difficult for us to sell such assets on a timely basis or at all if the need or desire arises. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we have previously recorded our assets, as was the case in March 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic caused significant turmoil in our markets. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be relatively limited, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The use of models in connection with the valuation of our assets subjects us to potential risks in the event that such models are incorrect, misleading or based on incomplete information. As part of our risk management process, models may be used to evaluate, depending on the asset class, house price appreciation and depreciation by county or region, prepayment speeds and frequency, cost and timing of foreclosures, as well as other factors. Certain assumptions used as inputs to the models may be based on historical trends. These trends may not be indicative of future results. Furthermore, the assumptions underlying the models may prove to be inaccurate, causing the model output also to be incorrect. In the event models and data prove to be incorrect, misleading or incomplete, any decisions made in reliance thereon expose us to potential risks. For example, by relying on incorrect models and data, we may buy certain assets at prices that are too high, sell certain assets at prices that are too low or miss favorable opportunities altogether, which could have a material adverse impact on our business and growth prospects. Valuations of some of our assets are subject to inherent uncertainty, may be based on estimates, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may differ from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these assets existed. While the determination of the fair value of our investment assets generally takes into consideration valuations provided by third-party dealers and pricing services, the final determination of exit price fair values for our investment assets is based on our judgment, and such valuations may differ from those provided by third-party dealers and pricing services. Valuations of certain assets may be difficult to obtain or may not be reliable (particularly as related to residential loans, as discussed below). In general, dealers and pricing services heavily disclaim their valuations as such valuations are not intended to be binding bid prices. Additionally, dealers may claim to furnish valuations only as an accommodation and without special compensation, and so they may disclaim any and all liability arising out of any inaccuracy or incompleteness in valuations. Depending on the complexity and illiquidity of an asset, valuations of the same asset can vary substantially from one dealer or pricing service to another. Our results of operations, financial condition and business could be materially adversely affected if our fair value determinations of these assets are materially higher than could actually be realized in the market. Our investments in residential loans are difficult to value and are dependent upon the borrower’s ability to service or refinance their debt. The inability of the borrower to do so could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations. The difficulty in valuation is particularly significant with respect to our less liquid investments such as our re-performing loans (or RPLs) and non-performing loans (or NPLs). RPLs are loans on which a borrower was previously delinquent but has resumed repaying. Our ability to sell RPLs for a profit depends on the borrower continuing to make payments. An RPL could become a NPL, which could reduce our earnings. Our investments in residential whole loans may require us to engage in workout negotiations, restructuring and/or the possibility of foreclosure. These processes may be lengthy and expensive. If we foreclose on underlying properties, we, through a designated servicer that we retain, will have to manage these properties and may not be able to sell them. 31 Table of Contents We may work with our third-party servicers and seek to help a borrower to refinance an NPL or RPL to realize greater value from such loan. However, there may be impediments to executing a refinancing strategy for NPLs and RPLs. For example, a number of mortgage lenders have adjusted their loan programs and underwriting standards, which has reduced the availability of mortgage credit to prospective borrowers. This has resulted in reduced availability of financing alternatives for borrowers seeking to refinance their mortgage loans. In addition, the value of some borrowers’ homes may decline below the amount of the mortgage loans on such homes resulting in higher loan-to-value ratios, which may leave the borrowers with insufficient equity in their homes to permit them to refinance. With prevailing mortgage interest rates having risen in a meaningful way from their recent low levels, these risks may be exacerbated. The effect of the above would likely serve to make the refinancing of NPLs and RPLs potentially more difficult and less profitable for us. Competition may prevent us from acquiring assets on favorable terms or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities. Our net income largely depends on our ability to acquire our targeted assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring our targeted assets, we compete with other REITs, investment banking firms, savings and loan associations, banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, private investors, lenders and other entities that purchase mortgage-related assets, many of which have greater financial resources than us. Greater demand for the assets we target for investment tends to increase prices and reduce the estimated yield on the asset. Additionally, many of our potential competitors are not subject to REIT tax compliance or required to maintain an exclusion from the Investment Company Act. During much of 2021, increased demand for the assets we target resulted in reduced levels of investment by us which negatively impacted our net earnings during those periods. As in the recent past, we may not in the future be able to acquire sufficient quantities of our targeted assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Maintaining cybersecurity and data security is important to our business and a breach of our cybersecurity or data security could result in serious harm to our reputation and have a material adverse impact on our business and financial results. When we acquire residential loans or make investments in multi-family or single-family rental properties, we may come into possession of borrower non-public personal information that an identity thief could utilize in engaging in fraudulent activity or theft. We may share this information with third parties, such as loan sub-servicers, property managers, outside vendors, third parties interested in acquiring such loans from us, or lenders extending credit to us collateralized by such loans. While we have security measures in place to protect this information and prevent security breaches, these security measures may be compromised as a result of third-party action, including intentional misconduct by computer hackers, cyber-attacks, “phishing” attacks, service provider or vendor error, or malfeasance or other intentional or unintentional acts by third parties and bad actors, including third-party service providers. Furthermore, borrower data, including personally identifiable information, may be lost, exposed, or subject to unauthorized access or use as a result of accidents, errors, or malfeasance by our employees, independent contractors, or others working with us or on our behalf. Our servers and systems, and those of our service providers, operating partners and the companies in which we invest from time to time, may be vulnerable to computer malware, break-ins, denial-of-service attacks, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems, which could result in someone obtaining unauthorized access to borrowers’ data or our data, including other confidential business information. We have further developed and enhanced our cybersecurity systems and processes that are intended to protect this type of data and information; however, they may not be effective in preventing unauthorized access in the future and such unauthorized access could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period. We may be liable for losses suffered by individuals whose identities are stolen as a result of a breach of the security of the systems that we or third-parties, operating partners, companies in which we invest and service providers of ours store this information on, and any such liability could be material. Even if we are not liable for such losses, any breach of these systems could expose us to material costs in notifying affected individuals and providing credit monitoring services to them, as well as regulatory fines or penalties. In addition, any breach of these systems could disrupt our normal business operations and expose us to reputational damage and lost business, revenues, and profits. Any insurance we maintain against the risk of this type of loss may not be sufficient to cover actual losses, or may not apply to the circumstances relating to any particular breach. Security breaches could also significantly damage our reputation with existing and prospective business partners, borrowers, and third parties with whom we do business. Any publicized security problems affecting our businesses and/or those of such third parties may negatively impact the market perception of our products and discourage market participants from doing business with us. These risks may increase in the future as we continue to increase our reliance on the internet and use of web-based product offerings and on the use of cybersecurity. 32 Table of Contents Moreover, as a non-controlling equity investor in a residential loan originator, our investment in the loan originator, business and reputation could be negatively impacted if such originator fails to comply with such federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations or receives negative media or marketing attention related to its operations. We are highly dependent on information and communication systems and system failures and other operational disruptions could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Our business is highly dependent on communications and information systems. For example, we rely on our proprietary database to track and manage the residential loans in our portfolio. Any failure or interruption in the availability and functionality of our systems or those of our third party service providers and other operational disruptions could cause delays or other problems in our trading, investment, financing, hedging and other operating activities which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We have made and may in the future make investments in companies that we do not control. Some of our investments currently and may in the future include, debt instruments and/or equity securities of companies or investment vehicles that we do not control. Those investments will be subject to the risk that the company or entity in which the investment is made may make business, financial or management decisions with which we do not agree or that the majority stakeholders or the management of such company or entity may take risks or otherwise act in a manner that does not serve our interests. The entities in which we invest could be thinly capitalized, highly leveraged, dependent on a small number of key individuals, subject to regulatory concerns, underperform expectations, or face other obstacles that could adversely affect the business and results of operations of any such entity. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our investments in these entities could be lost in their entirety, and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could suffer as a result. Risks Related to Debt Financing and Our Use of Hedging Strategies Our access to financing sources, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, may be limited, and this may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We depend upon the availability of adequate capital and financing sources on acceptable terms to fund our operations, meet financial obligations, and finance asset acquisitions. However, the capital and credit markets have experienced unprecedented levels of volatility and disruption in recent years, including most recently in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and, prior to that, the 2008 financial crisis, that have generally negatively impacted the availability of credit from time-to-time. Continued volatility or disruption in the credit or finance markets or a downturn in the global economy could materially adversely affect one or more of our lenders and could cause one or more of our lenders to be unwilling or unable to provide us with financing, to increase the costs of that financing or make the terms less attractive, or to become insolvent. Such volatility or disruption could also limit or halt our access to securitization financing. Although we finance some of our assets with longer-term financing, we have also historically relied on access to short-term borrowings in the form of repurchase agreements to finance our investments. Because our repurchase agreements typically have terms of one year or less, our repurchase agreement counterparties may respond to market conditions in a manner that makes it more difficult for us to renew or replace on a continuous basis our maturing short-term financings and have and may continue to impose more onerous conditions when rolling such financings. If we are not able to renew or roll our existing repurchase agreements or arrange for new financing on terms acceptable to us, or if we default on our financial covenants, are otherwise unable to access funds under our financing arrangements, or if we are required to post more collateral or face larger haircuts on our financings, we may have to dispose of assets at significantly depressed prices and at inopportune times, which could cause significant losses, and may also force us to curtail our asset acquisition activities. If we are faced with a larger haircut in order to roll a financing with a particular counterparty, or in order to move a financing from one counterparty to another, then we would need to make up the difference between the two haircuts in the form of cash, which could similarly require us to dispose of assets at significantly depressed prices and at inopportune times, which could cause significant losses. 33 Table of Contents Issues related to financing are exacerbated in times of significant dislocation in the financial markets. It is possible that our financing counterparties will become unwilling or unable to provide us with financing, and we could be forced to sell our assets at an inopportune time when prices are depressed or markets are illiquid, which could cause significant losses. In addition, if the regulatory capital requirements imposed on our financing counterparties change, they may be required to significantly increase the cost of the financing that they provide to us, or to increase the amounts of collateral they require as a condition to providing us with financing. Our financing counterparties also have revised, and may continue to revise, their eligibility requirements for the types of assets that they are willing to finance or the terms of such financings, including increased haircuts and requiring additional cash collateral, based on, among other factors, the regulatory environment and their management of actual and perceived risk, particularly with respect to assignee liability. Moreover, the amount of financing that we receive under our repurchase agreements will be directly related to our counterparties’ valuation of our assets that collateralize the outstanding repurchase agreement financing. In general, this could potentially increase our financing costs and reduce our liquidity or require us to sell assets at an inopportune time or price. Finally, securitization financing has been limited from time to time in the recent past. Currently, due to rising interest rates and current market conditions, residential loan securitization activity has fallen in a significant way as the terms of such financing, in many cases, have become less attractive. A prolonged decline in securitization activity may limit borrowings under warehouse facilities and other credit facilities that are intended to be refinanced by such securitizations. Moreover, other forms of longer-term financing have historically been difficult for mortgage REITs to access or contain less favorable terms. Consequently, depending on market conditions at the relevant time, we may have to rely on additional equity issuances to meet our capital and financing needs, which may be dilutive to our stockholders, or we may have to rely on less efficient forms of debt financing that restrict our operations or consume a larger portion of our cash flow from operations, thereby reducing funds available for our operations, future business opportunities, cash distributions to our stockholders and other purposes. We cannot assure you that we will have access to such equity or debt capital on favorable terms (including, without limitation, cost and term) at the desired times, or at all, which may cause us to curtail our investment activities and/or dispose of assets, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. The repurchase agreements that we use to finance our investments may require us to provide additional collateral, which could reduce our liquidity and harm our financial condition. We use repurchase agreements to finance a portion of our investments. In certain cases, these repurchase agreements allows the lender, to varying degrees, to revalue the collateral to values that the lender considers to reflect the market value. In these cases, when a lender determines that the value of the collateral has decreased, it may initiate a margin call, in which case we may be required by the lending institution to provide additional collateral or pay down a portion of the funds advanced, but we may not have the funds available to do so. Typically, repurchase agreements grant the repurchase agreement counterparty the absolute right to reevaluate the fair market value of the assets that cover the amount financed under the repurchase agreement at any time. If a repurchase agreement counterparty determines in its sole discretion that the value of the assets subject to the repurchase agreement financing has decreased, it has the right to initiate a margin call. These valuations may be different than the values that we ascribe to these assets and may be influenced by recent asset sales at distressed levels by forced sellers. A margin call requires us to transfer additional assets to a repurchase agreement counterparty without any advance of funds from the counterparty for such transfer or to repay a portion of the outstanding repurchase agreement financing. We would also be required to post additional collateral if haircuts increase under a repurchase agreement. In these situations, we could be forced to sell assets at significantly depressed prices to meet such margin calls and to maintain adequate liquidity or to otherwise reduce the amount of leverage we use to finance our business, which could cause significant losses. In the event we do not have sufficient liquidity to meet such requirements, lending institutions can accelerate our indebtedness, increase our borrowing rates, liquidate our collateral at inopportune times or prices and terminate our ability to borrow. Significant margin calls could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business, liquidity, and ability to make distributions to our stockholders, and could cause the value of our capital stock to decline. As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, we observed a mark-down of a portion of our assets by our repurchase agreement counterparties during the first quarter of 2020, resulting in us having to pay cash and securities to satisfy margin calls that were well beyond historical norms. Events of this type, were they to occur again in the future, could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity and could lead to significant losses, a rapid deterioration of our financial condition and possibly require us to file for protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. 34 Table of Contents We leverage our equity, which can exacerbate any losses we incur on our current and future investments and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders. We leverage our equity through borrowings, generally through the use of repurchase agreements, longer-term structured debt, such as CDOs and other forms of secured debt, or corporate-level debt, such as senior unsecured notes and convertible notes. We may, in the future, utilize other forms of borrowing. The amount of leverage we incur varies depending on the asset type, our ability to obtain borrowings, the cost of the debt and our lenders’ estimates of the value of our portfolio’s cash flow. The return on our investments and cash available for distribution to our stockholders may be reduced to the extent that changes in market conditions cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that can be derived from the assets we hold in our investment portfolio. Further, the leverage on our equity may exacerbate any losses we incur. Our debt service payments will reduce the net income available for distribution to our stockholders. We may not be able to meet our debt service obligations and, to the extent that we cannot, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to sale to satisfy our debt obligations. Although we have established target leverage amounts for many of our assets, there is no established limitation, other than as may be required by our financing arrangements or our investment guidelines, on our leverage ratio or on the aggregate amount of our borrowings. As a result, we may still incur substantially more debt or take other actions which could have the effect of diminishing our ability to make payments on our indebtedness when due and further exacerbate our losses. If we are unable to leverage our equity to the extent we currently anticipate, the returns on certain of our assets could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. If we are limited in our ability to leverage our assets to the extent we currently anticipate, the returns on these assets may be negatively impacted. We have historically used leverage to increase the size of our portfolio in order to enhance our returns. The capital and credit markets have experienced unprecedented levels of volatility and disruption in recent years, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the current inflationary environment that has generally negatively impacted the availability and/or terms of financing from time-to-time. If we are unable to leverage our equity to the extent we currently anticipate due to unavailability or less attractive terms or otherwise, the returns on our portfolio could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We directly or indirectly utilize non-recourse securitizations and recourse structured financings and such structures expose us to risks that could result in losses to us. We sometimes utilize non-recourse securitizations and recourse structured financings of our investments in residential loans or investment securities to the extent consistent with the maintenance of our REIT qualification and exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act in order to generate cash for funding new investments and/or to leverage existing assets. Some securitizations are treated as financing transactions for GAAP, while others are treated as sales. In a typical securitization, we convey assets to a special purpose vehicle (“SPE”), the issuer, which then issues one or more classes of notes secured by the assets pursuant to the terms of an indenture. In exchange for conveying assets to the SPE, we may receive the ownership certificate or residual interest in the securitization and we frequently retain a subordinated interest in the securitization. To the extent that we retain the most subordinated economic interests in the issuer, we would continue to be exposed to losses on the assets for as long as those retained interests remained outstanding and therefore able to absorb such losses. Furthermore, our retained interests in a securitization could be less liquid than the underlying assets themselves, and may be subject to U.S. Risk Retention Rules and similar European rules. There can be no assurance that we will be able to access the securitization markets in the future or be able to do so at favorable rates to finance the assets we accumulate as part of our investment strategy. The inability to consummate longer-term financing for the credit sensitive assets in our portfolio could require us to seek other forms of potentially less attractive financing or to liquidate assets at inopportune times or prices, which could adversely affect our performance and our ability to grow our business. In addition, under the terms of the securitization or structured financing, we may have limited or no ability to sell, transfer or replace the assets transferred to the SPE, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to sell the assets opportunistically or during periods when our liquidity is constrained or to refinance the assets. Under the terms of these financings, some of which have terms of up to forty years, we have in the past and may in the future agree to receive no cash flows from the assets transferred to the SPE until the debt issued by the SPE has matured or been repaid, which could reduce our liquidity and our cash available for distribution to our stockholders. As part of our financing strategy, we have in the past and may in the future guarantee certain terms or conditions of these financings, including the payment of principal and interest on the debt issued by the SPE, the cash flows for which are typically derived from the assets transferred to the entity. If an SPE defaults on its obligations and we have guaranteed the satisfaction of that obligation, we may be materially adversely affected. 35 Table of Contents In connection with our securitizations, we generally are required to prepare disclosure documentation for investors, including term sheets and offering memoranda, which contain information regarding the securitization generally, the securities being issued, and the assets being securitized. If our disclosure documentation for a securitization is alleged or found to contain material inaccuracies or omissions, we may be liable under federal securities laws, state securities laws or other applicable laws for damages to the investors in such securitization, we may be required to indemnify the underwriters of the securitization or other parties, or we may incur other expenses and costs in connection with disputing these allegations or settling claims. Such liabilities, expenses, and/or losses could be significant. We will typically be required to make representations and warranties in connection with our securitizations regarding, among other things, certain characteristics of the assets being securitized. If any of the representations and warranties that we have made concerning the assets are alleged or found to be inaccurate, we may incur expenses disputing the allegations, and we may be obligated to repurchase certain assets, which may result in losses. Even if we previously obtained representations and warranties from loan originators or other parties from whom we originally acquired the assets, such representations and warranties may not align with those that we have made for the benefit of the securitization, or may otherwise not protect us from losses (e.g., because of a deterioration in the financial condition of the party that provided representations and warranties to us). If a counterparty to our repurchase transactions defaults on its obligation to resell the pledged assets back to us at the end of the transaction term or if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement, we may incur losses. When we engage in repurchase transactions, we generally sell RMBS, CMBS, residential loans or certain other assets to lenders (i.e., repurchase agreement counterparties) and receive cash from the lenders. The lenders are obligated to resell the same asset back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. Because the cash we receive from the lender when we initially sell the asset to the lender is less than the value of that asset (this difference is referred to as the “haircut”), if the lender defaults on its obligation to resell the same asset back to us we would incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of the haircut (assuming there was no change in the value of the asset), plus additional costs associated with asserting or enforcing our rights under the repurchase agreement. Certain of the assets that we pledge as collateral are currently subject to significant haircuts. Further, if we default on one of our obligations under a repurchase transaction, the lender can terminate the transaction and cease entering into any other repurchase transactions with us. Moreover, our repurchase agreements frequently contain cross-default provisions, so that if a default occurs under any one agreement, the lenders under our other agreements may also be entitled to declare a default, which could exacerbate our losses and cause a rapid deterioration of our financial condition. Any losses we incur on our repurchase transactions through our default or the default of our counterparty could adversely affect our earnings and thus our cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Our use of repurchase agreements to borrow funds may give our lenders greater rights in the event that either we or a lender files for bankruptcy. Our borrowings under repurchase agreements may qualify for special treatment under the bankruptcy code, giving our lenders the ability to avoid the automatic stay provisions of the bankruptcy code and to take possession of and liquidate our collateral under the repurchase agreements without delay in the event that we file for bankruptcy. Furthermore, the special treatment of repurchase agreements under the bankruptcy code may make it difficult for us to recover our pledged assets in the event that a lender files for bankruptcy. Thus, the use of repurchase agreements exposes our pledged assets to risk in the event of a bankruptcy filing by either a lender or us. Negative impacts on our business may cause us to default on certain financial covenants contained in our financing arrangements. The repurchase agreements that finance a portion of our investment portfolio and certain of our other existing financing arrangements, including our senior unsecured notes, and those we enter into in the future, contain or may contain financial covenants. Negative impacts on our business, including those caused by significant market disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic or an economic recession, have and/or may make it more difficult to meet or satisfy these covenants, and we cannot assure you that we will remain in compliance with these covenants in the future. If we fail to meet or satisfy any of these covenants, we would be in default under these agreements, which could result in a cross-default or cross-acceleration under other financing arrangements, and the financing counterparties could elect to declare the repurchase price or principal and interest due and payable (or such amounts may automatically become due and payable), terminate their commitments, require the posting of additional collateral and enforce their respective interests against existing collateral. A default also could significantly limit our financing alternatives, which could cause us to curtail our investment activities or dispose of assets when we otherwise would not choose to do so. As a result, a default on any of our financing agreements could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. 