TUCOWS INC /PA/ 10-K

tcx20221231b_10k.htm   Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549     FORM 10-K FOR ANNUAL AND TRANSITION REPORTS PURSUANT TO   SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934     For the fiscal year ended  December 31, 2022 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934   Commission file number  001-32600 Tucows Inc. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Pennsylvania (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 23-2707366 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 96 Mowat Avenue Toronto , Ontario , Canada (Address of Principal Executive Offices) M6K 3M1 (Zip Code)   Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: ( 416 )  535-0123   Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:   Title of Each Class   Trading Symbol   Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Common stock, no par value   TCX      NASDAQ  Capital Market   Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None   Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐   No  ☒   Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐   No  ☒   Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒   No ☐    Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes  ☒  No ☐   Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.   Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer  ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company  ☐ Emerging growth company  ☐   If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  ☐    Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☒   If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b), indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correlation of an error to previously issued financial state ments. Yes ☐  No ☐   Indicate by check mark whether any of such error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). Yes ☐  No ☐    Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of Act). Yes  ☐   No ☒   As of June 30, 2022, (the last day of our most recently completed second quarter), the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $ 283.9 million. Such aggregate market value was computed by reference to the closing sale price per share of $44.51 as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market on such date. For purposes of making this calculation, the registrant has excluded each executive officer, each director and each beneficial owner of more than ten percent of the outstanding shares of common stock of the Company. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.   The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as o f March 13, 2023, was 10,829,711 .   Table of Contents     TUCOWS INC. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K For Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022   TABLE OF CONTENTS      Page PART I Item 1 Business 3 Item 1A Risk Factors 8 Item 1B Unresolved Staff Comments 21 Item 2 Properties 21 Item 3 Legal Proceedings 22 Item 4 Mine Safety Disclosures 22 PART II Item 5 Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 23 Item 6 Reserved 25 Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 25 Item 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 56 Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 57 Item 9 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 57 Item 9A Controls and Procedures 57 Item 9B Other Information 58 Item 9C Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 58 PART III Item 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 59 Item 11 Executive Compensation 65 Item 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 80 Item 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 82 Item 14 Principal Accountant Fees and Services 83 PART IV Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 84 Item 16 Form 10-K Summary 86     TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND SERVICE MARKS   Tucows®, EPAG®, Hover®, OpenSRS®, Platypus®, Ting®, eNom®, Roam®, Roam Mobility®, Bulkregister®, Ascio®, Cedar®, YummyNames®, Simply Bits®, and Wavelo® are registered trademarks of Tucows Inc. or its subsidiaries. Other service marks, trademarks and trade names of Tucows Inc. or its subsidiaries may be used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”). All other service marks, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, any trademarks referred to in this Annual Report may appear without the ® or TM symbol, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we or the owner of such trademark, as applicable, will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our or its rights, or the right of the applicable licensor, to these trademarks.     Table of Contents   Information Concerning Forward-Looking Statements   This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains, in addition to historical information, forward-looking statements by Tucows Inc. (the “Company”, “we”, “us” “Tucows” or “our”) with regard to our expectations as to financial results and other aspects of our business that involve risks and uncertainties and may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “may,” “should,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “plan,” “estimate,” “expect,” and “intend,” and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this report include statements regarding, among other things, the competition we expect to encounter as our business develops and competes in a broader range of Internet services, the Company's foreign currency requirements, specifically for the Canadian dollar and Euro; Internet access subscriber growth and retention rates, the number of new, renewed and transferred-in domain names we register as our business develops and competes; the effect of a potential generic top level domain (“gTLD”) expansion by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (“ICANN”) on the number of domains we register and the impact it may have on related revenues; our belief regarding the underlying platform for our domain services, our expectation regarding the trend of sales of domain names; our belief that, by increasing the number of services we offer, we will be able to generate higher revenues; our expectation regarding litigation; the potential impact of current and pending claims on our business; our valuations of certain deferred tax assets; our expectation to collect our outstanding receivables, net of our allowance for doubtful accounts; our expectation regarding fluctuations in certain expense and cost categories; our expectations to obtain additional financing to accelerate the Ting Internet footprint while sustaining liquidity; our expectations regarding our unrecognized tax; our expectations regarding cash from operations to fund our business; the impact of cancellations of or amendments to market development fund programs under which we receive funds, our expectation regarding our ability to manage realized gains/losses from foreign currency contracts; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, operations and financial performance; and general business conditions and economic uncertainty. These statements are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to a number of uncertainties and risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Many factors affect our ability to achieve our objectives and to successfully develop and commercialize our services including:     • Our ability to continue to generate sufficient working capital to meet our operating requirements;     • Our ability to further accelerate the expansion of the Ting Internet footprint, by obtaining additional financing;     • Our ability to service our debt commitments and preferred share commitments;         • Our ability to maintain a good working relationship with our vendors and customers;         • The ability of vendors to continue to supply our needs;         • Actions by our competitors;         • Our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel in our business;         • Our ability to effectively manage our business;         • The effects of any material impairment of our goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets;     • Our ability to obtain and maintain approvals from regulatory authorities on regulatory issues;     • Our ability to invest in the build-out of fiber networks into selected towns and cities to provide Internet access services to residential and commercial customers while maintaining the development and sales of our established services;     • Adverse tax consequences such as those related to changes in tax laws or tax rates or their interpretations, including with respect to the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") model global minimum tax rules;     • The application of business judgment in determining our global provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities or other tax liabilities given that the ultimate tax determination is uncertain;         • Our ability to effectively integrate acquisitions;         • Our ability to monitor, assess and respond to the rapidly changing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical developments, economic impacts including rising inflation and interest rates. Our current assessment of expected impacts has been included below as part of the Opportunities, Challenges & Risks section;         • Our ability to collect anticipated payments from DISH in connection with the 10-year payment stream that is a function of the margin generated by the transferred subscribers over a 10-year period pursuant to the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement dated August 1, 2020 between the Company and DISH Wireless LLC ("DISH") (the “DISH Purchase Agreement”);         • Our ability to meet the operational and financial drawdown milestones under the Unit Purchase Agreement with Generate TF Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("Generate"), which provides the Company with the ability to obtain additional financing to invest in the expansion of fiber networks;         • Pending or new litigation; and         • Factors set forth herein under the caption “Item 1A Risk Factors”.     Table of Contents   This list of factors that may affect our future performance and financial and competitive position and the accuracy of forward-looking statements is illustrative, but it is by no means exhaustive. Accordingly, all forward-looking statements should be evaluated with the understanding of their inherent uncertainty. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us as of the date of this document, and we assume no obligation to update these cautionary statements or any forward-looking statements, except as required by law. These statements are not guarantees of future performance.   We qualify all the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K by the foregoing cautionary statements.     Table of Contents   PART I   ITEM 1.  BUSINESS   Overview   Our mission is to provide simple useful services that help people unlock the power of the Internet.   We accomplish this by reducing the complexity of our customers’ experience as they access the Internet (at home or on the go) and while using Internet services such as domain name registration, email and other Internet services. In the prior year, we disclosed three operating and reportable segments: Fiber Internet Services, Domain Services and Mobile Services. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company completed a reorganization of its reporting structure into three operating and reportable segments: Fiber Internet Services, Platform Services and Domain Services. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company renamed its three operating and reportable segments to reflect their branded names: Ting, Wavelo and Tucows Domains. The change to our reportable operating segments was the result of a shift in our business and management structures that was completed during the first quarter of 2022. The operations supporting what was previously known as our Mobile Services segment have become increasingly operationally distinct between our mobile retail services and our platform services. As a result, commencing in the first quarter of 2022, our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), who is also our chief decision maker, reviews the operating results of Ting, Wavelo and Tucows Domains as three distinct segments in order to make key operating decisions as well as evaluate segment performance. Certain revenues and expenses disclosed under the Corporate category are excluded from segment earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") results as they are centrally managed and not monitored by or reported to our CEO by segment, including Mobile Retail Services, eliminations of intercompany transactions, portions of Finance and Human Resources that are centrally managed, Legal and Corporate IT. We are now both organized and managed, and also report our financial results as three segments: Ting, Wavelo and Tucows Domains. The three segments are differentiated primarily by their services, the markets they serve and the regulatory environments in which they operate.   Our management regularly reviews our operating results on a consolidated basis, principally to make decisions about how we utilize our resources and to measure our consolidated operating performance. To assist us in forecasting growth and to help us monitor the effectiveness of our operational strategies, our management regularly reviews revenue for each of our service offerings in order to gain more depth and understanding of the key business metrics driving our business.    Ting   Ting and its wholly owned subsidiaries - Cedar and Simply Bits includes the provision of high-speed Internet access services to select towns throughout the United States, with further expansion underway to both new and existing markets. Our primary sales channel is through the Ting website. The primary focus of this segment is to provide reliable Fiber and Fixed Wireless Internet services to consumer and business customers. Revenues are all generated in the U.S. and are billed on a monthly basis and have no fixed contract terms.   As of December 31, 2022, Ting Internet had access to 96,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 20,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and 35,000 active accounts under its management; compared to having access to 76,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 15,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and 26,000 active accounts under its management as of December 31, 2021. These figures exclude the increase in serviceable addresses and accounts attributable to the Simply Bits acquisition.    Wavelo   Wavelo includes the provision of full-service platforms and professional services providing a variety of solutions that support Communication Services Providers ("CSPs"), including subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Wavelo's focus is to provide accessible telecom software to CSPs globally, minimizing network and technical barriers and improving internet access worldwide. Wavelo's suite of flexible, cloud-based software simplifies the management of mobile and internet network access, enabling CSPs to better utilize their existing infrastructure, focus on customer experience and scale their businesses faster. Wavelo launched as a proven asset for CSPs, with DISH using Wavelo’s Mobile Network Operating System ("MONOS") software to drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since 2021. More recently, Ting Internet has also integrated Wavelo’s Internet Service Operating System ("ISOS") and Subscriber Management ("SM") software to enable faster subscriber growth and footprint expansion. The Wavelo segment also includes the Platypus brand and platform, our legacy billing solution for internet service providers (each an "ISP" and collectively, "ISPs"), that was previously reported under the Ting segment. Wavelo revenues from MONOS, ISOS, SM and professional services are all generated in the U.S. and our customer agreements have set contract lengths with the underlying CSP. Similarly, Platypus revenues are largely generated in the U.S., with a small portion earned in Canada and other countries.       3 Table of Contents   Tucows Domains   Tucows Domains includes wholesale and retail domain name registration services, as well as value added services derived through our OpenSRS, eNom, Ascio, EPAG and Hover brands. We earn revenues primarily from the registration fees charged to resellers in connection with new, renewed and transferred domain name registrations. In addition, we earn revenues from the sale of retail domain name registration and email services to individuals and small businesses. Tucows Domains revenues are attributed to the country in which the contract originates, which is primarily in Canada and the U.S. for OpenSRS and eNom brands. Ascio domain services contracts and EPAG agreements primarily originate in Europe.   Our primary distribution channel is a global network of approximately 35,000 resellers that operate in over 150 countries and who typically provide their customers, the end-users of Internet-based services, with solutions for establishing and maintaining an online presence. Our primary focus is serving the needs of this network of resellers by providing the broadest portfolio of gTLD and the country code top-level domain options and related services, a white-label platform that facilitates the provisioning and management of domain names, a powerful Application Program Interface, easy-to-use interfaces, comprehensive management and reporting tools, and proactive and attentive customer service. Our services are integral to the solutions that our resellers deliver to their customers. We provide “second tier” support to our resellers by email, chat and phone in the event resellers experience issues or problems with our services. In addition, our Network Operating Center proactively monitors all services and network infrastructure to address deficiencies before customer services are impacted.   We believe that the underlying platforms for our services are among the most mature, reliable and functional reseller-oriented provisioning and management platforms in our industry, and we continue to refine, evolve and improve these services for both resellers and end-users. Our business model is characterized primarily by non-refundable, up-front payments, which lead to recurring revenue from renewals and positive operating cash flow.   Wholesale, primarily branded as OpenSRS, eNom, EPAG and Ascio, derives revenue from its domain registration service and from providing value-added services. The OpenSRS, eNom, EPAG and Ascio domain services manage 24 million domain names under the Tucows, eNom, EPAG and Ascio ICANN registrar accreditations and for other registrars under their own accreditations.   Value-added services include hosted email which provides email delivery and webmail access to millions of mailboxes, Internet security services, Internet hosting, WHOIS privacy, publishing tools and other value-added services. All of these services are made available to end-users through a network of 35,000 web hosts, ISPs and other resellers around the world. In addition, we also derive revenue by monetizing domain names which are near the end of their lifecycle through expiry auction sale.   Retail, primarily the Hover and eNom portfolio of websites, including eNom and eNom Central, derive revenues from the sale of domain name registration and email services to individuals and small businesses. Our retail domain services also include our Personal Names Service – based on over 36,000 surname domains – that allows roughly two-thirds of Americans to purchase an email address based on their last name. The retail segment now includes the sale of the rights to its portfolio of surname domains used in connection with our RealNames email service as well as our Exact Hosting Service, that provides Linux hosting services for individual and small business websites.   Additional information about segments can be found in “Note 19 – Segment Reporting” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.   Intellectual Property   We believe that we are well positioned in the wholesale domain registration and email markets due in part to our highly-recognized “Tucows”, “OpenSRS”, “Ascio” and “eNom” brands and the respect they confer on us as a defender of end-user rights and reseller-friendly approaches to doing business. We were among the first group of 34 registrars to be accredited by ICANN in 1999, and we remain active in Internet governance issues.   Our success and ability to compete depend on our ability to develop and maintain the proprietary aspects of our brand name and technology. We rely on a combination of trademark, trade secret and copyright laws, as well as contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property rights.   We have registered the Tucows trademark in the United States, Canada and the European Union and we register additional service marks and trademarks as appropriate and where such protection is available.   We seek to limit disclosure of our intellectual property by requiring all employees and consultants with access to our proprietary information to commit to confidentiality, non-disclosure and work-for-hire agreements. All of our employees are required to sign confidentiality and non-use agreements, which provide that any rights they may have in copyrightable works or patentable technologies accrue to us. Before entering into discussions with potential vendors and partners about our business and technologies, we require them to enter into a non-disclosure agreement. If these discussions result in a license or other business relationship, we also generally require that the agreement containing the parties’ rights and obligations include provisions for the protection of its intellectual property rights.   4 Table of Contents   Customers   Within the Ting segment, customers are a very broad mix of consumers, small businesses and corporations seeking high-speed Internet Services. Wavelo offers services to a small number of CSPs focused in the U.S. along with their biggest external customer being DISH and internal customer being Ting, until such time we expand these offerings to other MVNOs or MNOs. The majority of the customers to whom we provide services as Tucows Domains are generally either web hosts or ISPs. A small number of customers are consultants and designers providing our services to their business clients, or retail consumers registering a personal domain name.   No customer represented more than 10% of our consolidated revenues in any of the last three fiscal years.   While our customers are capitalizing on the growth in Internet usage and the demand for new services, they also face significant competition from numerous other service providers with competitive or comparable offerings. This has led customers within our Wavelo and Tucows Domains segments to focus on core competencies, and increasingly seeking to outsource non-core services. Outsourcing enables these customers to better focus on customer acquisition and retention efforts by eliminating the need to own, develop and support non-core applications in-house. In the case of Tucows Domains, this supports our Value-Added Services offerings, and for Wavelo this supports our go-to-market efforts to offer full-service platforms providing a variety of solutions that support CSPs, including subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools.   Seasonality   During the summer months and certain other times of the year, such as major holidays, Internet usage often declines. As a result, some of our services (such as OpenSRS, eNom, Ascio, and Hover) may experience reduced demand during these times. For example, our experience shows that new domain registrations decline during the summer months and around the year-end holidays. In addition, the first quarter of the fiscal year will often see higher billed revenues in regard to domain names due to most renewals occurring on January 1. The demand for Ting and Wavelo services is not impacted by seasonality. However, in certain Ting markets we operate in, construction activities associated with adding new serviceable addresses can be impacted by seasonal climate.     Competition   Our competitors may be divided into the following groups:     Ting       • U.S. Broadband providers such as AT&T, Comcast, Verizon and CenturyLink, who primarily compete with Ting Internet Services.       Tucows Domains       • Retail-oriented domain registrars, such as GoDaddy and Web.com, who compete with our Reseller customers in wholesale domain services and with Hover.         • Wholesale-oriented domain registrars, such as GoDaddy, who market services to resellers such as our customers.         • Wholesale Email Service providers, such as Google, Microsoft, Bluetie and MailTrust.         Wavelo       • Traditional BSS/OSS providers such as Amdocs, Netcracker, Ericsson, Optiva and Sonar Software, who primarily compete with Wavelo’s platforms and services.   We expect to continue to experience significant competition from the competitors identified above and, as our business continues to develop, we expect to encounter competition from other providers. Service providers, Internet portals, web hosting companies, email hosting companies, outsourced application companies, country code registries and major telecommunication firms may broaden their services to include services we offer.   We believe the primary competitive factors in Ting are:     • Providing a superior customer service experience;         • Providing a simple and friendly user experience through more usable web and application interfaces and more fair and transparent pricing;         • Being agnostic on internet hardware, including network routers; and         • Providing superior technology, speed and reliability with fiber to the home services.    We believe the primary competitive factors in Tucows Domains are:     • Providing superior customer service by anticipating the technical requirements and business objectives of resellers and providing them with technical advice to help them understand how our services can be customized to meet their particular needs;   5 Table of Contents     • Providing cost savings over in-house solutions by relieving resellers of the expense of acquiring and maintaining hardware and software and the associated administrative burden;         • Enabling resellers to better manage their relationships with their end-users;         • Facilitating scalability through an infrastructure designed to support millions of transactions across millions of end-users; and         • Providing superior technology and infrastructure, consisting of industry-leading software and hardware that allow resellers to provide these services to their customers without having to make substantial investments in their own software or hardware.   We believe the primary competitive factors in Wavelo are:     • Event-based architecture is the foundation to our modern platforms, which means less network bandwidth consumption and less central processing unit ("CPU") utilization, cutting costs and speeding up delivery, enabling new features, functionality and better customer experiences;         • Wavelo's product suite can transform CSPs from top to bottom. Our product suite is modular by nature, so our platforms can work just as well together as they do independently, and alongside other best-in-class software - to fill specific gaps in operations, network provisioning, subscriber management, or anything in between; and         • CSPs are able to select the best of breed software and use it where they please, versus being forced into a traditional BSS/OSS software stack that forces them to use that providers' version of software to have full functionality.     Although we encounter pricing pressure in many markets in which we compete, we believe the effects of that pressure are mitigated by the fact that we deliver a high degree of value to our customers through our business and technical practices. We believe our status as a trusted supplier also allows us to mitigate the effects of this type of competition. We believe that the long-term relationships we have made with many customers results in a sense of certainty that would not be available to those customers through a competitor.   Human Capital Resources   Employee Profile   At Tucows, we strive to maintain a best-in-class workplace where our employees can proudly bring their whole selves to work. We believe that by creating an intentional, inclusive culture, our people have more opportunities to thrive every day.    As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 1,020 full-time employees and 80 contracted employees globally. As a global Internet and technology company, we have a wide range of employees, including management professionals, technicians, engineers, and call center employees. None of our employees are currently represented by a labor union. We consider our relations with our employees to be good. Approximately 55% of our employees are based in Canada, followed by 35% based in the U.S., and the remaining 10% are spread across countries in Europe and other regions. Of our employees, approximately 450 support our Ting segment, 180 support our Wavelo segment, and approximately 260 support our Tucows Domains segment. The remaining 210 employees support corporate functions and shared technology services used across the Tucows group.    We offer competitive compensation in addition to employee stock options, physical and mental health benefits, learning allowances, future planning programs for employee Registered Retirement Savings Plans ("RRSP/401k") contributions, as well as generous vacation, maternity, paternity and adoption leaves for our employees.   As an organization, Tucows is proud to foster a flexible, remote-first work environment that empowers employees to find a work style that fits their individual circumstances. Some employees perform work in other environments, including fulfillment centers, customers’ homes or businesses to perform service installation, and in the field to build out our network facilities.    As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have established a Fiber Internet install solution for our employees and customers that minimizes risks associated with person-to-person contact. We have also implemented a vaccination policy requiring those employees who work from a Company office, meet in person with customers or travel by plane or train for business purposes to be fully vaccinated.   Employee Wellness   Tucows has introduced a series of initiatives that prioritize the mental and personal well-being of our employees and destigmatize mental health conversations at work. These initiatives include daily mindfulness sessions open to all employees, as well as company-wide memberships to mindfulness tools that allow employees to prioritize their well-being whenever they need.    The Company also supports eight Employee Resource Groups ("ERGs") focused on 2SLGBTQ+, caregivers, women leadership, Canadian newcomers, neurodiversity, BIPOC, mental health and racial justice and equality. These volunteer groups connect employees with shared characteristics, life experiences and enable them to engage in activities that advance our culture and contribute to our success.   Diversity and Inclusion   As an organization, Tucows believes in the importance of driving meaningful change and impact; from its products to its people, everything is approached with intentionality. Our people philosophy is no different. To us, inclusion is not a standalone effort; it is intrinsically part of our employee experience, which helps us create a space where our team can proudly and comfortably bring their full selves to work. This principle is found throughout the entire company, and is especially apparent in Tucows’ benchmark-free people philosophy. The Company has invested in resources that build community and foster inclusivity within the organization.   6 Table of Contents   Cybersecurity   Our industry is vulnerable to cybersecurity risks that are growing in both frequency and complexity. Tucows, along with our suppliers, employs systems and network infrastructure that are subject to cyberattacks, which may include theft of assets, unauthorized access to proprietary or sensitive information, destruction or corruption of data, ransomware attacks, or operational disruption. A significant cyberattack against our, or our suppliers’, critical network infrastructure and supporting information systems could result in service disruptions, litigation, loss of customers, incurring significant costs, and/or reputational damage.   Our Board of Directors (the "Board") has primary oversight responsibility for all aspects of operational risk including cybersecurity. As part of its oversight role, the Board regularly reviews management’s risk assessments as well as plans to prevent, detect and respond to ongoing security threats. Our ongoing success depends on protecting our sensitive data, including personal information about our customers and employees. We rely on security awareness training, policies, procedures and IT systems to protect this information.   Compliance with Government Regulations    Ting   Our Fiber Internet services are also subject to a number of regulations and commitments. The Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") frequently considers imposing new broadband-related regulations such as those relating to an Open Internet. States and localities also consider new broadband-related regulations, including those regarding government-owned broadband networks, net neutrality and connectivity during COVID-19. Additionally, as an ISP, we must implement certain network capabilities to assist law enforcement in conducting surveillance of persons suspected of criminal activity. From time to time, the FCC considers imposing new regulatory obligations on ISPs. We are committed to an Open Internet and do not block, throttle or engage in paid or affiliated prioritization, and have committed not to block, throttle or discriminate against lawful content.    Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services    The FCC and other federal, state and local, as well as international, governmental authorities have jurisdiction over our business. The licensing, construction, operation, sale and interconnection arrangements of wireless telecommunications systems are regulated by the FCC and, depending on the jurisdiction, international, state and local regulatory agencies. In particular, the FCC imposes significant regulation on licensees of wireless spectrum with respect to how radio spectrum is used by licensees, the nature of the services that licensees may offer and how the services may be offered, and resolution of issues of interference between spectrum bands.   Wavelo   Our Wavelo Segment is less subject to government regulations and commitments because it enables subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Outside of General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which creates obligations around the procurement, processing, publication and sharing of personal data, there is limited regulation or commitment to government bodies for software.     Tucows Domains   Our Tucows Domains segment is subject to regulation ICANN, federal and state laws in the U.S. and the laws of other jurisdictions in which we do business. These include:   ICANN:  The registration of domain names is governed by ICANN. ICANN is a multi-stakeholder private sector, not-for-profit corporation formed for the express purposes of overseeing a number of Internet related tasks, including management of the DNS, allocation of IP addresses, accreditation of domain name registrars and registries and the definition and coordination of policy development for all of these functions. Tucows, eNom, EPAG and Ascio are each individually accredited by ICANN as domain name registrars and thus our ability to offer domain name registration products is subject to our ongoing relationship with, and accreditation by, ICANN.    Country Code Top-Level Domain ("ccTLD") Authorities:  The regulation of ccTLDs is governed by national regulatory agencies of the country underlying the specific ccTLDs, such as Canada (.ca). Our ability to sell ccTLDs is dependent on our ability to maintain accreditation in good standing with these various international authorities.   Communications Decency Act ("CDA"): The CDA generally protects online service providers, such as Tucows, from liability for certain activities of their customers, such as posting of defamatory or obscene content, unless the online service provider is participating in the unlawful conduct. Notwithstanding the general protections from liability under the CDA, we may nonetheless be forced to defend ourselves from claims of liability covered by the CDA, resulting in an increased cost of doing business.   Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) : The DMCA provides recourse for owners of copyrighted material who believe that their rights under U.S. copyright law have been infringed on the Internet. Under the DMCA, we generally are not liable for infringing content posted by third parties. However, if we receive a proper notice from a copyright owner alleging infringement of its protected works by web pages for which we provide hosting services, and we fail to expeditiously remove or disable access to the allegedly infringing material, fail to post and enforce a digital rights management policy or a policy to terminate accounts of repeat infringers, or otherwise fail to meet the requirements of the safe harbor under the DMCA, the owner may seek to impose liability on us.   General Data Protection Regulation : GDPR creates obligations around the procurement, processing, publication and sharing of personal data. Potential fines for violations of certain provisions of GDPR reach as high as 4% of a company’s annual total revenue, potentially including the revenue of its international affiliates. The solutions we develop for GDPR-compliance may not be adequate in the views of regulatory authorities or ICANN, which may cause the loss of WHOIS privacy revenue or increase our costs of developing compliant solutions or subject us to litigation, liability, civil penalties, or loss of market share. As the privacy laws and regulations around the world continue to evolve, these changes could adversely affect our business operations in similar ways.   7 Table of Contents   Several bodies of law may be deemed to apply to us with respect to various customer activities. Because we operate in a relatively new and rapidly evolving industry and since our industry is characterized by rapid changes in technology and in new and growing illegal activity, these bodies of laws are constantly evolving. As a host of content through our Exact Hosting business, and to a lesser extent as a registrar of domain names services we may be subject to potential liability for illegal activities by our resellers’ customers on their websites. We provide an automated service that enables users to register domain names. We do not monitor or review, nor does our accreditation agreement with ICANN require that we monitor or review, the appropriateness of the domain names we register for our customers or the content of their websites, and we have no control over the activities in which these customers engage. While we have policies in place to terminate domain names or to take other action if presented with evidence of illegal conduct, customers could nonetheless engage in prohibited activities without our knowledge.   Corporate Information   Our principal place of business is located in Canada.   We were incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in November 1992 under the name Infonautics, Inc. In August 2001, we completed our acquisition of Tucows Inc., a Delaware corporation, and we changed our name from Infonautics, Inc. to Tucows Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 96 Mowat Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M6K 3M1 Canada. Our telephone number is (416) 535-0123. We also have offices in Germany, Denmark and the U.S.   We are subject to the filing requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Therefore, we file annual reports, periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically at www.sec.gov.   Our website address is tucows.com. We make available through our website, free of charge, copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as amended as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically or otherwise furnishing it to the SEC. The information on the website listed above is not and should not be considered part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated by reference in this document.   Information about our Executive Officers and Key Employees   The following table sets forth the names, ages and titles of persons currently serving as our executive officers and key employees.    