36 Table of Contents Hedging against interest rate, credit and market value changes as well as other risks may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Subject to compliance with the requirements to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we may engage in certain hedging transactions to limit our exposure to changes in interest rates and credit markets and therefore may expose ourselves to risks associated with such transactions. We may utilize instruments such as interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, Eurodollars and U.S. Treasury futures to seek to hedge the interest rate risk associated with our portfolio. Hedging against a decline in the values of our portfolio positions does not eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in the values of such positions or prevent losses if the values of such positions decline. Such hedging transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the values of the portfolio positions should increase. Moreover, at any point in time we may choose not to hedge all or a portion of these risks, and we generally will not hedge those risks that we believe are appropriate for us to take at such time, or that we believe would be impractical or prohibitively expensive to hedge. Even if we do choose to hedge certain risks, for a variety of reasons we generally will not seek to establish a perfect correlation between our hedging instruments and the risks being hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss. Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on the composition of our portfolio, our market views, and changing market conditions, including the level and volatility of interest rates. When we do choose to hedge, hedging may fail to protect or could materially adversely affect us because, among other things: • we may fail to correctly assess the degree of correlation between the performance of the instruments used in the hedging strategy and the performance of the assets in the portfolio being hedged; • we may fail to recalculate, re-adjust and execute hedges in an efficient and timely manner; • the hedging transactions may actually result in poorer overall performance for us than if we had not engaged in the hedging transactions; • interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of volatile interest rates; • available hedges may not correspond directly with the risks for which protection is sought; • the durations of the hedges may not match the durations of the related assets or liabilities being hedged; • many hedges are structured as over-the-counter contracts with counterparties whose creditworthiness is not guaranteed, raising the possibility that the hedging counterparty may default on their payment obligations; and • to the extent that the creditworthiness of a hedging counterparty deteriorates, it may be difficult or impossible to terminate or assign any hedging transactions with such counterparty. The use of derivative instruments is also subject to an increasing number of laws and regulations, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ("Dodd-Frank") and its implementing regulations. These laws and regulations are complex, compliance with them may be costly and time consuming, and our failure to comply with any of these laws and regulations could subject us to lawsuits or government actions and damage our reputation. For these and other reasons, our hedging activity may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. 37 Table of Contents Risks Associated with Adverse Developments in the Mortgage, Real Estate, Credit and Financial Markets Generally Difficult conditions in the mortgage, real estate and financial markets and the economy generally have caused and may cause us to experience losses in the future. Our business is materially affected by conditions in the residential and commercial mortgage markets, the residential and commercial real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally. Furthermore, because a significant portion of our current assets and our targeted assets are credit sensitive, we believe the risks associated with our investments will be more acute during periods of economic slowdown, recession or market dislocations, especially if these periods are accompanied by declining real estate values and increasing delinquencies and defaults. In recent years, concerns about the health of the global economy generally and the residential and commercial mortgage markets specifically, as well as inflation, energy costs, changes in monetary policy, perceived or actual changes in interest rates, European sovereign debt, U.S. budget debates, geopolitical issues, global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the availability and cost of credit have contributed to increased volatility and uncertainty for the economy and mortgage, real estate and financial markets. The residential and commercial mortgage markets were materially adversely affected by changes in the lending landscape during the financial market crisis of 2008 and again by the significant market disruption in March and April 2020 resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the severity of which, in each case, was largely unanticipated by the markets, and there can be no assurance that such adverse markets will not occur in the future, particularly in light of current economic uncertainty. In addition, an economic slowdown or general disruption in the mortgage markets may result in decreased demand for residential and commercial property, which would likely further compress homeownership rates and place pressure on home price performance, while potentially forcing commercial property owners to lower rents on properties with excess supply or experience higher vacancy rates. We believe there is a strong correlation between home price growth rates and mortgage loan delinquencies. Moreover, to the extent that a property owner has fewer tenants or receives lower rents, such property owners may generate less cash flow on their properties, which reduces the value of their property and increases significantly the likelihood that such property owners will default on their debt service obligations. If the borrowers of our mortgage loans, the loans underlying certain of our investment securities or the multi-family properties that we finance or in which we invest, default or become delinquent on their obligations, we may incur material losses on those loans or investments. Any sustained period of increased payment delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures or losses could adversely affect both our net interest income and earnings and our ability to acquire our targeted assets in the future on favorable terms or at all. In addition, the deterioration of the mortgage markets, the residential or commercial real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally may result in a decline in the market value of our assets or cause us to experience losses related thereto, which may adversely affect our results of operations or book value, the availability and cost of credit and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We cannot predict the effect that government policies, laws and interventions adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic or the current inflationary environment or the impact that future changes in the U.S. political environment, governmental policy or regulation will have on our business and the markets in which we operate. The U.S. Government and the Federal Reserve took significant actions to support the economy and the continued functioning of the financial markets in response to the COVID-19 pandemic through multiple relief bills. More recently, the U.S. Government and the Federal Reserve have taken significant actions in response to the current inflationary environment in the U.S. Indeed, the Federal Reserve increased the target rate for the fed funds rate by 425 bps during 2022 to reduce inflation, creating a great deal of volatility in markets. There can be no assurance as to how, in the long term, these and other actions by the U.S. Government or the Federal Reserve will affect the efficiency, liquidity and stability of the financial and mortgage markets or whether they will be successful in reducing inflation to acceptable levels without creating an economic recession. There can be no assurance as to how, in the long term, these and other actions by the U.S. Government or the Federal Reserve will affect our business and the efficiency, liquidity and stability of financial and mortgage markets. Moreover, uncertainty with respect to the actions discussed above combined with uncertainty surrounding legislation, regulation and government policy at the federal, state and local levels have introduced new and difficult-to-quantify macroeconomic and political risks with potentially far-reaching implications. There has been a corresponding meaningful increase in uncertainty with respect to interest rates, inflation, foreign exchange rates, trade volumes and trade, fiscal and monetary policy. The potential for changes in policy and regulation is heightened by the change in the U.S. administration. New legislative, regulatory or policy changes could significantly impact our business and the markets in which we operate. In addition, disagreements over the federal budget and federal debt limits have led to the shutdown of the U.S. Government for periods of time in the recent past and may recur in the future. To the extent changes in the political environment have a negative impact on our business or the financial and mortgage markets, our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be materially and adversely impacted. 38 Table of Contents The downgrade, or perceived potential downgrade, of the credit ratings of the U.S. and the failure to resolve issues related to U.S. fiscal and debt policies may materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. In August 2011, Standard & Poor's Ratings Services lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating on the U.S. from “AAA” to “AA+” due, in part, to concerns surrounding the burgeoning U.S. Government budget deficit. The impact of any further downgrades to the U.S. Government's sovereign credit rating or its perceived creditworthiness could adversely affect the U.S. and global financial markets and economic conditions and would likely impact the credit risk associated with some of the targeted assets in our portfolio or those we may seek to acquire. A downgrade of the U.S. Government's credit rating or a default by the U.S. Government to satisfy its debt obligations likely would create broader financial turmoil and uncertainty, which would weigh heavily on the global banking system and these developments could cause interest rates and borrowing costs to rise and a reduction in the availability of credit, which may negatively impact the value of the assets in our portfolio, our net income, liquidity and our ability to finance our assets on favorable terms. The federal conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and related efforts, along with any changes in laws and regulations affecting the relationship between Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae and the U.S. Government, may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders. Payments on the Agency RMBS in which we may invest are guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are GSEs, but their guarantees are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. Ginnie Mae, which guarantees mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) backed by federally insured or guaranteed loans primarily consisting of loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration (the “FHA”) or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”), is part of a U.S. Government agency and its guarantees are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. In September 2008, in response to the deteriorating financial condition of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the U.S. Government placed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into the conservatorship of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (the “FHFA”), their federal regulator. Shortly after Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were placed in federal conservatorship, the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury noted that the guarantee structure of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac required examination and that changes in the structures of the entities were necessary to reduce risk to the financial system. The future roles of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could be significantly reduced, and the nature of their guarantees could be considerably limited relative to historical measurements or even eliminated. The substantial financial assistance provided by the U.S. Government to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the mortgage-related operations of other GSEs and government agencies, such as the FHA, VA and Ginnie Mae, has stirred debate among many federal policymakers over the continued role of the U.S. Government in providing such financial support for the mortgage-related GSEs in particular, and for the mortgage and housing markets in general. To date, no definitive legislation has been enacted with respect to a possible unwinding of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or a material reduction in their roles in the U.S. mortgage market, and it is not possible at this time to predict the scope and nature of the actions, if any, that the U.S. Government will ultimately take with respect to these entities. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae could each be dissolved, and the U.S. Government could determine to stop providing liquidity support of any kind to the mortgage market. If Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae were eliminated, or their structures were to change radically, or the U.S. Government significantly reduced its support for any or all of them which would drastically reduce the amount and type of MBS and residential loans available for purchase, we may be unable or significantly limited in our ability to acquire certain of our targeted assets, which, in turn, could negatively impact our ability to maintain our exclusion from regulation as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. Moreover, any changes to the nature of the guarantees provided by, or laws affecting, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae could materially adversely affect the credit quality of the guarantees, could increase the risk of loss on purchases of MBS issued by these GSEs and could have broad adverse market implications for the MBS they currently guarantee and the mortgage industry generally. Any action that affects the credit quality of the guarantees provided by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae could materially adversely affect the value of the MBS and other assets that we own or seek to acquire. In addition, any market uncertainty that arises from any such proposed changes, or the perception that such changes will come to fruition, could have a similar impact on us and the values of the MBS and other assets that we own. 39 Table of Contents The planned discontinuation of LIBOR and the transition from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate may adversely impact our borrowings and assets. Our repurchase agreements, subordinated debt, mortgage debt related to our consolidated multi-family properties, Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock and certain of our floating rate assets, particularly residential loans, are linked to LIBOR, which has been the subject of recent reform. The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, the regulator of LIBOR, stopped publishing USD LIBOR for the one week and two month USD LIBOR tenors on December 31, 2021 and intends to stop publishing the remainder of USD LIBOR tenors on June 30, 2023. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (the “ARRC”), a steering committee comprised of large U.S. financial institutions convened by the U.S. Federal Reserve, has recommended the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as a more robust reference rate alternative to USD LIBOR. SOFR is calculated based on overnight transactions under repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities, and is observed and backward looking, whereas USD LIBOR is an estimated forward-looking rate that relies, to some degree, on the expert judgment of submitting panel members. Given that SOFR is a secured rate backed by government securities, it is a rate that does not take into account bank credit risk (as is the case with LIBOR). SOFR is therefore likely to be lower than LIBOR and is less likely to correlate with the funding costs of financial institutions. It is uncertain at this time if the remaining tenors of USD LIBOR will cease to exist prior to June 30, 2023, or whether additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted, or whether alternative reference rates such as SOFR will gain market acceptance as a replacement for LIBOR. Further, we may need to amend the debt and loan agreements that utilize LIBOR as a factor in determining the interest rate based on a new standard that is established, if any. However, these efforts may not be successful in mitigating the legal and financial risk from changing the reference rate in our legacy agreements. In addition, any resulting differences in interest rate standards among our assets and our financing arrangements may result in interest rate mismatches between our assets and the borrowings used to fund such assets. Furthermore, the transition away from LIBOR may adversely impact our ability to manage and hedge exposures to fluctuations in interest rates using derivative instruments. There is no guarantee that a transition from LIBOR to an alternative rate will not result in financial market disruptions, significant increases in benchmark rates, or borrowing costs to borrowers, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the market price of our common stock. Risks Related To Our Organization, Our Structure and Other Risks We may change our investment, financing, or hedging strategies and asset allocation and operational and management policies without stockholder consent, which may result in the purchase of riskier assets, the use of greater leverage or commercially unsound actions, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We may change our investment strategy, financing strategy, hedging strategy and asset allocation and operational and management policies at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our purchasing assets or entering into financing or hedging transactions in which we have no or limited experience with or that are different from, and possibly riskier than the assets, financing and hedging transactions described in this report. A change in our investment strategy, financing strategy or hedging strategy may increase our exposure to real estate values, interest rates, prepayment rates, credit risk and other factors and there can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively identify, manage, monitor or mitigate these risks. A change in our asset allocation or investment guidelines could result in us purchasing assets in classes different from those described in this report. Our Board of Directors determines our operational policies and may amend or revise our policies, including those with respect to our investments, such as our investment guidelines, growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions or approve transactions that deviate from these policies without a vote of, or notice to, our stockholders. Changes in our investment strategy, financing strategy, hedging strategy and asset allocation and operational and management policies could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Moreover, while our Board of Directors or a duly designated committee thereof periodically reviews our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio, our directors do not approve every individual investment that we make, leaving management with day-to-day discretion over the portfolio composition within the investment guidelines. Within those guidelines, management has discretion to significantly change the composition of the portfolio and utilize leverage. In addition, in conducting periodic reviews, the directors may rely primarily on information provided to them by our management. Moreover, because our management has great latitude within our investment guidelines in determining the types and amounts of assets in which to invest and leverage to employ on our behalf, there can be no assurance that our management will not make or approve investments that result in returns that are substantially below expectations or result in losses, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. 40 Table of Contents Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations. We have conducted and intend to continue to conduct our operations so as not to become regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. We believe that there are a number of exclusions under the Investment Company Act that are applicable to us. To maintain the exclusion, the assets that we acquire are limited by the provisions of the Investment Company Act and the rules and regulations promulgated under the Investment Company Act. On August 31, 2011, the SEC published a concept release entitled “Companies Engaged in the Business of Acquiring Mortgages and Mortgage Related Instruments” (Investment Company Act Rel. No. 29778). This release suggests that the SEC may modify the exclusion relied upon by companies similar to us that invest in mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities, although no such action has been taken at this time. If the SEC acts to narrow the availability of, or if we otherwise fail to qualify for, our exclusion, we could, among other things, be required either (a) to change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company or (b) to register as an investment company, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and the market price of our common stock. Mortgage loan modification programs and future legislative action may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, our targeted assets. The U.S. Congress and various state and local legislatures have considered in the past, and in the future may adopt, legislation, which, among other provisions, would permit limited assignee liability for certain violations in the mortgage loan origination process, and would allow judicial modification of loan principal in certain instances. We cannot predict whether or in what form the U.S. Congress or the various state and local legislatures may enact legislation affecting our business or whether any such legislation will require us to change our practices or make changes in our portfolio in the future. Any loan modification program or future legislative or regulatory action, including possible amendments to the bankruptcy laws, which results in the modification of outstanding residential mortgage loans or changes in the requirements necessary to qualify for refinancing mortgage loans with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae, may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, our assets which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We could be subject to liability for potential violations of predatory lending laws, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Residential mortgage loan originators and servicers are required to comply with various federal, state and local laws and regulations, including anti-predatory lending laws and laws and regulations imposing certain restrictions on requirements on high cost loans. Failure of residential mortgage loan originators or servicers to comply with these laws, to the extent any of their residential mortgage loans become part of our investment portfolio, could subject us, as an assignee or purchaser of the related residential mortgage loans, to reputational harm, monetary penalties and the risk of the borrowers rescinding the affected residential mortgage loans. Lawsuits have been brought in various states making claims against assignees or purchasers of high cost loans for violations of state law. Named defendants in these cases have included numerous participants within the secondary mortgage market. Moreover, as a non-controlling equity investor in a residential loan originator, our investment in the loan originator, business and reputation could be negatively impacted if such originator fails to comply with such federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations or receives negative media or marketing attention related to its operations. If loans in our portfolio or those originated by entities in which we have or have previously made an investments are found to have been originated in violation of predatory or abusive lending laws, we could incur losses that would materially adversely affect our business. Our business is subject to extensive regulation. Our business and many of the assets that we invest in, particularly residential loans and mortgage-related assets, are subject to extensive regulation by federal and state governmental authorities, self-regulatory organizations and the securities exchange on which our capital stock is listed for which we incur significant ongoing compliance costs. The laws, rules and regulations comprising this regulatory framework change frequently, as can the interpretation and enforcement of existing laws, rules and regulations. Some of the laws, rules and regulations to which we are subject, including the Dodd-Frank Act and various predatory lending laws, are intended primarily to safeguard and protect consumers, rather than stockholders or creditors. We are unable to predict whether United States federal, state or local authorities, or other pertinent bodies, will enact legislation, laws, rules, regulations, handbooks, guidelines or similar provisions that will affect our business or require changes in our practices in the future, and any such changes could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. 41 Table of Contents Certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter and bylaws could hinder, delay or prevent a change in control which could have an adverse effect on the value of our securities. Certain provisions of Maryland law, our charter and our bylaws may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing transactions that involve an actual or threatened change in control. These provisions include the following, among others: • our charter provides that, subject to the rights of one or more classes or series of preferred stock to elect one or more directors, a director may be removed with or without cause only by the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds of all votes entitled to be cast by our stockholders generally in the election of directors; • under our charter, our Board of Directors has authority to issue preferred stock from time to time, in one or more series and to establish the terms, preferences and rights of any such series, all without the approval of our stockholders; • the Maryland Business Combination Act; and • the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. Although our Board of Directors has adopted a resolution exempting us from application of the Maryland Business Combination Act and our bylaws provide that we are not subject to the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act, our Board of Directors may elect to make the “business combination” statute and “control share” statute applicable to us at any time and may do so without stockholder approval. The stock ownership limit imposed by our charter may inhibit market activity in our common stock and may restrict our business combination opportunities. In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, not more than 50% in value of the issued and outstanding shares of our capital stock may be owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year (other than our first year as a REIT). This test is known as the “5/50 test.” Attribution rules in the Internal Revenue Code apply to determine if any individual or entity actually or constructively owns our capital stock for purposes of this requirement. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of each taxable year (other than our first year as a REIT). To help ensure that we meet these tests, our charter restricts the acquisition and ownership of shares of our capital stock. Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT and provides that, unless exempted by our Board of Directors, no person may own more than 9.9% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our capital stock or more than 9.9% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate of our outstanding shares of common stock. The ownership limits contained in our charter could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control of our company under circumstances that otherwise could provide our stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price for our common stock or would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders. Tax Risks Failure to qualify as a REIT would adversely affect our operations and ability to make distributions . We have operated and intend to continue to operate so to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our ability to meet various requirements concerning, among other things, the ownership of our outstanding stock, the nature of our assets, the sources of our income, and the amount of our distributions to our stockholders. In order to satisfy these requirements, we might have to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment performance. Moreover, while we intend to continue to operate so to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, there can be no assurance that we will so qualify in any taxable year. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. We might be required to borrow funds or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax. Our payment of income tax would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution to stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to qualify as a REIT and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would no longer be required to make distributions to stockholders. Unless our failure to qualify as a REIT were excused under the U.S. federal income tax laws, we generally would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we lost our REIT status. 42 Table of Contents REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our liquidity. In order to qualify as a REIT, we generally are required each year to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding any net capital gain and without regard to the deduction for dividends paid. To the extent that we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to corporate income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which certain distributions paid by us with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (i) 85% of our ordinary REIT income for that year, (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for that year, and (iii) 100% of our undistributed REIT taxable income from prior years. We have made and intend to continue to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax. However, differences in timing between the recognition of REIT taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell assets or to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax. Certain of our assets may generate substantial mismatches between REIT taxable income and available cash. Such assets could include mortgage-backed securities we hold that have been issued at a discount and require the accrual of taxable income in advance of the receipt of cash. As a result, our taxable income may exceed our cash available for distribution and the requirement to distribute a substantial portion of our net taxable income could cause us to: • sell assets in adverse market conditions; • borrow on unfavorable terms; or • distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Further, our lenders could require us to enter into negative covenants, including restrictions on our ability to distribute funds or to employ leverage, which could inhibit our ability to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement. We may satisfy the 90% distribution test with taxable distributions of our stock or debt securities. Revenue Procedure 2017-45 authorized elective cash/stock dividends to be made by publicly offered REITs (i.e., REITs that are required to file annual and periodic reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act). Pursuant to Revenue Procedure 2017-45, the IRS will treat the distribution of stock pursuant to an elective cash/stock dividend as a distribution of property under Section 301 of the Internal Revenue Code (i.e., a dividend), as long as at least 20% of the total dividend is available in cash and certain other parameters detailed in the Revenue Procedure are satisfied. Although we have no current intention of paying dividends in our own stock, if in the future we choose to pay dividends in our own stock, our stockholder may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash that they receive. Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates on dividend income from regular corporations. The maximum U.S. federal income tax rate for dividends payable to domestic stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for the reduced rates. Rather, ordinary REIT dividends constitute “qualified business income” and thus a 20% deduction is available to individual taxpayers with respect to such dividends, resulting in a 29.6% maximum U.S. federal income tax rate (plus the 3.8% surtax on net investment income, if applicable) for individual U.S. stockholders. Without further legislative action, the 20% deduction applicable to ordinary REIT dividends will expire on January 1, 2026. However, to qualify for this deduction, the stockholder receiving such dividends must hold the dividend-paying REIT stock for at least 46 days (taking into account certain special holding period rules) of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the stock becomes ex-dividend, and cannot be under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are taxed at individual rates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our common stock. 43 Table of Contents Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego or liquidate otherwise attractive investments. To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must continually satisfy various tests regarding the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our common stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution, and may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise advantageous to us in order to satisfy the source of income or asset diversification requirements for qualifying as a REIT. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment performance. Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively. The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code substantially limit our ability to hedge the RMBS in our investment portfolio. Any income that we generate from transactions intended to hedge our interest rate or currency risks will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests if (i) the instrument hedges risk of interest rate or currency fluctuations on indebtedness incurred or to be incurred to carry or acquire real estate assets, (ii) the instrument hedges risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the REIT 75% or 95% gross income tests, or (iii) the instrument was entered into to “offset” certain instruments described in clauses (i) or (ii) and certain other requirements are satisfied (including proper identification of such instrument under applicable Treasury Regulations). Income from hedging transactions that do not meet these requirements is likely to constitute nonqualifying income for purposes of both the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests. Our aggregate gross income from non-qualifying hedges, fees, and certain other non-qualifying sources cannot exceed 5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. Any hedging income earned by a TRS would be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear. The failure of certain investments subject to a repurchase agreement to qualify as real estate assets would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. We have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into repurchase agreements under which we will nominally sell certain of our investments to a counterparty and simultaneously enter into an agreement to repurchase the sold investments. We believe that for U.S. federal income tax purposes these transactions will be treated as secured debt and we will be treated as the owner of the investments that are the subject of any such agreement notwithstanding that such agreement may transfer record ownership of such investments to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could successfully assert that we do not own the investments during the term of the repurchase agreement, in which case our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT could be adversely affected. We could fail to continue to qualify as a REIT if the IRS successfully challenges our treatment of our mezzanine loans. We currently own, and in the future may originate or acquire, mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns real property, rather than by a direct mortgage of the real property. In Revenue Procedure 2003-65, the IRS established a safe harbor under which loans secured by a first priority security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company owning real property will be treated as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and interest derived from those loans will be treated as qualifying income for both the 75% and 95% gross income tests, provided several requirements are satisfied. Although Revenue Procedure 2003-65 provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. Moreover, our mezzanine loans typically do not meet all of the requirements for reliance on the safe harbor. Consequently, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge our treatment of such loans as qualifying real estate assets, which could adversely affect our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT. We have invested, and will continue to invest, in mezzanine loans in a manner that will enable us to continue to satisfy the REIT gross income and asset tests. 44 Table of Contents We may incur a significant tax liability as a result of selling assets that might be subject to the prohibited transactions tax if sold directly by us. A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of assets held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. There is a risk that property held by our joint ventures or partnerships or limited liability companies in which we have a preferred equity interest, certain loans that we are treating as owned for U.S. federal income tax purposes and property received upon foreclosure of these loans will be treated as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although a safe harbor to the characterization of the sale of real property by a REIT as a prohibited transaction is available, we cannot assure you that we can comply with the safe harbor in the future or that we will be able to avoid owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Consequently, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of our properties or may contribute those assets to one of our TRSs and conduct the marketing and sale of those assets through that TRS. No assurance can be given that the IRS will respect the transaction by which those assets are contributed to our TRS. Even if those contribution transactions are respected, our TRS will be subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income tax and may incur a significant tax liability as a result of those sales. Our qualification as a REIT could be jeopardized as a result of our interests in joint ventures or preferred equity. We own certain non-managing member interests in partnerships and limited liability companies that are joint ventures, as well as preferred equity investments treated as partnership interests for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and we intend to continue to invest in preferred equity investments in the future. If a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our qualification as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. In addition, it is possible that a partnership or limited liability company could take an action which could cause us to fail a gross income or asset test, or subject us to the prohibited transactions tax, and that we would not become aware of such action in time to dispose of our interest in the partnership or limited liability company or take other corrective action on a timely basis. In that case, we could fail to qualify as a REIT unless we were able to qualify for a statutory REIT “savings” provision, which could require us to pay a significant penalty tax to maintain our REIT qualification. Our joint ventures and the partnerships and limited liability companies in which we hold a preferred equity interest may be limited in their ability to provide services to tenants by the REIT rules or such services may have to be provided through a TRS. As a REIT, we generally cannot provide services to tenants other than those that are customarily provided by landlords, nor can we derive income from a third party that provides such services, including with respect to tenants at properties held by a joint venture of ours or a partnership or limited liability company in which we hold a preferred equity interest. If certain noncustomary services cannot be provided to tenants, we may be at a disadvantage to competitors that are not subject to the same restrictions. However, such non-customary services may be provided to tenants, and we may share in the revenue from such services, if we do so through a TRS, though income earned by such TRS will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax. The “taxable mortgage pool” rules may increase the taxes that we or our stockholders may incur, and may limit the manner in which we effect future securitizations. Our securitizations have, and could in the future, result in the creation of taxable mortgage pools (“TMPs”), for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, so long as we own (or a subsidiary REIT of ours owns) 100% of the equity interests in a TMP, we generally will not be adversely affected by the characterization of the securitization as a TMP. A subsidiary REIT of ours currently owns 100% of the equity interests in a TMP created by one of our securitizations. To the extent that we (as opposed to our subsidiary REIT) own equity interests in a TMP, certain categories of stockholders, however, such as foreign stockholders eligible for treaty or other benefits, stockholders with net operating losses, and certain tax-exempt stockholders that are subject to unrelated business income tax, could be subject to increased taxes on a portion of their dividend income from us that is attributable to the TMP, known as “excess inclusion income.” In addition, to the extent that we (as opposed to our subsidiary REIT) own equity interests in a TMP, and our common stock is owned by tax-exempt “disqualified organizations,” such as certain government-related entities and charitable remainder trusts that are not subject to tax on unrelated business income, we may incur a corporate level tax on a portion of our income from such TMP. However, we believe that we have structured our securitizations such that the above taxes will not apply to us or our stockholders. 45 Table of Contents However, because our subsidiary REIT is, in part, owned by a TRS of ours, that TRS will be subject to tax on any dividend income from our subsidiary REIT, including any excess inclusion income allocated to it. In addition, in certain instances, we may be precluded from selling equity interests in our securitizations to outside investors, or selling any debt securities issued in connection with these securitizations that might be considered to be equity interests for U.S. federal income tax purposes. These limitations may prevent us from using certain techniques to maximize our returns from securitization transactions. If our subsidiary REIT failed to qualify as a REIT, we could be subject to higher taxes and could fail to remain qualified as a REIT. We indirectly own 100% of the common interests in a subsidiary that has elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Our subsidiary REIT is subject to the various REIT qualification requirements and other limitations described herein that are applicable to us. If our subsidiary REIT were to fail to qualify as a REIT, then (i) such subsidiary REIT would become subject to U.S. federal income tax and applicable state and local taxes on its taxable income at regular corporate rates and (ii) the indirect interests we hold in such subsidiary REIT would cease to be a qualifying asset for purposes of the asset tests applicable to REITs. If our subsidiary REIT were to fail to qualify as a REIT, it is possible that we would fail certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs, in which event we would fail to qualify as a REIT unless we could avail ourselves of certain relief provisions. We have made a “protective” TRS election with respect to our subsidiary REIT and may implement other protective arrangements intended to avoid such an outcome if our subsidiary REIT were not to qualify as a REIT, but there can be no assurance that such “protective” TRS elections and other arrangements will be effective to avoid the resulting adverse consequences to us. Moreover, even if the “protective” TRS election were to be effective in the event of the failure of our subsidiary REIT to qualify as a REIT, such subsidiary REIT would be subject to U.S. federal income tax and applicable state and local taxes on its taxable income at regular corporate rates and we cannot assure you that we would not fail to satisfy the requirement that not more than 20% of the value of our total assets may be represented by the securities of one or more TRSs. In this event, we would fail to qualify as a REIT unless we or such subsidiary REIT could avail ourselves or itself of certain relief provisions. We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our common stock. At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation. Prospective stockholders are urged to consult with their tax advisors with respect to potential changes to the tax laws and any other regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on investment in our common stock. General Risk Factors We may incur losses as a result of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic, terrorist attacks, acts of violence or war, extreme weather events or other natural disasters. The occurrence of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic, such as COVID-19, or other widespread health emergency (or concerns over the possibility of such an emergency), terrorist attacks, acts of violence or war, extreme terrestrial or solar weather events or other natural disasters, could create economic and financial disruptions, and could lead to materially adverse declines in the market values of our assets, illiquidity in our investment and financing markets and our ability to effectively conduct our business. 46 Table of Contents We face possible risks associated with the effects of climate change and severe weather. We cannot predict the rate at which climate change will progress. However, the physical effects of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our operations. To the extent that climate change impacts changes in weather patterns, properties in which we hold a direct or indirect interest could experience severe weather, including, without limitation, hurricanes, tornadoes, severe winter storms, and flooding due to increases in storm intensity and rising sea levels, among other effects. Over time, these conditions could result in decreased property values which in turn could negatively affect the value of the assets we hold. Relatedly, geographical concentrations in our portfolio, to include mortgages, mortgage securities, and investments in real properties, may present certain vulnerabilities to the impacts of localized weather conditions resulting from climate change, such as increased coastal flooding or prolonged droughts in arid regions. There can be no assurance that climate change and severe weather will not have a material adverse effect on our operations, the properties that we invest in or underlie our assets, the residential homes we acquire through foreclosure, or our business. There are also increasing financial risks linked to climate change which could impact our portfolio and the availability of the assets we target for investment. With increasing attention and activism concerning the need to shift toward renewable energy sources as a result of climate change, it is possible that less capital will be allocated to originating our targeted assets or the terms for these assets may become less attractive to us in the future, which may limit and/or reduce our opportunities for investment, which, in turn, could reduce the diversification of our portfolio and adversely affect our earnings. Relatedly, to the extent that climate change impacts meteorological conditions potentially leading to damage and reductions in the value of our properties or the collateral underlying our assets, this may result in increased interest rates for mortgages paired with decreased adequate insurance coverage for the properties we choose to invest in or that underlie our assets. These climate-related financial risks could, in turn, lead to reductions in our revenues and increased rates of default or delinquency and/or decreased recovery rates on our assets, any of which could cause a decline in the market value of our common stock and negatively impact our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. Increasing attention to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) matters may impact our business. Increasing attention to, and social expectations on businesses to address, climate change and other environmental and social impacts, alongside investor and societal explanations regarding voluntary ESG disclosures, may result in increased costs in order for us to comply and decreased access to capital. Moreover, increasing attention to climate change and its associated risks may also lead to the expectation of voluntary ESG disclosures from our industry, which may cause a reduction in the production or origination of certain of our targeted assets or changes that make the returns on these assets less attractive, including residential mortgages, MBS and/or direct or indirect investments in real properties, and could negatively impact our portfolio and our results of operations, financial condition and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. Additionally, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Such ratings are used by investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings may lead to increased negative sentiment toward us or the assets in which we invest and to the diversion of investments more in line with environmental sustainability, which could have a negative impact on our access to and costs of capital. We are dependent on certain key personnel. We are a small company and are substantially dependent upon the efforts of our Chief Executive Officer, Jason T. Serrano, our President, Nicholas Mah, and certain other key individuals employed by us. The sudden loss of Messrs. Serrano or Mah or any key personnel of our Company could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. The investments we make in accordance with our investment strategy result in a higher degree of risk or loss of principal than many alternative investment options. Our investments may be highly speculative and aggressive, and therefore, an investment in our securities may not be suitable for someone with lower risk tolerance. The market price and trading volume of our securities may be volatile. The market price of our securities may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our securities may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. Some of the factors that could result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our securities include, among other things: actual or anticipated changes in our current or future financial performance or capitalization; actual or anticipated changes in our current or future dividend yield; and changes in market interest rates and general market and economic conditions. We cannot assure you that the market price of our securities will not fluctuate or decline significantly. 47 Table of Contents We have not established a minimum dividend payment level for our common stockholders and there are no assurances of our ability to pay dividends to common or preferred stockholders in the future. We intend to pay quarterly dividends and to make distributions to our common stockholders in amounts such that all or substantially all of our taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments, is distributed. This, along with other factors, should enable us to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. We have not established a minimum dividend payment level for our common stockholders and our ability to pay dividends may be harmed by the risk factors described herein. For example, due to the significant market disruption in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our business, liquidity and markets, we temporarily suspended dividends on our common stock and preferred stock in March 2020. We subsequently announced in June 2020 that we were reinstating the payment of quarterly dividends on our common stock and preferred stock effective with the second quarter 2020 dividends. All distributions to our common stockholders and preferred stockholders will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT status and such other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time. There are no assurances of our ability to pay dividends to our common or preferred stockholders in the future at the current rate or at all. Future offerings of debt securities, which would rank senior to our common stock and preferred stock upon our liquidation, and future offerings of equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividend and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and, in certain circumstances, our preferred stock. We may seek to increase our capital resources by making offerings of debt or additional offerings of equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, convertible notes and classes of preferred stock or common stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our preferred stock and common stock, with holders of our preferred stock having priority over holders of our common stock. Additional offerings of equity or other securities with an equity component, such as convertible notes, may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our equity securities or other securities with an equity component, or both. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our securities bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our securities and diluting their stock holdings in us. Your interest in us may be diluted if we issue additional shares. Current stockholders of our company do not have preemptive rights to any common stock issued by us in the future. Therefore, our common stockholders may experience dilution of their equity investment if we sell additional common stock in the future, sell securities that are convertible into common stock or issue shares of common stock or options exercisable for shares of common stock. In addition, we could sell securities at a price less than our then-current book value per share. An increase in interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our securities is our dividend rate (or expected future dividend rates) as a percentage of our common stock price, relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may demand a higher dividend rate on our shares or seek alternative investments paying higher dividends or interest. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions can affect the market price of our securities independent of the effects such conditions may have on our portfolio. 48 Table of Contents Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. Item 2. PROPERTIES The Company has residential properties (or real estate owned) that it acquires, from time to time, through or in lieu of foreclosures on mortgage loans, or in connection with its investments in single-family rental homes and consolidated multi-family properties. See Part II, Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a discussion of consolidated multi-family properties and Part IV, Item 15. "Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules—Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation" for additional information on our single-family rental homes and consolidated multi-family properties, both in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference. As of December 31, 2022, our principal executive and administrative offices are located in leased space at 90 Park Avenue, Floor 23, New York, New York 10016. We also maintain offices in Charlotte, North Carolina and Woodland Hills, California. Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We are at times subject to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we do not believe that any of our current legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition or cash flows. Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 49 Table of Contents PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Price of and Dividends on the Registrant’s Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the trading symbol “NYMT”. As of December 31, 2022, we had 364,774,752 shares of common stock outstanding and there were approximately 90 registered holders of record of our common stock, which does not reflect the beneficial ownership of shares held in nominee name, which we are unable to estimate. We intend to pay regular quarterly dividends to holders of shares of our common stock. Future distributions will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings and financial condition, capital requirements, maintenance of our REIT qualification, restrictions on making distributions under Maryland law and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2022 with respect to compensation plans under which equity securities of the Company are authorized for issuance. The Company has no such plans that were not approved by security holders. Plan Category Number of Securities to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plan Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 7,288,253 $ — 28,796,097 Performance Graph The following line graph sets forth, for the period from December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2022, a comparison of the percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock compared to the cumulative total return of the Russell 2000 Index and the FTSE National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts Mortgage REIT (“FTSE NAREIT Mortgage REITs”) Index. The graph assumes (i) that the value of the investment in the Company’s common stock and each of the indices was $100 as of December 31, 2017 and (ii) the reinvestment of all dividends. 