Name   Age   Title Elliot Noss   60   President and Chief Executive Officer, Tucows Inc. and Ting Davinder Singh   48   Chief Financial Officer Dave Woroch   60   Chief Executive Officer of Tucows Domains Bret Fausett   59   Chief Legal Officer Michael Koenig   38   Chief Operating Officer Justin Reilly   35   Chief Executive Officer, Wavelo   Elliot Noss has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer of Tucows Inc. since May 1999 and Ting since 2022 and served as Vice President of Corporate Services for Tucows Interactive Limited, which was acquired by Tucows in May 1999, from April 1997 to May 1999.   Davinder Singh has served as our Chief Financial Officer since 2017, having previously served as Vice President Finance since joining the Company in 2016. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Singh spent eight years at KPMG LLP primarily focusing on public company audits in the technology field. After leaving KPMG LLP, Mr. Singh joined TELUS and held progressive roles, including Chief Financial Officer of TELUS International. Mr. Singh is a Chartered Professional Accountant with the Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants of British Columbia. Mr. Singh also sits on the Board of Hootsuite and serves as its audit committee chair. Hootsuite is a privately held social media management company.   David Woroch currently serves as our Chief Executive Officer of Tucows Domains Services and has led our Domains business since 2014 and oversees OpenSRS, eNom, Ascio and EPAG (wholesale), Hover (retail) and the premium domain portfolio. Mr. Woroch joined Tucows in March 2000 after thirteen years at IBM and has helped build Tucows’ sales, marketing, business development, product management and technical support capabilities.   Bret Fausett joined Tucows in September 2017 as our Chief Legal Officer. Prior to joining Tucows, Mr. Fausett worked for Uniregistry, where he had served as General Counsel for six years. Prior to Uniregistry, Mr. Fausett worked as outside legal counsel to a number of domain industry related companies.   Michael Koenig joined Tucows in April 2022 as the Chief Revenue Officer of Wavelo before moving into Tucows' Chief Operating Officer role in October 2022. Prior to joining Tucows, Mr. Koenig served as the Chief Operating Officer of two organizations, Sweet and Time Doctor for five and two years, respectively.      Justin Reilly joined Tucows in September 2019 and currently serves as our Chief Executive Officer of Wavelo. Prior to joining Tucows, Justin was Head of Product & Customer Experience Innovation at Verizon, as well as founder of a number of companies with consumer grade product and machine learning at their core.   ITEM 1A.  RISK FACTORS   Our business faces significant risks. Some of the following risks relate principally to our business and the industry and statutory and regulatory environment in which we operate , including those highlighted in this section and summarized below. Other risks relate principally to the securities markets and ownership of our stock. As a result, this risk factor summary together with a more comprehensive discussion of risks and uncertainties set forth following this section under the heading “ Item 1A. Risk Factors ” as well as elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risks described below may not be the only risks we face. Additional risks that we do not yet know of or that we currently think are immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of the events or circumstances described in the following risk factors actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could suffer, and the trading price of our common stock could decline.   8 Table of Contents   Risk Factor Summary     ● If we do not continue to provide services that are useful to consumers, we may not remain competitive and be forced to reduce our prices, and our revenues and operating results could be adversely affected.   ● Our service offerings may not be successful if we are unable to maintain existing customer relationships or establish new relationships.   ● Our service offerings may be limited in ability to grow their respective businesses and customer base unless we can continue to manage our vendor relationships and supply chain to obtain valuable products and service options to offer to our customers.    ● Our service offerings may experience a material adverse effect should the nature of the Internet fundamentally change or fail to grow and expand internationally as a viable medium for commerce. This includes changes in current navigation practices, technologies or marketing practices.   ● Our ongoing investment in new businesses, services and technologies and divestment of old businesses and services is inherently risky, and could disrupt our current operations.   ● Our ability to accurately forecast construction and marketing costs as well as manage the cost per serviceable address within expected targets will impact our return on investment on the Ting Internet footprint.   ● The Company's success depends on our ability to keep pace with technological advances. Failure to respond to rapid technological changes in the industries we serve or difficulty in scaling or adapting existing architecture could result in the loss of customers and cause us to incur additional expenses.   ● We rely on network operators, bandwidth providers, data centers and other vendors in providing services to our customers, and any system failure or interruption in the services provided by either our Company or third parties could harm our ability to operate our business and damage our reputation.   ● We are parties to agreements with other unrelated parties for certain business operations and to license third-party technologies. Any claims against these unrelated parties that we rely upon for business operations and/or licensed technology could result in the need to incur substantial costs to replace technology or services which could delay and increase the cost of product and service developments.   ● Our systems face security risks, and any compromise of the security of these systems could disrupt our business, damage our reputation and result in the disclosure of confidential information, legal liability for damages and loss of customers.   ● Disputes concerning the ownership or rights to use intellectual property and litigation involving other rights of third parties could be costly and time-consuming to litigate, may distract management from operating the business, and may result in us paying significant damage awards, losing significant rights and our ability to operate all or a portion of our business.   ● Our service offerings are exposed to risks associated with credit card and other online payment chargebacks, fraud and new payment methods.   ● Our indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, our ability to operate our business, execute our strategy, divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments, and prevent us from meeting our debt obligations.   ● Our debt agreements impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and our subsidiaries, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities across the Company. Breaching these agreements could have a materially adverse impact on the Company.   ● Our preferred share unit financing arrangement could adversely affect our financial condition, our ability to operate our business, divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments, and prevent us from meeting our debt obligations. Our preferred share financing agreement imposes predetermined operational and financial drawdown milestones on our Ting segment, which may prevent us from obtaining additional financing under such preferred unit financing arrangement. In addition, the Company may need additional financing to further accelerate the expansion of the Ting Internet footprint.   ● The international nature of our businesses and operations expose us to additional risks that could harm our business, operating results, and growth strategy; including risks related to taxation and foreign currencies fluctuations.   ● Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.   ● We could be subject to changes in tax rates, the adoption of new U.S. or international tax legislation, or exposure to additional tax liabilities. This could discourage the registration or renewal of domain names.   ● We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not properly remediated, could adversely affect our business and results of our operations.   ● The Company’s success depends on the continued service and availability of key personnel.   ● Our business depends on our strong brands. If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brands, our ability to expand our customer base will be impaired and our business and operating results will be harmed.   ● If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired which could, among other things, negatively impact our ability to raise financing.    ● We are subject to minimum purchase commitments with our Mobile Services MNO partner and some Ting Internet partner network providers, which could significantly increase our cost of revenues should we be unable to grow our respective customer base.   ● The use of ICANN's Oversight of Domain Name Registration System and domain name registration involve charges and fees. If these fees increase, this may have a significant impact on our operating results.   ● Data protection regulations may impose legal obligations on us that we cannot meet or that conflict with our ICANN contractual requirements.   ● The law relating to the use of and ownership of intellectual property on the internet as well as the liability of internet services companies for data and content carried on or disseminated through their network's websites is currently unsettled and could expose us to unforeseen liabilities. This could negatively affect the public’s perception of our corporate image.   ● Our service offerings may become subject to new government regulations that may be costly to adopt, and may adversely affect our business prospects, future growth or results of operations.   ● Our Ting segment relies on Network Operators. Failure by a Network Operator to obtain the proper licenses and governmental approvals from regulatory authorities would cause us to be unable to successfully operate those businesses.   ● We may experience unforeseen or potentially uninsured liabilities or losses in connection with our Domain Services business, including the risk that our standard agreements with customers may not be enforceable. This could negatively impact our financial results.   ● Our share price may be volatile, which may make it difficult for shareholders to sell their shares of common stock when they want to, at an attractive price.   ● We cannot guarantee that our recently announced stock buyback program will be partially or fully consummated or that such program will enhance the long-term value of our share price.   ● Economic, political, and market conditions may adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, and operating results.   ● Our business and financial performance could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by both global and local climate and environmental natural disasters, health crises and other disruptive activities.    9 Table of Contents   RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY   We face intense competition and consolidation in the industries and markets we serve. If we do not continue to provide services that are useful to users, we may not remain competitive and be forced to reduce our prices, and our revenues and operating results could be adversely affected.   The industries and markets we serve are characterized by intense competition and consolidation. Be it the U.S. Internet services industry serviced by our Ting segment, the U.S. wireless communications industry serviced by Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services, the BSS/OSS software industry serviced by our Wavelo segment or the Internet Services and domain registration market serviced by our Tucows Domains segment; these industries and markets have become extremely competitive and are characterized both by the entrance of new competitors or the expansion of services offered by existing competitors. Our brands compete with incumbent service providers and their affiliate brands. Most of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, personnel and marketing resources and a larger market share than we do in all of our segments, and we may not be able to compete successfully against them. Due to their size and bargaining power, they may obtain discounts for facilities, equipment, devices, content, and services, potentially placing us at a competitive disadvantage. As consolidation in these industries creates even larger competitors, our competitors’ purchasing and cost structure advantages may increase further, hampering our efforts to attract and retain customers. They may use their significant market power and greater resources to introduce additional products and service features (or lower prices) that we are unable to offer at similar cost or price to the customer. This may impact our ability to win over significant market share from these competitors. To remain competitive, we may be compelled to reduce the prices for our services or augment our service offerings. Any subsidies or price reductions that we offer in order to remain competitive may reduce our margins and revenues, and may adversely affect our profitability and cash flows. Lower prices may also make our services more accessible to new, lower-value customers with less disposable income available to spend on our services. In addition, if prices decline, customers without long-term contracts may change their service providers more frequently, thereby increasing our churn and resulting in higher acquisition costs to replace those customers. A shift to lower value or less loyal customers could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flows.   Our service offerings may not be successful if we are unable to maintain existing customer relationships or establish new relationships .   Maintaining our existing customer relationships and being able to establish new relationships is critical to our success across our segments, regardless if that customer is an end consumer wanting Gigabit Fiber or Fixed Wireless internet service to their home, a telecommunication provider, or a leading global domain reseller. Long-term success is dependent upon our sustained ability to generate sufficient revenue from our customers based on their use of our services and ability to respond to churn by retaining existing customers and adding new customers. With significant investments across our segments, be it in the continued build out of our Fiber Network across the United States, our development of our Wavelo or Domains Platforms, our performance and financial results could be negatively impacted if we are unable to realize the return on these investments by failing to attract customers or retain customers to the services we offer.    Our Retail Mobile Services has limited influence over the small subset of subscribers on the MNO contract retained by the Company as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement, and we may be unable to effectively respond to churn or attract a sufficient level of new customers to meet the minimum commitments with this MNO partner. This could incur significant and recurring penalties until such a time that the contract is complete. These penalties would negatively impact our operational performance and financial results if enforced by the MNO. Based on the size of the small subset of customers retained as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement and their limited network usage, the Company expects to incur MNO penalties through the majority of the year ending December 31, 2023 ("Fiscal 2023"), and thereafter.    Regarding Wavelo, DISH is our main customer and represents majority of our revenues until such time that we are able to scale our services to other customers interested in our enablement services. With all our majority of our revenues concentrated with one customer, we are exposed to significant risk if we are unable to maintain this customer relationship or establish new relationships with other MVNOs in the future. Additionally, our revenues  are directly tied to the subscriber volumes of DISH's MVNO or MNO networks, so our profitability is contingent on the ability of DISH to continue to add subscribers onto our platform. If any of these events occur, our operational performance and financial results may be adversely affected.   Our service offerings may be limited in ability to grow their respective businesses and customer base unless we can continue to manage our vendor relationships and supply chain to obtain valuable products and service options to offer to our customers.    In order to remain competitive, we must provide a multitude of valuable products and services to our customers. To enable this, we need to continue to manage our vendor relationships and supply chain to ensure we are able to obtain valuable inventory, services and products across our segments. In particular, we need to obtain MNO network capacity for our Mobile Services, fiber optic cable, installation equipment, ONT and router inventory, third party network capacity for our Ting segments, as well as a multitude of domain name registration options in the form of TLDs/ccTLDs for our Tucows Domains segment. Any change in our ability, or the ability of third parties with whom we contract, to provide these products and services could adversely affect our operations and financial performance.   In our Retail Mobile Services, the fact that we now retain control over such a small subset of our historical subscriber base and that all of those customers are fixed to one MNO network could hinder our ability in the future to negotiate favorable rates and access to the mobile services mentioned above.    In our Tucows Domains segment, each registry typically imposes a fee in association with the registration of each domain name and any increases in fees could adversely impact our business. For example, Verisign, the registry for .com, presently charges a $8.97 fee for each .com registration and ICANN currently charges a $0.18 fee for each .com domain name registered in the gTLDs that fall within its purview. We have no control over these agencies and cannot predict when they may increase their respective fees. An amendment to the registry agreement between ICANN and Verisign was approved by the U.S. Department of Commerce in November 2018. The amendment confirms that Verisign will operate the .com registry until 2024 and permits Verisign to pursue with ICANN an up to 7 percent increase in the prices for .com domain names, in each of the last four years of the six-year term of the .com Registry Agreement. The changes also affirm that Verisign may not vertically integrate or operate as a registrar in the .com top level domain. Verisign acted on this ability to raise pricing during the year ended December 31, 2022 ("Fiscal 2022"), increasing our cost of .com registrations by 6.9 percent, relative to the prior year.    Our service offerings may experience a material adverse effect should the nature of the Internet fundamentally change or fail to grow and expand internationally as a viable medium for commerce. This includes changes in current navigation practices, technologies or marketing practices .   The success of all of our segments depends on the continued development, acceptance and widespread access to the Internet, and its existing domain system and infrastructure as a foundational resource for communication and commerce.    10 Table of Contents   In our Ting segment, a number of factors could prevent the continued growth and acceptance of symmetrical gigabit Internet infrastructure and service as a medium for faster Internet communication, including (a) the unwillingness of companies and customers to shift their purchasing from traditional ISP vendors to alternative vendors like Ting Fiber; (b) Fiber infrastructure may not be able to support the demands placed on it, and its performance and reliability may decline as usage grows; or (c) where the development of alternative, wireless technologies (such as 5G) that could provide a similar or reasonably acceptable Internet speed and service without a fixed connection/physical network. Any of these issues could slow the growth of the adoption of Fiber Internet, which could limit our growth and revenues.   In our Tucows Domains segment, the domain name registration industry continues to develop and adapt to changing technology and the demands of individual governments. These developments may include changes in the administration or operation of the Internet, including (a) the creation and institution of alternate systems for directing Internet traffic without the use of the existing domain system or (b) systems under local government control that splinter from, or thwart the operation of, the Internet. Systems existing outside the domain name system are not subject to ICANN accreditation requirements and restrictions. Other competitors have attempted to introduce naming systems that use keywords rather than traditional domains. The widespread acceptance of any alternative systems and Internet navigation practices could eliminate the need to register a domain to establish an online presence and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.   Additionally, we believe that a major source of growth for Internet-based companies will come from individuals and businesses outside the U.S. where Internet access and use is currently less prevalent. A substantial number of our resellers are currently based outside the U.S. and we plan to grow our business in other countries. If Internet usage in these jurisdictions does not increase as anticipated, or if governments prohibit the registration and use of domain names or certain classes of domain names, our revenues may not grow as anticipated.   Our ongoing investment in new businesses, services and technologies and divestment of old businesses and services is inherently risky, and could disrupt our current operations. We may not be able to realize the intended and anticipated benefits from our investments, acquisitions and agreements, which could affect the value of these decisions to our business and our ability to meet our financial obligations and targets in the short or medium term .   We have and expect to continue to acquire companies, assets or the rights to technologies in the future in order to develop new services or enhance existing services, to enhance our operating infrastructure, to fund expansion, to respond to competitive pressures or to acquire complementary businesses across all four of the segments we serve. Entering into these types of arrangements entails many risks, any of which could materially harm our business, including: the diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns; the failure to effectively integrate the acquired technology or company into our business; the incurring of significant acquisition costs; the loss of key employees from either our current business or the acquired business; the assumption of significant liabilities of the acquired company; inability to obtain the appropriate technical and operational resources; and unanticipated local or federal regulatory changes that could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such investments. Any of the foregoing or other factors could harm our ability to achieve anticipated levels of profitability from acquired businesses or to realize other anticipated benefits of acquisitions or return of capital on our investments.   For example, in Corporate, as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement, the Company is entitled to a 10-year payment stream that is a function of the margin generated by the transferred subscribers over the 10-year period. With subscribers able to accept offers, plans or pricing from DISH, this consideration structure may not prove to be successful or profitable in the long-term to us if the existing subscriber base churns at an above average rate upon acquisition by DISH. Additionally, given DISH controls the revenues and costs incurred associated with the acquired subscribers, there could arise a situation where profitability for the subscriber base is diminished either by lower price points or cost inflation. If any of these events occur, our operational performance and financial results may be adversely affected.   We may not be able to identify or consummate any future acquisitions on favorable terms, or at all. If we do effect an acquisition, it is possible that the financial markets or investors will view the acquisition negatively. No assurance can be given that such investments will be successful and will not adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.   The Company's success depends on our ability to keep pace with technological advances. Failure to respond to rapid technological changes in the industries we serve or difficulty in scaling or adapting existing architecture could result in the loss of customers and cause us to incur additional expenses .   In our Ting segment, currently there is no Internet access technology that comes close to the speed, reliability, scalability and value of fiber-optics. However, it’s possible that another medium that’s either better or more economically/easily deployed could be developed in the longer term, or wireless could be improved enough to supplant the need for fiber in certain types of installations, like multi-family units, that would impact Ting Fiber’s ability to grow. To be successful as we continue to build out the Ting Fiber network in communities across the U.S. and bring customers onto the network we must ensure that our network infrastructure performs well and is reliable. The greater the user traffic and the greater the complexity of our services, the more computing power we will need. We have spent and expect to continue to spend substantial amounts on the purchase of equipment to enable our network infrastructure to handle increased traffic. This expansion is expensive and complex and could result in inefficiencies or operational failures. If we do not expand successfully, or if we experience inefficiencies and operational failures, the quality of our services and our customers’ experience could decline. This could damage our reputation and lead us to lose current and potential customers. Cost increases, loss of traffic or failure to accommodate new technologies or changing business requirements could harm our operating results and financial condition.   In our Wavelo segment, the U.S. wireless communications industry is experiencing rapid growth of new technologies, products and services. We cannot predict which of many possible future technologies, products, or services will be important to maintain our competitive position or what expenditures we will be required to make in order to develop and provide these technologies, products or services. To the extent we do not keep pace with technological advances or fail to timely respond to changes in the competitive environment affecting our industry, we could lose market share or experience a decline in revenue, cash flows and net income from our platform and other professional services (both retail and platform related services). As a result of the financial strength and benefits of scale enjoyed by some of our competitors, they may be able to offer services at lower prices than we can, thereby adversely affecting our revenues, growth and profitability.   11 Table of Contents   In our Tucows Domains segment, the Internet and e-commerce are characterized by rapid technological change. Sudden changes in user and customer requirements and preferences, the frequent introduction of new applications and services embodying new technologies and the emergence of new industry standards and practices could make our applications, services and systems obsolete. The emerging nature of applications and services in the Internet application and services industry and their rapid evolution will require that we continually improve the performance, features and reliability of our applications and services. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability: to develop and license new applications, services and technologies that address the increasingly sophisticated and varied needs of our current and prospective customers; and to respond to technological advances and emerging industry standards and practices on a cost-effective and timely basis. The development of applications and services and other proprietary technology involves significant technological and business risks and requires substantial expenditures and lead-time. We may be unable to use new technologies effectively or adapt our internally developed technology and transaction-processing systems to customer requirements or emerging industry standards in a timely manner, or at all. Our internal development teams may also be unable to keep pace with new technological developments that affect the marketplace for our services. In addition, as we offer new services and functionality, we will need to ensure that any new services and functionality are well integrated with our current services, particularly as we offer an increasing number of our services as part of bundled suites. To the extent that any new services offered by us do not interoperate well with our existing services, our ability to market and sell those new services would be adversely affected and our revenue level and ability to achieve and sustain profitability might be harmed. Updating technology internally and licensing new technology from third parties may require us to incur significant additional capital expenditures.   Our ability to accurately forecast construction and marketing costs as well as manage the cost per serviceable address within expected targets will impact our return on investment on the Ting Internet footprint.   The build-out of our Fiber network requires significant costs to be incurred ahead of revenue generation, including design, procurement of materials, construction of primary infrastructure and customer installation. Our ability to accurately forecast these costs and execute an efficient construction plan will impact the returns that we are ultimately able to realize. Our costs to build out segments of the Ting Internet footprint are also impacted by factors outside of our control such as material prices, general price inflation, weather conditions, labor markets, local permitting and regulation changes.  Our ability to generate sufficient investment returns is also dependent upon generating sufficient customer penetration on completed network segments over time, which also requires investments ahead of revenue generation in the form of marketing and other customer acquisition costs. We continuously monitor our expenditures and adjust accordingly to achieve our targets.   We rely on network operators, bandwidth providers, data centers and other vendors in providing services to our customers, and any system failure or interruption in the services provided by either our Company or third parties could harm our ability to operate our business and damage our reputation.   In our Ting segment, we rely on the continuing operation of our Fiber Network. Any damage to or failure of our network facilities could result in interruptions in our service, which could reduce our revenues and profits, and damage our brands. Our systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, terrorist attacks, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, or other attempts to harm our systems. In any Ting town where we are not the underlying network operator and are utilizing the Fiber network of a third party, we rely on those third parties and their affiliates to maintain their network facilities, government authorizations and to comply with government policies and regulations. If they fail do to so, we may incur substantial losses. Some of our data centers are located in areas with a high risk of major earthquakes. Our data centers are also subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, and to potential disruptions if the operators of these facilities have financial difficulties. The occurrence of a natural disaster, a decision to close a facility without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems at our data centers could result in lengthy interruptions in our service.   In our Wavelo segment, the availability of our platform services is reliant on data centers and public cloud providers such as AWS, to continue to operate. Wavelo also depends on key observability service providers that integrate with our platforms to be operating in order to alert us of an outage or issue without client's billing or provisioning services.    In our Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services segment, as provider of retail mobile services, we do not own or operate a physical network, but rather utilize the nationwide wireless communication networks of our Network Operator. We rely on them and their third-party affiliates to maintain their wireless facilities and government authorizations and to comply with government policies and regulations. If they fail to do so, we may incur substantial losses. Some of the risks related to their nationwide wireless communication networks and infrastructure include: major equipment failures, breaches of network or information technology security that affect their wireless networks, including transport facilities, communications switches, routers, microwave links, cell sites or other equipment or third-party owned local and long-distance networks on which we rely, power surges or outages, software defects and disruptions beyond their control, such as natural disasters and acts of terrorism, among others. The Master Services Agreement with our Network Operator does not contain any contractual indemnification provisions relating to network outages or other disruptions. Any impact on their nationwide wireless communication networks could disrupt our operations, require significant resources, result in a loss of subscribers or impair our ability to attract new subscribers, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Delays or failure to add network capacity, or increased costs of adding capacity or operating the network, could limit our ability to increase our customer base, limit our ability to increase our revenues, or cause a deterioration of our operating margin.   In our Tucows Domains segment, the availability of our Domain Name services depends on the continuing operation of our information technology and communications systems. Any damage to or failure of our systems could result in interruptions in our service, which could reduce our revenues and profits, and damage our brands. Our systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, terrorist attacks, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, computer denial of service attacks or other attempts to harm our systems. Some of our data centers are located in areas with a high risk of major earthquakes. Our data centers are also subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, and to potential disruptions if the operators of these facilities have financial difficulties. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. The occurrence of a natural disaster, a decision to close a facility without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems at our data centers could result in lengthy interruptions in our service.   We are parties to agreements with other unrelated parties for certain business operations and to license third-party technologies. Any claims against these unrelated parties that we rely upon for business operations and/or licensed technology could result in the need to incur substantial costs to replace technology or services which could delay and increase the cost of product and service developments.   Across all three of our business segments, we have entered into agreements with third parties for licensing of certain technologies, the day-to-day execution of certain services, the development and maintenance of certain systems necessary for the operation of our businesses and for network equipment, handsets, devices and other equipment where appropriate. We expect our dependence on key suppliers to continue as more advanced technologies and services are developed. If we experience difficulties with regard to these arrangements or are unable to negotiate on commercially reasonable terms or at all with future vendors, it could result in additional expense, loss of customers and revenue, interruption of our services or a delay in the roll-out of new technology and services for our customers.   12 Table of Contents   Our systems face security risks, and any compromise of the security of these systems could disrupt our business, damage our reputation and result in the disclosure of confidential information, legal liability for damages and loss of customers.   In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and personally identifiable information of our customers and employees. Due to the fact that all of our services are Internet based, the amount of data we store for our users on our servers (including personal information) has been increasing. We make extensive use of online services and centralized data processing, including through third-party service providers. The secure maintenance and transmission of customer information is an important element of our operations.   From time to time, concerns have been expressed about whether our services compromise the privacy of our users and others. Concerns about our practices with regard to the collection, use, disclosure or security of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded, could damage our reputation and operating results and expose us to litigation and possible liability, including claims for unauthorized purchases with credit card information, impersonation, or fraud claims and other claims relating to the misuse of personal information and unauthorized marketing purposes. While we strive to comply with all applicable data protection laws and regulations, as well as our own privacy policies, any failure or perceived failure to comply may result in proceedings or actions against us by government entities or others, which could potentially have an adverse effect on our business.   We have previously been the target of attempted attacks and must monitor and develop our systems to protect this data from misappropriation. Our information technology and other systems that maintain and transmit customer information, including location or personal information, or those of service providers, may be compromised by a malicious third-party penetration of our network security, or that of a third-party service provider, or impacted by advertent or inadvertent actions or inactions by our employees, or those of a third-party service provider. Cyber-attacks, which include the use of malware, computer viruses and other means for disruption or unauthorized access, have increased in frequency, scope and potential harm in recent years, including recently as retaliation for geo-political alliances, support and country imposed sanctions. While, to date, we have not been subject to any successful cyber-attacks or other cyber incidents which, individually or in the aggregate, have been material to our operations or financial condition, the preventive actions we take to reduce the risk of cyber incidents and protect our information technology and networks may be insufficient to repel a major cyber-attack in the future. As a result, our subscribers’ information may be lost, disclosed, accessed, used, corrupted, destroyed or taken without the subscribers’ consent.   Any major compromise of our data or network security, failure to prevent or mitigate the loss of our services or customer information and delays in detecting any such compromise or loss could disrupt our operations, impact our reputation and subscribers' willingness to purchase our services and subject us to additional costs and liabilities, including litigation, which could be material.   Disputes concerning the ownership or rights to use intellectual property and litigation involving other rights of third parties could be costly and time-consuming to litigate, may distract management from operating the business, and may result in us paying significant damage awards, losing significant rights and our ability to operate all or a portion of our business .   We rely upon copyright, trade secret and trademark law, confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements, invention assignment agreements and work-for-hire agreements to protect our proprietary technology, all of which offer only limited protection. Due to the global nature of our web-based businesses and services, we cannot ensure that our efforts to protect our proprietary information will be adequate to protect against infringement and misappropriation by third parties, particularly in foreign countries where laws or law enforcement practices may not protect proprietary rights as fully as in the U.S. and Canada.   We have licensed, and may in the future license, some of our trademarks and other proprietary rights to others. Third parties may also reproduce or use our intellectual property rights without seeking a license and thus benefit from our technology without paying for it. Third parties could also independently develop technology, processes or other intellectual property that are similar to or superior to those used by us. Actions by licensees, misappropriation of the intellectual property rights or independent development by others of similar or superior technology might diminish the value of our proprietary rights or damage our reputation. The unauthorized reproduction or other misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, including copying the look, feel and functionality of our website could enable third parties to benefit from our technology without us receiving any compensation. The enforcement of our intellectual property rights may depend on our taking legal action against these infringing parties, and we cannot be sure that these actions will be successful.   Defense of claims of infringement of intellectual property or other rights of third parties against us would require the resources of both our time and money. Third parties may assert claims of infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights against us concerning past, current or future technologies. Content obtained from third parties and distributed over the Internet by us may result in liability for defamation, negligence, intellectual property infringement, product or service liability and dissemination of computer viruses or other disruptive problems. We may also be subject to claims from third parties asserting trademark infringement, unfair competition and violation of publicity and privacy rights relating specifically to domains.   As a domain name registrar, we regularly become involved in disputes over registration of domain names. These disputes are typically resolved through the UDRP, ICANN’s administrative process for domain name dispute resolution, or less frequently through litigation under the Anti Cyber Squatting Consumer Protection Act "ACPA", or under general theories of trademark infringement or dilution. The UDRP generally does not impose liability on registrars, and the ACPA provides that registrars may not be held liable for registering or maintaining a domain name absent a showing of bad faith intent to profit or reckless disregard of a court order by the registrars. However, we may face liability if we fail to comply in a timely manner with procedural requirements under these rules. In addition, these processes typically require at least limited involvement by us, and therefore increase our cost of doing business. The volume of domain name registration disputes may increase in the future as the overall number of registered domain names increases.   We have substantial goodwill and other intangible assets, therefore to the extent that any intellectual property is deemed impaired we would be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or intangible assets is determined. Any impairment charges or changes to the estimated amortization periods could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.   13 Table of Contents   Our service offerings are exposed to risks associated with credit card and other online payment chargebacks, fraud and new payment methods .   Across all three of our business segments, regardless if those services operate on a postpaid or prepaid basis, we are exposed to the risks associated with credit card and other online payment technologies, chargebacks and fraud associated with these payment types. A substantial majority of our revenue originates from online credit card transactions. Under current credit card industry practices, we are liable for fraudulent and disputed credit card transactions because we do not obtain the cardholder’s signature at the time of the transaction, even though the financial institution issuing the credit card may have authorized the transaction. Under credit card association rules, penalties may be imposed at the discretion of the association. Any such potential penalties would be imposed on our credit card processor by the association. Under our contract with our processor, we are required to reimburse our processor for such penalties. Our current level of fraud protection, based on our fraudulent and disputed credit card transaction history, is within the guidelines established by the credit card associations. However, we face the risk that one or more credit card associations may, at any time, assess penalties against us or terminate our ability to accept credit card payments from customers, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.   Furthermore, for our postpaid businesses, namely the Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services and Ting segment, our success depends on our ability to manage credit risk while attracting new customers with profitable usage patterns. Both of these segments have relatively short operating histories and there can be no assurance that it will be able to manage credit risk or generate sufficient revenue to cover its postpaid-related expenses, including losses arising from its customers’ failure to make payments when due. We manage credit risk exposure using techniques that are designed to set terms and limits for the credit risk it accepts. The techniques we use may not accurately predict future defaults due to, among other things, inaccurate assumptions or fraud. Our ability to manage credit risk may also be adversely affected by legal or regulatory changes, competitors’ actions, consumer behavior, and inadequate collections staffing or techniques. While we continually seek to improve our assumptions and controls, the failure to manage credit risk appropriately may materially adversely affect our profitability and ability to grow.   Our indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, our ability to operate our business, execute our strategy divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments, and prevent us from meeting our debt obligations.   The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Ting LLC as well as Ting LLC’s wholly owned subsidiaries are financed by Generate through the Unit Purchase Agreement (“UPA”). As of March 13, 2023 our outstanding preferred units purchased under the UPA was $117.5 million, with a further capital commitment of $82.5 million available to Ting, LLC through Milestone Fundings (1) .  The terms of the LLC Agreement with Generate prohibit Tucows from funding the operations or capital investments in Ting, LLC with funds generated by its subsidiaries outside of Ting, LLC or its wholly owned subsidiaries (“Excluding-Ting”). In order to continue the planned expansion of the Ting Internet footprint and fund future operating losses, we will need to access Milestone financing through the UPA as well as engage in equity and further debt financing. Our ability to achieve the Milestones to access the additional funding under the UPA will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors as well as changes in government monetary or fiscal policy. Our financing partner Generate may not grant permission for Ting, LLC to engage in further debt or equity financing. Failure to access the additional funding, could have a material adverse effect on our business.    Excluding-Ting is financed by the Company’s credit facility. As of March 13, 2023, our outstanding debt under our credit facility was $239.7 million with remaining committed funds of $0.3 million. Absent sufficient cash flows from operations, Excluding-Ting may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds to meet our operating and capital needs. In the event that Excluding-Ting seeks additional financing, Excluding-Ting’s trailing twelve month debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio of 3.978:1.00 as of December 31, 2022 may make obtaining additional financing difficult and our lenders under the Company’s credit facility may not grant permission for the Company to engage in further debt or equity financing.  On March 14, 2023 t he Company entered into an Amending Agreement No.2 (the "Credit Agreement Amendment") to the Third Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (the "Amended Credit Agreement") with its existing syndicate of lenders. The Amended Credit Agreement continues to provide the Company with access to an aggregate of $240 million in committed funds, however there is a suspension to the $60 million accordion during the relief period (the “Leverage Step Up Period”) which is defined as from Closing (March 14, 2023) to the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the period ending on December 31, 2023 demonstrating compliance with financial covenants. A dditionally, the Credit Agreement Amendment has extended the maturity of the Credit Facility to September 30, 2024. As a result of the closing of the Credit Agreement Amendment, the Company is subject to the following financial covenants at all times, with monthly testing during the Leverage Step Up Period and reverting to quarterly tests thereafter: (i) maximum Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio of 4.50:1.00 from March 14, 2023 up to and including September 29, 2023; 4.00:1.00 from September 30, 2023 up to and including December 30, 2023; a nd 3.75:1.00 thereafter; and (ii) minimum Interest Coverage Ratio of 3.00:1.00. The Company's credit facility expires on September 30, 2024 and the Company will be required to refinance the Amended Credit Agreement once it becomes d ue. On March 14, 2023 the Company made a repayment of $2.8 million on the Credit Facility.    In any situation where the Company is seeking such debt or equity financing, it may not be able to secure additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all, at the time when we need that funding. The Company does not currently have an effective “universal” shelf registration statement on Form S-3 on file with the SEC, which might delay the Company's ability to complete an equity financing. In addition, even though we may have sufficient cash flow, we may still elect to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain credit facilities for other reasons. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership of our company, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. In addition, if we decide to raise funds through debt or convertible debt financings, we may be unable to meet our interest or principal payments. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or obtain additional capital or alternative financing on acceptable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.   (1) As defined in Note 13 - "Redeemable preferred shares" of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.   Our debt agreements impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and our subsidiaries, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities across the Company. Breaching these agreements could have a materially adverse impact on the Company.   The agreements governing our current credit facility impose significant operating and financial restrictions on Excluding-Ting. These restrictions, subject in certain cases to customary baskets, exceptions, and incurrence-based ratio tests, may limit our or our subsidiaries' ability to engage in some transactions, including the following: incurring additional indebtedness and issuing stock; paying dividends, share repurchases or making other restricted payments or investments; selling assets, properties, or licenses that we have or in the future may procure; creating liens on assets; engaging in mergers, acquisitions, business combinations, or other transactions.    14 Table of Contents   Excluding-Ting’s trailing twelve month debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio was 3.978:1.00 as of December 31, 2022. Our covenants under the Company’s credit facility required us to maintain a debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio of 4.00:1.00 until September 29, 2023. Our ability to remain in compliance with our operating restrictions, generate cash flow from operations to make principal, interest payments on our debt will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors as well as changes in government monetary or fiscal policy. Failure to maintain compliance with the operating restrictions of our credit facility could result in default and could have a material adverse effect on our business.O n March 14, 2023 th e Company entered into the Credit Agreement Amendment with its existing syndicate of lenders. The Amended Credit Agreement continues to provide the Company with access to an aggregate of $240 million in committed funds, however there is a suspension to the $60 million accordion during the Leverage Step Up Period. Additionally, the Credit Agreement Amendment has extended the maturity of the Credit Facility to September 30, 2024. As a result of the closing of the Credit Agreement Amendment, the Company is subject to the following financial covenants at all times, with monthly testing during the Leverage Step Up Period and reverting to quarterly tests thereafter: (i) maximum Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio of 4.50:1.00 from March 14, 2023 up to and including September 29, 2023; 4.00:1.00 from September 30, 2023 up to and including December 30, 2023; and 3.75:1.00 thereafter; and (ii) minimum Interest Coverage Ratio of 3.00:1.00.  On March 14, 2023 the Company made a repayment of $2.8 million on the Credit Facility.    With respect to the UPA, Ting, LLC is obligated to redeem Generate's equity interests for an amount equal to the outstanding capital balance plus the unsatisfied preferred return (and pay a make-whole premium if the redemption of the preferred shares occurs within the four years following the Transaction Close), upon certain conditions, including a material breach of any Tucows' credit agreement that is not cured, the failure to pay the preferred return in two consecutive quarters following the second anniversary of the Transaction Close, and the six year anniversary of the Transaction Close. These restrictions could limit our ability to react to changes in our operating environment or the economy. Triggering the make-whole provision could have a material adverse effect on our business.      Any future indebtedness that we incur may contain similar or more restrictive covenants. Any failure to comply with the restrictions of our debt agreements may result in an event of default under these agreements, which in turn may result in defaults or acceleration of obligations under these agreements and other agreements, giving our lenders the right to terminate any commitments they had made to provide us with further funds and to require us to repay all amounts then outstanding. Any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.    Our preferred share unit financing arrangement could adversely affect our financial condition, our ability to operate our business, divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments, and prevent us from meeting our debt obligations. Our preferred share financing agreement imposes predetermined operational and financial drawdown milestones on our Ting segment, which may prevent us from obtaining additional financing under such preferred unit financing arrangement. In addition, the Company may need additional financing to further accelerate the expansion of the Ting Internet footprint.   On August 8, 2022, Ting LLC entered into the UPA with Generate under which Ting LLC has committed to issue and sell $60 million of Series A Preferred Units at the Initial Funding, subject to customary closing conditions, and an additional aggregate of $140 million Series A Preferred Units if the Milestones are achieved over a three year period from the date of the Transaction Close. The Series A Preferred Units will accrue a preferred return of 15% per annum (subject to certain adjustments as described below) on a non-cash basis under the first 24 months under the Unit Purchase Agreement. Our ability to achieve the Milestones to access the additional funding, as well as to generate cash flow from operations to make the payments in respect of the preferred return, will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors as well as changes in government monetary or fiscal policy. The failure to access the additional funding or pay the preferred return, could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, the Company is obligated to redeem Generate's equity interests for an amount equal to the outstanding capital balance plus the unsatisfied preferred return (and pay a make-whole premium if the redemption occurs within the four years following the Transaction Close), upon certain conditions, including a material breach of any Tucows' credit agreement that is not cured, the failure to pay the preferred return in two consecutive quarters following the second anniversary of the Transaction Close, and the six year anniversary of the Transaction Close.   In addition, in order to further accelerate the expansion of the Ting Internet footprint, the Company will seek additional financing, which may include an equity or debt issuance, a partnership or collaborating arrangement with another third party. We may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, at the time when we need that funding, and if not available, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Moreover, any additional financing may be dilutive to existing investors.        The international nature of our businesses and operations expose us to additional risks that could harm our business, operating results, and growth strategy; including risks related to taxation and foreign currencies fluctuations .   We are a U.S. based multinational company. Expansion into international markets is a continued element of our growth strategy. Introducing and marketing our services internationally, developing direct and indirect international sales and support channels and managing foreign personnel and operations all require significant management attention and financial resources. We face a number of risks associated with expanding our businesses internationally that could negatively impact our results of operations, including the following:     - Foreign currency fluctuations and exchange rates: Our operating results are accordingly subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely affect our future operating results. We attempt to mitigate a portion of these risks through foreign currency hedging, based on our judgment of the appropriate trade-offs among risk, opportunity and expense. We generally use hedging programs to partially hedge our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations for Canadian dollars, the currency in which we incur the majority of operating expenses. Although we regularly review our hedging program and make adjustments as necessary based on the judgment factors discussed above, our hedging activities may not offset more than a portion of the adverse financial impact resulting from unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.   - Potentially adverse tax consequences or an inability to realize tax benefits: Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. While we believe our tax positions are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business, it is possible that these positions may be overturned by jurisdictional tax authorities, which may have a significant impact on our provision for income taxes. Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied, including the Tax Cuts and Job Act of 2017. In addition, governmental tax authorities are increasingly scrutinizing the tax positions of companies. If U.S. or other foreign tax authorities change applicable tax laws, our overall taxes could increase, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely impacted.   15 Table of Contents     - Management, communication and integration problems resulting from cultural differences and geographic dispersion.   - Compliance with foreign laws, accreditation and regulatory requirements in relation to provision of services, protection of intellectual property and third-party data in foreign jurisdictions.   - Competition from companies with international operations, including large international competitors and entrenched local companies.   - To the extent we choose to make acquisitions to enable our international expansion efforts, the identification of suitable acquisition targets in the markets into which we want to expand.   - Political and economic instability in some international markets   - Sufficiently qualified labor pools in various international markets   - We may not succeed in our efforts to continue to expand our international presence as a result of the factors described above or other factors that may have an adverse impact on our overall financial condition and results of operations.   Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition .   We are subject to income and other taxes in a number of jurisdictions and our tax structure is subject to review by both domestic and foreign tax authorities. We must make significant assumptions, judgments and estimates to determine our current provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance that may be recorded against our deferred tax assets. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate determination of our tax liability is always subject to review by the applicable tax authorities. Any adverse outcome of such a review could have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition in the period or periods for which such determination is made. Our current and future tax liabilities could be adversely affected by:     - international income tax authorities, including the Canada Revenue Agency and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, challenging the validity of our arms-length related party transfer pricing policies or the validity of our contemporaneous documentation.   - changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets; or   - changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles or the interpretations of such laws.   We could be subject to changes in tax rates, the adoption of new U.S. or international tax legislation, or exposure to additional tax liabilities. This could discourage the registration or renewal of domain names .   Due to the global nature of the Internet, it is possible that, although our services and the Internet transactions related to them typically originate in the United States, Canada, Denmark and Germany, governments of other states or foreign countries might attempt to regulate our transactions or levy sales, income or other taxes relating to our activities. Tax authorities at the international, federal, state and local levels are currently reviewing the appropriate treatment of companies engaged in Internet commerce. New or revised international, federal, state or local tax regulations may subject us or our customers to additional sales, income and other taxes. We cannot predict the effect of current attempts to impose sales, income or other taxes on commerce over the Internet on Tucows or on our customers. New or revised taxes and, in particular, sales taxes, would likely increase the cost of doing business online and decrease the attractiveness of advertising and selling goods and services over the Internet. New taxes could also create significant increases in internal costs necessary to capture data, and collect and remit taxes. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.   We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not properly remediated, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.   In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December  31, 2022, we have concluded that there is a material weakness relating to our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.   Specifically, as discussed in more detail in Item 9A of this Form 10-K, we identified a material weakness relating to the operation of internal controls over the capitalization of certain costs that have been identified and included in our assessment. Notwithstanding that we did not identify any material misstatements to the consolidated financial statements and there were no changes to the previously released results as a result of this material weakness, the control deficiencies created a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.  As a result of this material weakness, management has determined that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting were not effective as of December 31, 2022.   In light of the material weakness identified, we performed additional analysis and other post-closing procedures to ensure that our consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP and accurately reflected our financial position and results of its operations as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. Subsequent to our December 31, 2022 fiscal year end, we began taking a number of actions, including designing and implementing new controls and revising existing controls as well as investment in additional technical accounting support, in order to remediate the material weakness described above. We expect to continue our remediation efforts, including testing of operating effectiveness of new controls, and expect to incur additional costs remediating this material weakness.   Although we believe we are taking appropriate actions to remediate the control deficiency we identified and to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, we may need to take additional measures to fully mitigate the material weakness, and the measures we have taken, and expect to take, to improve our internal controls may not be sufficient to address the issues identified, to ensure that our internal controls are effective or to ensure that the identified material weakness will not result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements. In addition, other material weaknesses or deficiencies may be identified in the future. If we are unable to correct material weaknesses or deficiencies in internal controls in a timely manner, our ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information accurately and within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC will be adversely affected. This failure could negatively affect the market price and trading liquidity of our common stock, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, subject us to civil and criminal investigations and penalties, and generally materially and adversely impact our business and financial condition.   The Company’s success depends on the continued service and availability of key personnel .   Much of the Company’s future success depends on the continued availability and service of key personnel, including its Chief Executive Officer, executive team and other highly skilled employees. Experienced personnel in the technology industry are in high demand and competition for their talents is intense. We may not be able to retain our key employees or replace them when necessary.   16 Table of Contents   Our business depends on our strong brands. If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brands, our ability to expand our customer base will be impaired and our business and operating results will be harmed .   In recognition of the evolving nature of the internet services market and to make it easier to clearly differentiate each service we offer from our competitors, we enhanced our branding by focusing our primary service offerings under six distinct brands namely “OpenSRS”, “eNom”, “Hover", "EPAG", "Ascio" and “Ting”. We also believe that maintaining and enhancing the “Tucows” corporate brand and our service brands is critical to expanding our customer base. We anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining and enhancing our brands may become increasingly difficult and expensive. Maintaining and enhancing our brands will depend largely on our ability to be a technology leader providing high quality products and services, which we may not do successfully. To date, we have engaged in relatively little direct brand promotion activities. This enhances the risk that we may not successfully implement brand enhancement efforts in the future.   Additionally, as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement executed in the year ending December 31, 2020 ("Fiscal 2020"), the Company granted DISH the right to use the name "Ting" and its associated domain name over a 24-month period which was then subsequently extended until the end of 2023, after which DISH has an option to purchase the brand from the Company. If after this period DISH opts to purchase the Ting brand from the Company, we will need to rebrand our Ting Fiber Internet business. However, DISH has formally refused their option to purchase the Ting brand. Any actions taken by DISH as part of the transactions contemplated by the DISH Purchase Agreement may impact the Ting brand's reputation. These actions could range from poor service quality, bad customer experience, privacy concerns, data breaches, and other events that could negatively impact the Ting brand permanently. The Ting brand could then carry negative connotation with consumers and impact our ability to continue to grow our Fiber Internet business under the Ting brand. If any of these events occur, our operational performance and financial results, in particular those of our Fiber Internet business may be adversely affected.   If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired .   Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of each year, and to include a management report assessing the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in each Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. Over time, controls may become inadequate because changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may occur. Implementation of new technology related to the control system may result in misstatements due to errors that are not detected and corrected during testing. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.   We are subject to minimum purchase commitments with some partner network providers    In some Ting markets, our Ting segment operates Internet networks owned by third parties, such as municipalities or private entities (“Partner Network Providers”), rather than owning and constructing the Internet network ourselves. The Company pays a fee to Partner Network Providers in exchange for the use of the Internet network. Fees are commonly subject to minimum purchase commitments which can vary in their structure, but often increase as the Internet network is constructed and Ting is provided access to more serviceable addresses. In order to generate profit and avoid losses in these partner markets, we must generate enough revenue to offset our costs, including our minimum purchase commitments by attracting new customers and managing attrition.     RISKS RELATED TO LEGAL, GOVERNMENTAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS   The use of ICANN's Oversight of Domain Name Registration System and domain name registration involve charges and fees. If these fees increase, this may have a significant impact on our operating results .   ICANN is a private sector, not-for-profit corporation formed in 1998 by the U.S. Department of Commerce for the express purposes of overseeing a number of Internet related tasks previously performed directly on behalf of the U.S. government, including managing the domain name registration system. ICANN currently imposes a fee ($0.18) in association with the registration of each domain name. We have no control over ICANN and cannot predict when they may increase their respective fees. If we absorb such cost increases, or if surcharges act as a deterrent to registration, our profits may be adversely impacted by these third-party fees.   ICANN has been subject to strict scrutiny by the public and by the U.S. and other governments around the world with many of those governments becoming increasingly interested in Internet governance. For example, the U.S. Congress has held hearings to evaluate ICANN's selection process for new TLDs. In addition, ICANN faces significant questions regarding efficacy as a private sector entity. ICANN may continue to evolve both its long-term structure and mission to address perceived shortcomings such as a lack of accountability to the public and a failure to maintain a diverse representation of interests on its board of directors. We continue to face the risks that:     - the U.S. or any other government may reassess its decision to introduce competition into, or ICANN’s role in overseeing, the domain registration market;   - the Internet community or the U.S. Department of Commerce or U.S. Congress may refuse to recognize ICANN’s authority or support its policies, which could create instability in the domain registration system;   - some of ICANN’s policies and practices, and the policies and practices adopted by registries and registrars, could be found to conflict with the laws of one or more jurisdictions;   - ICANN may lose any one of the several claims pending against it in both the U.S. and international courts, in which case its credibility may suffer and its policies may be discredited;   - the terms of the Registrar Accreditation Agreement (the “RAA”), under which we are accredited as a registrar, could change in ways that are disadvantageous to us or under certain circumstances could be terminated by ICANN preventing us from operating our Registrar, or ICANN could adopt unilateral changes to the RAA that are unfavorable to us, that are inconsistent with our current or future plans, or that affect our competitive position;   - ICANN and, under their registry agreements, VeriSign and other registries may impose increased fees received for each ICANN accredited registrar and/or domain name registration managed by those registries;   - ICANN or any registries may implement policy changes that would impact our ability to run our current business practices throughout the various stages of the lifecycle of a domain name; and   17 Table of Contents     - international regulatory or governing bodies, such as the International Telecommunications Union or the European Union, may gain increased influence over the management and regulation of the domain registration system, leading to increased regulation in areas such as taxation and privacy.   - If any of these events occur, they could create instability in the domain registration system. These events could also disrupt or suspend portions of our domain registration solution, which would result in reduced revenue.   Data protection regulations may impose legal obligations on us that we cannot meet or that conflict with our ICANN contractual requirements .   In 2018, the European Commission adopted the GDPR, which creates obligations around the procurement, processing, publication and sharing of personal data. Potential fines for violations of certain provisions of GDPR reach as high as 4% of a company’s annual total revenue, potentially including the revenue of its international affiliates. The solutions we develop for GDPR-compliance may not be adequate in the views of regulatory authorities or ICANN, which may cause the loss of WHOIS privacy revenue or increase our costs of developing compliant solutions or subject us to litigation, liability, civil penalties, or loss of market share. As the privacy laws and regulations around the world continue to evolve, these changes could adversely affect our business operations in similar ways.   The law relating to the use of and ownership of intellectual property on the internet as well as the liability of internet services companies for data and content carried on or disseminated through their network's websites is currently unsettled and could expose us to unforeseen liabilities. This could negatively affect the public’s perception of our corporate image .   As a host of content through our Exact Hosting business, and to a lesser extent as a registrar of domain names services, we may be subject to potential liability for illegal activities by our resellers’ customers on their websites. We provide an automated service that enables users to register domain names. We do not monitor or review, nor does our accreditation agreement with ICANN require that we monitor or review, the appropriateness of the domain names we register for our customers or the content of their websites, and we have no control over the activities in which these customers engage. While we have policies in place to terminate domain names or to take other action if presented with evidence of illegal conduct, customers could nonetheless engage in prohibited activities without our knowledge.   Several bodies of law may be deemed to apply to us with respect to various customer activities. Because we operate in a relatively new and rapidly evolving industry and since our industry is characterized by rapid changes in technology and in new and growing illegal activity, these bodies of laws are constantly evolving. Some of the laws that apply to us with respect to certain customer activities include the following:     - The CDA generally protects online service providers, such as Tucows, from liability for certain activities of their customers, such as posting of defamatory or obscene content, unless the online service provider is participating in the unlawful conduct. Notwithstanding the general protections from liability under the CDA, we may nonetheless be forced to defend ourselves from claims of liability covered by the CDA, resulting in an increased cost of doing business.   - The DMCA, provides recourse for owners of copyrighted material who believe that their rights under U.S. copyright law have been infringed on the Internet. Under the DMCA, we generally are not liable for infringing content posted by third parties. However, if we receive a proper notice from a copyright owner alleging infringement of its protected works by web pages for which we provide hosting services, and we fail to expeditiously remove or disable access to the allegedly infringing material, fail to post and enforce a digital rights management policy or a policy to terminate accounts of repeat infringers, or otherwise fail to meet the requirements of the safe harbor under the DMCA, the owner may seek to impose liability on us.   - Although established statutory law and case law in these areas to date generally have shielded us from liability for customer activities, court rulings in pending or future litigation may serve to narrow the scope of protection afforded us under these laws. In addition, laws governing these activities are unsettled in many international jurisdictions, or may prove difficult or impossible for us to comply with in some international jurisdictions. Also, notwithstanding the exculpatory language of these bodies of law, we may be embroiled in complaints and lawsuits which, even if ultimately resolved in our favor, add cost to our doing business and may divert management’s time and attention. Finally, other existing bodies of law, including the criminal laws of various states, may be deemed to apply or new statutes or regulations may be adopted in the future. Our insurance may not be adequate to compensate or may not cover us at all in the event we incur liability for damages due to data and content carried on or disseminated through our network. Any costs not covered by insurance that are incurred as a result of this liability or alleged liability, including any damages awarded and costs of litigation, could harm our business and prospects.   - Domain name registrars also face potential tort law liability for their role in wrongful transfers of domain names. The safeguards and procedures we have adopted may not be successful in insulating us against liability from such claims in the future. In addition, we face potential liability for other forms of “domain name hijacking,” including misappropriation by third parties of our network of customer domain names and attempts by third parties to operate websites on these domain names or to extort the customer whose domain name and website were misappropriated. Furthermore, our risk of incurring liability for a security breach on a customer website would increase if the security breach were to occur following our sale to a customer of an SSL certificate that proved ineffectual in preventing it. Finally, we are exposed to potential liability as a result of our private domain name registration service, wherein we become the domain name registrant, on a proxy basis, on behalf of our customers. While we have a policy of providing the underlying information and reserve the right to cancel privacy services on domain names giving rise to domain name disputes including when we receive reasonable evidence of an actionable harm, the safeguards we have in place may not be sufficient to avoid liability in the future, which could increase our costs of doing business.   - There have been ongoing legislative developments and judicial decisions concerning trademark infringement claims, unfair competition claims and dispute resolution policies relating to the registration of domains. To help protect ourselves from liability in the face of these ongoing legal developments, we have taken the following precautions:   - our standard registration agreement requires that each registrant indemnify, defend and hold us harmless for any dispute arising from the registration or use of a domain registered in that person’s name; and   - since December 1, 1999, we have required our resellers to ensure that all registrants are bound to the UDRP as approved by ICANN.   Despite these precautions, we cannot be assured that our indemnity and dispute resolution policies will be sufficient to protect us against claims asserted by various third parties, including claims of trademark infringement and unfair competition.   18 Table of Contents   New laws or regulations concerning domains and registrars may be adopted at any time. Our responses to uncertainty in the industry or new regulations could increase our costs or prevent us from delivering our domain registration services over the Internet, which could delay growth in demand for our services and limit the growth of our revenues. New and existing laws may cover issues such as:     - pricing controls;   - the creation of additional generic top-level domains and country code domains;   - consumer protection;   - cross-border domain registrations;   - trademark, copyright and patent infringement;   - domain dispute resolution; and   - the nature or content of domains and domain registration.   An example of legislation passed in response to novel intellectual property concerns created by the Internet is the ACPA enacted by the United States government in November 1999. This law seeks to curtail a practice commonly known in the domain registration industry as cybersquatting. A cyber squatter is generally defined in the ACPA as one who registers a domain that is identical or similar to another party’s trademark, or the name of another living person, with the bad faith intent to profit from use of the domain. The ACPA states that registrars may not be held liable for registration or maintenance of a domain for another person absent a showing of the registrar’s bad faith intent to profit from the use of the domain. Registrars may be held liable, however, if they do not comply promptly with procedural provisions of the ACPA. For example, if there is litigation involving a domain, the registrar is required to deposit a certificate representing the domain registration with the court. If we are held liable under the ACPA, any liability could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.   Our service offerings may become subject to new government regulations that may be costly to adopt, and may adversely affect our business prospects, future growth or results of operations .   The FCC grants wireless licenses for terms of generally ten years that are subject to renewal and revocation. There is no guarantee that our Network Operator's license will be renewed. Failure to comply with FCC requirements applicable to a given license could result in revocation of that license and, depending on the nature of the non-compliance, other licenses.   Various states are considering regulations over terms and conditions of service, including certain billing practices, privacy, and consumer-related issues that may not be pre-empted by federal law. If imposed, these regulations could make it more difficult and expensive to implement national sales and marketing programs and could increase the costs of our operations.   Specifically regarding our Tucows Domains segment, to date, government regulations have not materially restricted use of the Internet in most parts of the world. The legal and regulatory environment pertaining to the Internet, however, is uncertain and may change. New laws may be passed, existing but previously inapplicable laws may be deemed to apply to the Internet, or existing legal safe harbors may be narrowed, both by U.S. federal or state governments and by governments of foreign jurisdictions. These changes could affect:     - the liability of online resellers for actions by customers, including fraud, illegal content, spam, phishing, libel and defamation, infringement of third-party intellectual property and other abusive conduct;   - other claims based on the nature and content of Internet materials, such as pornography;   - user privacy and security issues;   - consumer protection;   - sales and other taxes, including the value-added tax of the European Union member states;   - characteristics and quality of services; and   - cross-border commerce.   The adoption of any new laws or regulations, or the application or interpretation of existing laws or regulations to the Internet, could hinder growth in use of the Internet and online services generally, and decrease acceptance of the Internet and online services as a means of communications, commerce and advertising. In addition, such changes in laws could increase our costs of doing business, subject our business to increased liability or prevent us from delivering our services over the Internet, thereby harming our business and results of operations.   19 Table of Contents   Our Fiber Internet businesses rely on Network Operators. Failure by a Network Operator to obtain the proper licenses and governmental approvals from regulatory authorities would cause us to be unable to successfully operate those businesses .   The FCC licenses currently held by our Network Operators and their third-party affiliates to provide wireless services are subject to renewal and revocation. There is no guarantee that their wireless or network licenses will be renewed. The FCC requires all licensee to meet certain requirements, including so-called “build-out” requirements, to retain their licenses. Their failure to comply with certain FCC requirements in a given license area could result in the revocation of their license for that geographic area. As Ting expands its Internet business, enters new markets, and considers offering regulated telecommunications services, it takes on additional local, state and federal regulatory and compliance obligations that require additional diligence and resources.   We may experience unforeseen or potentially uninsured liabilities or losses in connection with our Domain Services business, including the risk that our standard agreements with customers may not be enforceable. This could negatively impact our financial results .   We operate on a global basis and all of our customers must execute our standard agreements that govern the terms of the services we provide to our customers. These agreements contain provisions intended to limit our potential liability arising from the provision of services to our customers. As most of our customers purchase our services online, execution of our agreements by resellers occurs electronically or, in the case of our terms of use, is deemed to occur because of a user’s continued use of the website/internet service following notice of those terms. We believe that our reliance on these agreements is consistent with the practices in our industry, but if a domestic, foreign or international court were to find that either one of these methods of execution is invalid or that key provisions of our services agreements are unenforceable, we could be subject to liability that has a material adverse effect on our business or we could be required to change our business practices in a way that increases our cost of doing business.   Although we maintain general liability insurance, claims could exceed the coverage obtained or might not be covered by our insurance. While we typically obtain representations from our technology and content providers and contractual partners concerning the ownership of licensed technology and informational content and obtain indemnification to cover any breach of these representations, we still may not receive accurate representations or adequate compensation for any breach of these representations. We may have to pay a substantial amount of money for claims that are not covered by insurance or indemnification or for claims where the existing scope or adequacy of insurance or indemnification is disputed or insufficient.   RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF OUR STOCK   Our share price may be volatile, which may make it difficult for shareholders to sell their shares of common stock when they want to, at an attractive price .   Our share price has varied recently and the price of our common stock may decrease in the future, regardless of our operating performance. Investors may be unable to resell their common stock following periods of volatility because of the market’s adverse reaction to this volatility.   The following factors may contribute to this volatility: actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results; interruptions in our services; seasonality of the markets and businesses of our customers; announcements of new technologies or new services by our company or our competitors; our ability to accurately select appropriate business models and strategies; the operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors may view as comparable to us; analyst or short-seller reports; news relating to our company or industry as a whole; and news relating to trends in our markets.   The stock market in general and the market for Internet-related companies in particular, including our company, has experienced volatility.   We cannot guarantee that our recently announced stock buyback program will be fully consummated or that such program will enhance the long-term value of our share price.   On February 9, 2023, the Company announced that its Board had approved a stock buyback program to repurchase up to $40 million of its common stock in the open market. The $40 million buyback program commenced on February 10, 2023 and is expected to terminate on February 9, 2024. Although the Company has repurchased shares under previous programs, there is no obligation for the Company to continue to repurchase or to repurchase any specific dollar amount of stock. The stock buyback program could affect the price of our stock and increase volatility in the market. We cannot guarantee that this program will be fully consummated or that such program will enhance the long-term value of our share price.     20 Table of Contents   GENERAL RISK FACTORS   Economic, political, and market conditions may adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, and operating results .   The financial results of our business are both directly and indirectly dependent upon economic conditions throughout the world, which in turn can be impacted by conditions in the global financial markets. Uncertainty about global economic conditions may lead businesses to postpone spending in response to tighter credit and reductions in income or asset values. Weak economic activity may lead government customers to cut back on services. Factors such as the availability of credit, changes in laws (including laws relating to taxation), trade barriers, currency exchange rates and controls, and national and international political circumstances (including wars, terrorist acts or security operations) could have a material adverse effect on our business and investments, which could reduce our revenue, profitability and value of our assets. These factors may also adversely affect the business, liquidity and financial condition of our customers. In addition, periods of poor economic conditions could increase our ongoing exposure to credit risks on our accounts receivable balances. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.    In addition, our exposure to interest rate fluctuations relate primarily to our Third Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement, entered into on August 8, 2022 (the "Amended Credit Agreement").   The Amended Credit Agreement contains SOFR loans as a form of advance available under the Credit Facility (as defined below) to replace LIBOR rate advances, and such SOFR loans may bear interest based on Adjusted Daily Simple SOFR (defined to be the applicable SOFR rate published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York plus 0.10% per annum subject to a floor of zero) or Adjusted Term SOFR (defined to be the applicable SOFR rate published by CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited plus 0.10% for one-month, 0.15% for three-months, and 0.25% for six-months per annum). The Company's interest rates are now based on SOFR. In May 2020, the Company entered into a pay-fixed, receive-variable interest rate swap with a Canadian chartered bank to limit the potential interest rate fluctuations incurred on its future cash flows related to the variable interest payments on the credit facility. The Company does not use the interest rate swap for trading or speculative purposes. The interest rate swap contract matures in June 2023.   Rising inflation and interest rates   may adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, and operating results .   The Company continues to operate in a challenging macro environment as inflation and interest rates continue to rise globally. The impact of these issues on our business will vary by geographic market and operating segment. We continue to monitor economic conditions closely, as well as segment revenues, cash position, cash flow from operations, interest rates and other factors. Across our three operating segments - Ting, Wavelo and Tucows Domains, personnel costs were impacted by wage inflation in the current period, with issued increases in excess of 5% to align with economic conditions and market rates. These increases were necessary in order to remain competitive to attract and retain the best talent. The Company continues to monitor and assess wage inflation and is managing it against offsets in hiring plans and contractor mix. Outside of wage inflation, the operating segment most impacted by inflation overall is Ting, as sustained levels of inflation increase our Fiber Network build costs across both materials and contracted labor. We continue to assess ways to reduce build costs through more efficient management of our build design, build efficiency and real-time tracking of build costs to more effectively manage total cost estimates against actual spends. We are also managing our significant vendor relationships closely to mitigate supply chain disruptions and ensure optimal pricing. However, there can be no assurance as to the effectiveness of our efforts to mitigate our efforts any impact of the current and future adverse economic conditions, and other unknown developments.   Our business and financial performance could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by both global and local climate and environmental natural disasters, health crises and other disruptive activities.    Neither the occurrence nor the potential impact of global and local climate and environmental natural disasters, health crises and other disruptive activities can be predicted. However, these occurrences could impact us directly as a result of damage or by preventing us from conducting our business in the ordinary course, or indirectly as a result of their impact on our customers, suppliers or other counterparties. We could also suffer adverse consequences to the extent that such occurrences affect the financial markets or the economy in general or in any particular region or globally. Our ability to mitigate the adverse consequences of such occurrences is in part dependent on the quality of our resiliency planning, and our ability, if any, to anticipate the nature of any such event that occurs. The adverse impact of such occurrences also could be increased to the extent that there is a lack of preparedness on the part of international, national or regional emergency responders or on the part of other organizations and businesses that we deal with, particularly those that we depend upon but have no control over.   The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic continued to characterize Fiscal 2022, however the financial and operational impacts from COVID-19 on our business have been limited. Over the past year, we've monitored the situation and its impacts on our business but have ultimately seen trends stabilize, with continued recovery in U.S. markets due to large-scale vaccination programs. Management continues to assess the impact regularly but expects limited financial and operational impact through the upcoming fiscal year, should the COVID-19 pandemic persist. While the spread of COVID-19 may eventually be contained or mitigated, there is no guarantee that a future outbreak or any other widespread pandemics, epidemics or other health crises will not occur, or that the global economy will recover, either of which could seriously harm our business.   ITEM 1B.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS   None.   ITEM 2.  PROPERTIES   Our principal administrative, engineering, marketing and sales office is located in Toronto, Ontario, and consists of approximately 28,000 square feet. We lease satellite offices in various cities across the U.S. as well as internationally in Germany and Denmark. The Toronto, Ontario office supports all of our segments. Leased satellite offices across the U.S. support the Ting segment, while European offices support Tucows Domains.   The Company has acquired real property in Centennial, Colorado where it has constructed an office, warehouse and data center to support our local logistical operations and our North American colocation needs. This property primarily supports the Ting segment.    Currently, substantially all of our computer and communications hardware is located at our facilities or at server hosting facilities in Toronto, Ontario, California, Centennial, Colorado, Ashburn, Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Durango, Colorado and Moncure, North Carolina.    21 Table of Contents   Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities   None.   ITEM 3.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS   We are involved in various investigations, claims and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business, none of which, individually or in aggregate in our opinion, will materially harm our business. We cannot assure you that we will prevail in any litigation. Regardless of the outcome, any litigation may require us to incur significant litigation expense and may result in significant diversion of management attention.   In addition, pursuant to Item 103(c)(3)(iii) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act, the Company is required to disclose certain information about environmental proceedings to which governmental authority is a party if the Company reasonably believes such proceedings may result in monetary sanctions, exclusive of interest and costs, above a stated threshold. The Company has elected to apply a threshold of $1 million for purposes of determining whether disclosure of any such proceedings is required.    ITEM 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES   Not applicable.   22 Table of Contents   PART II   ITEM 5.     MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES   Price Range of Common stock   Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “TCX”. Our common stock is also traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “TC”.   As of March 13, 2023, Tucows had 74 shareholders of record.   We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and we do not intend to do so in the immediate future, but we may decide to do so in the future depending on ongoing market conditions. Our ability to pay any cash dividends on our common stock, should our Board decide to do so, is also dependent on our earnings and cash requirements and may, from time to time, be governed by the terms of our credit agreements.   Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers   2023 Stock Buyback Program:   On February 9, 2023, the Company announced that its Board had approved a stock buyback program to repurchase up to $40 million of its common stock in the open market. The $40 million buyback program commenced on February 10, 2023 and is expected to terminate on February 9, 2024.   2022 Stock Buyback Program:   On February 10, 2022, the Company announced that its Board had approved a stock buyback program to repurchase up to $40 million of its common stock in the open market. The $40 million buyback program commenced on February 11, 2023 and terminated on February 9, 2022.  The Company repurchased no shares under this program.   2021 Stock Buyback Program:   On February 9, 2021, the Company announced that its Board had approved a stock buyback program to repurchase up to $40 million of its common stock in the open market. The $40 million buyback program commenced on February 10, 2021 and terminated on February 9, 2022. The Company repurchased no shares under this program.   Net Exercise of Stock Options:   Our current equity-based compensation plans include provisions that allow for the “net exercise” of stock options by all plan participants. In a net exercise, any required payroll taxes, federal withholding taxes and exercise price of the shares due from the option holder can be paid for by having the option holder tender back to the Company a number of shares at fair value equal to the amounts due.  These transactions are accounted for by the Company as a purchase and retirement of shares and are included in the table below as common stock received in connection with share-based compensation.        Year Ended December 31,       2022     2021     2020   Common stock repurchased on the open market or through tender offer                         Number of shares     -       -       70,238   Aggregate market value of shares (in thousands)   $ -     $ -     $ 3,281   Average price per share   $ -     $ -     $ 46.70                             Common stock received in connection with share-based compensation                         Number of shares     3,053       45,824       48,013   Aggregate market value of shares (in thousands)   $ 197     $ 3,669     $ 2,957   Average price per share   $ 64.67     $ 80.07     $ 61.58     23 Table of Contents   STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH   The following graph and table compares the Company's stock performance to three stock indices over a five-year period assuming a $100 investment was made on the last day of fiscal year 2017.     24 Table of Contents   I TEM 6.           RESERVED.   ITEM 7.     MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS   OVERVIEW   Our mission is to provide simple useful services that help people unlock the power of the Internet.   We accomplish our mission by reducing the complexity of our customers’ experience as they access the Internet (at home or on the go) and while using Internet services such as domain name registration, email and other Internet related services. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company completed a reorganization of its reporting structure into three operating and reportable segments: Ting, Wavelo and Tucows Domains. Previously, we disclosed the three operating and reportable segments: Fiber Internet Services, Mobile Services and Domain  Services. The change to our reportable operating segments was the result of a shift in our business and management structures that was initiated in 2021 and completed during the first quarter of 2022. The operations supporting what was previously known as our Mobile Services segment have become increasingly operationally distinct between our mobile retail services and our platform services. Through the reorganization of our reporting structure, the Mobile Services segment was changed to the Wavelo segment, which no longer includes the 10-year payment stream on transferred legacy subscribers earned as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement as well as the retail sale of mobile phones, retail telephony services and transition services, all of which are no longer reviewed separately by our Group Chief Executive Officer (CEO), who is also our chief operating decision maker for the purposes of making resource allocation decisions. The Wavelo segment includes our platform and professional services offerings, as well as the billing solutions to Internet services providers ("ISPs") (branded as Platypus), that was previously reported under the Ting segment. The Ting segment now only contains the operating results of our retail high speed Internet access operations, excluding the billing solutions moved to the new Wavelo segment. The product offerings included in the Tucows Domains segment remains unchanged. The three segments are differentiated primarily by their services, the markets they serve and the regulatory environments in which they operate   Our management regularly reviews our operating results on a consolidated basis, principally to make decisions about how we utilize our resources and to measure our consolidated operating performance. To assist us in forecasting growth and to help us monitor the effectiveness of our operational strategies, our management regularly reviews revenues, operating results and performance for each of our service offerings in order to gain more depth and understanding of the key business metrics driving our business. Commencing in the first quarter of 2022, our Group CEO, who is also our chief operating decision maker, reviews the operating results of Ting, Wavelo and Tucows Domains as three distinct segments in order to make key operating decisions as well as evaluate segment performance. Accordingly, effective January 1, 2022 we report Ting, Wavelo and Tucows Domains revenue separately. The 10-year payment stream on transferred legacy subscribers as well as retail sale of mobile phones, retail telephony services and transition services will be excluded from segment EBITDA results as they are no longer centrally managed and not monitored by or reported to our CEO by segment.   For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we reported revenue of $321 million, $304 million and $311 million, respectively.   On August 8, 2022, the Company entered into the Amended Credit Agreement with its existing syndicate of lenders ("the Lenders"). The Amended Credit Agreement continued to provide the Company with access to an aggregate of $240 million in committed funds ("the Credit Facility"). Under the Amended Credit Agreement, and in connection with the Unit Purchase Agreement the Lenders agreed that Ting Fiber, Inc. (converted to Ting LLC) and its wholly owned subsidiaries shall cease to be Guarantors under the Credit Facility and shall automatically be released from their respective guarantee and security documents, including a release of Lenders' security interests and liens upon the assets of such entities. Additionally, the Amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity of the Credit Facility to June 14, 2024. The Company was subject to the following financial covenants at all times, which are to be calculated on a rolling four quarter basis: (i) maximum Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio of 4:00:1:00 until September 29, 2023 and 3.75:1:00 thereafter; and (ii) minimum Interest Coverage Ratio of 3:00:1:00. The financial covenant calculations will exclude the financial results of Ting Fiber Inc. (converted to Ting LLC) and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Amended Credit Agreement added SOFR Loans as a form of advance available under the Credit Facility to replace LIBOR rate advances, and such SOFR loans may bear interest based on Adjusted Daily Simple SOFR (defined to be the applicable SOFR rate published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York plus 0.10% per annum subject to a floor of zero) or Adjusted Term SOFR (defined to be the applicable SOFR rate published by CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited plus 0.10% for one-month, 0.15% for three months; and 0.25% for six-months per annum).    On March 14, 2023 the Company entered into an Amendment No.2 (the "Credit Agreement Amendment") to the third Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (the "Amended Credit Agreement") with its existing syndicate of lenders. The Amended Credit Agreement continues to provide the Company with access to an aggregate of $240 million in committed funds, however there is a suspension to the $60 million accordion during the relief period (the "Leverage Step Up Period") which is defined as from Closing (March 14, 2023) to the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the period ending on December 31, 2023 demonstrating compliance with financial covenants. Additionally, the Credit Agreement Amendment has extended the maturity of the Credit Facility to September 30, 2024. As a result of the closing of the Credit Agreement Amendment, the Company is subject to the following financial covenants at all times, with monthly testing during the Leverage Step Up Period and reverting to quarterly tests thereafter: (i) maximum Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio of 4.50:1.00 from March 14, 2023 up to and including September 29, 2023; 4.00:1.00 from September 30, 2023 up to and including December 30, 2023; and 3.75:1.00 thereafter; and (ii) minimum Interest Coverage Ratio of 3.00:1.00. On March 14, 2023 the Company made a repayment of $2.8 million on the Credit Facility.    Ting   Ting and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Cedar and Simply Bits includes the provision of high-speed Internet access services to select towns throughout the United States, with further expansion underway to both new and existing markets. Our primary sales channel is through the Ting website. The primary focus of this segment is to provide reliable Gigabit Fiber and Fixed Wireless Internet services to consumer and business customers. Revenues from Ting Internet are all generated in the U.S. and are billed on a monthly basis. Ting Internet services have no fixed contract terms.   As of December 31, 2022, Ting Internet had access to 96,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 20,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and 35,000 active accounts under its management; compared to having access to 76,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 15,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and 26,000 active accounts under its management as of December 31, 2021. These figures exclude the increase in serviceable addresses and accounts attributable to the Simply Bits acquisition.    25 Table of Contents   Wavelo    Wavelo includes the provision of full-service platforms and professional services providing a variety of solutions that support CSPs, including subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Wavelo's focus is to provide accessible telecom software to CSPs globally, minimizing network and technical barriers and improving internet access worldwide. Wavelo's suite of flexible, cloud-based software simplifies the management of mobile and internet network access, enabling CSPs to better utilize their existing infrastructure, focus on customer experience and scale their businesses faster. Wavelo launched as a proven asset for CSPs, with DISH using Wavelo’s MONOS software to drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since 2021. More recently, Ting Internet has also integrated Wavelo’s ISOS and SM software to enable faster subscriber growth and footprint expansion. The Wavelo segment also includes the Platypus brand and platform, our legacy billing solution for ISPs, that was previously reported under the Ting segment. Wavelo revenues from MONOS, ISOS, SM and professional services are all generated in the U.S. and our customer agreements have set contract lengths with the underlying CSP. Similarly, Platypus revenues are largely generated in the U.S., with a small portion earned in Canada and other countries.   Domain Services   Tucows Domains includes wholesale and retail domain name registration services, as well as value added services derived through our OpenSRS, eNom, Ascio, EPAG and Hover brands. We earn revenues primarily from the registration fees charged to resellers in connection with new, renewed and transferred domain name registrations. In addition, we earn revenues from the sale of retail domain name registration and email services to individuals and small businesses. Tucows Domains revenues are attributed to the country in which the contract originates, which is primarily in Canada and the U.S for OpenSRS and eNom brands. Ascio domain services contracts and EPAG agreements primarily originate in Europe.   Our primary distribution channel is a global network of approximately 35,000 resellers that operate in over 150 countries and who typically provide their customers, the end-users of Internet-based services, with solutions for establishing and maintaining an online presence. Our primary focus is serving the needs of this network of resellers by providing the broadest portfolio of gTLD and the country code top-level domain options and related services, a white-label platform that facilitates the provisioning and management of domain names, a powerful Application Program Interface, easy-to-use interfaces, comprehensive management and reporting tools, and proactive and attentive customer service. Our services are integral to the solutions that our resellers deliver to their customers. We provide “second tier” support to our resellers by email, chat and phone in the event resellers experience issues or problems with our services. In addition, our Network Operating Center proactively monitors all services and network infrastructure to address deficiencies before customer services are impacted.   Wholesale, primarily branded as OpenSRS, eNom, EPAG and Ascio, derives revenue from its domain name registration service. Together the OpenSRS, eNom, EPAG and Ascio Domain Services manage 24.4 million domain names under the Tucows, eNom, EPAG and Ascio ICANN registrar accreditations and for other registrars under their own accreditations. Domains under management has decreased by 0.8 million domain names since December 31, 2021. The decrease is driven by lower renewal rates from the normalization of registration growth back to pre-pandemic levels, along with the continued erosion of registrations related to non-core customers from our eNom brand.   Value-Added Services include hosted email which provides email delivery and webmail access to millions of mailboxes, Internet security services, WHOIS privacy, publishing tools and other value-added services. All of these services are made available to end-users through a network of 35,000 web hosts, ISPs, and other resellers around the world. In addition, we also derive revenue by monetizing domain names which are near the end of their lifecycle through expiry auction sale.   Retail, primarily the Hover and eNom portfolio of websites, including eNom, and eNom Central, derive revenues from the sale of domain name registration and email services to individuals and small businesses. Our retail domain services also include our Personal Names Service – based on over 36,000 surname domains – that allows roughly two-thirds of Americans to purchase an email address based on their last name. The retail segment now includes the sale of the rights to its portfolio of surname domains used in connection with our RealNames email service and our Exact Hosting Service, that provides Linux hosting services for individual and small business websites.   KEY BUSINESS METRICS AND NON-GAAP MEASURES   We regularly review a number of business metrics, including the following key metrics and non-GAAP measures, to assist us in evaluating our business, measure the performance of our business model, identify trends impacting our business, determine resource allocations, formulate financial projections and make strategic business decisions. Following the sale of substantially all of the Ting Mobile customers as part of the Purchase Agreement, we have ceased reporting Ting Mobile subscribers and accounts under management. The following tables set forth the key business metrics which we believe are the primary indicators of our performance for the periods presented:   Adjusted EBITDA   Tucows reports all financial information in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Along with this information, to assist financial statement users in an assessment of our historical performance, we typically disclose and discuss a non-GAAP financial measure, adjusted EBITDA, on investor conference calls and related events that excludes certain non-cash and other charges as we believe that the non-GAAP information enhances investors’ overall understanding of our financial performance. Please see discussion of adjusted EBITDA in the Results of Operations section below.   Ting Internet   For the year ended December 31,       2022     2021     2020               (in '000's)           Ting Internet accounts under management     35       26       15   Ting Internet owned infrastructure serviceable addresses (1)     96       76       49   Ting Internet partner infrastructure serviceable addresses (1)     20       15       10       (1) Defined as premises to which Ting has the capability to provide a customer connection in a service area.   26 Table of Contents   Tucows Domains   As of December 31,       2022     2021     2020                           Total new, renewed and transferred-in domain name registrations provisioned (1)     21,774       22,530       23,032   Domains under management:                         Registered using Registrar Accreditation belonging to the Tucows Group     17,921       18,909       19,685   Registered using Registrar Accreditation belonging to Resellers     6,469       6,254       5,692   Total domain names under management     24,390       25,163       25,377         (1) For a discussion of these period-to-period changes in the domains provisioned and domains under management and how they impacted our financial results see the Net Revenues discussion below.   OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND RISKS   Our revenue is primarily realized in U.S. dollars and a major portion of our operating expenses are paid in Canadian dollars. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar may have a material effect on our business, financial condition and results from operations. In particular, we may be adversely affected by a significant weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar on a quarterly and an annual basis. Our policy with respect to foreign currency exposure is to manage our financial exposure to certain foreign exchange fluctuations with the objective of neutralizing some or all of the impact of foreign currency exchange movements by entering into foreign exchange forward contracts to mitigate the exchange risk on a portion of our Canadian dollar exposure. We may not always enter into such forward contracts and such contracts may not always be available and economical for us. Additionally, the forward rates established by the contracts may be less advantageous than the market rate upon settlement.   Ting   As an ISP, we have invested and expect to continue to invest in new fiber to the home (“FTTH”) deployments in select markets in the United States. The investments are a reflection of our ongoing efforts to build FTTH network via public-private partnerships in communities we identify as having strong, unmet demand for FTTH services. Given the significant upfront build and operational investments for these FTTH deployments, there is risk that future technological and regulatory changes as well as competitive responses from incumbent local providers, may result in us not fully recovering these investments.   The communications industry continues to compete on the basis of network reach and performance, types of services and devices offered, and price.   Wavelo    Wavelo launched as a proven asset for CSPs, with DISH using Wavelo’s MONOS software to drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since 2021. More recently, Ting Internet has also integrated Wavelo’s ISOS software to enable faster subscriber growth and footprint expansion. With our external platform and professional services revenues concentrated to one customer in DISH, we are exposed to significant risk if we are unable to maintain this customer relationship or establish new relationships for any our Platforms in the future. Additionally, our revenues as a platform provider are directly tied to the subscriber volumes of DISH's MVNO or MNO networks, and our profitability is contingent on the ability of DISH to continue to add subscribers, either from organic growth or from migration off legacy systems, onto our platforms.   Domain Services   The increased competition in the market for Internet services in recent years, which we expect will continue to intensify in the short and long term, poses a material risk for us. As new registrars are introduced, existing competitors expand service offerings and competitors offer price discounts to gain market share, we face pricing pressure, which can adversely impact our revenues and profitability. To address these risks, we have focused on leveraging the scalability of our infrastructure and our ability to provide proactive and attentive customer service to aggressively compete to attract new customers and to maintain existing customers.   