50 Table of Contents 12/17 12/18 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. 100.00 108.91 131.03 83.71 92.63 73.38 Russell 2000 100.00 88.99 111.70 134.00 153.85 122.41 FTSE Nareit Mortgage REITs 100.00 97.48 118.27 96.07 111.09 81.53 The foregoing graph shall not be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this Annual Report on Form 10-K into any filing under the Securities Act or under the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate this information by reference, and shall not otherwise by deemed "filed" with the SEC or deemed "soliciting material" under those acts. 51 Table of Contents Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers In February 2022, the Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million stock repurchase program. In February 2023, the Board of Directors extended the stock repurchase program expiration from March 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. The stock repurchase program allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of common stock from time to time in open market transactions, including through block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions or pursuant to any Rule 10b-18 or 10b5-1 plan. Subject to applicable securities laws, repurchases of the Company's common stock under the stock repurchase program may be made at times and in amounts as we deem appropriate, using available cash resources. The stock repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares. The timing and extent to which we repurchase our common stock will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, the share price of the Company's common stock, liquidity, regulatory requirements and other factors, and common stock repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. The Company intends to only consider repurchasing shares of common stock when the purchase price is less than the last publicly reported book value per common share and expect to fund the share repurchases from current liquidity. Shares of the Company's common stock repurchased by us under the stock repurchase program are cancelled and, until reissued by us, are deemed to be authorized but unissued shares of the Company's common stock. During the three months ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 8,365,473 shares of its common stock pursuant to the stock repurchase program for a total cost of approximately $22.5 million, including fees and commissions paid to the broker of approximately $0.1 million, representing an average repurchase price of $2.69 per common share. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 16,629,615 shares of its common stock pursuant to the stock repurchase program for a total cost of approximately $44.4 million, including fees and commissions paid to the broker of approximately $0.2 million, representing an average repurchase price of $2.67 per common share. As of December 31, 2022, $155.8 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of the Company's common stock under the stock repurchase program. The following table presents information with respect to the shares of the Company's common stock that we purchased during the three months ended December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data): Period (1) Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs October 1, 2022 - October 31, 2022 2,086,774 $ 2.22 2,086,774 $ 173,601 November 1, 2022 - November 30, 2022 — $ — — $ 173,601 December 1, 2022 - December 31, 2022 6,278,699 $ 2.84 6,278,699 $ 155,767 Total 8,365,473 $ 2.69 8,365,473 $ 155,767 (1) On February 15, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million stock repurchase program that authorizes the Company to make repurchases of shares of the Company’s common stock, which was announced on February 17, 2022. The repurchase program was initially set to expire March 31, 2023. On February 20, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors extended the repurchase program's expiration to March 31, 2024. This extension was announced on February 22, 2023. 52 Table of Contents Item 6. [RESERVED] 53 Table of Contents Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS General We are a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in the business of acquiring, investing in, financing and managing primarily mortgage-related single-family and multi-family residential assets. Our objective is to deliver long-term stable distributions to our stockholders over changing economic conditions through a combination of net interest spread and capital gains from a diversified investment portfolio. Our investment portfolio includes credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets. Executive Summary Since the significant market disruption that occurred in March 2020, we have endeavored to build out a low-levered, higher-yielding portfolio of credit sensitive single-family and multi-family assets through proprietary sourcing channels while reducing our exposure to investment securities. Building scale in the portfolio and momentum in investment activity has proven challenging throughout much of the period since the March 2020 market disruption, with initial challenges driven in large part by robust demand for credit assets and elevated prepayment and redemption levels. Market opportunities in our areas of investment focus did become more abundant from the fourth quarter of 2021 through May of 2022, allowing us to expand our total investment portfolio to approximately $4.6 billion as of June 30, 2022, up from $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2021. However, the improved investment environment was short-lived, as the Federal Reserve's actions to increase the fed funds target rate by 425 bps during 2022 in an effort to curtail inflation created extreme interest rate volatility and credit spread widening, which caused us to significantly curtail our investment activity and pipeline late in the second quarter of 2022. In light of current market conditions, which includes increased volatility in interest rate, credit, mortgage and financial markets and the increasing risk of the U.S. economy experiencing a recession within the next 12 months, in the second half of 2022, we were selective in pursuing investments across the residential housing sector, choosing instead to focus on further enhancing our liquidity, strengthening our balance sheet, protecting our book value and enhancing our asset management platform. During the second half of 2022, we opportunistically disposed of assets in our portfolio generating $32.4 million of net gains and, as further discussed below, also announced a repositioning of our business through the opportunistic disposition over time of our joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties. The mortgage industry, and the U.S. economy more generally, experienced significant headwinds throughout most of 2022, as rising bond yields, an inverted yield curve, Federal Reserve interest rate hikes and expectations for future interest rate hikes and tightening monetary policy, combined with elevated inflation data, geopolitical instability and growing concerns over the likelihood of an economic recession in the U.S. sometime in the next 12 months contributed to widening credit spreads that caused price declines for many of the residential credit assets in our portfolio. In our residential loan portfolio alone, we recorded approximately $289.7 million of unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to unrealized gains of $55.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Consistent with our efforts to further strengthen our balance sheet, we completed four securitizations of residential loans, resulting in approximately $970.0 million in net proceeds to us, which we used to repay outstanding financings related to residential loans. With the completion of these securitizations, as of December 31, 2022, only 13% of the total outstanding balance on our financing arrangements (including Company sponsored CDOs) is subject to mark-to-market margin call risk, down from 93% at December 31, 2019. In September 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a strategic repositioning of our business pursuant to which we will opportunistically dispose of our joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties over time and, following disposition, we will reallocate the capital associated with such assets to our targeted assets. As a result, we are considering various opportunities to monetize what we believe is appreciated value within our portfolio of multi-family joint venture equity investments. We believe that through a well-navigated disposition process, we can rotate the portfolio over time to more attractive investments in a higher rate environment. We expect to continue to invest in multi-family Mezzanine Lending going forward, which remains one of our targeted assets. We intend to focus on our core portfolio strengths of single-family and multi-family residential credit assets, which we believe will deliver better risk adjusted returns over time. Our targeted investments include (i) residential loans, including business purpose loans, (ii) structured multi-family property investments such as preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, owners of multi-family properties, (iii) non-Agency RMBS, (iv) Agency RMBS, (v) CMBS and (vi) certain other mortgage-, residential housing- and credit-related assets and strategic investments in companies from which we purchase, or may in the future purchase, our targeted assets. 54 Table of Contents We expect to continue to place a greater emphasis on procuring longer-termed and non-mark-to-market financing arrangements that provide less or no exposure to fluctuations in the collateral repricing determinations of financing counterparties or rapid liquidity reductions in repurchase agreement financing markets. We still expect to utilize some level of repurchase agreement financing as we do currently, but expect repurchase agreement financing, particularly short-term agreements, to represent a smaller percentage of our financing relative to historic levels. While longer-termed and non-mark-to-market financings may incur a greater expense relative to repurchase agreement financings that exposes us to mark-to-market risks, we believe that, over time, this weighting towards longer-termed financings may better allow us to manage our liquidity risk and reduce the impact of market events like those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic during March 2020. In light of our patient approach in this current environment, we intend to continue to pursue selective investments across the residential housing sector with a focus on acquiring assets with shorter duration, significant discount to par pricing and less price sensitivity to credit deterioration. We will also consider the opportunistic disposition of assets from our portfolio, including our joint venture equity investments, and focus on generating higher portfolio turnover while we prudently manage our liabilities. We believe these actions, combined with our strong balance sheet and cash position, will help to protect our adjusted book value per common share during the expected continued volatile periods in the near future and will better enable us to rapidly reposition our portfolio in a higher interest rate environment and position us to deploy capital and seize on superior market opportunities in the market cycles ahead. Our investment and capital allocation decisions depend on prevailing market conditions, among other factors, and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different economic and capital market environments. 55 Table of Contents Historical Financial Information The following tables set forth our selected historical operating and financial data. The selected historical operating and balance sheet data for the years ended and as of December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018 have been derived from our historical financial statements. Prior year information has been conformed to current year financial statement presentation. The information presented below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes. You should read the information below in conjunction with our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes (amounts in thousands, except per share data): Selected Statement of Operations Data: For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Interest income $ 258,388 $ 206,866 $ 350,161 $ 694,614 $ 455,799 Interest expense 129,419 79,284 223,068 566,750 377,071 Net interest income 128,969 127,582 127,093 127,864 78,728 Non-interest (loss) income (120,513) 171,741 (359,792) 94,448 66,480 General, administrative and operating expenses 348,563 108,389 54,563 49,835 41,470 Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders (340,577) 144,176 (329,696) 144,835 79,186 Basic (loss) earnings per common share $ (0.90) $ 0.38 $ (0.89) $ 0.65 $ 0.62 Diluted (loss) earnings per common share $ (0.90) $ 0.38 $ (0.89) $ 0.64 $ 0.61 Dividends declared per common share $ 0.40 $ 0.40 $ 0.23 $ 0.80 $ 0.80 Weighted average shares outstanding-basic 377,287 379,232 371,004 221,380 127,243 Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted 377,287 380,968 371,004 242,596 147,450 Selected Balance Sheet Data: As of December 31, 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Residential loans $ 3,525,080 $ 3,575,601 $ 3,049,166 $ 2,961,396 $ 1,022,784 Multi-family loans 87,534 120,021 163,593 17,996,791 11,845,402 Investment securities available for sale, at fair value 99,559 200,844 724,726 2,006,140 1,512,252 Equity investments 179,746 239,631 259,095 189,965 73,466 Real estate, net 692,968 1,017,583 50,532 — 29,704 Assets of disposal group held for sale 1,151,784 — — — — Total assets (1) 6,240,745 5,658,301 4,655,587 23,843,369 14,737,638 Repurchase agreements 737,023 554,259 405,531 3,105,416 2,131,505 Collateralized debt obligations 2,102,717 1,522,221 1,623,658 17,817,709 11,117,623 Convertible notes — 137,898 135,327 132,955 130,762 Senior unsecured notes 97,384 96,704 — — — Subordinated debentures 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 Mortgages and notes payable on real estate, net 394,707 709,356 36,752 — 31,227 Liabilities of disposal group held for sale 883,812 — — — — Total liabilities (1) 4,376,634 3,226,519 2,348,014 21,278,340 13,557,345 Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs 63,803 66,392 — — — Total equity 1,800,308 2,365,390 2,307,573 2,205,029 1,180,293 (1) Our consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities of Consolidated VIEs, as the Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. Assets and liabilities of the Company's Consolidated VIEs for each of the balance sheet dates presented are included in the following table (dollar amounts in thousands): 56 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Consolidated VIEs Assets $ 4,261,097 $ 2,940,513 $ 2,150,984 $ 19,270,384 $ 11,984,374 Liabilities $ 3,403,257 $ 2,235,665 $ 1,667,306 $ 17,878,314 $ 11,191,736 57 Table of Contents Portfolio Update During the year ended December 31, 2022, we pursued new single-family residential loan and multi-family investments while we opportunistically sold certain investment securities and received common equity investment repayments from sales of consolidated multi-family properties. The following table presents the activity for our investment portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2021 Acquisitions (1) Repayments (2) Sales Transfers to Disposal Group Held for Sale (3) Fair Value Changes and Other (4) December 31, 2022 Residential loans $ 2,504,719 $ 1,733,265 $ (1,247,230) $ — $ — $ (293,256) $ 2,697,498 Preferred equity investments, mezzanine loans and equity investments 359,652 28,086 (89,105) — (9,936) (21,417) 267,280 Investment securities CMBS 33,146 — (567) — — (2,446) 30,133 Non-Agency RMBS 128,019 — (24,113) (24,374) — (10,962) 68,570 ABS 39,679 — — (36,215) — (2,608) 856 U.S. Treasury Securities — 24,879 — (24,848) — (31) — Total investment securities available for sale 200,844 24,879 (24,680) (85,437) — (16,047) 99,559 Consolidated SLST (5) 230,344 — (652) — — (38,159) 191,533 Total investment securities 431,188 24,879 (25,332) (85,437) — (54,206) 291,092 Equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (6) 261,639 198,802 (50,834) — (237,655) (27,217) 144,735 Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (3) — 1,100 (284) — 247,591 (4,368) 244,039 Single-family rental properties 38,749 112,949 — — — (2,468) 149,230 Total investment portfolio $ 3,595,947 $ 2,099,081 $ (1,412,785) $ (85,437) $ — $ (402,932) $ 3,793,874 (1) Includes draws funded for business purpose bridge loans and existing joint venture equity investments and capitalized costs for single-family rental properties. (2) Includes principal repayments and return of invested capital. (3) In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2022, the assets and liabilities related to certain joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties are included in assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's consolidated balance sheets. (4) Primarily includes net realized gains or losses, changes in net unrealized gains or losses (including reversals of previously recognized net unrealized gains or losses on sales or redemptions), net amortization/accretion/depreciation and net loss from real estate attributable to the Company. (5) Consolidated SLST is primarily presented on our consolidated balance sheets as residential loans, at fair value and collateralized debt obligations, at fair value. A reconciliation to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, follows (dollar amounts in thousands): 58 Table of Contents December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Residential loans, at fair value $ 827,582 $ 1,070,882 Deferred interest (a) (1,554) (1,119) Less: Collateralized debt obligations, at fair value (634,495) (839,419) Consolidated SLST investment securities owned by NYMT $ 191,533 $ 230,344 (a) Included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. (6) See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's consolidated balance sheets. 59 Table of Contents Current Market Conditions and Commentar y The results of our business operations are affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, and primarily depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest income, the market value of our assets, which is driven by numerous factors including the supply and demand for mortgage, housing and credit assets in the marketplace, the ability of our operating partners, tenants and borrowers of our loans and those that underlie our investment securities to meet their payment obligations, the terms and availability of adequate financing and capital, general economic and real estate conditions (both on a national and local level), the impact of government actions in the real estate, mortgage, credit and financial markets, and the credit performance of our credit sensitive assets. Financial and mortgage-related asset market conditions declined further during the fourth quarter of 2022, continuing a trend seen throughout 2022 of softening financial and mortgage-related asset market conditions. Following three quarters of declines in 2022, stocks began to move upward during the fourth quarter, although this momentum did not overcome the declines incurred earlier in the year. The Dow Jones Industrial Average finished the fourth quarter of 2022 up 15.4% but was still down 8.8% for full year 2022. The Nasdaq Composite Index realized its smallest quarterly decline of the year when it closed the fourth quarter of 2022 down 1.0% but was still down 33.1% for full year 2022. U.S. economic activity continued to be pressured in the fourth quarter by rising interest rates, concerns over tightening monetary policy, inflation and geopolitical instability. As was the case for credit-sensitive assets generally across markets, pricing for many of the assets in our investment portfolio during the fourth quarter declined. In 2022, equity markets were challenged with investors absorbing the Federal Reserve’s combined 4.25% in interest rate hikes, taking the federal funds rate to its highest point since 2007, expected additional future rate hikes in 2023 and ongoing concerns of the potential for a U.S. economic recession within the next 12 months. Fixed-income markets were accordingly impacted with the yield on the 2-year U.S. Treasury note increasing to 4.41% on December 30, 2022 from a yield of 0.73% on December 31, 2021, an increase of 368 basis points. In December 2022, a divergence from the overall trends experienced in 2022 began to emerge with the annualized inflation rate, as measured by the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”), increasing at its slowest pace of growth since October 2021 and the Federal Reserve implementing a smaller 0.50% federal funds rate hike following a string of four straight 0.75% rate hikes. However, due to persistently high inflation, expected increases in the federal funds rate, the Federal Reserve’s reduction of its balance sheet and ongoing recession concerns, we anticipate markets, and the pricing for many of our assets, will continue to experience volatility in 2023. The market conditions discussed below significantly influence our investment strategy and results: Select U.S. Financial and Economic Data . The U.S. economy grew modestly in 2022 with real gross domestic product (“GDP”) increasing by 2.1% (advanced estimate) for full year 2022, down from the more robust GDP growth of 5.9% recorded for full year 2021. GDP grew at a 2.9% (advanced estimate) annualized rate in the fourth quarter of 2022 and at a 3.2% annualized rate in the third quarter of 2022 after beginning the year with two quarters of GDP contraction. As inflationary pressures appear to slightly ebb and markets attempt to anticipate how the Federal Reserve may respond to slower growth in inflation, the uncertainty created by these macroeconomic trends may limit or undermine business activity and the potential for future GDP growth. However, according to the minutes of the Federal Reserve’s December 2022 meeting, Federal Reserve policymakers expect GDP to grow modestly in 2023, although at a slower rate of growth than was seen in the second half of 2022. The U.S. labor market remained tight throughout the fourth quarter of 2022 and did not cool to the extent that some market commentators had expected or the Federal Reserve hoped for. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the U.S. unemployment rate ticked up to begin the fourth quarter of 2022 before erasing those gains and finishing flat to the start of the quarter at 3.5%. The unemployment rate at the end of December 2022 marks a 40 basis point decrease from the unemployment rate of 3.9% at the end of December 2021. The number of unemployed persons decreased by 0.6 million year-over-year to 5.7 million as of December 2022. There continues to be a wide disparity between the number of available job openings, 11.0 million as of the end of December 2022, and the number of unemployed persons, resulting in a competitive labor market and rising wages. The interest rate environment remained turbulent as the Federal Reserve raised interest rates again in February 2023 by 25 basis points following a total of 425 basis points in interest rate increases in 2022 in an effort to rein in inflation as the CPI maintained multi-decade highs above 6% throughout 2022. Higher interest rates may put pressure on our mortgage borrowers, rents and operating partners. These rate hikes and the anticipation of future rate hikes by the Federal Reserve contributed to the Treasury curve inverting in July 2022. On December 30, 2022, the spread between the 2-Year U.S. Treasury yield and the 10-Year U.S. Treasury yield closed at negative 53 basis points, as compared to a 79 basis point spread on December 31, 2021. The 2-year and 10-year yield curve has remained inverted since July 2022 with the yield curve spread closing at negative 69 basis points as of January 31, 2023. 60 Table of Contents As noted above, fears of an economic recession in the U.S. remain steady. The National Bureau of Economic Research defines a recession as “a significant decline in economic activity that is spread across the economy and that lasts more than a few months.” A January 2023 survey of economists by the Wall Street Journal indicated that the probability of a recession in the next twelve months is at 61%, a figure that has changed little since October 2022 but is up 43% from the recession probability indicated by the survey taken in January 2022. The economists surveyed by the Wall Street Journal attribute the likelihood of a recession in the next twelve months to persistent high inflation and the Federal Reserve’s efforts to tame inflation through interest rate hikes. An economic recession may put pressure on the ability of our operating partners, tenants and borrowers to meet their obligations to us, and would likely adversely impact the value of our assets, among other things, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Single-Family Homes and Residential Mortgage Market. The residential real estate market declined in 2022, due, at least in part, to the impacts of higher interest rates. As of December 2022, existing-home sales were down 14.6% from September 2021 and down 34.0% from December 2021. Although there has been a decline in home sales, data released by the S&P Dow Jones Indices for their S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller National Home Price NSA Indices for November 2022 showed that, on average, home prices increased 6.8% for the 20-City Composite over November 2021, although the rate of price increases has slowed since the spring of 2022. According to the National Association of Realtors (“NAR”), the median existing-home price for all housing types in December 2022 was $366,900, up 2.3% from $358,800 in December 2021. Despite 130 consecutive months of year-over-year increases in median home prices, the longest streak on NAR’s records, the median sales price declined for the sixth month in a row in December 2022 after reaching a record high of $413,800 in June 2022, suggesting that homebuilding and pricing may be starting to moderate. According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, privately-owned housing starts for single-family homes averaged a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 862,000 and 1,010,000 for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, respectively, as compared to 1,131,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Overall, existing home inventory for sale at the end of December amounted to 2.9 months of supply, up from 1.7 months of supply in December 2021, according to the NAR. As interest rates continue to move higher, we expect this to continue to put downward pressure on home prices and borrowers. Declining single-family housing fundamentals may adversely impact the overall credit profile and value of our existing portfolio of single-family residential credit investments and the value of our single-family rental properties, as well as the availability of certain of our targeted assets. Rental Housing. According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, starts on multi-family homes containing five or more units averaged a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 529,000 and 529,000 for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, respectively, as compared to 462,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Demand for new apartments will likely remain strong in the near term, particularly in the South and Southeastern U.S. where in recent years demand has outpaced supply. Nationally, rents continued to grow throughout 2022, albeit at a slower pace than seen in 2021. Weakening multi-family housing fundamentals, including, among other things, increasing interest rates, widening capitalization rates and reduced liquidity for owners of multi-family properties, may cause our operating partners to fail to meet their obligations to us and/or contribute to reduced cash flows from and/or valuation declines for multi-family properties, and in turn, many of the multi-family investments that we own. In January 2023, the White House Domestic Policy Council and National Economic Council released a white paper entitled the “Blueprint for a Renters Bill of Rights” (the “Blueprint”). The Blueprint discusses potential tenant protections regarding leasing and management of rental properties, tenant organizing, evictions and rent increases, among other potential protections. Although the Blueprint is non-binding, several federal agencies, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, have announced actions that seek to further some of the principles set forth in the Blueprint. Policies, regulations or laws implemented to further the principles discussed in the Blueprint could lead to increased costs and reduced operational flexibility for multi-family and single-family rental properties, which could contribute to reduced cash flows from and/or valuation declines for multi-family and single-family rental properties, and in turn, many of the multi-family investments and single-family rentals that we own. Credit Spreads. Investment grade and high-yield credit spreads widened in 2022 despite a modest narrowing of both spreads in the fourth quarter amid slowing inflation and optimism that the Federal Reserve might soften its aggressive stance regarding interest rate increases. Tightening credit spreads generally increase the value of many of our credit sensitive assets, while widening credit spreads tend to have a negative impact on the value of many of our credit sensitive assets. 61 Table of Contents Financing Markets. The Treasury curve began 2022 with the spread between the 2-Year U.S. Treasury yield and the 10-Year U.S. Treasury yield continuing to flatten before ultimately inverting near mid-year and remaining inverted through year-end and into 2023. The spread between the 2-Year U.S. Treasury yield and the 10-Year U.S. Treasury yield was 79 basis points on December 31, 2021 and ended 2022 with a spread of negative 53 basis points. Inversions of this spread are generally considered to be indicators of a recession in the near term. This spread is important as it is indicative of opportunities for investing in levered assets. Increases in interest rates raise the costs of many of our liabilities, while overall interest rate volatility generally increases the costs of hedging and may place downward pressure on some of our strategies. Monetary Policy and Recent Regulatory Developments. The Federal Reserve took a number of actions to stabilize markets during the COVID-19 pandemic. From March 2020 until March 2022, the Federal Reserve implemented an asset purchase program aimed at providing liquidity to the U.S. Treasury and Agency RMBS markets. Under the Federal Reserve’s asset purchase program, the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet grew from about $4.2 trillion in assets at the start of March 2020 to about $8.9 trillion in assets at the end of the program in March 2022. On June 1, 2022, the Federal Reserve shifted course and began shrinking its balance sheet by reducing its holdings of U.S. Treasuries and Agency RMBS by $47.5 billion per month. In September 2022, the Federal Reserve increased its efforts to reduce its balance sheet by doubling the amount of U.S. Treasuries and Agency RMBS it plans to roll off to $95 billion each month. Sales or reductions in the pace of purchasing of Agency RMBS by the Federal Reserve could create headwinds in the market for Agency RMBS where increased supply could drive prices lower and interest rates higher. From March 2020 to March 2022, the Federal Reserve maintained a target range for the federal funds rate of 0% to 0.25% in view of the COVID-19 pandemic and to foster maximum employment and price stability. With inflation well above the 2% objective in 2022 and into 2023 and a strong labor market, the Federal Reserve approved a 0.25% increase to the target range for the federal funds rate on March 16, 2022, a 0.50% increase on May 4, 2022, a 0.75% increase on June 15, 2022, a 0.75% increase on July 27, 2022, a 0.75% increase on September 21, 2022, a 0.75% increase on November 2, 2022, a 0.50% increase on December 14, 2022 and a 0.25% increase on February 1, 2023. With additional increases to the Federal Reserve’s target range possible in 2023, some Federal Reserve officials expect the target range for the federal funds rate to reach a level between 5.25% and 5.50% by the end of 2023. In 2017, policymakers announced that LIBOR would be replaced by 2021. The directive was spurred by the fact that banks are uncomfortable contributing to the LIBOR panel given the shortage of underlying transactions on which to base levels and the liability associated with submitting an unfounded level. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”), which was convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to help ensure a successful transition from LIBOR, proposed that the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (“SOFR”) would replace LIBOR. SOFR is based on overnight Treasury General Collateral repo rates. The administrator of LIBOR, with the support of the Federal Reserve and the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, ceased publication of USD LIBOR on December 31, 2021, for only the one week and two month USD LIBOR tenors, and plans to cease publication of USD LIBOR on June 30, 2023 for all other USD LIBOR tenors. While the transition period was extended to June 2023, the Federal Reserve issued a statement advising banks to stop new USD LIBOR issuances by the end of 2021. In 2022 and thus far into 2023, the market’s adoption of SOFR appears to be strong and growing. Additionally, the federal government enacted the Adjustable Interest Rate Act in March 2022 with the intention of assisting in the transition away from LIBOR. Nevertheless, uncertainty about the transition away from LIBOR and the future of the alternative reference rate remains. We continue to monitor the emergence of this new rate carefully, as it has in many cases, and will likely become in other cases, the new benchmark for hedges and a range of interest rate investments and financing arrangements. The scope and nature of the actions the Federal Reserve and other governmental authorities will ultimately undertake are unknown and will continue to evolve. There can be no assurance as to how, in the long term, these and other actions, as well as the negative impacts from ongoing geopolitical instability and uncertainty surrounding inflation, interest rates and the outlook for the U.S. and global economies, will affect the efficiency, liquidity and stability of the financial, credit and mortgage markets, and thus, our business. Greater uncertainty frequently leads to wider asset spreads or lower prices and higher hedging costs. 62 Table of Contents Full Year 2022 Summary Earnings and Return Metrics The following table presents key earnings and return metrics for the year ended December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data): Year Ended December 31, 2022 Net loss attributable to Company's common stockholders $ (340,577) Net loss attributable to Company's common stockholders per share (basic) $ (0.90) Undepreciated loss (1) $ (261,578) Undepreciated loss per common share (1) $ (0.69) Comprehensive loss attributable to Company's common stockholders $ (344,325) Comprehensive loss attributable to Company's common stockholders per share (basic) $ (0.91) Yield on average interest earning assets (1) (2) 6.66 % Interest income $ 258,388 Interest expense $ 129,419 Net interest income $ 128,969 Net interest spread (1) (3) 2.47 % Book value per common share at the end of the period $ 3.32 Adjusted book value per common share at the end of the period (1) $ 3.97 Economic return on book value (4) (20.85) % Economic return on adjusted book value (5) (7.42) % Dividends per common share $ 0.40 (1) Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of the Company's non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP measure is included in "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" elsewhere in this section. (2) Calculated as the quotient of our adjusted interest income and our average interest earning assets and excludes all Consolidated SLST assets other than those securities owned by the Company. (3) Our calculation of net interest spread may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies who may use a different calculation. (4) Economic return on book value is based on the periodic change in GAAP book value per common share plus dividends declared per common share, if any, during the period. (5) Economic return on adjusted book value is based on the periodic change in adjusted book value per common share, a non-GAAP financial measure, plus dividends declared per common share, if any, during the period. Key Developments During Full Year 2022 Investing Activities • Purchased approximately $1.7 billion in residential loans and $112.9 million in single-family rental properties. • Sold investment securities for approximately $85.4 million and recognized a realized gain of approximately $18.3 million. • Funded approximately $199.9 million of multi-family joint venture equity investments and approximately $28.1 million of Mezzanine Lending investments. Received approximately $99.1 million in proceeds from redemptions of Mezzanine Lending investments. • Announced a repositioning of our business through the opportunistic disposition over time of our joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties. 63 Table of Contents • A joint venture in which we held a common equity investment sold its multi-family apartment community for approximately $48.0 million. The sale generated a net gain attributable to the Company's common stockholders of approximately $14.4 million. • Repurchased $50.0 million par value of our residential loan securitization CDOs for approximately $46.5 million. Financing Activities • Redeemed our Convertible Notes at maturity for $138.0 million. • Completed four securitizations of business purpose, performing and re-performing residential loans, resulting in approximately $970.0 million in net proceeds to the Company after deducting expenses associated with the transactions. The Company utilized the net proceeds to repay approximately $793.6 million on outstanding repurchase agreement financing related to residential loans. • Obtained approximately $1.6 billion of financing for residential loans through recourse and non-recourse repurchase agreements with new and existing counterparties. • Repurchased 16.6 million shares of common stock pursuant to a stock repurchase program for approximately $44.4 million at an average repurchase price of $2.67 per share. Subsequent D evelopments • On February 22, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a one-for-four reverse stock split of our issued, outstanding and authorized shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split is expected to take effect as of 12:01 a.m., New York City time, on March 9, 2023 (the “Effective Time”). Accordingly, at the Effective Time, every four issued and outstanding shares of our common stock will be converted into one share of our common stock, with a proportionate reduction in our authorized shares of common stock, outstanding equity awards and number of shares remaining available for issuance under our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The par value of each share of common stock will remain unchanged. No fractional shares will be issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Instead, each stockholder that would hold fractional shares as a result of the Reverse Stock Split will be entitled to receive, in lieu of such fractional shares, cash in an amount based on the closing price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on March 8, 2023. See Note 21 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for pro forma information regarding the Reverse Stock Split. • On February 22, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors approved an extension of the previously announced share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $200.0 million of our common stock. Our Board of Directors extended the stock repurchase program expiration from March 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. • Repurchase d $60.3 million par value of our residential loan securitization CDOs for approximately $58.7 million in February 2023. 64 Table of Contents Capital Allocation The following provides an overview of the allocation of our total equity as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We fund our investing and operating activities with a combination of cash flow from operations, proceeds from common and preferred equity and debt securities offerings, including convertible notes, senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures, short-term and longer-term repurchase agreements and CDOs. A detailed discussion of our liquidity and capital resources is provided in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” elsewhere in this section. The following tables set forth our allocated capital by investment category at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands). At December 31, 2022: Single-Family Multi-Family Corporate/Other Total Residential loans $ 3,525,080 $ — $ — $ 3,525,080 Consolidated SLST CDOs (634,495) — — (634,495) Multi-family loans — 87,534 — 87,534 Investment securities available for sale 68,570 30,133 856 99,559 Equity investments — 152,246 27,500 179,746 Equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (1) — 144,735 — 144,735 Equity investments in disposal group held for sale (2) — 244,039 — 244,039 Single-family rental properties 149,230 — — 149,230 Total investment portfolio carrying value 3,108,385 658,687 28,356 3,795,428 Liabilities: Repurchase agreements (737,023) — — (737,023) Residential loan securitization CDOs (1,468,222) — — (1,468,222) Senior unsecured notes — — (97,384) (97,384) Subordinated debentures — — (45,000) (45,000) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (3) 135,401 — 224,403 359,804 Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value — (44,237) — (44,237) Other 61,063 (2,554) (54,659) 3,850 Net Company capital allocated $ 1,099,604 $ 611,896 $ 55,716 $ 1,767,216 Company Recourse Leverage Ratio (4) 0.3x Portfolio Recourse Leverage Ratio (5) 0.3x (1) Represents the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties that are not in disposal group held for sale. See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's consolidated financial statements. (2) Includes both unconsolidated and consolidated equity investments in multi-family properties that are held for sale in disposal group. See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to the Company's consolidated financial statements. (3) Excludes cash in the amount of $35.1 million held in the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and consolidated equity investments in disposal group held for sale. Restricted cash is included in the Company's accompanying consolidated balance sheets in other assets. (4) Represents the Company's total outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing, subordinated debentures and senior unsecured notes divided by the Company’s total stockholders’ equity. Does not include certain repurchase agreement financing amounting to $291.2 million, Consolidated SLST CDOs amounting to $634.5 million, residential loan securitization CDOs amounting to $1.5 billion and mortgages payable on real estate amounting to $394.7 million as they are non-recourse debt. 65 Table of Contents (5) Represents the Company's outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing divided by the Company’s total stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2021: Single-Family Multi-Family Corporate/Other Total Residential loans $ 3,575,601 $ — $ — $ 3,575,601 Consolidated SLST CDOs (839,419) — — (839,419) Multi-family loans — 120,021 — 120,021 Investment securities available for sale 128,019 33,146 39,679 200,844 Equity investments — 191,238 48,393 239,631 Equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties (1) — 261,639 — 261,639 Single-family rental properties 38,749 — — 38,749 Total investment portfolio carrying value 2,902,950 606,044 88,072 3,597,066 Liabilities: Repurchase agreements (554,259) — — (554,259) Residential loan securitization CDOs (682,802) — — (682,802) Convertible notes — — (137,898) (137,898) Senior unsecured notes — — (96,704) (96,704) Subordinated debentures — — (45,000) (45,000) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (2) 39,366 — 260,279 299,645 Other 29,612 (13,205) (55,424) (39,017) Net Company capital allocated $ 1,734,867 $ 592,839 $ 13,325 $ 2,341,031 Company Recourse Leverage Ratio (3) 0.4x Portfolio Recourse Leverage Ratio (4) 0.2x (1) Represents the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family apartment properties. See "Balance Sheet Analysis—Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities" for a reconciliation of equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties to the Company's consolidated financial statements. (2) Excludes cash in the amount of $30.1 million and restricted cash in the amount of $8.1 million held in the Company's equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties. Restricted cash is included in the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets in other assets. (3) Represents the Company's total outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing, subordinated debentures, convertible notes and senior unsecured notes divided by the Company’s total stockholders’ equity. Does not include Consolidated SLST CDOs amounting to $839.4 million, residential loan securitization CDOs amounting to $682.8 million and mortgages payable on real estate amounting to $709.4 million as they are non-recourse debt. (4) Represents the Company's outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing divided by the Company’s total stockholders’ equity. 66 Table of Contents Results of Operations The following discussion provides information regarding our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, including a comparison of year-over-year results and related commentary. A number of the tables contain a “change” column that indicates the amount by which results from the year ended December 31, 2022 are greater or less than the results from the year ended December 31, 2021. Unless otherwise specified, references in this section to increases or decreases in 2022 refer to the change in results for the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. For a discussion related to our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, please refer to Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022 and is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The following table presents the main components of our net (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data): For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change Interest income $ 258,388 $ 206,866 $ 51,522 Interest expense 129,419 79,284 50,135 Net interest income 128,969 127,582 1,387 Total non-interest (loss) income (120,513) 171,741 (292,254) General and administrative expenses 52,440 48,908 3,532 Expenses related to real estate 255,235 32,813 222,422 Portfolio operating expenses 40,888 26,668 14,220 (Loss) income from operations before income taxes (340,107) 190,934 (531,041) Income tax expense 542 2,458 (1,916) Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests 42,044 4,724 37,320 Net (loss) income attributable to Company (298,605) 193,200 (491,805) Preferred stock dividends 41,972 42,859 (887) Preferred stock redemption charge — 6,165 (6,165) Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders (340,577) 144,176 (484,753) Basic (loss) earnings per common share $ (0.90) $ 0.38 $ (1.28) Diluted (loss) earnings per common share $ (0.90) $ 0.38 $ (1.28) Interest Income and Interest Expense Interest income increased in 2022 primarily due to the increase in our average interest earning assets as the Company continued to invest in residential loans, particularly higher-yielding business purpose loans. This increase was offset by an increase of interest expense due to 1) increased securitization financings and borrowings on repurchase agreements and 2) an increase in cost of financing due to an increase in base interest rates. Non-interest Income (Loss) Realized Gains, Net The following table presents the components of realized gains, net recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands ): For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change Residential loans $ 8,281 $ 15,723 $ (7,442) Investment securities and derivatives 19,268 5,728 13,540 Total realized gains, net $ 27,549 $ 21,451 $ 6,098 67 Table of Contents During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized net realized gains of $8.3 million related to our residential loan portfolio, primarily as a result of loan prepayments. The Company also recognized net realized gains of $18.3 million on the sale of ABS and non-Agency RMBS as part of our strategy to selectively and opportunistically dispose of certain of our investment securities. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized net realized gains of $15.7 million related to our residential loan portfolio primarily as a result of loan prepayments and sales activity during the year. The Company also recognized net realized gains of $5.7 million related to our investment securities, which consisted of $11.2 million of net realized gains on the sale of Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS, offset by a write-down of $5.5 million recognized on the Company's investments in non-Agency RMBS. Unrealized (Losses) Gains, Net The following table presents the components of unrealized (losses) gains, net recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change Residential loans $ (289,670) $ 55,335 $ (345,005) Consolidated SLST (32,403) 23,832 (56,235) Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments (2,673) 1,016 (3,689) Investment securities and derivatives 3,665 15,466 (11,801) Total unrealized (losses) gains, net $ (321,081) $ 95,649 $ (416,730) The Company recognized $321.1 million in net unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to credit spread widening and increases in interest rates that impacted the pricing of our credit assets, particularly our residential loans and investment in Consolidated SLST. Net unrealized losses on our investment securities for the year ended December 31, 2022 included a reversal of previously recognized unrealized gains amounting to $15.9 million o n ABS that were sold during the year as well as additional unrealized losses on non-Agency RMBS and CMBS due to credit spread widening. Unrealized losses on investment securities for the year ended December 31, 2022 were partially offset by unrealized gains recognized on certain non-Agency IOs during the period as a result of an increase in interest rates. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $26.3 million of unrealized gains related to interest rate cap agreements, also as a result of an increase in interest rates during the period. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $95.6 million in net unrealized gains, primarily due to improved pricing on our credit assets driven largely by tightening credit spreads, particularly our residential loans, investment in Consolidated SLST and our non-Agency RMBS. 68 Table of Contents Income from Equity Investments The following table presents the components of income from equity investments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change Preferred return on preferred equity investments accounted for as equity $ 22,276 $ 24,256 $ (1,980) Unrealized (losses) gains, net on preferred equity investments accounted for as equity (3,606) 377 (3,983) (Loss) income from unconsolidated joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties (1,430) 150 (1,580) (Loss) income from entities that invest in or originate residential properties and loans (2,166) 9,113 (11,279) Total income from equity investments $ 15,074 $ 33,896 $ (18,822) Income from equity investments decreased during the year ended December 31, 2022, due in part to the redemption of a residential equity investment in the first quarter of 2022. Income from equity investments also decreased due to net unrealized losses recognized on preferred equity, unconsolidated joint venture equity and residential equity investments during the year ended December 31, 2022 due to rising interest rates that negatively impacted valuations and credit spread widening. Preferred return on preferred equity investments decreased during the period as a result of investment redemptions since December 31, 2021. Other Income The following table presents the components of other income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change Preferred equity and mezzanine loan premiums resulting from early redemption (1) $ 3,950 $ 5,294 $ (1,344) Gain on sale of real estate held for sale 17,132 — 17,132 Miscellaneous (4,793) 221 (5,014) Total other income $ 16,289 $ 5,515 $ 10,774 (1) Includes premiums resulting from early redemptions of preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments accounted for as loans. The net increase in other income in 2022 is primarily due to gain recognized on the sale of a multi-family property in which we held a joint venture equity interest during the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was partially offset by impairment losses related to certain equity and joint venture equity investments recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022. 69 Table of Contents Expenses The following tables present the components of general, administrative and portfolio operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change General and Administrative Expenses Salaries, benefits and directors’ compensation $ 39,689 $ 36,970 $ 2,719 Professional fees 4,771 3,468 1,303 Other 7,980 8,470 (490) Total general and administrative expenses $ 52,440 $ 48,908 $ 3,532 The increase in general and administrative expenses in 2022 is primarily related to an increase in salary and stock-based compensation expenses due, in part, to an increase in employee headcount, and an increase in legal and audit fees. For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change Portfolio operating expenses $ 40,888 $ 26,668 $ 14,220 The increase in portfolio operating expenses in 2022 can be attributed primarily to increased servicing fees related to business purpose loans as a result of increased investment activity in those assets during the first half of 2022 . Net (Loss) Income from Real Estate The following table presents the components of net (loss) income from real estate for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change Income from real estate $ 141,656 $ 15,230 $ 126,426 Expenses related to real estate: Interest expense, mortgages payable on real estate (56,011) (3,964) (52,047) Depreciation expense on operating real estate (47,179) (5,662) (41,517) Amortization of lease intangibles related to operating real estate (79,645) (13,588) (66,057) Other expenses (72,400) (9,599) (62,801) Total expenses related to real estate (255,235) (32,813) (222,422) Net gain (1) 40,821 157 40,664 Net loss from real estate (72,758) (17,426) (55,332) Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest 42,044 4,724 37,320 Net loss from real estate attributable to Company $ (30,714) $ (12,702) $ (18,012) (1) Includes $17.1 million of gain on sale, $1.1 million of loss on extinguishment of mortgages payable on real estate and $2.4 million impairment of real estate included in other income, $0.9 million included in realized gains, net related to derivatives and $26.3 million of unrealized gains on derivatives included in unrealized gains, net in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. 70 Table of Contents Beginning in the second half of 2021, we significantly grew our portfolio of joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties, the assets and liabilities of which are consolidated in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. The increase in net loss from real estate in 2022 was primarily related to a full year of activity from the consolidated joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties. A significant portion of the net loss is attributable to depreciation expense and amortization of lease intangibles related to the operating real estate. The Company recognized depreciation and amortization expenses totaling $47.2 million and $79.6 million, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was partially offset by unrealized gains recognized on interest rate cap agreements related to mortgages payable as a result of an increase in interest rates as well as gain recognized on the sale of real estate held for sale . Comprehensive (Loss) Income The main components of comprehensive (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are detailed in the following table (dollar amounts in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change NET (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS $ (340,577) $ 144,176 $ (484,753) OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME (Decrease) increase in fair value of available for sale securities Non-Agency RMBS (3,748) 4,663 (8,411) CMBS — 86 (86) Total (3,748) 4,749 (8,497) Reclassification adjustment for net gain included in net (loss) income — (3,965) 3,965 TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME (3,748) 784 (4,532) COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPANY'S COMMON STOCKHOLDERS $ (344,325) $ 144,960 $ (489,285) The changes in other comprehensive (loss) income ("OCI") in 2022 can be attributed primarily to a decrease in the fair value of our investment securities, where the fair value option was not elected, as a result of credit spread widening in 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the net fair value of our investment securities where fair value option was not elected increased as a result of general credit spread tightening during the period. Additionally, previously recognized net unrealized gains reported in OCI were reclassified to net realized gains in relation to the sale of certain investment securities during the year ended December 31, 2021. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company’s newly purchased investment securities are presented at fair value as a result of a fair value election made at the time of acquisition pursuant to ASC 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”). The fair value option was elected for these investment securities to provide stockholders and others who rely on our financial statements with a more complete and accurate understanding of our economic performance. Changes in the market values of investment securities where the Company elected the fair value option are reflected in earnings instead of in OCI. As of December 31, 2022 , the majority of the Company's investment securities are accounted for using the fair value option. 71 Table of Contents Analysis of Changes in GAAP Book Value The following table analyzes the changes in GAAP book value of our common stock for the year ended December 31, 2022 (amounts in thousands, except per share): Year Ended December 31, 2022 Amount Shares Per Share (1) Beginning Balance $ 1,783,906 379,405 $ 4.70 Common stock issuance, net (2) 11,895 2,000 Preferred stock issuance, net 130 Common stock repurchase (44,399) (16,630) Balance after share activity 1,751,532 364,775 4.80 Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value (44,237) (0.12) Costs associated with non-controlling interest contributions (26) — Dividends and dividend equivalents declared (152,853) (0.42) Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Investment securities available for sale (3) (3,748) (0.01) Net loss attributable to Company's common stockholders (340,577) (0.93) Ending Balance $ 1,210,091 364,775 $ 3.32 (1) Outstanding shares used to calculate book value per common share for the year ended December 31, 2022 are 364,774,752. (2) Includes amortization of stock based compensation. (3) The net decrease relates to unrealized losses on our investment securities due to reductions in pricing. The following table analyzes the changes in GAAP book value of our common stock for the year ended December 31, 2021 (amounts in thousands, except per share): Year Ended December 31, 2021 Amount Shares Per Share (1) Beginning Balance $ 1,779,380 377,744 $ 4.71 Common stock issuance, net (2) 10,239 1,661 Preferred stock issuance, net 210,738 Preferred stock issuance liquidation preference (218,750) Preferred stock redemption charge 6,165 Balance after share activity 1,787,772 379,405 4.71 Redemption of non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs 3,420 0.01 Dividends and dividend equivalents declared (152,246) (0.40) Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income: Investment securities available for sale (3) 784 — Net income attributable to Company's common stockholders 144,176 0.38 Ending Balance $ 1,783,906 379,405 $ 4.70 (1) Outstanding shares used to calculate book value per common share for the year ended December 31, 2021 are 379,405,240. (2) Includes amortization of stock based compensation. (3) The net increase relates to the reclassification of unrealized gains and losses to net income in relation to the sale of investment securities and net unrealized gains on our investment securities due to improved pricing. 