Substantially all of our Tucows Domains revenue is derived from domain name registrations and related value-added services from wholesale and retail customers using our provisioning and management platforms. The market for wholesale registrar services is both price sensitive and competitive and is evolving with the introduction of new gTLDs, particularly for large volume customers, such as large web hosting companies and owners of large portfolios of domain names. We have a relatively limited ability to increase the pricing of domain name registrations without negatively impacting our ability to maintain or grow our customer base. Growth in our Tucows Domains revenue is dependent upon our ability to continue to attract and retain customers by maintaining consistent domain name registration and value-added service renewal rates and to grow our customer relationships through refining, evolving and improving our provisioning platforms and customer service for both resellers and end-users. In addition, Tucows Domains also generate revenues through the sale of names from our portfolio of domain names and through the OpenSRS, eNom, and Ascio Domain Expiry Stream. The revenue associated with names sales and advertising has recently experienced flat to declining trends due to the uncertainty around the implementation of ICANN’s New gTLD Program, lower traffic and advertising yields in the marketplace, which we expect to continue.   From time-to-time certain of our vendors provide us with market development funds to expand or maintain the market position for their services. Any decision by these vendors to cancel or amend these programs for any reason may result in payments in future periods not being commensurate with what we have achieved during past periods.   27 Table of Contents   Other opportunities, challenges and risks   The Company is entitled to a long-term payment stream that is a function of the margin generated by the transferred Ting Mobile subscribers over the 10-year term of the DISH Purchase Agreement executed in Fiscal 2020. This consideration structure may not prove to be successful or profitable in the long-term to us if the existing subscriber base churns at an above average rate. Additionally, given DISH controls the revenues and costs incurred associated with the acquired subscribers, there could arise a situation where profitability for the subscriber base is diminished either by lower price points or cost inflation. Additionally, as part of the DISH Purchase agreement, the Company retained a small number of customer accounts associated with one MNO agreement that was not reassigned to DISH at time of sale. We continue to be subject to the minimum revenue commitments previously agreed to with this excluded MNO agreement. The Company is able to continue adding customers under the excluded MNO network. However, with no direct ability to change customer pricing and limited ability to renegotiate contract costs or significant terms, the Company may be unable to meet the minimum commitments with this MNO partner and could incur significant and recurring penalties until such a time that the contract is complete. These penalties would negatively impact our operational performance and financial results if enforced by the MNO. As a result of a successful negotiation with the MNO partner in Fiscal 2022, the Company was able to defer the impact of the penalties into Fiscal 2023 and beyond. The Company expects to incur penalties starting in Fiscal 2023 and thereafter until the contract is complete. The expected penalties in Fiscal 2023 are $0.5 million and the penalties could increase until the end of the contract in 2025.     An in-depth assessment of the risk factors impacting our businesses has been discussed at length above in Part I under the caption "Item 1A Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.   Critical Accounting Estimates   The following is a discussion of our critical accounting estimates. Critical accounting estimates are defined as those that are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties made by management that may result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. “Note 2 – Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Fiscal 2022 included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, includes further information on the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.   The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience, available market information as applicable, and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances at the time they are made. Under different assumptions or conditions, the actual results will differ, potentially materially, from those previously estimated. Many of the conditions impacting these assumptions and estimates are outside of the Company’s control. Management evaluates its estimates on an on-going basis.    Contracts with multiple performance obligations   Our platform service contract contains multiple performance obligations with DISH. We are required to allocate the transaction price between performance obligations - Platform Services and Professional Services, which impacts the timing of revenue recognition. We determine the stand-alone selling price of Platform Services using the residual method, which requires us to make estimates of future consideration earned during the entire term of the mobile platform service contract as well as the stand-alone selling price of Professional Services. Changes in assumptions could cause an increase or decrease in the amount of revenue that we report in a particular period.   Acquired customer relationships   For acquired customer relationships, the Company estimates the fair value based on the income approach.  The income approach is a valuation technique that calculates the fair value of an intangible asset based on the present value of future cash flows expected to be generated over the remaining useful life of the asset.  This valuation involves significant subjectivity and estimation uncertainty, including assumptions related to future revenues attributable to acquired customer relationships, attrition rates and discount rates.   Loss contingencies   We are sometimes subject to claims, suits, regulatory and government investigations, and other proceedings involving competition, intellectual property, privacy, tax and related compliance, labor and employment, commercial disputes, and other matters. Certain of these matters include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. We record a liability when we believe that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.   We evaluate, on a regular basis, developments in our legal matters that could affect the amount of liability that has been previously accrued, and the matters and related reasonably possible losses disclosed, and make adjustments and changes to our disclosures as appropriate. Significant judgment is required to determine both the likelihood and the estimated amount of a loss related to such matters. Until the final resolution of such matters, there may be an exposure to loss in excess of the amount recorded, and such amounts could be material.   Impairment of Goodwill and intangibles   We evaluate factors such as macro-economic, industry and market conditions including the capital markets, the competitive environment, in addition to other internal factors including changes to our market capitalization, cash inflows, obligations and access to capital of our segments. We concluded that there were no indications of impairment under the qualitative approach. The analysis was consistent with the approach we utilized in our analysis performed in prior years.   Any changes to our key assumptions about our businesses and our prospects, or changes in market conditions, could cause the fair value of our operating segments to fall below its carrying value, resulting in a potential impairment charge. In addition, changes in our organizational structure or how our management allocates resources and assesses performance, could result in a change in our operating segments, requiring a reallocation and updated impairment analysis of goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets.   Changes in estimates   There were no material changes to our critical accounting estimates during Fiscal 2022.    28 Table of Contents   Revenue Recognition Policy   The Company’s revenues are derived from (a) the provisioning of retail fiber Internet services in our Ting segment, (b) the provisioning of CSP focused platform services and professional services in our Wavelo segment; and from (c) domain name registration contracts, other domain related value-added services, domain sale contracts, and other advertising revenue in our Tucows Domains segment. Amounts received in advance of meeting the revenue recognition criteria described below are recorded as deferred revenue. All products are generally sold without the right of return or refund.   Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer.   Nature of goods and services   The following is a description of principal activities – separated by reportable segments – from which the Company generates its revenue. For more detailed information about reportable segments. See “Note 20 – Segment Reporting” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for more information.     (a) Ting   Ting and its subsidiaries - Cedar, and Simply Bits includes the provision of  high-speed Internet access services to select towns throughout the United States, with further expansion underway to both new and existing markets. Our primary sales channel is through the Ting website. The primary focus of this segment is to provide reliable Gigabit Fiber and Fixed Wireless Internet services to consumer and business customers. Revenues are all generated in the U.S., have no fixed contract terms and are billed on a monthly basis, with unlimited bandwidth based on a fixed price.   The Company’s billing cycle for all Ting Internet customers is computed based on the customer’s activation date. Since consideration is collected before the service period, revenue is initially deferred and recognized as the Company performs its obligation to provide Internet access within each reporting period. In addition, revenues associated with the sale of Internet hardware to subscribers are recognized when title and risk of loss is transferred to the subscriber and shipment has occurred. Incentive marketing credits given to customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue.   In those cases where payment is not received at the time of sale, as is the case for service requiring installation, then revenue is not recognized until a customer's service is activated. The Company records costs that reflect expected refunds, rebates and credit card charge-backs as a reduction of revenues at the time of the sale based on historical experiences and current expectations.     (b) Wavelo   Platform Services   Tucows' Platform Services include the following full-service platforms from Wavelo, including MONOS, ISOS, SM and our legacy Platypus ISP Billing software. Under each of these platforms there are a variety of solutions that support CSPs, including subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Wavelo launches as a proven asset for CSPs, with DISH using Wavelo’s MONOS software to drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since 2021. More recently, Ting has also integrated Wavelo’s ISOS and SM software to enable faster subscriber growth and footprint expansion. Wavelo's customers are billed monthly, on a postpaid basis. The monthly fees are variable, based on the volume of their subscribers utilizing the platform during a given month, to which minimums may apply. Customers may also be billed fixed platform fees and granted fixed credits as part of the consideration for long-term contracts. Consideration received is allocated to platform services and bundled professional services and recognized as each service obligation is fulfilled. Any fixed fees for Wavelo are recognized into revenue evenly over the service period, while variable usage fees are recognized each month as they are consumed. Professional services revenue is recognized as the hours of professional services granted to the customer are used or expire. When consideration for these platform services is received before the service is delivered, the revenue is initially deferred and recognized only as the Company performs its obligation to provide services. Likewise, if platform services are delivered before the Company has the unconditional right to invoice the customer, revenue is recognized as a Contract Asset.   Other Professional Services   This revenue stream includes any other professional services earned in connection with the Wavelo business from the provision of standalone technology services development work. These are billed to our customers monthly at set and established rates for services provided in period. The Company recognizes revenue over this revenue stream as the Company satisfies its obligations to provide professional services.     (c) Tucows Domains     Wholesale - Domain Services   Domain registration contracts, which can be purchased for terms of one to ten years, provide our resellers and retail registrant customers with the exclusive right to a personalized internet address from which to build an online presence. The Company enters into domain registration contracts in connection with each new, renewed and transferred-in domain registration. At the inception of the contract, the Company charges and collects the registration fee for the entire registration period. Though fees are collected upfront, revenue from domain registrations are recognized ratably over the registration period as domain registration contracts contain a ‘right to access’ license of IP, which is a distinct performance obligation measured over time. The registration period begins once the Company has confirmed that the requested domain name has been appropriately recorded in the registry under contractual performance standards.   29 Table of Contents   Historically, our wholesale domain service has constituted the largest portion of our business and encompasses all of our services as an accredited registrar related to the registration, renewal, transfer and management of domain names. In addition, this service fuels other revenue categories as it often is the initial service for which a reseller will engage us, enabling us to follow on with other services and allowing us to add to our portfolio by purchasing names registered through us upon their expiration. Tucows Domains will continue to be the largest portion of our business and will further fuel our ability to sell add-on services.   The Company is an ICANN accredited registrar. Thus, the Company is the primary obligor with our reseller and retail registrant customers and is responsible for the fulfillment of our registrar services to those parties. As a result, the Company reports revenue in the amount of the fees we receive directly from our reseller and retail registrant customers. Our reseller customers maintain the primary obligor relationship with their retail customers, establish pricing and retain credit risk to those customers. Accordingly, the Company does not recognize any revenue related to transactions between our reseller customers and their ultimate retail customers.   Wholesale – Value-Added Services   We derive revenue from domain related value-added services like digital certifications, WHOIS privacy and hosted email and by providing our resellers and retail registrant customers with tools and additional functionality to be used in conjunction with domain registrations. All domain related value-added services are considered distinct performance obligations which transfer the promised service to the customer over the contracted term. Fees charged to customers for domain related value-added services are collected at the inception of the contract, and revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the contracted term, consistent with the satisfaction of the performance obligations.   We also derive revenue from other value-added services, which primarily consists of proceeds from the OpenSRS, eNom and Ascio domain expiry streams.   Retail   We derive revenues mainly from Hover and eNom’s retail properties through the sale of retail domain name registration and email services to individuals and small businesses. The retail segment now includes the sale of the rights to its portfolio of surname domains used in connection with our RealNames email and Linux hosting services for websites through our Exact Hosting brand.   For information about geographic areas, see “Note 20– Segment Reporting” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.     (d) Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services and Eliminations   Although we still provide mobile telephony services to a small subset of customers retained through the Ting Mobile brand as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement executed in Fiscal 2020; this revenue stream no longer represents the Company's strategic focus going forward. Instead we have transitioned towards being a platform provider for CSPs globally via our Wavelo segment. Where these retail mobile services revenues were previously disclosed as part of a Mobile Services segment in the prior year, effective January 1, 2022 we have decided to exclude retail telephony services and transition services revenues from segment EBITDA results as they are no longer centrally managed and not monitored by or reported to our CEO by segment.   Ting Mobile wireless usage contracts grant customers access to standard talk, text and data mobile services. Ting Mobile contracts are billed based on the customer's selected rate plan, which can either be usage based or an unlimited plan. All rate plan options are charged to customers on a postpaid, monthly basis at the end of their billing cycle. All future revenues associated with Retail Mobile Services stream will only be for this subset of customers retained by the Company, as mentioned above. Ting Mobile services are primarily contracted through the Ting website, for one month at a time and contain no commitment to renew the contract following each customer's monthly billing cycle. The Company's billing cycle for all Ting Mobile customers is computed based on the customer's activation date. In order to recognize revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations, we compute the amount of revenues earned but not billed from the end of each billing cycle to the end of each reporting period. In addition, revenues associated with the sale of wireless devices and accessories are recognized when title and risk of loss is transferred to the customer and shipment has occurred. Incentive marketing credits given to customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue.   These Mobile Services revenue streams also includes transitional services provided to DISH. These are billed monthly at set and established rates for services provided in period and include the provision of sales, marketing, customer support, order fulfillment, and data analytics related to the legacy customer base sold to DISH. The Company recognizes revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations to provide transitional services.    As a form of consideration for the sale of the customer relationships, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH, over a period of 10 years. This has been classified as Other Income and not considered revenue in the current period.   Valuation of Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets   The excess of the purchase price over the fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities from our acquisitions is recorded as goodwill. At December 31, 2022, we had $130.4 million in goodwill related to our acquisitions and $39.8 million in intangible assets comprised of indefinite life intangibles of $12.3 million and finite life intangible assets of $27.5 million. At December 31, 2021, we had $130.4 million in goodwill related to our acquisitions and $50.4 million in intangible assets comprised of indefinite life intangibles of $12.3 million and finite life intangible assets of $38.1 million. As described above, we report our financial results as three operating segments, Ting, Wavelo and Tucows Domains. The goodwill balance is built up of $107.7 million (83%) related to Tucows Domains and $22.7 million (17%) related to Ting. Of our goodwill balance, $ 90.3 million is not deductible for tax purposes. Seventy-one  percent of intangible assets relate to our Tucows Domains operating segment and 29% of intangible assets relate to our Ting segment.   We account for goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”)'s authoritative guidance, which requires that goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets are not amortized, but are subject to an annual impairment test. We complete our impairment test on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year, or more frequently, if changes in facts and circumstances indicate that impairment indicators are present.   Our indefinite life intangible assets consist of surname domain names and direct navigation domain names. In order to maintain our rights to these domain names, we pay annual renewal fees to the applicable domain name registries. Over the course of time, we sometimes decide not to renew certain under-performing domain names and incur an impairment charge associated with such non-renewal. There was no impairment recorded on indefinite-life intangible assets during 2022, 2021 and 2020.   30 Table of Contents   With regard to long-lived assets comprised of property and equipment and finite life intangible assets, we continually evaluate whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining estimated useful lives of our definite-life intangible assets may warrant revision or whether the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable and exceed their fair value. We use an estimate of the related undiscounted cash flows over the remaining life of the asset in measuring whether the asset is recoverable. During Fiscal 2022 and  2021 there was no impairment recorded on definite-life intangible assets and property and equipment. In  2020 there was a $1.4 million impairment recorded on definite-life intangible assets associated with the shutdown of the Roam Mobility brands.   We performed a qualitative assessment to determine whether there were events or circumstances which would lead to a determination, whether it is more likely than not, that goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets have been impaired. In performing the qualitative testing, we made an evaluation of the impact of various factors to the expected future cash flows attributable to our operating segments and to the assumed discount rate which would be used to present value those cash flows. Consideration was given to factors such as macro-economic, industry and market conditions including the capital markets, the competitive environment, in addition to other internal factors including changes to our market capitalization, cash inflows, obligations and access to capital of our segments. We concluded that there were no indications of impairment under the qualitative approach. The analysis was consistent with the approach we utilized in our analysis performed in prior years.   In connection with business acquisitions that we have completed, we identify and estimate the fair value of net assets acquired, including certain identifiable intangible assets (other than goodwill) and liabilities assumed.  The determination of acquisition date fair values requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions regarding projected revenues, costs, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, attrition rates and discount rates.  Changes to these assumptions may result in material differences depending on the size of the acquisition completed.   Any changes to our key assumptions about our businesses and our prospects, or changes in market conditions, could cause the fair value of our operating segments to fall below its carrying value, resulting in a potential impairment charge. In addition, changes in our organizational structure or how our management allocates resources and assesses performance, could result in a change in our operating segments, requiring a reallocation and updated impairment analysis of goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets. A goodwill or intangible asset impairment charge could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements because of the significance of goodwill and intangible assets to our consolidated balance sheet. There was no further impairment of goodwill or intangible assets, both definite and indefinite life, as a result of the annual impairment tests completed during the fourth quarters of 2022,  2021 or 2020.   Accounting for Income Taxes   We operate in various tax jurisdictions, and accordingly, our income is subject to varying rates of tax. Losses incurred in one jurisdiction cannot be used to offset income taxes payable in another jurisdiction. Our ability to use income tax loss carry forwards and future income tax deductions is dependent upon our operations in the tax jurisdictions in which such losses or deductions arise.  Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and evaluating our uncertain tax positions.   We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which recognizes the deferred tax assets or liabilities for the anticipated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are established to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that the benefit from the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the need for valuation allowance, historical and future levels of income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income and tax planning strategies are considered. As at December 31, 2022, the valuation allowance of $17.6 million was related to foreign tax credits that we are not expected to realize.   We apply a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement. As at December 31, 2022, we did not recognize any uncertain tax provisions within the provision for income taxes.   See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding income taxes included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.   Recently Issued Accounting Standards   See “ Note 2 – Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for information regarding recently issued accounting standards.   Current COVID-19 response and expected impacts   The global COVID-19 pandemic continued to persist through Fiscal 2022, however the financial and operational impacts from COVID-19 on our business have been limited. Management continues to assess the impact regularly but expects limited financial and operational impact through the upcoming fiscal year, should the COVID-19 pandemic persist. While the spread of COVID-19 may eventually be contained or mitigated, there is no guarantee that a future outbreak will not occur as evidenced by numerous variants of the virus emerging. As a Company, we have transitioned to defining ourselves as a remote-first organization, and continue to enforce a full vaccination policy for any employees working from a Company office, meeting in person with customers or travel by plane or train for business purposes. We have not experienced any productivity issues, material resource constraints nor do we foresee requiring any material expenditures to continue to implement our business continuity plans described above. Likewise, we have not experienced nor do we foresee any future impacts to our liquidity position, credit risk, internal controls or impacts to our accounting policies as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.   31 Table of Contents   RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 AS COMPARED TO THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31 2021   NET REVENUES   Ting   Ting and its subsidiaries - Cedar, and Simply Bits includes the provision of high-speed Internet access services to select towns throughout the United States, with further expansion underway to both new and existing markets. Our primary sales channel is through the Ting website. The primary focus of this segment is to provide reliable Gigabit Fiber and Fixed Wireless Internet services to consumer and business customers. Revenues are all generated in the U.S., have no fixed contract terms and are billed on a monthly basis, with unlimited bandwidth based on a fixed price.   The Company's billing cycle for all Ting Internet customers is computed based on the customer's activation date. Since consideration is collected before the service period, revenue is initially deferred and recognized as the Company performs its obligation to provide Internet access within each reporting period. In addition, revenues associated with the sale of Internet hardware to subscribers are recognized when title and risk of loss is transferred to the subscriber and shipment has occurred. Incentive marketing credits given to customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue.    In those cases where payment is not received at the time of sale, as is the case for service requiring installation, then revenue is not recognized until a customer's service is activated. The Company records costs that reflect expected refunds, rebates and credit card charge-backs as a reduction of revenues at the time of the sale based on historical experiences and current expectations.   Wavelo   Platform Services   Tucows' Platform Services include the following full-service platforms from Wavelo, including MONOS, ISOS, SM and our legacy Platypus ISP Billing software. Under each of these platforms there are a variety of solutions that support CSPs, including subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Wavelo launches as a proven asset for CSPs, with DISH using Wavelo’s MONOS software to drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since 2021. More recently, Ting has also integrated Wavelo’s ISOS and SM software to enable faster subscriber growth and footprint expansion. Wavelo's customers are billed monthly, on a postpaid basis. The monthly fees are variable, based on the volume of their subscribers utilizing the platform during a given month, to which minimums may apply. Customers may also be billed fixed platform fees and granted fixed credits as part of the consideration for long-term contracts. Consideration received is allocated to platform services and bundled professional services and recognized as each service obligation is fulfilled. Any fixed fees for Wavelo are recognized into revenue evenly over the service period, while variable usage fees are recognized each month as they are consumed. Professional services revenue is recognized as the hours of professional services granted to the customer are used or expire. When consideration for these platform services is received before the service is delivered, the revenue is initially deferred and recognized only as the Company performs its obligation to provide services. Likewise, if platform services are delivered before the Company has the unconditional right to invoice the customer, revenue is recognized as a Contract Asset.   Other Professional Services   This revenue stream includes any other professional services earned in connection with the Wavelo business from the provision of standalone technology services development work. These are billed to our customers monthly at set and established rates for services provided in period. The Company recognizes revenue over this new revenue stream as the Company satisfies its obligations to provide professional services.   Tucows Domains   Wholesale - Domain Services   Domain registration contracts, which can be purchased for terms of one to ten years, provide our resellers and retail registrant customers with the exclusive right to a personalized internet address from which to build an online presence. The Company enters into domain registration contracts in connection with each new, renewed and transferred-in domain registration. At the inception of the contract, the Company charges and collects the registration fee for the entire registration period. Though fees are collected upfront, revenue from domain registrations are recognized ratably over the registration period as domain registration contracts contain a ‘right to access’ license of IP, which is a distinct performance obligation measured over time. The registration period begins once the Company has confirmed that the requested domain name has been appropriately recorded in the registry under contractual performance standards.   Historically, our wholesale domain service has constituted the largest portion of our business and encompasses all of our services as an accredited registrar related to the registration, renewal, transfer and management of domain names. In addition, this service fuels other revenue categories as it often is the initial service for which a reseller will engage us, enabling us to follow on with other services and allowing us to add to our portfolio by purchasing names registered through us upon their expiration. We expect Domain services will continue to be the largest portion of our business and will continue to enable us to sell add-on services.   The Company is an ICANN accredited registrar. Thus, the Company is the primary obligor with our reseller and retail registrant customers and is responsible for the fulfillment of our registrar services to those parties. As a result, the Company reports revenue in the amount of the fees we receive directly from our reseller and retail registrant customers. Our reseller customers maintain the primary obligor relationship with their retail customers, establish pricing and retain credit risk to those customers. Accordingly, the Company does not recognize any revenue related to transactions between our reseller customers and their ultimate retail customers.   32 Table of Contents   Wholesale – Value-Added Services   We derive revenue from domain related value-added services like digital certifications, WHOIS privacy and hosted email and by providing our resellers and retail registrant customers with tools and additional functionality to be used in conjunction with domain registrations. All domain related value-added services are considered distinct performance obligations which transfer the promised service to the customer over the contracted term. Fees charged to customers for domain related value-added services are collected at the inception of the contract, and revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the contracted term, consistent with the satisfaction of the performance obligations.   We also derive revenue from other value-added services, which primarily consists of proceeds from the OpenSRS, eNom and Ascio domain expiry streams.   Retail   We derive revenues mainly from Hover and eNom’s retail properties through the sale of retail domain name registration and email services to individuals and small businesses. The retail segment now includes the sale of the rights to its portfolio of surname domains used in connection with our RealNames email service and Linux hosting services for websites through our Exact Hosting brand.   Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services and Eliminations   Although we still provide mobile telephony services to a small subset of customers retained through the Ting Mobile brand as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement executed in Fiscal 2020; this revenue stream no longer represents the Company's strategic focus going forward. Instead we have transitioned towards being a Wavelo provider for CSPs globally. Where these retail mobile services revenues were previously disclosed as part of a Mobile Services segment in the prior year, effective January 1, 2022 we have decided to exclude retail telephony services and transition services revenues from segment EBITDA results as they are no longer centrally managed and not monitored by or reported to our CEO by segment.   Ting Mobile wireless usage contracts grant customers access to standard talk, text and data mobile services. Ting Mobile contracts are billed based on the customer's selected rate plan, which can either be usage based or an unlimited plan. All rate plan options are charged to customers on a postpaid, monthly basis at the end of their billing cycle. All future revenues associated with Retail Mobile Services stream will only be for this subset of customers retained by the Company, as mentioned above. Ting Mobile services are primarily contracted through the Ting website, for one month at a time and contain no commitment to renew the contract following each customer's monthly billing cycle. The Company's billing cycle for all Ting Mobile customers is computed based on the customer's activation date. In order to recognize revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations, we compute the amount of revenues earned but not billed from the end of each billing cycle to the end of each reporting period. In addition, revenues associated with the sale of wireless devices and accessories are recognized when title and risk of loss is transferred to the customer and shipment has occurred. Incentive marketing credits given to customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue   These Mobile Services revenue streams also includes transitional services provided to DISH. These are billed monthly at set and established rates for services provided in period and include the provision of sales, marketing, customer support, order fulfillment, and data analytics related to the legacy customer base sold to DISH. The Company recognizes revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations to provide transitional services.    As a form of consideration for the sale of the customer relationships, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH, over a period of 10 years. This has been classified as Other Income and not considered revenue in the current period.   The following table presents our net revenues, by revenue source:   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021                     Ting:                 Fiber Internet Services   $ 42,425     $ 25,327                     Wavelo:                 Platform Services     22,594       13,031   Other professional services     1,750       3,750   Total Wavelo     24,344       16,781                     Tucows Domains:                 Wholesale                 Domain Services     187,542       189,091   Value Added Services     20,712       20,942   Total Wholesale     208,254       210,033                     Retail     34,904       35,543   Total Tucows Domains     243,158       245,576                     Tucows Corporate:                 Mobile Services and eliminations     11,215       16,653                         $ 321,142     $ 304,337   Increase over prior period   $ 16,805           Increase - percentage     6 %           33 Table of Contents   The following table presents our revenues, by revenue source, as a percentage of total revenues:       Year ended December 31,       2022     2021                     Ting:                 Fiber Internet Services     13 %     8 %                   Wavelo:                 Platform Services     7 %     4 % Other Professional Services     1 %     1 % Total Wavelo     8 %     5 %                   Tucows Domains:                 Wholesale                 Domain Services     58 %     62 % Value Added Services     6 %     7 % Total Wholesale     64 %     69 %                   Retail     11 %     12 % Total Tucows Domains     75 %     81 %                   Tucows Corporate:                 Mobile services and eliminations     4 %     6 %                         100 %     100 %   Total net revenues for Fiscal 2022 increased by $16.8 million, or 6%, to $321.1 million from $304.3 million for the Fiscal 2022. The overall increase in revenue was primarily driven by the $17.1 million increase in revenues attributable to our Ting segment. Ting experienced both growth in customers as we continued to build out our Ting Internet footprint as well as acquisition led revenue growth from our prior year acquisition of Simply Bits. This increase was furthered by Wavelo, contributing an increased $7.6 million to revenues, a result of increased MONOS platform revenues earned from the migration of additional subscribers onto our new platforms. The increases these two segments experienced were partially offset by reduced revenues from Mobile Services and eliminations and Tucows Domains of $5.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively. The decrease in Mobile Services and eliminations was attributable to decreased transitional services revenues, and the decrease from Tucows Domains segment from the continued normalization of domain registration growth and renewal rates from those observed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in prior years.    Deferred revenue at December 31, 2022 decreased by $2.7 million to $145.1 million from $147.8 million at December 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily driven by our Domain Services segment, accounting for $3.2 million of the decrease due to recognition of previously deferred billings for registrations and renewals growth experienced in prior years in connection with COVID-19. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in deferred revenues associated with Ting and Wavelo of $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively. For Ting, the increase is reflective of the continued growth in customer base and billings for that segment relative to December 31, 2021; and for Wavelo, the increase is reflective of additional other professional services revenues for standalone technology services development work with DISH which have been deferred until such time as that work is complete and we've satisfied our obligations to provide the professional services.    No customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue during Fiscal 2022 or during the year ended December 31, 2021 ("Fiscal 2021"). At both December 31, 2022 and as at December 31, 2021, DISH accounted for 46% of total accounts receivable.    Though a significant portion of the Company’s domain services revenues are prepaid by our customers, where the Company does collect receivables, significant management judgment is required at the time revenue is recorded to assess whether the collection of the resulting receivables is reasonably assured. On an ongoing basis, we assess the ability of our customers to make required payments. Based on this assessment, we expect the carrying amount of our outstanding receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, to be fully collected.   Ting   Ting generated $42.4 million in revenue during Fiscal 2022, which increased by $17.1 million or 68% compared to Fiscal 2021. This growth is driven by continued subscriber growth across the markets we serve, as well as the continued expansion of our Ting Internet footprint to new Ting towns throughout the United States. Included in this $17.1 million increase of revenues is $7.6 million attributed to the prior year acquisition of Simply Bits, which closed in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021.   As of December 31, 2022, Ting Internet had access to 96,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 20,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and 35,000 active accounts under its management; compared to having access to 76,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 15,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and 26,000 active accounts under its management as of December 31, 2021. These figures exclude the increase in serviceable addresses and accounts attributable to the Simply Bits acquisition.    34 Table of Contents   Wavelo   Platform Services   Wavelo's Platform services generated $22.6 million in revenue during Fiscal 2022, which increased by $9.6 million or 74% compared to Fiscal 2021. This is driven from increased MONOS platform revenues earned from the migration of additional DISH subscribers, from their Boost Mobile brand onto our new platform. The increased platform fees are partially offset by a reduction of revenues related to the amortization of the related contract asset with DISH. The Company expects the contract asset to continue to amortize against revenue through the remainder of Fiscal 2023 and thereafter as we continue to fulfill the performance obligations of the contract. Our full-service platforms support CSPs with subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools. Wavelo launched as a proven asset for CSPs, with DISH using Wavelo’s MONOS software to drive additional value within its Digital Operator Platform since 2021. More recently, Ting Internet has also integrated Wavelo’s ISOS and SM software to enable faster subscriber growth and footprint expansion. Any intercompany ISOS or SM revenues earned from Ting Internet are eliminated upon consolidation.   Other Professional Services   Wavelo's Other Professional Services for the Fiscal 2022, decreased by $2.0 million compared to Fiscal 2021, to $1.8 million. This decrease is a result of a less professional service engagements for the provision of standalone technology services development work for DISH as they shift focus to migrating subscribers at scale onto our MONOS platform.   Tucows Domains   Wholesale - Domain Services   During Fiscal 2022, Wholesale Tucows Domains revenue decreased by $1.6 million or 1% to $187.5 million. Decreases from Wholesale domain registrations were driven by the continued normalization of domain name registration growth and slowed renewal rates from those observed at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, where we experienced domain name registration growth from our large volume resellers across our Tucows Domains brands as more individuals and businesses established an online presence. The majority of the decrease in revenues is from our OpenSRS brand, followed by Ascio, EPAG, and eNom respectively.      Together the OpenSRS, eNom, EPAG and Ascio Domain Services manage 24.4 million domain names under the Tucows, eNom, EPAG and Ascio ICANN registrar accreditations and for other registrars under their own accreditations. Domains under management has decreased by 0.8 million domain names since December 31, 2021. The decrease is driven by lower renewal rates from the normalization of registration growth back to pre-pandemic levels.   Wholesale - Value Added Services   Net revenues from value-added services decreased by $0.2 million to $20.7 million compared to Fiscal 2021. The decrease in value-added service revenue was primarily driven b y lower expiry stream proceeds across our Domain Services brands. As a result of the normalization of renewal rates and domains under management discussed above in connection to COVID-19, Fiscal 2022 continued to benefit from a significant volume of expired d omain names registered in the past year being available for our expiry streams, which returned favorable proceeds at auction and drove revenue generation for value added services, albeit at a slower rate as the value of domain names sold at auction has declined relative to the prior period.   Retail   Net revenues from retail decreased by $0.6 million to $34.9 million compared to Fiscal 2021.  The decrease in revenue was primarily related to a decrease in retail domain name registrations of $1.6 million  relative to Fiscal 2021 .  This decrease was partially offset by an increase in Portfolio sales of $0.7 million and Exact Hosting revenues of $0.3 million.    Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services and Eliminations   Net revenues from Mobile Services and eliminations for the Fiscal 2022, decreased by $5.5 million compared to Fiscal 2021, to $11.2 million. This decrease was driven by decreased transitional services revenues from DISH of $5.1 million, notably from a decreased level of customer support and marketing services provided to DISH in connection with the legacy Ting Mobile customer base. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in revenues of $0.4 million associated with the mobile telephony services and device revenues from the small group of customers retained by the Company as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement. Revenues increased as a result of the organic subscriber growth we experienced through Fiscal 2022. Additionally, corporate eliminations increased by $0.7 million as a result of the revenues associated with ISOS platform billing between Wavelo and Ting, which began in Fiscal 2022.     COST OF REVENUES   Ting   Cost of revenues primarily includes the costs for provisioning high speed Internet access for Ting and its subsidiaries - Cedar, and Simply Bits, which is comprised of network access fees paid to third-parties to use their network, leased circuit costs to directly support enterprise customers, the personnel and related expenses (net of capitalization) related to the physical planning, design, construction and build out of the physical Fiber network and as well as personnel and related expenses (net of capitalization) related to the installation, repair, maintenance and overall field service delivery of the Fiber business. Hardware costs include the cost of equipment sold to end customers, including routers, ONTs, and IPTV products, and any inventory adjustments on this inventory. Other costs include field vehicle expenses, small sundry equipment and supplies consumed in building the Fiber network.   35 Table of Contents   Wavelo   Platform Services   Cost of revenues to provide the new MONOS, ISOS and SM platforms, as well as our legacy Platypus ISP Billing software services including network access, provisioning and billing services for CSPs. This includes the amortization of any capitalized contract fulfillment costs over the period consistent with the pattern of transferring network access, provisioning and billing services to which the cost relates. Additionally, this includes any fees paid to third-party service providers primarily for printing services in connection with the Platypus ISP Billing software.   Other Professional Services   Cost of revenues to provide standalone technology services development work to our CSP customers to help support their businesses. This includes any personnel and contractor fees for any client service resources retained by the Company. Only a subset of the Company's employee base provides professional services to our customers. This cost reflects that group of resources.   Tucows Domains   Wholesale - Domain Services   Cost of revenues for domain registrations represents the amortization of registry and accreditation fees on a basis consistent with the recognition of revenues from our customers, namely ratably over the term of provision of the service. Registry fees, the primary component of cost of revenues, are paid in full when the domain is registered, and are initially recorded as prepaid domain registry fees. This accounting treatment reasonably approximates a recognition pattern that corresponds with the provision of the services during the period. Market development funds that do not represent a payment for distinct goods or services provided by the Company, and thus do not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2014-09, are reflected as cost of goods sold and are recognized as earned.   Wholesale - Value-Added Services   Costs of revenues for value-added services include licensing and royalty costs related to the provisioning of certain components of related to hosted email and fees paid to third-party hosting services. Fees payable for trust certificates are amortized on a basis consistent with the provision of service, generally one year, while email hosting fees and monthly printing fees are included in cost of revenues in the month they are incurred.   Retail   Costs of revenues for our provision and management of Internet services through our retail sites, Hover.com and the eNom branded sites, include the amortization of registry fees on a basis consistent with the recognition of revenues from our customers, namely ratably over the term of provision of the service. Registry fees, the primary component of cost of revenues, are paid in full when the domain is registered, and are recorded as prepaid domain registry fees and are expensed ratably over the renewal term. Costs of revenues for our surname portfolio represent the amortization of registry fees for domains added to our portfolio over the renewal period, which is generally one year, the value attributed under intangible assets to any domain name sold and any impairment charges that may arise from our assessment of our domain name intangible assets.   Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services and Eliminations   Cost of revenues for Retail Mobile Services includes the costs of provisioning mobile services, which is primarily our customers' voice, messaging, data usage provided by our MNO partner, and the costs of providing mobile phone hardware, which is the cost of mobile phone devices and SIM cards sold to our customers, order fulfillment related expenses, and inventory write-downs. Included in the costs of provisioning mobile services is any penalties associated with the minimum commitments with our MNO partner.   These Mobile Services costs also include the personnel and related costs of transitional services provided to DISH. These are billed monthly at set and established rates for services provided in period and include the provision of sales, marketing, customer support, order fulfillment, and data analytics related to the legacy customer base sold to DISH. The Company recognizes costs as the Company satisfies its obligations to provide professional services.    Network expenses   Network expenses include personnel and related expenses related to the core technologies, site reliability engineering and network operations, IT infrastructure and supply chain teams that support our various business segments. It also includes network depreciation and amortization, communication and productivity tool costs, and equipment maintenance costs. Communication and productivity tool costs includes collaboration, customer support, bandwidth, co-location and provisioning costs we incur to support the supply of all our services.   36 Table of Contents   The following table presents our cost of revenues, by revenue source:   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021                                       Ting:                 Fiber Internet Services   $ 17,004     $ 12,035                     Wavelo:                 Platform Services     1,294       504   Other Professional Services     1,632       804   Total Wavelo     2,926       1,308                     Tucows Domains:                 Wholesale                 Domain Services     147,894       147,213   Value Added Services     2,514       2,544   Total Wholesale     150,408       149,757                     Retail     16,482       17,731   Total Tucows Domains     166,890       167,488                     Tucows Corporate:                 Mobile services and eliminations     9,448       12,208                     Network Expenses:                 Network, other costs     17,433       14,769   Network, depreciation and amortization costs     29,101       18,035   Network, impairment     92       201         46,626       33,005                         $ 242,894     $ 226,044   Increase over prior period   $ 16,850           Increase - percentage     7 %           37 Table of Contents   The following table presents our cost of revenues, as a percentage of total cost of revenues for the periods presented:       Year ended December 31,       2022     2021                     Ting:                 Fiber Internet Services     7 %     5 %                   Wavelo:                 Platform Services     1 %     -   Other Professional Services     1 %     1 % Total Wavelo     2 %     1 %                   Tucows Domains:                 Wholesale                 Domain Services     60 %     65 % Value Added Services     1 %     1 % Total Wholesale     61 %     66 %                   Retail     7 %     8 % Total Tucows Domains     68 %     74 %                   Tucows Corporate:                 Mobile services and eliminations     4 %     5 %                   Network Expenses:                 Network, other costs     7 %     7 % Network, depreciation and amortization costs     12 %     8 % Network, impairment     -       -         19 %     15 %                         100 %     100 %   38 Table of Contents   Total cost of revenues for Fiscal 2022 increased by $16.9 million to $242.9 million, from $226 million in Fiscal 2021. The increase was driven by a $13.6 million increase in Network Expenses. The increase from Network Expenses is a result of the expansion of the Company's network infrastructure associated with the continuing expansion of the Ting Internet network footprint, the ramp up of Wavelo's MONOS, ISOS and SM platforms, as well as increased communication and productivity tool costs across our operating segments. Another contributing factor was an increases from Ting and Wavelo of $5 million and $1.6 million respectively. As discussed above in the Net Revenues section, Ting has continued to add both serviceable addresses and active subscriptions relative to Fiscal 2021. Additionally, Wavelo's increased cost of revenues have been a driven by the completion of select standalone technology services development work with DISH in the current period. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $0.6 million from Tucows Domains and a $2.7 million decrease related to Mobile Services and eliminations. The decrease in costs for Tucows Domains is aligned with the reduced net revenues discussed above in the Net Revenues section and the reduction in domains under management in the current period. The decrease related to Mobile Services and eliminations is also driven by decreased transitional services costs from the provision of less transitional services to DISH in the current period.    Deferred costs of fulfillment as of December 31, 2022 decreased by $2.0 million, or 2%, to $110.7 million from $112.7 million at December 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily driven by Wavelo, accounting for a $1.6 million decrease in the current period related to the completion of Other Professional Services discussed above for standalone technology services development work with DISH. As these professional services were completed in the current period, the deferred costs to fulfill those services were amortized into cost of revenues. This decrease was furthered by Tucows Domains which saw a decrease of $0.5 million, aligned with the movement in deferred revenues discussed above. Relative to COVID-19 pandemic levels, Fiscal 2022 was characterized by slowing growth in additions and renewals to domains under management, which has appropriately translated to less deferred costs of fulfillment for our Domain Services segment. Additionally, our Ting segment contributed to partially offset this overall decrease with an increase in deferred costs of fulfillment of less than $0.1 million relative to the past year.    Ting   In Fiscal 2022, costs related to provisioning high speed Internet access for Ting and its subsidiaries - Cedar, and Simply Bits increased $5.0 million, or 42%, to $17.0 million as compared to $12.0 million during Fiscal 2021. The increase in costs were primarily driven by increased direct costs, bandwidth and colocation costs related to the continued expansion of the Ting Fiber network. Included in this $5.0 million increase, $1.9 million related to the prior year acquisition of Simply Bits.   Wavelo   Platform Services   Cost of revenues from Wavelo Platform Services for Fiscal 2022 increased by $0.8 million to $1.3 million, when compared to Fiscal 2021. Cost incurred are driven by the amortization of previously capitalized costs incurred to fulfill the DISH Master Services Agreement ("MSA") over the term of the agreement. The continued incurrence of additional costs to fulfill the contract in Fiscal 2022 have resulted in increased amortization in the current period relative to the fixed term of the agreement.    Other Professional Services    Cost of revenues from Other Professional Services for Fiscal 2022 by $0.8 million to $1.6 million, when compared to Fiscal 2021. Costs incurred represent the personnel and related expenses of employees and contractors providing professional services to DISH. The increase in Other Professional Services costs relative to the prior period was a result of the completion of select standalone technology services development work for DISH in the current period, with limited comparable costs in the prior period.    Domain Services   Wholesale - Domain Services   Costs for wholesale domain services for Fiscal 2022 increased by $0.7 million to $147.9 million, when compared to Fiscal 2021. The increase to cost of revenues is driven by the prior period including volume rebates earned from registries for the high volume of domain name registrations through the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the Euro devaluation to the U.S. dollar, which made cost of revenues more expensive for our European brands Ascio and EPAG.     39 Table of Contents   Wholesale - Value Added Services   Costs for wholesale value-added services for Fiscal 2022 remained flat at $2.5 million, when compared to Fiscal 2021.   Retail   Costs for retail for Fiscal 2022 decreased by $1.2 million, to $16.5 million, when compared to Fiscal 2021. The was driven by the declining volume of retail domain name registrations across our retail brands.    Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services and Eliminations   Cost of revenues from Mobile Services and eliminations for Fiscal 2022 decreased by $2.8 million when compared to Fiscal 2021 The decrease is consistent with the above discussion around net revenues, this was driven by decreased transitional services costs of $4.4 million, notably from a decreased level of customer support and marketing services provided to DISH in connection with the legacy Ting Mobile customer base. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in cost of revenues of $1.6 million associated with the mobile telephony services and device costs associated with the small group of customers retained by the Company as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement. Cost of revenues increase as a result of the organic growth of the customer base we experienced through Fiscal 2022. Cost of revenues are outpacing revenue growth due to the unlimited usage rate plans introduced in late Fiscal 2020 by DISH that were expanded and offered to the small group of customers retained by the Company.    Network Expenses   Network costs for Fiscal 2022 increased by $13.6 million to $46.6 million when compared to Fiscal 2021. The comparative increase was driven by increased depreciation of $10 million from the Company's increased network associated with the continuing expansion of the Ting Internet footprint and the depreciation of Wavelo's new platforms. This increase from depreciation was followed by increased network costs of $2.7 million from increased personnel and contracted service costs on Ting and Wavelo segments, as well as an increase in amortization of intangible assets of $0.9 million driven by the prior period acquisition of Simply Bits.   SALES AND MARKETING   Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs. These costs include commissions and related expenses of our sales, product management, public relations, call center, support and marketing personnel. Other sales and marketing expenses include customer acquisition costs, advertising and other promotional costs.   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Sales and marketing   $ 53,937     $ 39,471   Increase over prior period   $ 14,466           Increase - percentage     37 %         Percentage of net revenues     17 %     13 %    Sales and marketing expenses for Fiscal 2022 increased by $14.5 million, or 37%, to $53.9 million when compared to Fiscal 2021. The increase in costs relate primarily to the investment in hiring additional personnel for Ting sales, product, marketing, customer support and success teams to drive growth in Ting markets. The current period also includes the teams acquired as part of the Simply Bits acquisition, and to a lesser extent a small ramp of hiring Wavelo sales and marketing teams. Outside of additional hiring, personnel costs were impacted by wage inflation across our three segments, with issued increases in excess of 5% to align with economic conditions and market rates. In addition to personnel related costs, both marketing related costs and facility costs increased to drive subscription growth given the increase in serviceable addresses available to Ting and to support our growing workforce in select Ting towns across the United States.    Excluding movements in exchange rates, we expect sales and marketing expenses for Fiscal 2023 to increase in absolute dollars, as we adjust our marketing programs and sales and customer support personnel costs to facilitate the continued expansion of Ting and ramp-up of Wavelo's go-to-market efforts.    TECHNICAL OPERATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT   Technical operations and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and related expenses required to support the development of new or enhanced service offerings and the maintenance and upgrading of existing infrastructure. This includes expenses incurred in the research, design and development of technology that we use to register domain names, network access services, email, retail, domain portfolio and other Internet services, as well as to distribute our digital content services. All technical operations and development costs are expensed as incurred.   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Technical operations and development   $ 14,187     $ 14,310   Decrease over prior period   $ (123 )         Decrease - percentage     (1 )%         Percentage of net revenues     4 %     5 %   Technical operations and development expenses for Fiscal 2022 decreased by $0.1 million, or 1%, to $14.2 million. The decrease in costs relates primarily to an increased level of capitalization of labor primarily in support of Wavelo's new platform builds for MONOS and ISOS, and to a lesser extend in support of Ting's network design and build. Gross personnel costs grew as a result of increased hiring of both employees and external contractors to provide development resources to assist our internal engineering teams with development aspects of the MONOS and ISOS platform. Additionally, personnel costs were impacted by wage inflation across our three segments, with issued increases in excess of 5% to align with economic conditions and market rates. Outside of personnel and external contractor costs, the Company also experienced increases in bandwidth costs in the current period, driven by the acquisition of Uniregistry assets in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021.   40 Table of Contents   Excluding movements in exchange rates, we expect technical operations and development expenses for Fiscal 2023, in absolute dollars, to increase when compared to Fiscal  2022 to support the ongoing growth in our operations.   GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE   General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for managerial and administrative personnel, fees for professional services, public listing expenses, rent, foreign exchange and other general corporate expenses.   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   General and administrative   $ 30,845     $ 22,370   Increase over prior period   $ 8,475           Increase - percentage     38 %         Percentage of net revenues     10 %     7 %   General and administrative expenses for Fiscal 2022 increased by $8.5 million, or 38%, to $30.8 million as compared to Fiscal 2021. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in personnel costs driven by the growth of teams acquired as part of the Simply Bits acquisition and continued investment in hiring for administrative teams to better support our segments as part of our new corporate reorganization. Outside of additional hiring, personnel costs were impacted by wage inflation across our three segments, with issued increases in excess of 5% to align with economic conditions and market rates. Another driver of the increase was higher stock-based compensation expenses in order to attract, retain and scale core administrative teams to meet projected Company growth. Smaller contributors to the increase include other miscellaneous expenses such as business and property taxes, credit card fees and facility costs driven by Ting and the continuing expansion of the Ting Internet footprint.   Excluding movements in exchange rates, we expect general and administrative expenses for Fiscal 2023, in absolute dollars, to increase when compared to Fiscal 2022 largely to support the growth of our business.   DEPRECIATION OF PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Depreciation of property and equipment   $ 598     $ 534   Increase over prior period   $ 64           Increase - percentage     12 %         Percentage of net revenues     0 %     0 %    Depreciation costs for Fiscal 2022 increased by less than $0.1 million to $0.6 million as compared to Fiscal 2021. The slight increase was due to the depreciation of additions to property and equipment, in particular computer hardware purchased in support of our expanding workforce.   LOSS (GAIN) ON DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Loss on disposition of property and equipment   $ 461     $ 234   Increase over prior period   $ 227           Increase - percentage     97           Percentage of net revenues     0 %     0 %   Loss on disposal of property and equipment increased by $0.2 million to $0.5 million as compared to Fiscal 2021. The increase was a result of Fiscal 2022 including a disposal of minor internal use software related to Tucows Domains for which the Company no longer expects to realize the initial use and intended benefit that it initially did when those development costs were initially capitalized.    AMORTIZATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Amortization of intangible assets   $ 9,882     $ 9,424   Increase over prior period   $ 458           Increase - percentage     5 %         Percentage of net revenues     3 %     3 %   Amortization of intangible assets increased by $0.5 million, to $9.9 million as compared to Fiscal 2021. This increase in amortization was a result of the acquisition of Uniregistry assets in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021.   Network rights, brand and customer relationships acquired in connection with the following acquisitions are amortized on a straight-line basis over a range of two to seven years: eNom in January 2017, Ascio in March of 2019, Cedar in January 2020 and Simply Bits in November 2021.    41 Table of Contents   LOSS (GAIN) ON CURRENCY FORWARD CONTRACTS   Although our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, a major portion of our fixed expenses are incurred in Canadian dollars. Our goal with regard to foreign currency exposure is, to the extent possible, to achieve operational cost certainty, manage financial exposure to certain foreign exchange fluctuations and to neutralize some of the impact of foreign currency exchange movements. Accordingly, we enter into foreign exchange contracts to mitigate the exchange rate risk on portions of our Canadian dollar exposure.   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Loss (gain) on currency forward contracts   $ -     $ (277 ) Increase over prior period   $ 277           Increase - percentage     100 %         Percentage of net revenues     - %     0 %   The Company recorded a net loss of nil in the change in fair value of outstanding contracts as well as realized on mature contracts during Fiscal 2022, compared to a net gain of $0.3 million during Fiscal 2021. This is driven by the Company having no unhedged contracts.    At December 31, 2022, our balance sheet reflects a derivative instrument asset of $1.9 million and a liability of $0.4 million as a result of our existing foreign exchange contracts. Until their respective maturity dates, these contracts will fluctuate in value in line with movements in the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.   OTHER INCOME (EXPENSES)   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Other income (expense), net   $ 3,874     $ 15,043   Increase over prior period   $ (11,169 )         Increase - percentage     (74 )%         Percentage of net revenues     1 %     5 %   Other income decreased by $11.2 million when compared to Fiscal 2021. This was partially due to higher interest incurred of $9.9 million on our Amended Credit Agreement as well as interest on redeemable preferred shares. In addition to higher interest expense, the Company experienced a $1.5 million decrease in the income earned on sale of transferred assets to DISH in the current period. As described above, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH over the 10-year term of the agreement, as form of consideration for the sale of the legacy customer relationships. The Company expects the gain on the sale of the Ting Customer Assets to continue to decrease over the term of the payout as legacy customers naturally churn away from Ting Mobile. These decreases were partially offset by a small increase from other interest and sundry income of $0.2 million.   INCOME TAXES   The following table presents our provision for income taxes for the periods presented:   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Provision for income taxes   $ (217 )   $ 3,906   Decrease in provision over prior period   $ (4,123 )         Decrease - percentage     (106 )%         Effective tax rate     1 %     54 %   Income taxes decreased by $4.1 million and the effective tax rate decreased from 54% to 1% when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in effective tax rate is primarily due to the change in net income before tax for the year, and it is partially offset by an increase in valuation allowance on foreign tax credits as a result of a change in the geographical mix of income and reduced excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation.   Our effective tax rates for the year ended December 31, 2022 differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to changes in valuation allowance on foreign tax credits, state tax expense and the impact of foreign earnings.    A reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to our effective tax rate is set forth in “Note 9 – Income Taxes” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.   42 Table of Contents     ADJUSTED EBITDA   We believe that the provision of this supplemental non-GAAP measure allows investors to evaluate the operational and financial performance of our core business using similar evaluation measures to those used by management. We use adjusted EBITDA to measure our performance and prepare our budgets. Since adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial performance measure, our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies; and should not be considered in isolation, as a substitute for, or superior to measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Because adjusted EBITDA is calculated before recurring cash charges, including interest expense and taxes, and is not adjusted for capital expenditures or other recurring cash requirements of the business, it should not be considered as a liquidity measure. See the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included in the attached financial statements. Non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect a comprehensive system of accounting and may differ from non-GAAP financial measures with the same or similar captions that are used by other companies and/or analysts and may differ from period to period. We endeavor to compensate for these limitations by providing the relevant disclosure of the items excluded in the calculation of adjusted EBITDA to net income based on GAAP, which should be considered when evaluating the Company's results. Tucows strongly encourages investors to review its financial information in its entirety and not to rely on a single financial measure.   Our adjusted EBITDA definition excludes depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, income tax provisions, interest expense (net), accretion of contingent consideration, stock-based compensation, asset impairment, gains and losses from unrealized foreign currency transactions and costs that are one-time in nature and not indicative of on-going performance (profitability), including acquisition and transition costs. Gains and losses from unrealized foreign currency transactions removes the unrealized effect of the change in the mark-to-market values on outstanding foreign currency contracts not designated in accounting hedges, as well as the unrealized effect from the translation of monetary accounts denominated in non-U.S. dollars to U.S. dollars.   The following table reconciles net income to adjusted EBITDA:   Reconciliation of Income before Provision for Income Taxes to Adjusted EBITDA   Twelve months ended December 31,   (In Thousands of US Dollars)   2022     2021     2020                             Net Income for the period   $ (27,571 )   $ 3,364     $ 5,775   Less:                         Provision for income taxes     (217 )     3,906       4,985   Depreciation of property and equipment     28,187       17,986       12,632   Impairment and loss on disposition of property and equipment     553       435       1,621   Amortization of intangible assets     11,394       10,007       11,420   Impairment of definite life intangible assets     -       -       1,431   Write-down on disposal of Ting Mobile customer assets     -       -       3,513   Interest expense, net     14,456       4,617       3,611   Accretion of contingent liability     248       383       344   Stock-based compensation     7,599       4,592       3,718   Unrealized loss (gain) on change in fair value of foreign currency forward contracts     -       606       (500 ) Unrealized loss (gain) on foreign exchange revaluation of foreign denominated monetary assets and liabilities     281       219       461   Acquisition and other costs 1     2,660       2,706       1,962                             Adjusted EBITDA   $ 37,590     $ 48,821     $ 50,973     1 Acquisition and other costs represents transaction-related expenses, transitional expenses, such as redundant post-acquisition expenses, primarily related to our acquisition of Cedar in January 2020 and Simply Bits in November 2021 and the disposition of certain Ting Mobile assets in August 2020. Expenses include severance or transitional costs associated with department, operational or overall company restructuring efforts, including geographic alignments.   Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by $11.2 million, or 23% to $37.6 million when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in adjusted EBITDA from period-to-period was primarily driven by decreased contribution from Wavelo due to significant investments into building out both our teams and platforms in support of future growth; as well as current period charges for amortization the contract asset related to the DISH agreement. This decrease was furthered by reduced contribution by both Ting and Tucows Domains. Ting, from the investment in the ramp of expenditures related to the Fiber Internet network build and expansion plan; and Tucows Domains from the continued normalization of domain registrations and slowed renewal rates relative to patterns experienced over the last fiscal years from the COVID-19 pandemic as well as domains under management. When comparing Adjusted EBITDA in Fiscal 2021 to Fiscal 2020, the decrease in contribution was similarly driven by the increased investment in Ting due to the ramp of expenditures related to the Fiber Internet network build and expansion plan. That decrease was partially offset by increased contribution from Wavelo, the income earned on sale of transferred assets to DISH , as well as from Tucows Domains strong performance during the COVID-19 pandemic.    43 Table of Contents   OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)   To mitigate the impact of the change in fair value of our foreign exchange contracts on our financial results, in October 2012 we begun applying hedge accounting for the majority of the contracts we need to meet our Canadian dollar requirements on a prospective basis. The impact of the fair value adjustment on outstanding hedged contracts for Fiscal 2022 was a net loss in other comprehensive income of $0.4 million compared to a net loss of $2.0 million for Fiscal 2021.   The following table presents other comprehensive income for the periods presented:   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2022     2021   Other comprehensive income (loss)   $ 441     $ (1,993 ) Increase over prior period   $ 2,434           Increase - percentage     (122 )%         Percentage of net revenues     0 %     (1 )%   The impact of the fair value adjustments on outstanding hedged contracts during Fiscal 2022 was a gain in OCI before reclassifications of  $0.4 million as compared to a gain of $0.6 million during Fiscal 2021.    The net amount reclassified to earnings during Fiscal 2022 was a gain of less than $0.1 million compared to a loss of $2.6 million during Fiscal 2021.      RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021 AS COMPARED TO THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020   The Company has initially applied ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) on January 1, 2019, which was adopted using the modified retrospective basis. Accordingly, comparative figures have not been restated.   