72 Table of Contents Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to the results presented in accordance with GAAP, this Annual Report on Form 10-K includes certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted interest income, adjusted interest expense, adjusted net interest income, yield on average interest earning assets, average financing cost, net interest spread, undepreciated earnings and adjusted book value per common share. Our management team believes that these non-GAAP financial measures, when considered with our GAAP financial statements, provide supplemental information useful for investors as it enables them to evaluate our current performance and trends using the metrics that management uses to operate our business. Our presentation of non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies, who may use different calculations. Because these measures are not calculated in accordance with GAAP, they should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, the financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our GAAP financial results and the reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the most directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP should be carefully evaluated. Adjusted Net Interest Income and Net Interest Spread Financial results for the Company during a given period include the net interest income earned on our investment portfolio of residential loans, RMBS, CMBS, ABS and preferred equity investments and mezzanine loans, where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to and accounted for as loans (collectively, our “interest earning assets”). Adjusted net interest income and net interest spread (both supplemental non-GAAP financial measures) are impacted by factors such as our cost of financing, the interest rate that our investments bear and our interest rate hedging strategies. Furthermore, the amount of premium or discount paid on purchased investments and the prepayment rates on investments will impact adjusted net interest income as such factors will be amortized over the expected term of such investments. We provide the following non-GAAP financial measures, in total and by investment category, for the respective periods: • adjusted interest income – calculated by reducing our GAAP interest income by the interest expense recognized on Consolidated SLST CDOs and Consolidated K-Series CDOs, • adjusted interest expense – calculated by reducing our GAAP interest expense by the interest expense recognized on Consolidated SLST CDOs and Consolidated K-Series CDOs, • adjusted net interest income – calculated by subtracting adjusted interest expense from adjusted interest income, • yield on average interest earning assets – calculated as the quotient of our adjusted interest income and our average interest earning assets and excludes all Consolidated SLST and Consolidated K-Series assets other than those securities owned by the Company, • average financing cost – calculated as the quotient of our adjusted interest expense and the average outstanding balance of our interest bearing liabilities, excluding Consolidated SLST CDOs, Consolidated K-Series CDOs and mortgages payable on real estate, and • net interest spread – calculated as the difference between our yield on average interest earning assets and our average financing cost. We provide the non-GAAP financial measures listed above because we believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors and management with additional detail and enhance their understanding of our interest earning asset yields, in total and by investment category, relative to the cost of our financing and the underlying trends within our portfolio of interest earning assets. In addition to the foregoing, our management team uses these measures to assess, among other things, the performance of our interest earning assets in total and by asset, possible cash flows from our interest earning assets in total and by asset, our ability to finance or borrow against the asset and the terms of such financing and the composition of our portfolio of interest earning assets, including acquisition and disposition determi nations. These measures remove the impact of Consolidated SLST and the Consolidated K-Series that we consolidate or consolidated in accordance with GAAP by only including the interest income earned by the Consolidated SLST and Consolidated K-Series securities that are or were actually owned by the Company, as the Company only receives or received income or absorbs or absorbed losses related to the Consolidated SLST and Consolidated K-Series securities actually owned by the Company. Prior to the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we also reduced GAAP interest expense by the interest expense on mortgages payable on real estate. Commencing with the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we have reclassified the interest expense on mortgages payable on real estate to expenses related to real estate on our consolidated statements of operations and, as such, it is no longer included in GAAP interest expense. Prior period disclosures have been conformed to the current period presentation. 73 Table of Contents The following tables set forth certain information about our interest earning assets by category and their related adjusted interest income, adjusted interest expense, adjusted net interest income, yield on average interest earning assets, average financing cost and net interest spread for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 , respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2022 Single-Family (8) Multi- Family Corporate/Other Total Adjusted Interest Income (1) (2) $ 213,770 $ 13,499 $ 5,974 $ 233,243 Adjusted Interest Expense (1) (94,664) (152) (9,458) (104,274) Adjusted Net Interest Income (1) $ 119,106 $ 13,347 $ (3,484) $ 128,969 Average Interest Earning Assets (3) $ 3,354,923 $ 135,769 $ 13,820 $ 3,504,512 Average Interest Bearing Liabilities (4) $ 2,333,020 $ 5,520 $ 150,194 $ 2,488,734 Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets (1) (5) 6.37 % 9.94 % 43.23 % 6.66 % Average Financing Cost (1) (6) (4.06) % (2.75) % (6.30) % (4.19) % Net Interest Spread (1) (7) 2.31 % 7.19 % 36.93 % 2.47 % Year Ended December 31, 2021 Single-Family (8) Multi- Family Corporate/Other Total Adjusted Interest Income (1) (2) $ 151,931 $ 19,900 $ 6,900 $ 178,731 Adjusted Interest Expense (1) (33,787) — (17,362) (51,149) Adjusted Net Interest Income (1) $ 118,144 $ 19,900 $ (10,462) $ 127,582 Average Interest Earning Assets (3) $ 2,559,713 $ 238,273 $ 28,025 $ 2,826,011 Average Interest Bearing Liabilities (4) $ 1,039,145 $ — $ 250,778 $ 1,289,923 Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets (1) (5) 5.94 % 8.35 % 24.62 % 6.32 % Average Financing Cost (1) (6) (3.25) % — (6.92) % (3.97) % Net Interest Spread (1) (7) 2.69 % 8.35 % 17.70 % 2.35 % Year Ended December 31, 2020 Single-Family (8) Multi- Family (9) Corporate/Other Total Adjusted Interest Income (1) (2) $ 128,287 $ 54,708 $ 5,741 $ 188,736 Adjusted Interest Expense (1) (41,109) (7,352) (13,182) (61,643) Adjusted Net Interest Income (1) $ 87,178 $ 47,356 $ (7,441) $ 127,093 Average Interest Earning Assets (3) $ 2,595,576 $ 656,067 $ 43,855 $ 3,295,498 Average Interest Bearing Liabilities (4) $ 1,292,958 $ 227,692 $ 183,000 $ 1,703,650 Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets (1) (5) 4.94 % 8.34 % 13.08 % 5.73 % Average Financing Cost (1) (6) (3.14) % (3.18) % (7.10) % (3.57) % Net Interest Spread (1) (7) 1.80 % 5.16 % 5.98 % 2.16 % (1) Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. (2) Includes interest income earned on cash accounts held by the Company. 74 Table of Contents (3) Average Interest Earning Assets for the respective periods include residential loans, multi-family loans and investment securities and exclude all Consolidated SLST and Consolidated K-Series assets other than those securities owned by the Company. Average Interest Earning Assets is calculated based on the daily average amortized cost for the respective periods. (4) Average Interest Bearing Liabilities for the respective periods include repurchase agreements, residential loan securitization CDOs, Convertible Notes, senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures and exclude Consolidated SLST CDOs, Consolidated K-Series CDOs and mortgages payable on real estate as the Company does or did not directly incur interest expense on these liabilities that are consolidated for GAAP purposes. Average Interest Bearing Liabilities is calculated based on the daily average outstanding balance for the respective periods. (5) Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets is calculated by dividing our adjusted interest income relating to our portfolio of interest earning assets by our Average Interest Earning Assets for the respective periods. (6) Average Financing Cost is calculated by dividing our adjusted interest expense by our Average Interest Bearing Liabilities. (7) Net Interest Spread is the difference between our Yield on Average Interest Earning Assets and our Average Financing Cost. (8) The Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary of Consolidated SLST and has consolidated Consolidated SLST into the Company's consolidated financial statements. Our GAAP interest income includes interest income recognized on the underlying seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans held in Consolidated SLST. Our GAAP interest expense includes interest expense recognized on the Consolidated SLST CDOs that permanently finance the residential loans in Consolidated SLST and are not owned by the Company. We calculate adjusted interest income by reducing our GAAP interest income by the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated SLST CDOs and adjusted interest expense by excluding the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated SLST CDOs, thus only including the interest income earned by the SLST securities that are actually owned by the Company in adjusted net interest income. (9) Prior to the sale of first loss POs in March 2020, the Company had determined it was the primary beneficiary of the Consolidated K-Series and had consolidated the Consolidated K-Series into the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Our GAAP interest income included interest income recognized on the underlying multi-family loans held in the Consolidated K-Series. Our GAAP interest expense included interest expense recognized on the Consolidated K-Series CDOs that permanently financed the multi-family loans in the Consolidated K-Series and were not owned by the Company. We calculate adjusted interest income by reducing our GAAP interest income by the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated K-Series CDOs and adjusted interest expense by excluding the interest expense recognized on the Consolidated K-Series CDOs, thus only including the interest income earned by the K-Series securities that were actually owned by the Company in adjusted net interest income. 75 Table of Contents Our adjusted net interest income remained relatively flat in 2022 as compared to the prior year. Adjusted interest expense increased as a result of increased borrowings pursuant to repurchase agreements and securitization financings and an increase in the cost of financing due to base interest rate movements. Our average interest earning assets also increased in 2022, primarily due to additional investment in higher-yielding business purpose loans, which partially offset the increases in repurchase agreement financing obtained on residential loans and investment securities, securitization financings related to residential loans and the associated increased financing costs. Multi-family adjusted net interest income decreased by approximately $6.6 million in 2022 primarily as a result of multi-family loan redemptions that moved multi-family average interest earning assets lower, while a reduction in corporate/other adjusted interest expense resulting from redemption of our Convertible Notes (defined below) in the first quarter of 2022 caused corporate/other adjusted net interest income to increase by approximately $7.0 million. Net interest spread increased during 2022, primarily due to an increase in yield on average interest earning assets resulting from our continued investment in higher-yielding business purpose loans. The increase was partially offset by an increase in the cost of financing due to base interest rate movements in 2022. Our adjusted net interest income remained relatively flat in 2021 as compared to the prior year. Adjusted interest income decreased as a result of a decrease in average interest earning assets due to asset sales in 2020, largely in response to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic during the first half of 2020, opportunistic asset sales in 2020 and 2021 and higher prepayment speeds in 2021. In particular, we sold our entire portfolio of higher-yielding first loss POs within the Consolidated K-Series in March 2020 and continued to reduce our portfolio of remaining investment securities through the sale of non-Agency RMBS and CMBS in 2021. The decrease in adjusted interest income was partially offset by the acquisition of higher-yielding business purpose loans in 2021. Adjusted interest expense also decreased in 2021 as compared to the prior year due to a decrease in average interest bearing liabilities, which was largely driven by reduced borrowings from repurchases agreements secured by investment securities. Net interest spread for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased from the prior year period primarily due to continued investment in higher-yielding business purpose loans. The change was partially offset by increased average borrowing costs associated with the non-mark-to-market financings (including securitizations) completed in 2020 and 2021 that replaced repurchase agreement financings that had lower interest costs. A reconciliation of GAAP interest income to adjusted interest income, GAAP interest expense to adjusted interest expense and GAAP total net interest income to adjusted net interest income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is presented below (dollar amounts in thousands): 76 Table of Contents Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Single-Family Multi-Family Corporate/Other Total Single-Family Multi-Family Corporate/Other Total Single-Family Multi-Family Corporate/Other Total GAAP interest income $ 238,915 $ 13,499 $ 5,974 $ 258,388 $ 180,066 $ 19,900 $ 6,900 $ 206,866 $ 159,950 $ 184,470 $ 5,741 $ 350,161 GAAP interest expense (119,809) (152) (9,458) (129,419) (61,922) — (17,362) (79,284) (72,772) (137,114) (13,182) (223,068) GAAP total net interest income $ 119,106 $ 13,347 $ (3,484) $ 128,969 $ 118,144 $ 19,900 $ (10,462) $ 127,582 $ 87,178 $ 47,356 $ (7,441) $ 127,093 GAAP interest income $ 238,915 $ 13,499 $ 5,974 $ 258,388 $ 180,066 $ 19,900 $ 6,900 $ 206,866 $ 159,950 $ 184,470 $ 5,741 $ 350,161 Remove interest expense from: Consolidated SLST CDOs (25,145) — — (25,145) (28,135) — — (28,135) (31,663) — — (31,663) Consolidated K-Series CDOs — — — — — — — — — (129,762) — (129,762) Adjusted interest income $ 213,770 $ 13,499 $ 5,974 $ 233,243 $ 151,931 $ 19,900 $ 6,900 $ 178,731 $ 128,287 $ 54,708 $ 5,741 $ 188,736 GAAP interest expense $ (119,809) $ (152) $ (9,458) $ (129,419) $ (61,922) $ — $ (17,362) $ (79,284) $ (72,772) $ (137,114) $ (13,182) $ (223,068) Remove interest expense from: Consolidated SLST CDOs 25,145 — — 25,145 28,135 — — 28,135 31,663 — — 31,663 Consolidated K-Series CDOs — — — — — — — — — 129,762 — 129,762 Adjusted interest expense $ (94,664) $ (152) $ (9,458) $ (104,274) $ (33,787) $ — $ (17,362) $ (51,149) $ (41,109) $ (7,352) $ (13,182) $ (61,643) Adjusted net interest income (1) $ 119,106 $ 13,347 $ (3,484) $ 128,969 $ 118,144 $ 19,900 $ (10,462) $ 127,582 $ 87,178 $ 47,356 $ (7,441) $ 127,093 (1) Adjusted net interest income is calculated by subtracting adjusted interest expense from adjusted interest income. Undepreciated (Loss) Earnings Undepreciated (loss) earnings is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure defined as GAAP net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders excluding the Company's share in depreciation expense and lease intangible amortization expense related to operating real estate, net. By excluding these non-cash adjustments from our operating results, we believe that the presentation of undepreciated (loss) earnings provides a consistent measure of our operating performance and useful information to investors to evaluate the effective net return on our portfolio. In addition, we believe that presenting undepreciated (loss) earnings enables our investors to measure, evaluate, and compare our operating performance to that of our peers. A reconciliation of net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders to undepreciated (loss) earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is presented below (amounts in thousands, except per share data). 77 Table of Contents For the Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Net (loss) income attributable to Company's common stockholders $ (340,577) $ 144,176 $ (329,696) Add: Depreciation expense on operating real estate 28,916 4,381 — Amortization of lease intangibles related to operating real estate 50,083 11,324 — Undepreciated (loss) earnings $ (261,578) $ 159,881 $ (329,696) Weighted average shares outstanding - basic 377,287 379,232 371,004 Undepreciated (loss) earnings per common share $ (0.69) $ 0.42 $ (0.89) Adjusted Book Value Per Common Share Previously, we presented undepreciated book value per common share as a non-GAAP financial measure. Commencing with the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we have discontinued disclosure of undepreciated book value per common share and instead present adjusted book value per common share, also a non-GAAP financial measure. When presented in prior periods, undepreciated book value was calculated by excluding from GAAP book value the Company's share of cumulative depreciation and lease intangible amortization expenses related to operating real estate, net held at the end of the period. Since we began disclosing undepreciated book value, we identified additional items as materially affecting our book value and believe they should also be incorporated in order to provide a more useful non-GAAP measure for investors to evaluate our current performance and trends and facilitate the comparison of our financial performance and adjusted book value per common share to that of our peers. Accordingly, we calculate adjusted book value per common share by making the following adjustments to GAAP book value: (i) exclude the Company's share of cumulative depreciation and lease intangible amortization expenses related to operating real estate, net held at the end of the period, (ii) exclude the adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interests to estimated redemption value and (iii) adjust our liabilities that finance our investment portfolio to fair value. Our rental property portfolio includes fee simple interests in single-family rental homes and joint venture equity interests in multi-family properties owned by Consolidated Real Estate VIEs. By excluding our share of non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses, adjusted book value reflects the value of our single-family rental properties and joint venture equity investments at their undepreciated basis. Additionally, in connection with third party ownership of certain of the non-controlling interests in certain of the Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, we record redeemable non-controlling interests as mezzanine equity on our consolidated balance sheets. The holders of the redeemable non-controlling interests may elect to sell their ownership interests to us at fair value once a year, subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations, resulting in an adjustment of the redeemable non-controlling interests to fair value that is accounted for by us as an equity transaction in accordance with GAAP. A key component of the estimation of fair value of the redeemable non-controlling interests is the estimated fair value of the multi-family apartment properties held by the applicable Consolidated Real Estate VIEs, which valuation is performed once a year by obtaining third party valuations in accordance with underlying agreements. However, because the corresponding real estate assets are not reported at fair value and thus not adjusted to reflect unrealized gains or losses in our consolidated financial statements, the adjustment of the redeemable non-controlling interests to fair value directly affects our GAAP book value. By excluding the adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interests to estimated redemption value, adjusted book value more closely aligns the accounting treatment applied to our real estate assets and reflects the value of our joint venture equity investments at their undepreciated basis. The substantial majority of our remaining assets are financial or similar instruments that are carried at fair value in accordance with the fair value option in our consolidated financial statements. However, unlike our use of the fair value option for the assets in our investment portfolio, the CDOs issued by our residential loan securitizations, senior unsecured notes, subordinated debentures and Convertible Notes that finance our investment portfolio assets are carried at amortized cost in our consolidated financial statements. By adjusting these financing instruments to fair value, adjusted book value reflects the Company's net equity in investments on a comparable fair value basis. 78 Table of Contents We believe that the presentation of adjusted book value per common share provides a more useful measure for investors and us than undepreciated book value as it provides a more consistent measure of our value, allows management to effectively consider our financial position and facilitates the comparison of our financial performance to that of our peers. A reconciliation of GAAP book value to adjusted book value and calculation of adjusted book value per common share as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is presented below (amounts in thousands, except per share data). December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Company's stockholders' equity $ 1,767,216 $ 2,341,031 Preferred stock liquidation preference (557,125) (557,125) GAAP book value 1,210,091 1,783,906 Add: Cumulative depreciation expense on operating real estate 31,433 4,381 Cumulative amortization of lease intangibles related to operating real estate 59,844 11,324 Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value 44,237 — Adjustment of amortized cost liabilities to fair value 103,066 (8,237) Adjusted book value $ 1,448,671 $ 1,791,374 Common shares outstanding 364,775 379,405 GAAP book value per common share (1) $ 3.32 $ 4.70 Adjusted book value per common share (2) $ 3.97 $ 4.72 (1) GAAP book value per common share is calculated using the GAAP book value and the common shares outstanding for the periods indicated. (2) Adjusted book value per common share is calculated using the adjusted book value and the common shares outstanding for the periods indicated. 79 Table of Contents Critical Accounting Estimates We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are based, in part, on our judgment and assumptions regarding various economic conditions that we believe are reasonable based on facts and circumstances existing at the time of reporting. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions utilized in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Although our estimates contemplate conditions as of December 31, 2022 and how we expect them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be different than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities and accumulated other comprehensive income at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income, expenses and other comprehensive income during the periods presented. Moreover, the uncertainty over the ultimate impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on the global economy generally, and on our business in particular, makes any estimates and assumptions inherently less certain than they would be absent the current and potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in the estimates and assumptions could have a material effect on these financial statements. Accounting policies and estimates related to specific components of our consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. In accordance with SEC guidance, the estimates that we believe are most critical to an investor’s understanding of our financial results and condition and which require complex management judgment are discussed below. Valuation of Financial Instruments Residential Loans The Company’s acquired residential loans are recorded at fair value, which is determined using valuations obtained from a third party that specializes in providing valuations of residential loans. For performing and re-performing loans, estimates of fair value are derived using a discounted cash flow model, where estimates of cash flows are determined from scheduled payments for each loan, adjusted using forecast prepayment rates, default rates and rates for loss upon default. For non-performing loans, asset liquidation cash flows are derived based on the estimated time to liquidate the loan, expected liquidation costs and home price appreciation. Estimated cash flows for both performing and non-performing loans are discounted at yields considered appropriate to arrive at a reasonable exit price for the asset. Indications of loan value such as actual trades, bids, offers and generic market color may be used in determining the appropriate discount yield. The estimation of cash flows used in pricing models is inherently subjective and imprecise. Changes to cash flow model assumptions, including prepayment speeds, default rates, rates for loss upon default, liquidation costs, home price appreciation and discount rates may significantly impact the fair value estimate of residential loans, as well as unrealized gains and losses recognized on these assets. Investment Securities Issued by Consolidated SLST The Company invests in first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by Consolidated SLST. The investment securities that we own in Consolidated SLST are generally illiquid and trade infrequently. The fair valuation of these investment securities is determined based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant assumptions used in the measurement of these investments are projected losses within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity, prepayment rate and current market interest rates. The estimation of cash flows used in pricing models is inherently subjective and imprecise. Significant changes in model assumptions, including projected losses, discount rate, prepayment speeds, default rate and loss severity may significantly impact the fair value estimate of investment securities that we own in Consolidated SLST, as well as unrealized gains and losses recognized on these assets. The Company’s valuation methodologies are described in “Note 15 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments” included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Refer to Item 7A., "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Fair Value Risk" for a quantitative interest rate sensitivity analysis of our investment portfolio. 