NET REVENUES   The following table presents our net revenues, by revenue source:   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020                     Ting                 Fiber Internet Services   $ 25,327     $ 17,151                     Wavelo                 Platform Services     13,031       1,839   Other Professional Services     3,750       -   Total Wavelo     16,781       1,839                     Tucows Domains:                 Wholesale                 Domain Services     189,091       186,893   Value Added Services     20,942       18,526   Total Wholesale     210,033       205,419                     Retail     35,543       36,835   Total Tucows Domains     245,576       242,254                     Tucows Corporate:                 Mobile services and eliminations     16,653       49,958                         $ 304,337     $ 311,202   (Decrease) increase over prior period   $ (6,865 )         (Decrease) increase - percentage     (2 %)           44 Table of Contents   The following table presents our revenues, by revenue source, as a percentage of total revenues:       Year ended December 31,       2021     2020                     Ting:                 Fiber Internet Services     8 %     6 %                   Wavelo:                 Platform Services     4 %     1 % Other Professional Services     1 %     -   Total Wavelo     5 %     1 %                   Tucows Domains:                 Wholesale                 Domain Services     62 %     59 % Value Added Services     7 %     6 % Total Wholesale     69 %     65 %                   Retail     12 %     12 % Total Tucows Domains     81 %     77 %                   Tucows Corporate:                 Mobile services and eliminations     6 %     16 %                         100 %     100 %   Total net revenues for Fiscal 2021 decreased by $6.9 million, or 2%, to $304.3 million from $311.2 million for Fiscal 2020. The overall decrease in revenue was primarily driven by the $33.3 million reduction of revenues attributable to Mobile Services and eliminations. This decrease in Mobile Services revenues was directly related to the DISH Purchase Agreement as well as the shutdown of Roam Mobility brands in the past year. As part of the DISH Purchase Agreement, as a form of consideration for the sale of the customer relationships, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH over the 10-year term of the agreement. This has been classified as Other Income and not considered revenue in the current period. This decrease was partially offset by increases from each of Wavelo, Ting, and Tucows Domains segments. Wavelo saw a $14.9 million increase as a result of the new Platform Services revenue stream and other professional services revenues created out of the DISH MSA in the past year. Fiscal 2021 had a full year of platform revenues, whereas Fiscal 2020 was a stub period due to timing of the MSA. Ting saw a $8.2 million increase related to Ting segment revenues, a result of both growth in customers as we continue to build out our Ting Internet footprint as well as acquisition led revenue growth from our fourth quarter Fiscal 2021 acquisition of Simply Bits. Additionally, smaller increases from Domain Services of $3.3 million, driven by outsized proceeds from our domain expiry revenue streams relative to Fiscal 2020.   Deferred revenue at December 31, 2021 decreased to $147.8 million from $152.2 million at December 31, 2020. This decrease was primarily driven by our Tucows Domains segment, accounting for $3.5 million of the decrease due to recognition of previously deferred billings for registrations and renewals growth experienced in Fiscal 2020 in connection with COVID-19. This decrease is followed by a decrease related to Wavelo, accounting for $2.1 million of the decrease due to the recognition of previously deferred bundled and other professional services revenues. These professional services revenues were recognized as the Company performed its obligation to provide these services to DISH. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in deferred revenue associated with Ting, and its subsidiaries of $1.1 million, which is reflective of the continued growth in customer base and billings for that segment relative to December 31, 2020 and inclusion of deferred revenues associated with the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021 acquisition of Simply Bits.   No customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue during Fiscal 2021 or during Fiscal 2020. As of December 31, 2021 DISH accounted for 46% of total accounts receivable and as at December 31, 2020, DISH accounted for 59% of total accounts receivable.   Though a significant portion of the Company’s domain services revenues are prepaid by our customers, where the Company does collect receivables, significant management judgment is required at the time revenue is recorded to assess whether the collection of the resulting receivables is reasonably assured. On an ongoing basis, we assess the ability of our customers to make required payments. Based on this assessment, we expect the carrying amount of our outstanding receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, to be fully collected.   Ting   Ting, and its subsidiaries generated $25.3 million in revenue during Fiscal 2021, up $8.2 million or 48% compared to Fiscal 2020. This growth is driven by continued subscriber growth across the markets we serve, as well as the continued expansion of our Ting Internet footprint to new Ting towns throughout the United States. Of this $8.2 million increase, $1.3 million related to our fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021 acquisition of Simply Bits.   As of December 31, 2021, Ting Internet had access to 76,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 15,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and 26,000 active accounts under its management; compared to having 49,000 owned infrastructure serviceable addresses, 10,000 partner infrastructure serviceable addresses and 15,000 active accounts under its management as of December 31, 2020. These figures exclude the increase in serviceable addresses and accounts attributable to the Simply Bits acquisition.     45 Table of Contents   Wavelo   Platform Services   Wavelo's Platform services generated $13 million in revenue during Fiscal 2021, which increased by $11.2 million or 609% compared to Fiscal 2020. This is driven from increased MONOS platform revenues fees earned from DISH for a full year relative to the stub period of Fiscal 2020. Our full-service platforms support CSPs with subscription and billing management, network orchestration and provisioning, and individual developer tools.    Other Professional Services   Wavelo's Other Professional Services generated $3.8 million in revenue during Fiscal 2021, up from nil in Fiscal 2020. This increase is a result of significant professional service engagements for the provision of standalone technology services development work for DISH Fiscal 2021, whereas Fiscal 2020 was absent of such development work.   Tucows Domains   Wholesale - Domain Services   During Fiscal 2021, Wholesale Domain Services revenue increased by $2.2 million or 1% to $189.1 million. The increase in revenue compared to Fiscal 2020 was primarily driven by the recognition of previously deferred billings from the past year, as discussed above in the change in deferred revenue. As more businesses established an online presence during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Fiscal 2020 we experienced domain name registration growth from our large volume resellers across our Domain Services brands. Fiscal 2021 was then characterized by a normalization of this COVID-19 registration growth back to levels experienced pre-pandemic as well as some erosion in renewal rates in the last half of the year. The increase in revenues from deferred revenue discussed above is offset by a small decrease in billings of $0.3 million, largely driven by our eNom brand which has seen continued decline in registrations by non-core customers relative to Fiscal 2020.   Together the OpenSRS, eNom, EPAG and Ascio Domain Services manage 25.2 million domain names under the Tucows, eNom, EPAG and Ascio ICANN registrar accreditations and for other registrars under their own accreditations. Domains under management has decreased by 0.2 million domain names since December 31, 2020. The decrease is driven by lower renewal rates from the normalization of registration growth back to pre-pandemic levels, along with the continued erosion of registrations related to non-core customers from our eNom brand.   Wholesale - Value Added Services   Net revenues from value-added services increased by $2.4 million to $20.9 million compared to Fiscal 2020. The increase in value-added service revenue over Fiscal 2020 was primarily driven by an increase in expiry stream proceeds across our Domain Services brands. As a result of the normalization of renewal rates and domains under management discussed above in connection to COVID-19, Fiscal 2021 benefited from a significant volume of expired domain names registered in the past year being available for our expiry streams, which returned favorable proceeds at auction and drove our revenue growth for value added services.   Retail   Net revenues from retail decreased by $1.3 million to $35.5 million compared to Fiscal 2020. The decrease in revenue was primarily related to domain portfolio sales, which decreased by $0.9 million as a result of the Company disposing of its entire domain portfolio, excluding surname domains used in the RealNames email service during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2020. This decrease was compounded by a $0.5 million decrease in retail domain name registrations from the erosion of retail customers away from our eNom Central brand. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in Exact Hosting revenues of $0.1 million.   Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services and Eliminations   Net revenues from Mobile Services and eliminations for the Fiscal 2021, as compared to Fiscal 2020, decreased by $33.3 million or 67% to $16.7 million. This decrease is driven by a decline in Mobile Services revenues of $37.1 million directly related to the DISH Purchase Agreement in late Fiscal 2020 as well as the shutdown of Roam Mobility brands in the past year. As part of the DISH Purchase Agreement, as a form of consideration for the sale of the customer relationships, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH over the 10-year term of the agreement. This has been classified as Other Income and not considered revenue in the current period. This decrease is offset by increased transitional services revenues from DISH of $3.8 million from the inclusion of a full year of revenues compared to a stub period of services provided in Fiscal 2020.    46 Table of Contents   COST OF REVENUES   The following table presents our cost of revenues, by revenue source:   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020                     Ting:                 Fiber Internet Services   $ 12,035     $ 6,855                     Wavelo:                 Platform Services     504       183   Other Professional Services     804       -   Total Wavelo     1,308       183                     Tucows Domains                 Wholesale                 Domain Services     147,213       146,788   Value Added Services     2,544       3,016   Total Wholesale     149,757       149,804                     Retail     17,731       17,647   Total Tucows Domains     167,488       167,451                     Tucows Corporate:                 Mobile services and eliminations     12,208       25,912                     Network Expenses:                 Network, other costs     14,769       10,194   Network, depreciation and amortization costs     18,035       13,484   Network, impairment     201       1,638         33,005       25,316                         $ 226,044     $ 225,717   Increase over prior period   $ 327           Increase - percentage     0 %           47 Table of Contents   The following table presents our cost of revenues, as a percentage of total cost of revenues for the periods presented:       Year ended December 31,       2021     2020                     Ting:                 Fiber Internet Services     5 %     3 %                   Wavelo:                 Platform Services     -       -   Other Professional Services     1 %     -   Total Wavelo     1 %     -                     Tucows Domains:                 Wholesale                 Domain Services     65 %     65 % Value Added Services     1 %     1 % Total Wholesale     66 %     66 %                   Retail     8 %     8 % Total Tucows Domains     74 %     74 %                   Tucows Corporate:                 Mobile services and eliminations     5 %     11 %                   Network Expenses:                 Network, other costs     7 %     5 % Network, depreciation and amortization costs     8 %     6 % Network, impairment     -       1 %       15 %     12 %                         100 %     100 %   Total cost of revenues for Fiscal 2021 increased by $0.3 million to $226.0 million, from $225.7 million in Fiscal 2020. The increase was driven by a $7.7 million increase in Network Expenses. The increase from Network Expenses is a result of the expansion of the Company's increased network infrastructure associated with the continuing expansion of the Ting Internet network footprint, the ramp up of Wavelo's platforms, as well as increased communication and productivity tool costs across our operating segments. Another contributing factor was an increase from Ting and Wavelo of $5.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively. As discussed above in the Net Revenues section, Ting has continued to add both serviceable addresses and active subscriptions relative to Fiscal 2020.  Additionally, Wavelo's increased cost of revenues have been a driven by the completion of select standalone technology services development work with DISH in the current period. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $13.7 million from Mobile Services and eliminations. The decrease related to Mobile Services and eliminations is consistent with the discussion above in Net Revenues, and directly related to the DISH Purchase Agreement as well as the shutdown of Roam Mobility brands in Fiscal 2020. The cost of revenues from Mobile Services in Fiscal 2021 only reflect the small subset of customers retained as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement, whereas Fiscal 2020 included the majority of the year at the full legacy subscriber base.   Deferred costs of fulfillment as of December 31, 2021 increased by $1.6 million, or 1.5%, to $112.7 million from $111.1 million at December 31, 2020. This increase was primarily driven by Wavelo, accounting for a  $3.4 million increase in the current period related to the continued deferral of ongoing Other Professional Services work with DISH. This increase was partially offset by a decrease from Tucows Domains of $1.8 million, aligned with the movement in deferred revenues discussed above.    Ting   In Fiscal 2021, costs related to provisioning high speed Internet access for Ting and its subsidiaries - Cedar, and Simply Bits increased $5.2 million, or 76%, to $12.0 million as compared to $6.9 million during Fiscal 2020. The increase in costs were primarily driven by increased direct costs and, bandwidth and colocation costs related to the continued expansion of the Ting Fiber network. Although directionally aligned with the experienced growth in revenue over the same period, the outpaced increase in cost of revenues for Ting is a result of the necessary upfront investment and expenditure needed to build out the network in advance of anticipated revenue growth in any particular location. Of this $5.2 million increase, $0.3 million related to our fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021 acquisition of Simply Bits.   Wavelo   Platform Services   Cost of revenues from Wavelo Platform Services for Fiscal 2021 increased by $0.3 million to $0.5 million, when compared to Fiscal 2020. Cost incurred are driven by the amortization of previously capitalized costs incurred to fulfill the DISH MSA over the term of the agreement. The ramp up of additional costs to fulfill the contract in Fiscal 2021 at the start of the agreement have resulted in increased amortization Fiscal 2021.    Other Professional Services    Cost of revenues from Other Professional Services for Fiscal 2021 increased by $0.8 million, when compared to Fiscal 2020. Costs incurred represent the personnel and related expenses of employees and contractors providing professional services to DISH. The increase in Other Professional Services costs relative to the prior period was a result of the completion of select standalone technology services development work for DISH in the current period, with limited comparable costs in the prior period.    48 Table of Contents   Tucows Domains   Wholesale - Domain Services   Costs for wholesale domain services for Fiscal 2021 increased by $0.4 million to $147.2 million, when compared to Fiscal 2020. The increase is consistent with the above discussion around net revenues, where registration costs were recognized in Fiscal 2021 from previously deferred billed costs incurred from experienced domain name registration growth and domains under management in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The overall increase was also impacted by decreases in current year billed costs from our eNom brand, which has seen a decline in registrations and domains under management in the current year, beyond the impacts of normalization from COVID-19 impacts.   Wholesale - Value Added Services   Costs for wholesale value-added services for Fiscal 2021 decreased by $0.5 million to $2.5 million, when compared to Fiscal 2020. The decrease in cost of revenue is primarily related to decreases in Digital Certificates and other value added service costs compared to Fiscal 2020.   Retail   Costs for retail for Fiscal 2021 increased by less than $0.1 million, to $17.7 million, when compared to Fiscal 2020. The was driven by increased costs related to Exact Hosting and was partially offset by declining volume of retail domain name registrations related to the eNom retail brands.   Tucows Corporate - Mobile Services and Eliminations   Cost of revenues related to Mobile Services and eliminations for Fiscal 2021, as compared to Fiscal 2020, decreased by $13.7 million or 53% to $12.2 million. This is driven by decreased Mobile Services costs of $16.9 million, of which $16.1 million relates to Ting Mobile and $0.8 million relates to Roam Mobility. The decrease related to Mobile Services and eliminations is consistent with the discussion above in Net Revenues, and directly related to the DISH Purchase Agreement as well as the shutdown of Roam Mobility brands in Fiscal 2020. The cost of revenues from Mobile Services in Fiscal 2021 only reflect the small subset of customers retained as part of the DISH Purchase Agreement, whereas Fiscal 2020 included the majority of the year at the full legacy subscriber base. This decrease is partially offset by an increase of $3.2 million related to costs associated with Other Professional Services provided to DISH, from the inclusion of a full year of cost compared to a stub period of services provided in Fiscal 2020.    Network Expenses   Network costs for Fiscal 2021 increased by $7.7 million to $33.0 million when compared to Fiscal 2020. The comparative increase was primarily driven by both increased network costs and depreciation as a result of the expansion of the Company’s increased network infrastructure associated with the continuing expansion of the Ting Fiber footprint. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in impairment of property, plant and equipment, due to Fiscal 2020 including a $1.6 million impairment charge for Ting TV, a product formerly under development for Ting Internet. Additionally, Fiscal 2021 benefited from a decrease in amortization charges from the full amortization of the Ascio Technology intangible asset acquired in 2019.   SALES AND MARKETING   Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs. These costs include commissions and related expenses of our sales, product management, public relations, call center, support and marketing personnel. Other sales and marketing expenses include customer acquisition costs, advertising and other promotional costs.   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Sales and marketing   $ 39,471     $ 34,274   Increase over prior period   $ 5,197           Increase - percentage     15 %         Percentage of net revenues     13 %     11 %   Sales and marketing expenses for Fiscal 2021 increased by $5.2 million, or 15%, to $39.5 million when compared to Fiscal 2020. The increase in costs relate primarily to increased salaries and benefits driven by an expanding workforce and wage inflation focused on our Ting teams, as well as increased marketing related costs to drive active subscription growth given the increase in serviceable addresses available to our Ting segment. In addition to this, we also experienced an increase in costs related to stock-based compensation expenses in an effort to attract and retain labor and an increase in facility costs increased directly related to the expansion of our Ting Fiber internet footprint and workforce in select Ting towns across the United States.   TECHNICAL OPERATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT   Technical operations and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and related expenses required to support the development of new or enhanced service offerings and the maintenance and upgrading of existing infrastructure. This includes expenses incurred in the research, design and development of technology that we use to register domain names, network access services, email, retail, domain portfolio and other Internet services, as well as to distribute our digital content services. All technical operations and development costs are expensed as incurred.   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Technical operations and development   $ 14,310     $ 12,427   Increase over prior period   $ 1,883           Increase - percentage     15 %         Percentage of net revenues     5 %     4 %   49 Table of Contents   Technical operations and development expenses for Fiscal 2021 increased by $1.9 million, or 15%, to $14.3 million. The increase in costs relates primarily to increased spending on external contractors to provide development resources to assist our internal shared services and engineering teams with development aspects of Wavelo's platforms. In addition to increased spending on external contractors, a slight increase in salaries and benefits driven by an expanding workforce and wage inflation focused on our shared services and engineering teams contributed to the overall increase in costs for the period along with stock-based compensation expenses to attract and retain labor.   GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE   General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for managerial and administrative personnel, fees for professional services, public listing expenses, rent, foreign exchange and other general corporate expenses.   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   General and administrative   $ 22,370     $ 20,268   Increase over prior period   $ 2,102           Increase - percentage     10 %         Percentage of net revenues     7 %     7 %   General and administrative expenses for Fiscal 2021 increased by $2.1 million, or 10%, to $22.4 million as compared to Fiscal 2020. The increase was primarily driven increases in personnel and related expenses as well as stock-based compensation expenses in order to attract, retain and scale core administrative teams including Human Resources and Finance to meet projected Company growth. Additionally, we experienced an increase in professional accounting and legal fees associated with our growing Ting segment. These increases were partially offset by reduced Mobile Services credit card fees as a result of the DISH Purchase Agreement that closed in the past year, as well as a decrease in facility related costs and foreign exchange expenses.   DEPRECIATION OF PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Depreciation of property and equipment   $ 534     $ 488   Increase over prior period   $ 46           Increase - percentage     9 %         Percentage of net revenues     0 %     0 %   Depreciation costs for Fiscal 2021 remained relatively flat at $0.5 million as compared to Fiscal 2020. The slight increase was due to the depreciation of additions to property and equipment, in particular computer hardware purchased in support of our expanding workforce.   LOSS (GAIN) ON DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Loss on disposition of property and equipment   $ 234     $ (17 ) Increase over prior period   $ 251           Increase - percentage     (1,476 )%         Percentage of net revenues     0 %     (0 )%   Loss on disposal of property and equipment increased by $0.2 million to $0.2 million as compared to Fiscal 2020. The increase was a result of Fiscal 2021 including a disposal of minor internal use software for which the Company no longer expects to realize the initial use and intended benefit that it initially did when those development costs were initially capitalized.   50 Table of Contents   AMORTIZATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Amortization of intangible assets   $ 9,424     $ 10,080   Decrease over prior period   $ (656 )         Decrease - percentage     (7 )%         Percentage of net revenues     3 %     3 %   Amortization of intangible assets decreased $0.7 million for Fiscal 2021, to $9.4 million. The decrease is primarily driven by the write-off of Mobile Services related intangible assets in connection with the both the sale of the Ting Mobile customer base and the shutdown of Roam Mobility brands in Fiscal 2020.   Network rights, brand and customer relationships acquired in connection with the following acquisitions are amortized on a straight-line basis over a range of two to seven years: eNom in January 2017, Ascio in March of 2019, Cedar in January 2020 and Simply Bits in November 2021.   IMPAIRMENT OF DEFINITE LIFE INTANGIBLE ASSETS   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Impairment of indefinite life intangible assets   $ -     $ 1,431   Decrease over prior period   $ (1,431 )         Decrease - percentage     (100 )%         Percentage of net revenues     - %     0 %   Impairment of definite life intangible assets for Fiscal 2021 was nil compared to $1.4 million in Fiscal 2020. The decrease is driven by the write-off of Roam Mobility brands customer relationships that were written off in Fiscal 2020 when the Company decided to shut down the related businesses as a result of lack of demand for SIM-enabled roaming services due to the COVID-19 pandemic.   LOSS (GAIN) ON CURRENCY FORWARD CONTRACTS   Although our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, a major portion of our fixed expenses are incurred in Canadian dollars. Our goal with regard to foreign currency exposure is, to the extent possible, to achieve operational cost certainty, manage financial exposure to certain foreign exchange fluctuations and to neutralize some of the impact of foreign currency exchange movements. Accordingly, we enter into foreign exchange contracts to mitigate the exchange rate risk on portions of our Canadian dollar exposure.    (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Loss (gain) on currency forward contracts   $ (277 )   $ (383 ) Increase over prior period   $ 106           Increase - percentage     28 %         Percentage of net revenues     0 %     0 %   We have entered into certain forward exchange contracts that do not comply with the requirements of hedge accounting to meet a portion of our future Canadian dollar requirements through December 2021. During Fiscal 2021, the Company recorded a net gain of $0.3 million on the change in fair value of outstanding contract as well as realized matured contracts. In Fiscal 2020 the Company recorded a net gain of $0.4 million in the change in fair value of outstanding contract as well as realized matured contracts.   At December 31, 2021, our balance sheet reflects a derivative instrument asset of $0.6 million and a derivative instrument liability of $0.1 million as a result of our existing foreign exchange contracts. Until their respective maturity dates, these contracts will fluctuate in value in line with movements in the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.   OTHER INCOME AND (EXPENSES)     (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Other income (expense), net   $ 15,043     $ 3,843   Increase over prior period   $ 11,200           Increase - percentage     291 %         Percentage of net revenues     5 %     1 %   Other income increased by $11.2 million when compared to Fiscal 2020. This was driven by a $12.4 million increase due to the income earned on sale of transferred assets to DISH to DISH. As described above, the Company receives a payout on the margin associated with the legacy customer base sold to DISH over the 10-year term of the agreement, as form of consideration for the sale of the legacy customer relationships. Comparatively, the gain in Fiscal 2020 represented the net effect of proceeds earned from DISH in regards to the legacy customer base of $11.1 million offset by the write off of certain Mobile intangible and contract assets totaling $3.5 million. This overall increase in other income was partially offset by higher interest expense from higher variable interest rates incurred on our Amended 2019 Credit Facility. Other expense consists primarily of the interest we incur in connection with our Amended 2019 Credit Facility. The interest incurred primarily relates to our loan balances obtained to fund the acquisition of eNom, Ascio, Cedar and Simply Bits and funding for expenditures associated with the Company’s Fiber to the Home build program.   51 Table of Contents   INCOME TAXES   The following table presents our provision for income taxes for the periods presented:   (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Provision for income taxes   $ 3,906     $ 4,985   Decrease in provision over prior period   $ (1,079 )         Decrease - percentage     (22 )%         Effective tax rate     54 %     46 %   Income taxes decreased by $1.1 million and the effective tax rate increased from 46% to 54% when compared to Fiscal 2020. The increase in effective tax rate is primarily due to changes in blended tax rates and is partially offset by an increase in stock option benefit deduction. Our Fiscal 2021 income tax expense includes a tax recovery of $1.6 million related to the adoption of ASU 2016-09, which requires all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to employee share-based payments to be recognized through income tax expense on a prospective basis. The Fiscal 2021 tax recovery related to excess tax benefits related to employee share-based compensation was $0.4 million.   In Fiscal 2021, the Company did not utilize the bonus depreciation with respect to its continued investment in the Ting business. Despite this, due to the reduction in tax rate to 21%, it is unlikely we will ultimately be able to fully claim the Fiscal 2021 foreign taxes paid in future years as a foreign tax credit. As such, we have taken a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits not utilized for 2021 income tax purposes, the net negative effect of which is a $2.3 million addition to income tax expense, as compared to $2.9 million additional tax expense in Fiscal 2020.   A reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to our effective tax rate is set forth in “Note 9 – Income Taxes” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.   OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)   To mitigate the impact of the change in fair value of our foreign exchange contracts on our financial results, in October 2012 we begun applying hedge accounting for the majority of the contracts we need to meet our Canadian dollar requirements on a prospective basis. The impact of the fair value adjustment on outstanding hedged contracts for Fiscal 2021 was a net loss in other comprehensive income of $2.0 million compared to a net gain of $1.9 million for Fiscal 2020.   The following table presents other comprehensive income for the periods presented:     (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Year ended December 31,       2021     2020   Other comprehensive income (loss)   $ (1,993 )   $ 1,863   Decrease over prior period   $ (3,856 )         Decrease - percentage     (207 )%         Percentage of net revenues     1 %     1 %   The impact of the fair value adjustments on outstanding hedged contracts during 2021 was a gain in OCI of $0.6 million as compared to a gain of $1.7 million during 2020.   The net amount reclassified to earnings during 2022 was a loss of $2.6 million compared to a gain of $0.2 million during 2021.   LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES   As of December 31, 2022, our cash and cash equivalents balance increased $14.4 million when compared to December 31, 2021. Our principal uses of cash were $137.5 million for the continued investment in property, equipment and intangible assets driven by the Ting Internet expansion, $3.1 million for contingency consideration related to the acquisition of Cedar and Simply Bits, $1.0 million related to deferred preferred share financing costs for Ting, and $0.7 million related to the payment of loan payable costs. These uses of cash were partially offset by $87.5 million proceeds from redeemable preferred shares, $48.3 million proceeds received from the drawdown of the Amended Credit Agreement, $19.9 million from cash provided from operating activities, and $1.1 million from proceeds received on the exercise of stock options.    52 Table of Contents   Amended 2019 Credit Facility   On June 14, 2019, the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Tucows.com Co., Ting Fiber, Inc., Ting Inc., Tucows (Delaware) Inc. and Tucows (Emerald), LLC entered into an Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (the “Amended 2019 Credit Facility”) with Royal Bank (“RBC”), as administrative agent, and lenders party thereto (collectively with RBC) under which the Company had access to an aggregate of up to $240 million in funds, which consisted of $180 million guaranteed credit facility and a $60 million accordion facility. The Amended 2019 Credit Facility replaced a secured Credit Agreement dated January 20, 2017 with Bank of Montreal, RBC and Bank of Nova Scotia.   The obligations of the Company under the Amended 2019 Credit Agreement are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the personal property and assets of the Company and has a four-year term, maturing on June 13, 2024.   Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility   On October 26, 2021, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (the “Second Amended 2019 Credit Agreement”) with the Lenders and Toronto-Dominion Bank (collectively the “New Lenders”) to, among other things, increase the existing revolving credit facility from $180 million to $240 million. The Second Amended 2019 Credit Agreement provided the Company with access to an aggregate of $240 million in committed funds. Under the Second Amended 2019 Credit Agreement, the Company agreed to comply with the following financial covenants at all times, which were to be calculated on a rolling four quarter basis: (i) maximum Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio of 4.50:1.00 until March 31, 2023 and 4.00:1.00 thereafter; and (ii) minimum Interest Coverage Ratio of 3.00:1.00. The Second Amended 2019 Credit Agreement also provided for two additional interest rate tiers if the Company exceeded a 3.50x Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio.   Third Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement   On August 8, 2022, the Company entered into the Third Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (the "Amended Credit Agreement") with the Lenders. The Amended Credit Agreement continues to provide the Company with access to the Second Amended 2019 Credit Agreement. Under the Amended Credit Agreement, and in connection with the Unit Purchase Agreement the Lenders agreed that Ting Fiber, Inc. (converted to Ting LLC) and its wholly owned subsidiaries ceased to be Guarantors under the Credit Facility and were released from their respective guarantee and security documents, including a release of the Lenders' security interests and liens upon the assets of such entities. Additionally, the Amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity of the Credit Facility to June 14, 2024. The Company is subject to the following financial covenants at all times, which are to be calculated on a rolling four quarter basis: (i) maximum Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio of 4.00:1.00 until September 29, 2023 and 3.75:1.00 thereafter; and (ii) minimum Interest Coverage Ratio of 3.00:1.00. The financial covenant calculations will exclude the financial results of Ting Fiber Inc. (converted to Ting LLC) and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Amended Credit Agreement added SOFR loans as a form of advance available under the Credit Facility to replace LIBOR rate advances, and such SOFR loans may bear interest based on Adjusted Daily Simple SOFR (defined to be the applicable SOFR rate published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York plus 0.10% per annum subject to a floor of zero) or Adjusted Term SOFR (defined to be the applicable SOFR rate published by CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited plus 0.10% for one-month, 0.15% for three-months, and 0.25% for six-months per annum).   On March 14, 2023, the Company entered into an Amending Agreement No.2 to the Third Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement Amendment").  The Amended Credit Agreement continues to provide the Company with access to an aggregate of $240 million in committed funds, however there is a suspension to the $60 million accordion during the Leverage Step Up Period (the “Leverage Step Up Period”). Additionally, the Credit Agreement Amendment has extended the maturity of the Credit Facility to September 30, 2024. As a result of the execution of the Credit Agreement Amendment, the Company is subject to the following financial covenants at all times, with monthly testing during the Leverage Step Up Period and reverting to quarterly tests thereafter: (i) maximum Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio of 4.50:1.00 from March 14, 2023  up to and including September 29, 2023; 4.00:1.00 from September 30, 2023 up to and including December 30, 2023; and 3.75:1.00 thereafter; and (ii) minimum Interest Coverage Ratio of 3.00:1.00. On March 14, 2023 the Company made a repayment of $2.8 million on the Credit Facility.   As of December 31, 2022, the Company held contracts in the amount of $49.7 million with BMO to trade U.S. dollars in exchange for Canadian dollars under an uncommitted treasury risk management facility which assists the Company with hedging Canadian dollar exposures. Please see the discussion in the Material Cash Requirements section below.   Cash Flow from Operating Activities   Year ended December 31, 2022   Net cash inflows from operating activities were $19.9 million, a decrease of 33% when compared to the prior year. Net income, after adjusting for non-cash charges, during Fiscal 2022 was $14.8 million, a decrease of 53% when compared to the prior year. Net income included non-cash charges and recoveries of $42.4 million such as depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, loss (gain) on change in fair value of currency forward contracts, net right of use operating asset or liability, accretion of contingent consideration, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, impairment of property and equipment, loss on disposal of domain names, net amortization of contract costs, excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation, accretion of redeemable preferred shares, and deferred income taxes (recovery). In addition, change in our working capital contributed net cash of $5.0 million. Utilized cash of $18.5 million from the changes in the contract asset from DISH, inventory, accounts receivable, deferred revenue, customer deposits and accreditation fees payable were offset by positive contributions of $23.5 million from movements in accrued liabilities, accounts payable, prepaid expenses and deposits, income taxes recoverable, and deferred costs of fulfillment.    Year ended December 31, 2021   Net cash inflows from operating activities were $29.6 million, a decrease of 18% when compared to the prior year. Net income, after adjusting for non-cash charges, during Fiscal 2021 was $31.6 million, a decrease of 12% when compared to the prior year. Net income included non-cash charges and recoveries of $28.3 million such as depreciation, amortization, impairment of indefinite life intangible asset, loss on write-off of property and equipment, write-down on disposal of Ting Mobile customer assets and contract costs, excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation, stock-based compensation, the provision for unrealized losses on currency forward contracts and a recovery for deferred tax. This generation of cash from net income was reduced by a working capital change of $2.0 million. We generated $11.1 million from movements in accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and customer deposits. These positive contributions were offset by cash use of $13.1 million from deferred revenue, prepaid expenses and deposits, deferred costs of fulfillment, income taxes recoverable, contract asset, inventory, and accreditation fees payable.   