80 Table of Contents Revenue Recognition Investment Securities Issued by Consolidated SLST Interest income on first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by Consolidated SLST is recognized based on the securities' effective yield. The effective yield on these securities is based on management’s estimate of the projected cash flows from each security, which incorporates assumptions related to fluctuations in interest rates, prepayment speeds and the timing and amount of credit losses. On at least a quarterly basis, management reviews and, if appropriate, adjusts its cash flow projections based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, and its judgment about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. Changes in cash flows from those originally projected, or from those estimated at the last evaluation, may result in a prospective change in the yield (or interest income) recognized on these securities. The estimation of cash flows used in determining effective yield is inherently subjective and imprecise. Changes in the underlying cash flow assumptions, including prepayment speeds and timing and amount of credit losses, may significantly impact the calculation of effective yield and the interest income recognized for these securities. Variable Interest Entities and Consolidation Reporting Requirements A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A VIE is defined as an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The Company consolidates a VIE when it is the primary beneficiary of such VIE. Determining whether an entity has a controlling financial interest in a VIE requires significant judgment related to assessing the purpose and design of the VIE and determination of the activities that most significantly impact its economic performance. We must also identify explicit and implicit variable interests in the entity and consider our involvement in both the design of the VIE and its ongoing activities. To determine whether consolidation of the VIE is required, we must apply judgment to assess whether we have the power to direct the most significant activities of the VIE and whether we have either the rights to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The Company is required to reconsider its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE each reporting period, based upon changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we owned 100% of the first loss subordinated securities of Consolidated SLST. Consolidated SLST represents a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential mortgage loan securitization of which we own or owned the first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs and senior securities. We determined that Consolidated SLST was a VIE and that we are the primary beneficiary of Consolidated SLST. As a result, we are required to consolidate Consolidated SLST’s underlying residential loans including their liabilities, income and expenses in our consolidated financial statements. The Company also invests in joint venture equity investments that own multi-family apartment communities, which the Company determined to be VIEs and for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of these VIEs in the accompanying consolidated financial statements with non-controlling interests for the third-party ownership of the joint ventures' membership interests. The Company accounted for the initial consolidation of the joint venture investments as asset acquisitions, as substantially all of the fair value of the assets within the entities are concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. The Company records its initial investments in income-producing real estate at fair value. The purchase price of acquired properties is apportioned to the tangible and identified intangible assets and liabilities acquired at their respective estimated fair values. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes a number of sources, including independent appraisals that may be obtained in connection with the acquisition or financing of the respective real estate, its own analysis of recently-acquired and existing comparable properties, property financial results, and other market data. The Company also considers information obtained about the real estate as a result of its due diligence, including marketing and leasing activities, in estimating the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired. The Company considers the value of acquired in-place leases and utilizes an amortization period that is the average remaining term of the acquired leases. 81 Table of Contents The estimation of fair value for purposes of allocating the purchase price of investments in real estate requires significant judgement based on the available sources. The allocation may significantly impact the carrying value of intangible assets and liabilities consolidated as asset acquisitions, as well as the amount and timing of depreciation and amortization expense recognized in relation to these assets and liabilities over time. Real estate held for sale (including real estate in disposal group held for sale) is recorded at the lower of the net carrying amount of the assets or the estimated net fair value. The Company assesses the net fair value of real estate held for sale in each reporting period that the assets remain classified as held for sale. The Company utilizes market assumptions and a discounted cash flow analysis using property financial information and assumptions regarding market rent, revenue and expense growth, capitalization rates and return rates to estimate fair value of real estate assets. The third-party owners of certain of the non-controlling interests in Consolidated VIEs have the ability to sell their ownership interests to the Company, at their election. The Company has classified these third-party ownership interests as redeemable non-controlling interest and determines the fair value of the redeemable non-controlling interest on a non-recurring basis utilizing discounted cash flows. The Company applies a discount rate to the estimated future cash flows from the multi-family apartment properties held by the applicable Consolidated VIEs that are allocable to the redeemable non-controlling interest. The estimation of cash flows used in pricing models for real estate held for sale and redeemable non-controlling interest is inherently subjective and imprecise. The estimation of fair value requires significant judgment based on the available sources and may affect any impairment recognized on real estate in the Company's statements of operations or, with respect to redeemable non-controlling interest, the Company's book value. A discussion of significant accounting policies is included in “Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 82 Table of Contents Balance Sheet Analysis As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $6.2 billion of total assets. Included in this amount is approximately $830.8 million of assets held in Consolidated SLST and $1.7 billion of assets related to equity investments in multi-family properties that we consolidate in accordance with GAAP. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $5.7 billion of total assets, approximately $1.1 billion of which represented Consolidated SLST and $1.0 billion of which related to equity investments in multi-family properties that we consolidate in accordance with GAAP. For a reconciliation of our actual interests in Consolidated SLST, see “Portfolio Update” above. For a reconciliation of our equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties, see “Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities” below. 83 Table of Contents Residential Loans The following table presents the Company’s residential loans, which include acquired residential loans held by the Company and residential loans held in Consolidated SLST, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Acquired residential loans $ 2,697,498 $ 2,504,719 Consolidated SLST 827,582 1,070,882 Total $ 3,525,080 $ 3,575,601 Acquired Residential Loans The Company’s acquired residential loans, including performing, re-performing, and non-performing residential loans and business purpose loans, are presented at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in unrealized gains (losses), net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The following table details our acquired residential loans by strategy at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2022 Number of Loans Unpaid Principal Fair Value Weighted Average FICO Weighted Average LTV (1) Weighted Average Coupon Re-performing residential loan strategy 5,001 $ 677,229 $ 610,595 631 62% 4.9% Performing residential loan strategy 2,937 682,449 557,665 719 64% 3.9% Business purpose bridge loan strategy 1,964 1,253,704 1,236,303 732 65% 8.5% Business purpose rental loan strategy 1,163 329,299 292,935 748 69% 5.1% Total 11,065 $ 2,942,681 $ 2,697,498 December 31, 2021 Number of Loans Unpaid Principal Fair Value Weighted Average FICO Weighted Average LTV (1) Weighted Average Coupon Re-performing residential loan strategy 5,515 $ 769,779 $ 818,900 628 65% 4.8% Performing residential loan strategy 2,807 616,763 606,711 722 65% 4.0% Business purpose bridge loan strategy 2,028 988,963 992,870 728 65% 8.7% Business purpose rental loan strategy 266 83,071 86,238 747 68% 4.8% Total 10,616 $ 2,458,576 $ 2,504,719 84 Table of Contents (1) For second mortgages (included in performing residential loan strategy), the Company calculates the combined loan-to-value ("LTV"). For business purpose bridge loans, the Company calculates LTV as the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan. Characteristics of Our Acquired Residential Loans: Loan to Value at Purchase (1) December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 50% or less 14.6 % 11.8 % >50% - 60% 12.3 % 11.9 % >60% - 70% 24.4 % 27.9 % >70% - 80% 27.9 % 26.8 % >80% - 90% 10.0 % 9.0 % >90% - 100% 5.5 % 6.3 % > 100% 5.3 % 6.3 % Total 100.0 % 100.0 % (1) For second mortgages, the Company calculates the combined LTV. For business purpose bridge loans, the Company calculates LTV as the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan. FICO Scores at Purchase December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 550 or less 8.4 % 11.3 % 551 to 600 7.3 % 10.0 % 601 to 650 8.1 % 11.0 % 651 to 700 16.5 % 16.1 % 701 to 750 25.6 % 23.4 % 751 to 800 27.3 % 22.1 % 801 and over 6.8 % 6.1 % Total 100.0 % 100.0 % Current Coupon December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 3.00% or less 7.4 % 10.0 % 3.01% - 4.00% 15.8 % 15.5 % 4.01% - 5.00% 19.8 % 19.7 % 5.01% - 6.00% 7.9 % 7.5 % 6.01% - 7.00% 7.7 % 5.9 % 7.01% - 8.00% 16.4 % 13.2 % 8.01% and over 25.0 % 28.2 % Total 100.0 % 100.0 % Delinquency Status December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Current 90.6 % 92.6 % 31 – 60 days 2.2 % 2.5 % 61 – 90 days 1.8 % 0.8 % 90+ days 5.4 % 4.1 % Total 100.0 % 100.0 % 85 Table of Contents Origination Year December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 2007 or earlier 20.6 % 28.2 % 2008 - 2016 4.1 % 5.6 % 2017 1.3 % 1.9 % 2018 2.5 % 3.6 % 2019 4.0 % 6.0 % 2020 8.0 % 16.1 % 2021 26.1 % 38.6 % 2022 33.4 % — Total 100.0 % 100.0 % As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the option to purchase 50% of the issued and outstanding interests of an entity that originates residential loans. After acquiring this investment in November 2021, the Company purchased $260.6 million and $94.0 million of residential loans from the entity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In February 2023, the Company exercised its option in full related to this investment. Consolidated SLST The Company owns first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by a Freddie Mac-sponsored residential loan securitization. In accordance with GAAP, the Company has consolidated the underlying seasoned re-performing and non-performing residential loans of the securitization and the CDOs issued to permanently finance these residential loans, representing Consolidated SLST. Our investment in Consolidated SLST as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was limited to the RMBS comprised of first loss subordinated securities and IOs issued by the securitization with an aggregate net carrying value of $191.5 million and $230.3 million, respectively. For more information on investment securities held by the Company within Consolidated SLST, refer to "Investment Securities" section below. 86 Table of Contents The following table details the loan characteristics of the underlying residential loans that back our first loss subordinated securities issued by Consolidated SLST as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands, except current average loan size): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Current fair value $ 827,582 $ 1,070,882 Current unpaid principal balance $ 955,579 $ 1,071,228 Number of loans 6,160 6,802 Current average loan size $ 155,126 $ 157,487 Weighted average original loan term (in months) at purchase 351 351 Weighted average LTV at purchase 68 % 67 % Weighted average credit score at purchase 703 710 Current Coupon: 3.00% or less 3.0 % 2.8 % 3.01% – 4.00% 38.0 % 37.2 % 4.01% – 5.00% 39.3 % 39.9 % 5.01% – 6.00% 11.9 % 12.1 % 6.01% and over 7.8 % 8.0 % Delinquency Status: Current 69.5 % 70.3 % 31 - 60 11.1 % 12.3 % 61 - 90 4.4 % 4.7 % 90+ 15.0 % 12.7 % Origination Year: 2005 or earlier 31.1 % 30.9 % 2006 15.6 % 15.4 % 2007 21.4 % 21.1 % 2008 or later 31.9 % 32.6 % Geographic state concentration (greater than 5.0%): California 10.6 % 10.5 % Florida 10.3 % 10.5 % New York 9.8 % 9.8 % New Jersey 7.4 % 7.3 % Illinois 7.2 % 7.1 % 87 Table of Contents Residential Loans Financing Repurchase Agreements As of December 31, 2022, the Company had repurchase agreements with four third-party financial institutions to fund the purchase of residential loans. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no residential loan repurchase agreement exposure where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity. The following table presents detailed information about these repurchase agreements and associated assets pledged as collateral at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Maximum Aggregate Uncommitted Principal Amount Outstanding Repurchase Agreements (1) Net Deferred Finance Costs (2) Carrying Value of Repurchase Agreements Fair Value of Loans Pledged Weighted Average Rate Weighted Average Months to Maturity (3) December 31, 2022 $ 2,030,879 $ 688,487 $ (1,541) $ 686,946 $ 867,033 6.65 % 16.69 December 31, 2021 $ 1,252,352 $ 554,784 $ (525) $ 554,259 $ 729,649 2.79 % 4.38 (1) Includes non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements with an aggregate outstanding balance of $446.8 million, a weighted average rate of 6.77%, and weighted average months to maturity of 23.96 months as of December 31, 2022. Includes a non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement with an outstanding balance of $15.6 million, a rate of 4.00%, and months to maturity of 2.03 months as of December 31, 2021. (2) Costs related to the repurchase agreements, which include commitment, underwriting, legal, accounting and other fees, are reflected as deferred charges. Such costs are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets and are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, or straight line-method, if the result is not materially different. (3) The Company expects to roll outstanding amounts under these repurchase agreements into new repurchase agreements or other financings, or to repay outstanding amounts, prior to or at maturity. The following table details the quarterly average balance, ending balance and maximum balance at any month-end during each quarter in 2022, 2021 and 2020 for our repurchase agreements secured by residential loans (dollar amounts in thousands): Quarter Ended Quarterly Average Balance End of Quarter Balance Maximum Balance at any Month-End December 31, 2022 $ 833,517 $ 688,487 $ 1,076,747 September 30, 2022 1,324,819 1,163,408 1,554,993 June 30, 2022 1,386,714 1,566,926 1,566,926 March 31, 2022 682,867 783,168 783,168 December 31, 2021 397,651 554,784 554,784 September 30, 2021 337,295 335,434 345,620 June 30, 2021 401,466 341,791 506,750 March 31, 2021 441,006 538,632 538,632 December 31, 2020 415,625 407,213 425,903 September 30, 2020 651,384 673,787 673,787 June 30, 2020 892,422 876,923 905,776 March 31, 2020 731,245 715,436 744,522 Collateralized Debt Obligations Included in our portfolio are residential loans that are pledged as collateral for CDOs issued by the Company or by Consolidated SLST. The Company had a net investment in Consolidated SLST and other residential loan securitizations of $192.9 million and $232.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. 88 Table of Contents The following table summarizes Consolidated SLST CDOs and CDOs issued by the Company's residential loan securitizations as of December 31, 2022 (dollar amounts in thousands): Outstanding Face Amount Carrying Value Weighted Average Interest Rate (1) Stated Maturity (2) Consolidated SLST (3) $ 699,408 $ 634,495 2.75 % 2059 Residential loan securitizations $ 1,498,198 $ 1,468,222 3.54 % 2026 - 2062 (1) Weighted average interest rate is calculated using the outstanding face amount and stated interest rate of notes issued by the securitization and not owned by the Company. (2) The actual maturity of the Company's CDOs are primarily determined by the rate of principal prepayments on the assets of the issuing entity. The CDOs are also subject to redemption prior to the stated maturity according to the terms of the respective governing documents. As a result, the actual maturity of the CDOs may occur earlier than the stated maturity. (3) The Company has elected the fair value option for CDOs issued by Consolidated SLST. 89 Table of Contents Mezzanine Lending The Company's Mezzanine Lending strategy may include preferred equity in, and mezzanine loans to, entities that have multi-family real estate assets. A preferred equity investment is an equity investment in the entity that owns the underlying property and mezzanine loans are secured by a pledge of the borrower’s equity ownership in the property. We evaluate our Mezzanine Lending investments for accounting treatment as loans versus equity investments. Mezzanine Lending investments for which the characteristics, facts and circumstances indicate that loan accounting treatment is appropriate are included in multi-family loans on our consolidated balance sheets. Mezzanine Lending investments where the risks and payment characteristics are equivalent to an equity investment are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are included in equity investments on our consolidated balance sheets. The Company records its equity in earnings or losses from these Mezzanine Lending investments under the hypothetical liquidation of book value method of accounting due to the structures and the preferences it receives on the distributions from these entities pursuant to the respective agreements. Under this method, the Company recognizes income or loss in each period based on the change in liquidation proceeds it would receive from a hypothetical liquidation of its investment. As of December 31, 2022, one preferred equity investment was greater than 90 days delinquent. This investment represents 1.9% of the total fair value of our Mezzanine Lending portfolio. The following tables summarize our Mezzanine Lending portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2022 Count Fair Value (1) (2) Investment Amount (2) Weighted Average Preferred Return Rate (3) Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) Preferred equity investments 23 $ 239,780 $ 242,970 11.98 % 3.4 December 31, 2021 Count Fair Value (1) (2) Investment Amount (2) Weighted Average Preferred Return Rate (3) Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) Preferred equity investments 33 $ 300,819 $ 298,330 11.80 % 4.6 (1) Preferred equity investments in the amounts of $87.5 million and $120.0 million are included in multi-family loans on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Preferred equity investments in the amounts of $152.2 million and $180.8 million are included in equity investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. (2) The difference between the fair value and investment amount consists of any unamortized premium or discount, deferred fees or deferred expenses, and any unrealized gain or loss. (3) Based upon investment amount and contractual preferred return rate. 90 Table of Contents Mezzanine Lending Characteristics The following tables present characteristics of our Mezzanine Lending portfolio summarized by geographic concentrations of credit risk exceeding 5% of our total investment amount as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2022 State Count Investment Amount % Total Weighted Average Coupon Weighted Average LTV Weighted Average DSCR (1) Florida 5 $ 82,072 33.8 % 12.6 % 72 % 1.35x Texas 5 43,118 17.7 % 11.2 % 84 % 1.27x Alabama 2 33,827 13.9 % 12.3 % 68 % 2.23x Utah 1 20,568 8.5 % 12.0 % 67 % N/A (2) Tennessee 1 13,731 5.7 % 11.0 % 93 % 1.30x Other 9 49,654 20.4 % 11.7 % 86 % 1.72x Total 23 $ 242,970 100.0 % 12.0 % 79 % 1.50x December 31, 2021 State Count Investment Amount % Total Weighted Average Coupon Weighted Average LTV Weighted Average DSCR (1) Florida 6 $ 83,786 28.1 % 12.5 % 72 % 2.43x Texas 9 70,523 23.6 % 11.2 % 84 % 2.13x Alabama 3 40,960 13.7 % 12.2 % 73 % 2.12x Ohio 3 28,482 9.5 % 11.6 % 88 % 2.05x North Carolina 3 19,214 6.4 % 12.0 % 74 % 1.50x Other 9 55,365 18.7 % 11.2 % 84 % 1.91x Total 33 $ 298,330 100.0 % 11.8 % 79 % 2.05x (1) Represents the weighted average debt service coverage ratio ("DSCR") of the underlying properties. (2) Not applicable as the underlying property is under construction. 91 Table of Contents Equity Investments in Multi-Family Entities The Company owns joint venture equity investments in entities that own multi-family properties. The Company determined that these joint venture entities are VIEs and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of all but two of these VIEs, resulting in consolidation of the VIEs where we are the primary beneficiary, including their assets, liabilities, income and expenses, in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP. We receive a preferred return and/or pro rata variable distributions from these investments and, in certain cases, management fees based upon property performance. We also will participate in allocation of excess cash upon sale of the multi-family real estate assets. As noted above, the Company owns joint venture equity investments in two entities that own multi-family properties where the Company has determined that these joint venture entities are VIEs but that the Company is not the primary beneficiary, resulting in the Company recording its equity investments at fair value. We receive variable distributions from these investments on a pro rata basis and management fees based upon property performance. We also will participate in allocation of excess cash upon sale of the multi-family real estate assets. In September 2022, the Company announced a repositioning of its business through the opportunistic disposition over time of the Company's joint venture equity investments in multi-family properties and reallocation of its capital away from such assets to its targeted assets. Accordingly, the Company determined that certain joint venture equity investments met the criteria to be classified as held for sale and transferred the assets and liabilities of the respective Consolidated VIEs and its unconsolidated multi-family joint venture equity investments to assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale. The Company's net equity in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale totaled $388.8 million as of December 31, 2022. The Company's net equity in consolidated multi-family properties totaled $261.6 million as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company owned a multi-family property and the Company's net equity in this entity totaled $14.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the entity completed the sale of its multi-family property. A reconciliation of our net equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and disposal group held for sale to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is shown below (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Cash and cash equivalents $ 21,129 $ 30,130 Real estate, net 543,739 978,834 Lease intangible, net (1) — 39,769 Assets of disposal group held for sale (2) 1,151,784 — Other assets 13,686 31,006 Total assets $ 1,730,338 $ 1,079,739 Mortgages payable on real estate, net (3) $ 394,707 $ 709,356 Liabilities of disposal group held for sale (2) 883,812 — Other liabilities 10,511 17,993 Total liabilities $ 1,289,030 $ 727,349 Redeemable non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs $ 63,803 $ 66,392 Less: Adjustment of redeemable non-controlling interest to estimated redemption value (44,237) — Non-controlling interest in Consolidated VIEs 9,040 24,359 Non-controlling interest in disposal group held for sale 23,928 — Net equity investment (4) $ 388,774 $ 261,639 (1) Included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. 92 Table of Contents (2) See Note 9 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our assets and liabilities of disposal group held for sale. (3) See Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our mortgages payable on real estate. (4) The Company's net equity investment as of December 31, 2022 consists of $144.7 million of net equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties and $244.0 million of net equity investments in disposal group held for sale. Equity Investments in Consolidated Multi-Family Properties not in Disposal Group Held for Sale As of December 31, 2022, the Company's net equity investment in consolidated multi-family properties not in disposal group held for sale of $144.7 million primarily consists of two investments in one joint venture entity that do not meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale: a preferred equity investment of approximately $137.7 million earning a preferred return of 11% and a common equity investment of approximately $6.9 million. This joint venture entity also has third-party investors that have the ability to sell their ownership interests to us, at their election once a year subject to annual minimum and maximum amount limitations, and we are obligated to purchase, subject to certain conditions, such interests for cash, representing redeemable non-controlling interests of approximately $63.8 million. The geographic concentrations in consolidated multi-family properties exceeding 5% of our combined common and preferred net equity investments in consolidated multi-family properties not in disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are shown below (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2022 State Property Count Total Equity Ownership Interest Net Equity Investment Percentage of Total Net Equity Investment Texas 5 69% $ 40,825 40.7 % Tennessee 2 65% - 69% $ 15,959 15.9 % Florida 1 49% $ 14,075 14.0 % South Carolina 2 67% - 69% $ 11,935 11.9 % Kentucky 1 69% $ 9,257 9.2 % Alabama 1 69% $ 5,812 5.8 % December 31, 2021 (1) State Property Count Total Equity Ownership Interest Net Equity Investment Percentage of Total Net Equity Investment Florida 6 47% - 100% $ 81,754 31.2 % Texas 9 66% - 95% $ 79,527 30.4 % Alabama 2 80% - 95% $ 37,162 14.2 % South Carolina 2 63% - 66% $ 16,540 6.3 % (1) Information shown as of December 31, 2021 includes certain consolidated multi-family properties transferred to disposal group held for sale in September 2022. 93 Table of Contents The following table provides summary information regarding our consolidated multi-family properties that are not in disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2022. Market Property Count Occupancy % Units Rent per Unit (1) LTV (2) Beaufort, SC 1 92.3 % 248 $ 1,421 69.8 % Collierville, TN 1 94.8 % 324 1,502 76.7 % Columbia, SC 1 89.9 % 276 1,060 72.2 % Dallas, TX 2 91.8 % 401 1,831 83.4 % Houston, TX 1 91.1 % 192 1,392 90.9 % Little Rock, AR 1 95.5 % 202 1,254 90.2 % Louisville, KY 1 82.7 % 300 1,336 85.8 % Memphis, TN 1 86.0 % 242 1,103 101.3 % Montgomery, AL 1 83.7 % 252 965 94.7 % San Antonio, TX 2 90.8 % 684 1,258 78.5 % St. Petersburg, FL 1 97.5 % 326 2,357 60.9 % Total Count/Average 13 90.7 % 3,447 $ 1,441 79.0 % (1) Represents average monthly rent per unit. (2) Represents LTV of the underlying properties. Equity Investments in Disposal Group Held for Sale The following table provides summary information regarding the multi-family properties in the disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2022. Market Property Count Occupancy % Units Rent per Unit (1) LTV (2) Apopka, FL 1 87.1 % 240 $ 1,553 80.0 % Birmingham, AL 2 94.4 % 693 1,411 72.9 % Brandon, FL 2 85.2 % 1,267 1,386 84.7 % Fort Myers, FL 1 91.1 % 338 1,439 59.8 % Fort Worth, TX 1 93.4 % 256 1,143 67.3 % Houston, TX 1 93.0 % 200 923 83.5 % Kissimmee, FL 1 90.3 % 320 1,530 84.3 % Oklahoma City, OK 2 90.3 % 957 767 85.7 % Orlando, FL 1 93.6 % 220 1,510 85.7 % Pearland, TX 2 92.7 % 234 1,560 61.0 % Pensacola, FL 1 95.0 % 240 1,461 84.2 % Plano, TX 2 91.2 % 702 1,476 75.2 % Tampa, FL 1 95.5 % 400 1,650 55.5 % Webster, TX 1 90.4 % 366 965 78.1 % Total Count/Average 19 90.7 % 6,433 $ 1,305 76.7 % (1) Represents average monthly rent per unit. (2) Represents LTV of the underlying properties. 94 Table of Contents Equity Investments in Entities that Invest in or Originate Residential Properties and Loans As of December 31, 2022, the Company had an investment in an entity that originates residential loans. In addition, the Company's ownership interest in an entity that invested in residential loans was redeemed during the year ended December 31, 2022. The following table summarizes our ownership interests in entities that originate residential loans and invest in residential properties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Strategy Ownership Interest Fair Value Ownership Interest Fair Value Constructive Loans, LLC (1) Residential Loans — $ 27,500 — $ 29,250 Morrocroft Neighborhood Stabilization Fund II, LP (2) Single-Family Rental Properties — — 11% 19,143 Total $ 27,500 $ 48,393 (1) As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the option to purchase 50% of the issued and outstanding interests of an entity that originates residential loans. The Company accounts for this investment using the equity method and has elected the fair value option. In February 2023, the Company exercised its option in full related to this investment. (2) The Company's equity investment was redeemed as a result of a sale transaction initiated by the general partner during the year ended December 31, 2022. 95 Table of Contents Investment Securities At December 31, 2022, our investment securities portfolio included non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and ABS, which are classified as investment securities available for sale. Our investment securities also include first loss subordinated securities and certain IOs issued by Consolidated SLST. At December 31, 2022, we had no investment securities in a single issuer or entity that had an aggregate book value in excess of 5% of our total assets. The decrease in the carrying value of our investment securities as of December 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 is primarily due to sales and paydowns of non-Agency RMBS and ABS and a decrease in the fair value of a number of our investment securities during the year due to spread widening. The following tables summarize our investment securities portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2022 Unrealized Weighted Average Investment Securities Current Par Value Amortized Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Coupon (1) Yield (2) Outstanding Repurchase Agreements Available for Sale (“AFS”) Non-Agency RMBS Senior $ 41 $ 41 $ — $ (5) $ 36 2.74 % 2.89 % $ — Mezzanine 30,250 29,325 — (2,153) 27,172 4.77 % 5.58 % — Subordinated 39,104 28,108 — (13,282) 14,826 9.38 % 8.37 % — IO 524,726 17,100 9,436 — 26,536 1.44 % 20.79 % — Total Non-Agency RMBS 594,121 74,574 9,436 (15,440) 68,570 2.09 % 10.38 % — CMBS Mezzanine 26,033 26,033 — (1,662) 24,371 5.43 % 5.42 % — Subordinated 6,000 6,000 — (238) 5,762 9.29 % 9.29 % — Total CMBS 32,033 32,033 — (1,900) 30,133 6.14 % 6.13 % — ABS Residuals 4 797 59 — 856 — 30.19 % — Total ABS 4 797 59 — 856 — 30.19 % — Total - AFS $ 626,158 $ 107,404 $ 9,495 $ (17,340) $ 99,559 2.45 % 9.33 % $ — Consolidated SLST Non-Agency RMBS Subordinated $ 256,155 $ 210,733 $ — $ (40,182) $ 170,551 4.47 % 4.92 % $ 50,077 IO 149,873 21,528 — (546) 20,982 3.50 % 3.01 % — Total Non-Agency RMBS 406,028 232,261 — (40,728) 191,533 4.10 % 4.73 % 50,077 Total - Consolidated SLST $ 406,028 $ 232,261 $ — $ (40,728) $ 191,533 4.10 % 4.73 % $ 50,077 Total Investment Securities $ 1,032,186 $ 339,665 $ 9,495 $ (58,068) $ 291,092 3.09 % 6.19 % $ 50,077 96 Table of Contents December 31, 2021 Unrealized Weighted Average Investment Securities Current Par Value Amortized Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Coupon (1) Yield (2) Outstanding Repurchase Agreements Available for Sale (“AFS”) Non-Agency RMBS Senior $ 14,055 $ 14,054 $ — $ (6) $ 14,048 5.97 % 5.97 % $ — Mezzanine 40,350 39,243 1,787 (8) 41,022 6.72 % 6.18 % — Subordinated 63,153 53,386 374 (2,265) 51,495 4.35 % 6.12 % — IO 633,530 21,246 575 (367) 21,454 1.01 % 12.08 % — Total Non-Agency RMBS 751,088 127,929 2,736 (2,646) 128,019 1.80 % 6.86 % — CMBS Mezzanine 26,600 26,600 159 (138) 26,621 3.81 % 3.81 % — Subordinated 6,000 6,000 525 — 6,525 7.69 % 7.69 % — Total CMBS 32,600 32,600 684 (138) 33,146 4.52 % 4.52 % — ABS Residuals 117 21,795 17,884 — 39,679 — 24.58 % — Total ABS 117 21,795 17,884 — 39,679 — 24.58 % — Total - AFS $ 783,805 $ 182,324 $ 21,304 $ (2,784) $ 200,844 5.49 % 9.36 % $ — Consolidated SLST Non-Agency RMBS Subordinated $ 256,807 $ 212,254 $ 1,514 $ — $ 213,768 4.57 % 4.88 % $ — IO 174,483 26,415 — (9,839) 16,576 3.50 % 8.48 % — Total Non-Agency RMBS 431,290 238,669 1,514 (9,839) 230,344 4.11 % 5.30 % — Total - Consolidated SLST $ 431,290 $ 238,669 $ 1,514 $ (9,839) $ 230,344 4.11 % 5.30 % $ — Total Investment Securities $ 1,215,095 $ 420,993 $ 22,818 $ (12,623) $ 431,188 4.90 % 6.97 % $ — (1) Our weighted average coupon was calculated by dividing our annualized coupon income by our weighted average current par value for the respective periods. (2) Our weighted average yield was calculated by dividing our annualized interest income by our weighted average amortized cost for the respective periods. 97 Table of Contents Investment Securities Financing Repurchase Agreements In March 2020, in reaction to the market turmoil related to the COVID-19 pandemic, our investment securities repurchase agreement providers dramatically changed their risk tolerances, including reducing or eliminating availability to add or roll maturing repurchase agreements, increasing haircuts and reducing security valuations. In turn, this led to significant disruptions in our financing markets, negatively impacting the Company as well as the entire mortgage REIT industry, generally. In response, the Company completely eliminated its securities repurchase agreement exposure in 2020, which continued throughout 2021. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $50.1 million outstanding under repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions to fund a portion of its investment securities portfolio. These repurchase agreements are short-term financings that bear interest rates typically based on a spread to SOFR and are secured by the investment securities which they finance. Upon entering into a financing transaction, our counterparties negotiate a “haircut”, which is the difference expressed in percentage terms between the fair value of the collateral and the amount the counterparty will advance to us. The size of the haircut represents the counterparty’s perceived risk associated with holding the investment securities as collateral. The haircut provides counterparties with a cushion for daily market value movements that reduce the need for margin calls or margins to be returned as normal daily changes in investment security market values occur. The Company expects to roll outstanding amounts under its repurchase agreements into new repurchase agreements or other financings, or to repay outstanding amounts, prior to or at maturity. As of December 31, 2022, the Company's only repurchase agreement exposure where the amount at risk was in excess of 5% of the Company's stockholders’ equity was to Bank of America at 6.82%. The following table details the quarterly average balance, ending balance and maximum balance at any month-end during each quarter in 2022, 2021 and 2020 for our repurchase agreements secured by investment securities (dollar amounts in thousands): Quarter Ended Quarterly Average Balance End of Quarter Balance Maximum Balance at any Month-End December 31, 2022 $ 50,077 $ 50,077 $ 50,077 September 30, 2022 53,159 53,159 53,159 June 30, 2022 132,712 129,331 138,301 March 31, 2022 116,766 144,852 144,852 December 31, 2021 — — — September 30, 2021 — — — June 30, 2021 — — — March 31, 2021 — — — December 31, 2020 — — — September 30, 2020 29,190 — 87,571 June 30, 2020 108,529 87,571 150,445 March 31, 2020 1,694,933 713,364 2,237,399 Non-Agency RMBS Re-Securitization In June 2020, the Company completed a re-securitization of certain non-Agency RMBS primarily for the purpose of obtaining non-recourse, longer-term financing on a portion of its non-Agency RMBS portfolio. In February 2021, the Company exercised its right to an optional redemption of its non-Agency RMBS re-securitization with an outstanding principal balance of $14.7 million at the time of redemption, returning the non-Agency RMBS held by the re-securitization trust to the Company. 98 Table of Contents Derivative Assets and Liabilities The Company enters into derivative instruments in connection with its risk management activities. These derivative instruments may include interest rate caps, interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures, options on futures and mortgage derivatives such as forward-settling purchases and sales of Agency RMBS where the underlying pools of mortgage loans are “To-Be-Announced,” or TBAs. The Company and the entities that own multi-family properties in which the Company owns joint venture equity investments are required by lenders on certain repurchase agreement financing and variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate to enter into interest rate cap contracts. These interest rate cap contracts are with a counterparty that involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from the counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $26.3 million of unrealized gains and $0.9 million of realized gains related to interest rate cap agreements. We may use interest rate swaps to hedge any variable cash flows associated with our borrowings. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company typically agrees to pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a variable interest rate based on one- or three-month LIBOR, or an index that it expected over time to be closely correlated to changes in one- or three-month LIBOR, or SOFR, on the notional amount of the interest rate swaps. The floating rate we receive under our swap agreements has the effect of offsetting the repricing characteristics and cash flows of our financing arrangements. In March 2020, in response to the turmoil in the financial markets, we terminated our interest rate swaps, recognizing a realized loss of $73.1 million which was partially offset by a reversal of $29.0 million in unrealized losses, resulting in a total net loss of $44.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. We had no outstanding interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2022. 99 Table of Contents Debt The Company’s debt as of December 31, 2022 included senior unsecured notes and subordinated debentures. Senior Unsecured Notes As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes (the "Senior Unsecured Notes") outstanding, due on April 30, 2026. The Senior Unsecured Notes were issued at par and carry deferred charges resulting in a total cost to the Company of approximately 6.64%. The Company's Senior Unsecured Notes contain various covenants including the maintenance of a minimum net asset value, ratio of unencumbered assets to unsecured indebtedness and senior debt service coverage ratio and limit the amount of leverage the Company may utilize and its ability to transfer the Company’s assets substantially as an entirety or merge into or consolidate with another person. Subordinated Debentures As of December 31, 2022, certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries had trust preferred securities outstanding of $45.0 million with a weighted average interest rate of 8.43% which are due in 2035. The securities are fully guaranteed by us with respect to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation, redemption or repayment. These securities are classified as subordinated debentures in the liability section of our consolidated balance sheets. Convertible Notes As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $138.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.25% Senior Convertible Notes (the "Convertible Notes") outstanding. The Company redeemed the Convertible Notes at maturity for $138.0 million in January 2022. None of the Convertible Notes were converted prior to maturity. 100 Table of Contents Balance Sheet Analysis - Company ’ s Stockholders’ Equity The following table provides a summary of the Company's stockholders' equity at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 8.000% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock $ 148,134 $ 148,134 7.875% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock 179,349 179,349 6.875% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock 138,650 138,650 7.000% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock 72,218 72,088 Common stock 3,648 3,794 Additional paid-in capital 2,279,955 2,356,576 Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (1,970) 1,778 Accumulated deficit (1,052,768) (559,338) Company's stockholders' equity $ 1,767,216 $ 2,341,031 101 Table of Contents Liquidity and Capital Resources General Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements. Our short-term (the 12 months ending December 31, 2023) and long-term (beyond December 31, 2023) liquidity requirements include ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, comply with margin requirements, fund our operations, pay dividends to our stockholders and other general business needs. Generally, our short-term and long-term liquidity needs are met by our existing cash balances and our investments and assets which generate liquidity on an ongoing basis through principal and interest payments, prepayments, net earnings retained prior to payment of dividends and distributions from equity investments. In addition, we may satisfy our short-term and/or long-term liquidity needs through the sale of assets from our investment portfolio, securities offerings or the securitization or collateralized financing of our assets. In response to the difficult conditions encountered in March and April 2020 resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, since late March 2020, we have focused on strengthening our balance sheet and long-term capital preservation primarily by focusing on assets and markets that provide compelling risk-adjusted returns through either an unlevered strategy or through residential loan repurchase agreement financing with terms of one year or more or sustainable non-mark-to-market financing arrangements, including securitizations and non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement financing. By executing this strategy, as of December 31, 2022, we reduced our financings subject to mark-to-market margin call by 93% from December 31, 2019 levels, which has resulted in a portfolio recourse leverage ratio for the Company of 0.3 times. Beginning in the three months ended March 31, 2022, we re-commenced the use of short term repurchase agreement financing that is subject to mark-to-market margin calls to fund a portion of our investment securities portfolio, ending December 2022 with $50.1 million of outstanding repurchase agreement financing secured by investment securities. Subject to market conditions, we intend to employ a prudent amount of leverage to conduct our business that may be in excess of current leverage levels. However, in light of current market conditions, which includes increased volatility in interest rate, credit, mortgage and financial markets and the increasing risk of the U.S. economy experiencing a recession within the next 12 months, we currently expect to pursue selective investments across the residential housing sector and consider opportunistic dispositions. We also intend to maintain a solid position in unrestricted cash and a conservative approach to leverage based on current market conditions until we believe market conditions have sufficiently improved for the reasonable and prudent use of more substantial amounts of leverage. At December 31, 2022, we had $244.7 million of cash and cash equivalents, $120.5 million of unencumbered investment securities (including the securities we own in Consolidated SLST), $214.4 million of unencumbered residential loans and $239.8 million of unencumbered preferred equity investments in owners of multi-family properties. We historically have endeavored to fund our investments and operations through a balanced and diverse funding mix, including proceeds from the issuance of common and preferred equity and debt securities, short-term and longer-term repurchase agreements and CDOs. The type and terms of financing used by us depends on the asset being financed and the financing available at the time of the financing. As discussed above, as a result of the severe market dislocations related to the COVID-19 pandemic and, more specifically, the unprecedented illiquidity in our short-term repurchase agreement financing and MBS markets during that time, we have placed and expect to continue to place a greater emphasis on procuring longer-termed and/or more committed financing arrangements, such as securitizations, term financings and corporate debt securities that provide less or no exposure to fluctuations in the collateral repricing determinations of financing counterparties or rapid liquidity reductions in repurchase agreement financing markets. To this end, we have completed nine non-mark-to-market securitizations and three non-mark-to-market repurchase agreement financings with new and existing counterparties since March 2020 . During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed three securitizations of certain performing and re-performing residential loans and a securitization of business purpose loans and received $949.9 million of proceeds from our non-mark-to-market repurchase agreements with new and existing counterparties. Based on current market conditions, our current investment portfolio, new investment initiatives, expectations to dispose of assets from time to time on terms favorable to us, leverage ratio and available and future possible financing arrangements, we believe our existing cash balances, funds available under our various financing arrangements and cash flows from operations will meet our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months. We have explored and will continue in the near term to explore additional financing arrangements to further strengthen our balance sheet and position ourselves for future investment opportunities, including, without limitation, additional issuances of our equity and debt securities and longer-termed financing arrangements; however, no assurance can be given that we will be able to access any such financing, or the size, timing or terms thereof. Cash Flows and Liquidity for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash increased by $43.1 million. 102 Table of Contents Cash Flows from Operating Activities We generated net cash flows from operating activities of $91.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Our cash flow provided by operating activities differs from our net income due to these primary factors: (i) differences between (a) accretion, amortization, depreciation and recognition of income and losses recorded with respect to our investments and (b) the cash received therefrom and (ii) unrealized gains and losses on our investments. Cash Flows from Investing Activities During the year ended December 31, 2022, our net cash flows used in investing activities were $508.8 million, primarily as a result of purchases of residential loans, the funding of multi-family joint venture and preferred equity investments and the purchases of and capital expenditures on single-family residential properties. This was partially offset by principal repayments and refinancing of residential loans, proceeds from the sale of real estate and sales of non-Agency RMBS and ABS, repayments of investment securities and preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments and returns of capital from equity investments. Although we generally intend to hold our assets as long-term investments, we may sell certain of these assets in order to manage our interest rate risk and liquidity needs, to meet other operating objectives or to adapt to market conditions. We cannot predict the timing and impact of future sales of assets, if any. Because a portion of our assets are financed through repurchase agreements or CDOs, a portion of the proceeds from any sales of or principal repayments on our assets may be used to repay balances under these financing sources. Accordingly, all or a significant portion of cash flows from principal repayments received from residential loans, including residential loans held in Consolidated SLST, and proceeds from sales or principal paydowns received from investment securities available for sale were used to repay CDOs issued by the respective Consolidated VIEs or repurchase agreements (included as cash used in financing activities). Cash Flows from Financing Activities During the year ended December 31, 2022, our cash flows provided by financing activities were $460.1 million. The main sources of cash flows from financing activities were proceeds from the issuance of residential CDOs and proceeds from repurchase agreements related to our residential loans and investment securities. This was partially offset by the repayment of the Convertible Notes, paydowns on CDOs, dividend payments on both common and preferred stock and repurchases of shares of our common stock. Liquidity – Financing Arrangements As of December 31, 2022, we have outstanding short-term repurchase agreement financing on our investment securities, a form of collateralized short-term financing, with one financial institution. Repurchase agreements we have historically used to finance our investment securities, including the one repurchase agreement we currently have, are secured by certain of our investment securities and bear interest rates that move in close relationship to SOFR. Any financings under these repurchase agreements are based on the fair value of the assets that serve as collateral under these agreements. Interest rate changes and increased prepayment activity can have a negative impact on the valuation of these securities, reducing the amount we can borrow under these agreements. Moreover, these repurchase agreements allow the counterparties to determine a new market value of the collateral to reflect current market conditions and because these lines of financing are not committed, the counterparty can effectively call the loan at any time. Market value of the collateral represents the price of such collateral obtained from generally recognized sources or the most recent closing bid quotation from such source plus accrued income. If a counterparty determines that the value of the collateral has decreased, the counterparty may initiate a margin call and require us to either post additional collateral to cover such decrease or repay a portion of the outstanding amount financed in cash, on minimal notice, and repurchase may be accelerated upon an event of default under the repurchase agreements. Moreover, in the event an existing counterparty elected to not renew the outstanding balance at its maturity into a new repurchase agreement, we would be required to repay the outstanding balance with cash or proceeds received from a new counterparty or to surrender the securities that serve as collateral for the outstanding balance, or any combination thereof. If we were unable to secure financing from a new counterparty and had to surrender the collateral, we would expect to incur a loss. In addition, in the event a repurchase agreement counterparty defaults on its obligation to “re-sell” or return to us the assets that are securing the financing at the end of the term of the repurchase agreement, we would incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of “haircut” associated with the short-term repurchase agreement, which we sometimes refer to as the “amount at risk.” 103 Table of Contents At December 31, 2022, we had longer-term repurchase agreements with terms of up to three years with four third-party financial institutions that are secured by certain of our residential loans. The outstanding financing under one of these repurchase agreements is subject to margin calls to the extent the market value of the residential loans falls below specified levels. We have entered into or amended repurchase agreements with three new or existing counterparties that are secured by certain of our residential loans and are not subject to margin calls in the event the market value of the collateral declines. S ee "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Analysis—Residential Loans Financing—Repurchase Agreements" for further information. During the terms of the repurchase agreements secured by residential loans, proceeds from the residential loans will be applied to pay any price differential, if applicable, and to reduce the aggregate repurchase price of the collateral. Repurchase of the residential loans financed by the repurchase agreements may be accelerated upon an event of default. The repurchase agreements secured by residential loans contain various covenants, including among other things, the maintenance of certain amounts of liquidity and total adjusted stockholders' equity. As of December 31, 2022, we had an aggregate amount at risk under our residential loan repurchase agreements of approximately $178.5 million, which represents the difference between the fair value of the loans pledged and the outstanding balance of our repurchase agreements. Significant margin calls have had, and could in the future have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business, liquidity and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources – General” above. As of December 31, 2022, we had assets available to be posted as margin which included liquid assets, such as unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, and unencumbered investment securities that could be monetized to pay down or collateralize a liability immediately. As of December 31, 2022, we had $223.6 million included in cash and cash equivalents and $120.5 million in unencumbered investment securities available to meet additional haircuts or market valuation requirements. The unencumbered investment securities that we believe may be posted as margin as of December 31, 2022 included $89.6 million of non-Agency RMBS (including an IO security we own in Consolidated SLST), $30.1 million of CMBS and $0.9 million of ABS. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Unsecured Notes outstanding. The Senior Unsecured Notes were issued at 100% of the principal amount and bear interest at a rate equal to 5.75% per year (subject to adjustment from time to time based on changes in the ratings of the Senior Unsecured Notes by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations), payable semi-annually in arrears on April 30 and October 30 of each year, and are expected to mature on April 30, 2026, unless earlier redeemed. The Company has the right to redeem the Senior Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, prior to maturity, subject to a "make-whole" premium or other date-dependent multiples of principal amount redeemed. No sinking fund is provided for the Senior Unsecured Notes. At December 31, 2022, we also had other longer-term debt which includes Company-sponsored residential loan securitization CDOs with a carrying value of $1.5 billion. We had ten Company-sponsored securitizations with CDOs outstanding as of December 31, 2022. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for further discussion. The real estate assets held by our multi-family joint venture investments are subject to mortgages payable. We have no obligation for repayment of the mortgages payable but, with respect to certain of the mortgages payable, we may execute a guaranty related to commitment of bad acts. As of December 31, 2022, our Company recourse leverage ratio, which represents our total outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing, subordinated debentures and Senior Unsecured Notes divided by our total stockholders' equity, was approximately 0.3 to 1. Our Company recourse leverage ratio does not include outstanding non-recourse repurchase agreement financing, debt associated with CDOs or mortgages payable on real estate. As of December 31, 2022, our portfolio recourse leverage ratio, which represents our outstanding recourse repurchase agreement financing divided by our total stockholders’ equity, was approximately 0.3 to 1. We monitor all at risk or shorter-term financings to enable us to respond to market disruptions as they arise. Liquidity – Hedging and Other Factors Certain of our hedging instruments may also impact our liquidity. We may use interest rate caps, interest rate swaps, swaptions, TBAs or other futures contracts to hedge interest rate and market value risk associated with our investment portfolio. 104 Table of Contents With respect to interest rate caps, the Company and the entities that own multi-family properties in which the Company owns joint venture equity investments are required by lenders on certain repurchase agreement financing and variable-rate mortgages payable on real estate to enter into interest rate cap contracts. These interest rate cap contracts are with a counterparty that involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from the counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses. With respect to interest rate swaps, futures contracts and TBAs, initial margin deposits, which can be comprised of either cash or securities, will be made upon entering into these contracts. During the period these contracts are open, changes in the value of the contract are recognized as unrealized gains or losses by marking to market on a daily basis to reflect the market value of these contracts at the end of each day’s trading. We may be required to satisfy variable margin payments periodically, depending upon whether unrealized gains or losses are incurred. In addition, because delivery of TBAs extend beyond the typical settlement dates for most non-derivative investments, these transactions are more prone to market fluctuations between the trade date and the ultimate settlement date, and thereby are more vulnerable to increasing amounts at risk with the applicable counterparties. In March 2020, in response to the turmoil in the financial markets, we terminated our interest rate swaps and currently do not have interest rate swaps in place. Liquidity — Securities Offerings In addition to the financing arrangements described above under the caption “Liquidity—Financing Arrangements,” we also rely on follow-on equity offerings of common and preferred stock, and may utilize from time to time debt securities offerings, as a source of both short-term and long-term liquidity. We also may generate liquidity through the sale of shares of our common stock or preferred stock in “at-the-market” equity offering programs pursuant to equity distribution agreements, as well as through the sale of shares of our common stock pursuant to our Dividend Reinvestment Plan (“DRIP”), which provides for the issuance of up to $20.0 million of shares of our common stock. The Company had no securities offerings during the year ended December 31, 2022. Stock Repurchase Program In February 2022, the Board of Directors approved a $200.0 million stock repurchase program. In February 2023, the Board of Directors extended the stock repurchase program expiration from March 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. The stock repurchase program allows the Company to make repurchases of shares of common stock from time to time in open market transactions, including through block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions or pursuant to any Rule 10b-18 or 10b5-1 plans. During the year ended December 31, 2022 , the Company repurchased 16,629,615 shares of its common stock pursuant to the stock repurchase program for a total cost of approximately $44.4 million, including fees and commissions paid to the broker of approximately $0.2 million, representing an average repurchase price of $2.67 per common share. As of December 31, 2022 , $155.8 million of the approved amount remained available for the repurchase of shares of the Company's common stock under the stock repurchase program. Dividends For information regarding the declaration and payment of dividends on our common stock and preferred stock for the periods covered by this report, please see Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements included in this report. Our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate our dividend policy each quarter and will make adjustments as necessary, based on our earnings and financial condition, capital requirements, maintenance of our REIT qualification, restrictions on making distributions under Maryland law and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant. Our dividend policy does not constitute an obligation to pay dividends. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the various requirements to maintain our REIT status and to minimize or avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax. However, differences in timing between the recognition of REIT taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell assets or to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the REIT distribution requirements and to minimize or avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise tax. In the event we fail to pay dividends on our preferred stock, the Company would become subject to certain limitat