53 Table of Contents   Year ended December 31, 2020   Net cash inflows from operating activities were $36.1 million, a decrease of 11% when compared to the prior year. Net income, after adjusting for non-cash charges, during Fiscal 2020 was $36.0 million, a decrease of 6% when compared to the prior year. Net income included non-cash charges and recoveries of $30.2 million such as depreciation, amortization, impairment of indefinite life intangible asset, loss on write-off of property and equipment, write-down on disposal of Ting Mobile customer assets and contract costs, excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation, stock-based compensation, the provision for unrealized losses on currency forward contracts and a recovery for deferred tax. This generation of cash from net income was further increased by a working capital change of $0.1 million. We generated $6.7 million from movements in inventory, income taxes recoverable, accrued liabilities, customer deposits and deferred revenue. These positive contributions were offset by cash use of $6.6 million to invest in accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and deposits, deferred costs of fulfillment, accounts payable, and accreditation fees.   Cash Flow from Financing Activities   Year ended December 31, 2022   Net cash inflows from financing activities during Fiscal 2022 totaled $132.0 million as compared to cash inflows of $73.1 million during Fiscal 2021. Total cash inflows were driven by $87.5 million of proceeds from redeemable preferred shares issued to Generate, $48.3 million of proceeds received from drawdown of the Amended Credit Facility, as well as $1.1 million from proceeds received on the exercise of stock options. These cash inflows were partially offset by $3.1 million for contingency consideration related to the acquisition of Cedar and Simply Bits, $1.0 million related to deferred preferred share financing costs for Ting, and $0.7 million related to the payment of loan payable costs.   Year ended December 31, 2021   Net cash inflows from financing activities during Fiscal 2021 totaled $73.1 million as compared to cash inflows of $5.1 million during Fiscal 2020. Net cash inflows of $69 million resulting from draws on the Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility and $4.8 million from proceeds received on the exercise of stock options. These cash inflows were partially offset by $0.4 million outflow from the net impact of exercise of stock options and $0.3 million of loan costs.   Year ended December 31, 2020   Net cash inflows from financing activities during Fiscal 2020 totaled $5.1 million as compared to cash inflows of $43.5 million during Fiscal 2019. Net cash inflows of $8.0 million resulting from draws on the Second Amended 2019 Credit Facility and $1.0 million from proceeds received on the exercise of stock options. These cash inflows were partially offset by $3.3 million outflow for stock repurchases, $0.6 million outflow from the net impact of exercise of stock options and $0.1 million of loan costs.   Cash Flow from Investing Activities   Year ended December 31, 2022   Investing activities during the Fiscal 2022 used net cash of $137.5 million as compared to using $102.0 million during Fiscal 2021. Cash outflows of $136.7 million related to the investment in property, equipment and intangible assets, primarily to support the continued expansion of our Ting Internet Fiber network footprints in California, Colorado, Idaho, North Carolina, and Virginia as we seek to extend both our current network and expand to new markets. We expect our capital expenditures to continue to increase during Fiscal 2023. In addition to investment in property, equipment and intangible assets, the current period used $0.8 million for the acquisition of other intangible assets.   Year ended December 31, 2021   Investing activities during the Fiscal 2021 used net cash of $102.0 million as compared to using $53.3 million during Fiscal 2020. Cash outflows of $73.9 million related to the investment in property, equipment and intangible assets, primarily to support the continued expansion of our fiber footprint. The Company continues to invest in our existing Ting Towns of Centennial, Colorado, Charlottesville, Virginia, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina, Wake Forest, North Carolina, Holly Springs, North Carolina, Sandpoint, Idaho, Rolesville, North Carolina and Culver City, California as we seek to extend both our current network and expand to new markets. We expect our capital expenditures on building and expanding our fiber network to continue to increase during Fiscal 2022. In addition to investment in property, equipment and intangible assets, the current period used $24 million in connection with the acquisition of Simply Bits, used $2.5 million in connection with the acquisition of Uniregistry and used $2.0 million for an investment in an unrelated entity. These cash outflows were partially offset by $0.5 million from proceeds on disposal of property and equipment.   Year ended December 31, 2020   Investing activities during the Fiscal 2020 used net cash of $53.3 million as compared to using $76.1 million during Fiscal 2019. Cash outflows of $44.5 million related to the investment in property, equipment and intangible assets, primarily to support the continued expansion of our fiber footprint. In addition, the Company used $8.8 million in connection with the acquisition of Cedar. The Company continues to invest in our existing Ting Towns of Centennial, Colorado, Charlottesville, Virginia, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina, Wake Forest, North Carolina, Holly Springs, North Carolina, and Sandpoint, Idaho as well ramping construction in Roaring Fork, Colorado, Rolesville, North Carolina, and Culver City, California, as we seek to extend both our current network and expand to new towns. We expect our capital expenditures on building and expanding our fiber network to continue to increase significantly during Fiscal 2021.   We may need additional funds or seek other financing arrangements to facilitate more rapid expansion, develop new or enhance existing products or services, respond to competitive pressures or acquire or invest in complementary businesses, technologies, services or products. We may also evaluate potential acquisitions of other businesses, products and technologies. We currently have no commitments or agreements regarding the acquisition of other businesses. If additional financing is required, we may need additional equity or debt financing and any additional financing may be dilutive to existing investors. We may not be able to raise funds on acceptable terms, or at all.   54 Table of Contents   Off Balance Sheet Arrangements   We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2022.   Material Cash Requirements   As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $23.5 million of which $18.0 million belongs to Ting and $5.5 million belongs to Excluding-Ting.    Ting    Prior to the Company entering into the Unit Purchase Agreement, the LLC Agreement and the Amended Credit Agreement on August 8, 2022, Ting's operating losses, acquisitions and capital investments were funded by the operating cash flows from Excluding-Ting and the Second Amended 2019 Credit Agreement. Since August 8, 2022, Ting's operating losses and investments in the Ting Internet footprint have been soley funded by the Unit Purchase Agreement. The Unit Purchase Agreement will provide Ting with total capital commitments of $200 million in the form of Series A Preferred Units. As of December 31, 2022, the balance owing on the Unit Purchase Agreement was $91.4 million, with remaining capital commitments of $112.5 million. See Note 13. Redeemable preferred shares to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the terms of the Unit Purchase Agreement. As a result of the Amended Credit Agreement, Ting, LLC and its wholly owned subsidiaries were released from the Second Amended 2019 Credit Agreement, and Ting no longer has access to additional funding from the Amended Credit Agreement. As a result of certain restrictions placed on Ting in the LLC Agreement, we do not expect that Ting will be able to access funding from Excluding-Ting during the next 12 months.    In the next 12 months, Ting has capital purchase commitments of $35.1 million, lease commitments of $4.3 million and other operating expense commitments of $1.3 million. Ting has no debt repayment or interest commitments due in the next 12 months. We believe that Ting's current cash and cash equivalents as well as the remaining capital commitments from the Unit Purchase Agreement will be sufficient to fund Ting's commitments over the next 12 months.    Total Ting network capital expenditures for Fiscal 2023 are expected to be approximately $120 million. Other than the $35.1 million purchase obligations, the Company's remaining planned capital expenditures are discretionary in nature. In order to fund the discretionary portion of capital expenditures, the Company is seeking additional alternative sources of debt and equity financing.    In the long-term, Ting intends to continue the rapid expansion of its Internet footprint through construction activities, joint ventures and acquisitions. Future expansion of the Ting Internet footprint will continue to require further debt and equity financing. Our future expansion of the Ting Internet footprint and access to additional financing will depend on a range of factors, including economic, competitive and business factors as well as changes in government monetary or fiscal policy. Redemptions under the Unit Purchase Agreement are expected to be funded by growth in future cash flows, equity financing as well as alternative debt financing.    Excluding-Ting   Excluding-Ting's acquisitions and capital investments have been funded by the Company's operating income and the Company's existing Amended Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s Amended Credit Facility had an outstanding balance of $239.7 million. There are no scheduled principal repayments within 12 months. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has entered into floating-to-fixed interest rate swap instruments with a notional value of $70 million. Future interest payments associated with the Amended Credit Agreement are estimated to total $20.5 million, with $11.7 millionpayable within 12 months using current interest rates, net of our interest rate swaps, assuming no repayments. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement.   In the next 12 months, Excluding-Ting has lease commitments of $0.9 million and other operating expense commitments of $12.6 million. Excluding-Ting has no capital expenditure commitments. We believe that Excluding-Ting's current cash and cash equivalents as well as operating cash flow will be sufficient to fund Excluding-Ting's commitments over the next 12 months. For Fiscal 2023, the Company plans to fund Excluding-Ting's cash requirements solely through operating income, while making discretionary loan repayments to create greater operating flexibility and access to additional financing.    55 Table of Contents   In the long-term, Excluding-Ting may seek additional financing to accelerate the growth of our Wavelo business, repurchase shares or future acquisitions. The Company's credit facility expires on September 30, 2024 and the Company will be required to refinance the Amended Credit Agreement once it becomes due .    ITEM 7A.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK   We develop products in Canada and sell these services in North America and Europe. Our sales are primarily made in U.S. dollars, while a major portion of expenses are incurred in Canadian dollars. Our financial results could be affected by factors such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates or weak economic conditions in foreign markets. Our interest income is sensitive to changes in the general level of Canadian and U.S. interest rates, particularly since the majority of our investments are in short-term instruments. Based on the nature of our short-term investments, we have concluded that there is no material interest rate risk exposure as of December 31, 2022. We are also subject to market risk exposure related to changes in interest rates under our  Third Amended 2019 Credit Facility. We do not expect that any changes in interest rates will be material; however, fluctuations in interest rates are beyond our control. We will continue to monitor and assess the risks associated with interest expense exposure and may take additional actions in the future to mitigate these risks.   Although our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, a substantial portion of our fixed expenses are incurred in Canadian dollars. Our policy with respect to foreign currency exposure is to manage financial exposure to certain foreign exchange fluctuations with the objective of neutralizing some of the impact of foreign currency exchange movements. Exchange rates are, however, subject to significant and rapid fluctuations, and therefore we cannot predict the prospective impact of exchange rate fluctuations on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Accordingly, we have entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to mitigate the exchange rate risk on portions of our Canadian dollar exposure.   As of December 31, 2022, we had the following outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts to trade U.S. dollars in exchange for Canada dollars:     Maturity date (Dollar amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)   Notional amount of U.S. dollars     Weighted average exchange rate of U.S. dollars     Fair value                             January - March 2023     15,132       1.3283       (270 ) April - June 2023     13,074       1.3385       (119 ) July - September 2023     11,332       1.3633       113   October - December 2023     10,150       1.3744       192       $ 49,688       1.3484     $ (84 )   As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $49.7 million of outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts which will convert to CDN $67.0 million. Of these contracts, $49.7 million met the requirements for hedge accounting.   As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $25.2 million of outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts which will convert to CDN $32.0 million. Of these contracts, $25.2 million met the requirements for hedge accounting.   We have performed a sensitivity analysis model for foreign exchange exposure over the year ended December 31, 2022. The analysis used a modeling technique that compares the U.S. dollar equivalent of all expenses incurred in Canadian dollars, at the actual exchange rate, to a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in the foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar, with all other variables held constant. Foreign currency exchange rates used were based on the market rates in effect during the year ended December 31, 2022. The sensitivity analysis indicated that a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in foreign currency exchange rates would result in a decrease in pre-tax net income for the year ended December 31, 2022 of approximately$5.9 million. There can be no assurances that the above projected exchange rate decrease will materialize. Fluctuations of exchange rates are beyond our control. We will continue to monitor and assess the risk associated with these exposures and may take additional actions in the future to hedge or mitigate these risks.   Credit Risk   Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash equivalents, marketable securities, foreign exchange contracts and accounts receivable. Our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are in high-quality securities placed with major banks and financial institutions whom we have evaluated as highly creditworthy, and commercial paper. Similarly, we enter into our foreign exchange contracts with major banks and financial institutions. With respect to accounts receivable, we perform ongoing evaluations of our customers, generally granting uncollateralized credit terms to our customers, and maintaining an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical experience and our expectation of future losses.   Interest rate risk   Our exposure to interest rate fluctuations relate primarily to our  Amended Credit Agreement.   56 Table of Contents   As of December 31, 2022, we had an outstanding balance of $239.7 m illion on the Amended  Credit Agreement.  The Amended Credit Agreement added SOFR Loans as a form of advance available under the Credit Facility to replace LIBOR rate advances, and such SOFR loans may bear interest based on Adjusted Daily Simple SOFR (defined to be the applicable SOFR rate published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York plus 0.10% per annum subject to a floor of zero) or Adjusted Term SOFR (defined to be the applicable SOFR rate published by CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited plus 0.10% for one-month, 0.15% for three-months, and 0.25% for six-months per annum).  In May 2020, the Company entered into a pay-fixed, receive-variable interest rate swap with a Canadian chartered bank to limit the potential interest rate fluctuations incurred on its future cash flows related to the variable interest payments on the Credit facility. The notional value of the interest rate swap was $70 million as of December 31, 2022, consistent with December 31, 2021. The Company does not use the interest rate swap for trading or speculative purposes. The interest rate swap contract matures in June 2023. As of December 31, 2022, an adverse change of one percent on the interest rate would have the effect of increasing our annual interest payment on  the Amended Credit Agreement  by approximately $1.7 million, assuming that the loan balance as of December 31, 2022 is outstanding for the entire period.   ITEM 8.     FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA   Our consolidated financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are attached to this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1.   ITEM 9.     CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE   None.   ITEM 9A.  CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES   Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures   As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e). Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that is described below in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2022.   Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting   Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and includes those policies and procedures that:      ● Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;   ●  Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America   ●      Provide reasonable assurance that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorization of our management and directors; and   ● Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.   Because of its inherent limitations, such as resource constraints, human error, lack of knowledge or awareness and the possibility of intentional circumvention of these controls, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Furthermore, the design of any control system is based, in part, upon assumptions about the likelihood of future events, for which assumptions may ultimately prove to be incorrect. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.   57 Table of Contents   Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).   Based on the results of our evaluation, management has determined that due to the material weakness described below, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of   December 31, 2022 .   A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In connection with our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting we determined that the design and operating effectiveness of our controls pertaining to capitalizing certain costs were inadequate to ensure that i) a technical accounting assessment was completed related to secondary accounting implications of the Redeemable Preferred Share transaction in the third quarter of 2022 as it related to capitalization of interest on Ting assets under construction and ii) the accuracy of labor cost inputs used to determine the capitalization costs of internal efforts for the build and installation of Ting fiber network.  Notwithstanding that we did not identify any material misstatements to the consolidated financial statements and there were no changes to the previously released results as a result of this material weakness, the control deficiencies created a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.    KPMG LLP ("KPMG"), our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting, which report expresses an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. These reports are set forth at the beginning of Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.   Remediation Plan for the Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting   In light of the material weakness identified above, the Company performed additional analysis and other post-closing procedures to ensure that the Company’s consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP and accurately reflect its financial position and results of its operations as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.  There were no current or prior period financial statement adjustments as a result of the material weaknesses noted nor from the additional procedures performed.   As a result, notwithstanding the material weakness as described above, management concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.   In addition, subsequent to our  December 31, 2022 fiscal year end, we began taking steps to redesign processes and controls to ensure a more precise review of certain costs to identify those that should be capitalized. We are also evaluating our financial team organizational structure, and what changes to roles and responsibilities we can make to enhance controls and compliance, including investing in additional technical accounting support. We expect to continue our remediation efforts, including testing of operating effectiveness of new or improved controls for a reasonable period of time. If appropriate, we expect to make further changes to our internal controls to enhance or further develop the remediation plan we have already adopted.     Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting   Other than the material weakness noted above, t here were no changes made in our internal controls over financial reporting  occurred during Fiscal 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.    ITEM 9B.  OTHER INFORMATION   On March 14, 2023 the Company entered into an Amending Agreement No. 2 (the “Credit Agreement Amendment”) to the Third Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement the (“Amended Credit Agreement”) with its existing syndicate of lenders. The Amended Credit Agreement continues to provide the Company with access to an aggregate of $240 million in committed funds, however there is a suspension to the $60 million accordion during the relief period (the “Leverage Step Up Period”) which is defined as from Closing (March 14, 2023) to the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the period ending on December 31, 2023 demonstrating compliance with financial covenants. Additionally, the Credit Agreement Amendment has extended the maturity of the Credit Facility to September 30, 2024. As a result of the closing of the Credit Agreement Amendment, the Company is subject to the following financial covenants at all times, with monthly testing during the Leverage Step Up Period and reverting to quarterly tests thereafter: (i) maximum Total Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio of 4.50:1.00 from March 14, 2023 up to and including September 29, 2023; 4.00:1.00 from September 30, 2023 up to and including December 30, 2023; and 3.75:1.00 thereafter; and (ii) minimum Interest Coverage Ratio of 3.00:1.00. The Company's credit facility expires on September 30, 2024 and the Company will be required to refinance the Amended Credit Agreement once it becomes due. On March 14, 2023 the Company made a repayment of $2.8 million on the Credit Facility.   ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS   None.   58 Table of Contents   PART III   ITEM 10.  DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE     Robin Chase Chair of the Board since September 2021 and Director since October 2014   Robin Chase, 64, is a transportation entrepreneur. She is co-founder and former CEO of Zipcar, founded in 2000, the world’s leading car sharing network; as well as co-founder of Veniam, founded in 2012, a network company that moves terabytes of data between vehicles and the cloud. In 2019, she co-founded her first nonprofit, NUMO, a global alliance to channel the opportunities presented by new urban mobility technologies to build cities that are sustainable and just. Her book is  Peers Inc: How People and Platforms are Inventing the Collaborative Economy and Reinventing Capitalism .   In addition to Ms. Chase’s position as Chair of the Tucows Board, she sits on the boards of World Resources Institute, and serves on the Dutch multinational DSM’s Sustainability Advisory Board. In the past, she served on the boards of Veniam and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation, the French National Digital Agency, the National Advisory Council for Innovation & Entrepreneurship for the US Department of Commerce, the Intelligent Transportations Systems Program Advisory Committee for the US Department of Transportation, the OECD’s International Transport Forum Advisory Board, the Massachusetts Governor’s Transportation Transition Working Group, and Boston Mayor’s Wireless Task Force.   Ms. Chase lectures widely, has been frequently featured in the major media, and has received many awards in the areas of innovation, design, and environment, including the prestigious Urban Land Institute’s Nicols Prize as Urban Visionary, Time 100 Most Influential People, Fast Company Fast 50 Innovators, and BusinessWeek Top 10 Designers. Robin graduated from Wellesley College and MIT’s Sloan School of Management, was a Harvard University Loeb Fellow, and received an honorary Doctorate of Design from the Illinois Institute of Technology.   Ms. Chase’s experience operating companies at the chief executive officer level along with her numerous experiences on these boards and councils qualify her to be a director of Tucows.   Allen Karp Director since October 2005 and Chair Emeritus since September 2021   Mr. Karp, 82, was with Cineplex Odeon Corporation in various positions from 1986 to 2005, retiring as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer in 2002 and as Chairman Emeritus in 2005. From 1966 to 1986, he practiced law at the law firm of Goodman and Carr LLP, where he was named partner in 1970. Mr. Karp was until recently a Director of Brookfield Real Estate Services Inc., where he also served on the Audit Committee and as the Chair of the Corporate Governance Committee. From 2004 to 2014, Mr. Karp was Chairman of the Board of Directors of IBI Group Inc., as well as Chairman of the Nominating, Governance and Compensation Committee. Mr. Karp is a past director of the Toronto International Film Festival Group, where he served as Chairman of the Board from 1999 to 2007 and served as Chairman of its Corporate Governance Committee from 2007 to 2012. Additionally, Mr. Karp has previously served as director of several other public corporations.   Mr. Karp has extensive executive leadership skills, long-standing senior management experience, a strong ethics and compliance focus and audit committee experience. These skills and qualifications, in addition to his recent service on the boards of directors of other public companies, enable him to bring valuable perspectives to our Board, particularly with respect to corporate governance matters, and qualify him to be a director of Tucows.   Erez Gissin Director since August 2001   Mr. Gissin, 64, has served since 2010 as a managing partner in Helios Energy Investment, a renewable energy investment fund. From 2005 to 2010, Mr. Gissin served as the Chief Executive Officer of BCID Ltd., an investment company focusing on infrastructure development projects in China. From 2000 to 2005, Mr. Gissin served as the Chief Executive Officer of IP Planet Networks Ltd., an Israeli satellite communication operator providing Internet backbone connectivity and solutions to Internet Service Providers. From 1995 to 2000, Mr. Gissin was Vice President, Business Development of Eurocom Communications Ltd., a holding company that controls several telecommunications services, equipment and Internet companies in Israel.   Mr. Gissin has a strong background in the internet communications industry and has gained significant institutional knowledge in his long tenure as one of our directors. Mr. Gissin also has significant leadership experience as the Chief Executive Officer of BCID Ltd. and IP Planet Networks Ltd. and has extensive financial acumen derived from his years of executive experience and PE fund management. All of these qualities qualify Mr. Gissin to be a director of Tucows.   59 Table of Contents   Elliot Noss Director since August 2001   Mr. Noss, 60, is our President and Chief Executive Officer and has served in such capacity since the completion of our merger with Tucows Delaware in August 2001. From May 1999 until completion of the merger in August 2001, Mr. Noss served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Tucows Delaware. Before that, from April 1997 to May 1999, Mr. Noss served as Vice President of Corporate Services of Tucows Interactive Ltd., which was acquired by Tucows Delaware in May 1999.   Mr. Noss’s lengthy service as our Chief Executive Officer has provided him with extensive knowledge of, and experience with, Tucows’ operations, strategy and financial position. In addition, Mr. Noss has widespread knowledge of the internet and software industry generally that, coupled with his operational expertise, qualifies him to be a director of Tucows.    Jeffrey Schwartz Director since June 2005   Mr. Schwartz, 60, has served as a director of Dorel Industries since 1987 and as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 2003. Mr. Schwartz is a graduate of McGill University in Montreal and has a degree in the field of business administration.   Mr. Schwartz has a significant amount of public-company financial expertise, particularly in his executive experience as the chief financial officer of Dorel Industries, Inc. This executive experience, along with Mr. Schwartz’s service as one of our Audit Committee members (and as Chairperson of our Audit Committee since 2005), qualifies him to be a director of Tucows.   Brad Burnham Director since January 2017   Brad Burnham, 68, is the co-founder and a current Partner of Union Square Ventures (“USV”), founded in 2003, an early stage venture capital firm in New York. USV has invested in more than 75 Internet services, including, Twitter, Inc., Tumblr, Inc., Etsy, Inc., Indeed, Inc., Zynga Inc., Foursquare Labs, Inc, Duolingo, Inc. and Coinbase, Inc. Prior to USV, Mr. Burnham was a partner at AT&T Ventures, the venture capital arm of AT&T. AT&T Ventures invested in consumer facing Internet services like Audible, telecommunications technology companies such as Argon, Xedia, and Juniper Networks, and Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs) such as Knology, and Data Local Exchange Carriers (“DLECs”) such as Covad. Prior to joining AT&T Ventures, Mr. Burnham was the founder and CEO of Echo Logic, a software tools company spun out of Bell Laboratories. Earlier in his career, Brad held a number of management positions in sales, marketing and business development at AT&T Computer Systems. He began his career as a sales representative at New York Telephone.  Mr. Burnham also currently serves on the boards of directors of several non-public organizations.   Mr. Burnham has extensive experience in investing in and serving on the boards of numerous internet service companies which qualify him to be a director of Tucows.   Marlene Carl Director since September 2021   Marlene Carl, 33, became Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") at MEDIQON group AG in 2021, a German publicly traded company focused on entrepreneurial and long-term investments in companies with scalable business models from a variety of sectors including a number of software companies. Prior to joining MEDIQON in 2020, Ms. Carl worked in financing for eight years focusing on digital infrastructure in Europe from FTTH roll-outs in rural areas to data center construction for banks, including Berenberg and NIBC Bank N.V. based in Hamburg, London and Frankfurt.  Ms. Carl holds a Master of Science from Frankfurt School of Finance & Management with focus on Capital Markets.   Ms. Carl’s experience in investment management and infrastructure financing, including FTTH projects, qualify her to be a director of Tucows.   Our directors are elected annually and serve until the election or appointment and qualification of their successors or their earlier death, resignation or removal.   Executive Officers   The required information regarding our executive officers is set forth in Part I, Item 1 hereof under the caption “Executive Officers and Key Employees” and is incorporated herein by reference.   Governance Principles   The governance principles of our Board include the charters of our Audit Committee and our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee. Our governing principles also include our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics which includes specifics for our senior officers, including our Chief Executive Officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Each of these documents can be obtained without charge from our Internet web site at tucows.com. Amendments and waivers of our ethics policy for our senior officers will either be posted on our website or filed with the SEC on a Current Report on Form 8-K.   Ms. Chase serves as Chair of the Board. The Board currently consists of seven directors, all of whom, except for Elliot Noss, are “independent” within the meaning of the independence requirements prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market.  The Board believes that this structure, which provides an overwhelming majority of independent directors, coupled with the Board meeting in executive session without any management directors or non-independent directors present, is an appropriate structure for Tucows’ Board. We believe that this structure provides appropriate and independent oversight by the Board. The Board regularly consults with our Chief Executive Officer, who is also a director, and our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee to review the various types of risk that affect Tucows and the strategies to mitigate such risks. The Board believes that this structure has been effective.   Meetings   Our Board met seven times for regularly scheduled meetings and seven times for special meetings during F iscal 2022. Our Board also took action by unanimous writte n consent on four occ asions during Fiscal 2022. Each director atte nded at least 75% of the total number of meetings of the Board during Fiscal 2022.   60 Table of Contents   Executive Sessions of Independent Directors   A majority of the independent directors meet quarterly in executive sessions without members of our management present. Ms. Chase is responsible for chairing the executive sessions.   Policy Regarding Attendance   Directors are expected, but are not required, to attend board meetings, meetings of committees on which they serve, and shareholder meetings, and to spend the time needed and meet as frequently as necessary to discharge their responsibilities properly.  Elliot Noss attended our 2022 annual meeting of shareholders held virtually.  The remainder of the Board were available on request.   Committees   Our Board has two committees, an audit committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and a corporate governance, nominating and compensation committee. Our committees generally meet in connection with regularly scheduled quarterly and annual meetings of the Board, with additional meetings held as often as its members deem necessary to perform its responsibilities. From time to time, depending on the circumstances, the Board may form a new committee or disband a current committee.   The Audit Committee currently consists of Mr. Schwartz (Chair), Mr. Karp and Mr. Gissin, all of whom are independent directors as prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market.   The Audit Committee held five meetings d uring Fiscal 2022. Each member of the Audit Committee attended at least 75% of the total number of meetings of the committee during Fiscal 2022. The Audit Committee’s purposes are to:     ● Provide oversight of the Company’s accounting and financial reporting processes and the audit of the Company’s financial statements;         ● Assist the Board in oversight of (i) the integrity of the Company’s financial statements, (ii) the Company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (iii) the qualifications, independence and performance of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, and (iv) the Company’s internal accounting and financial controls;         ● Provide to the Board such information and materials as it may deem necessary to make the Board aware of significant financial matters that require the attention of the Board; and         ● Oversee the management of risks associated with the Company’s financial reporting, accounting and auditing matters.   Each of the members of our Audit Committee is an independent director and satisfies the independence standards as prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and is able to read and understand fundamental financial statements including balance sheets, income statements and cash flow statements. Additionally, the Board has determined that Mr. Schwartz qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined under Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Board has adopted a written charter for the Audit Committee, which the Audit Committee has reviewed and determined to be in compliance with the rules prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and which is available at tucows.com.   The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee currently consists of Ms. Chase (Chair), Mr. Schwartz and Mr. Karp.  Each member of our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee is an independent director as defined in the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and also satisfies the applicable compensation committee member independence standards as prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act.   The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee hel d four meet ings during Fiscal 2022. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee took action by unanimous written con sent on one occasi on during Fiscal 2022. Each member of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee attended at least 75% of the total number of meetings of the committee during Fiscal 2022. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee’s purposes are to:     ● Identify individuals qualified to become board members, consistent with criteria approved by the Board.   ● Select, or recommend that the Board select, the director nominees for election at each annual meeting of stockholders.   ● Oversee the evaluation of the Board and management.   ● Review and approve corporate goals and objectives relevant to the CEO compensation, evaluate the CEO's performance in light of those goals and objectives, and, either as a committee or together with the other independent directors (as directed by the Board), determine and approve the CEO's compensation level based on this evaluation.   ● Review and approve non-CEO Executive compensation including incentive compensation and equity-based compensation.   ● Provide oversight of the Company’s compensation policies and plans and benefits programs, and overall compensation philosophy.   ● Administer the Company’s equity compensation plans for its executive officers and employees and the granting of equity awards pursuant to such plans or outside of such plans; and   ● Cause to be prepared the report of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation required by the rules and regulations of the SEC.    61 Table of Contents   The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee may delegate authority to one or more members of this committee or one or more members of management when appropriate, but no such delegation is allowed if the authority is required by law, regulation or listing standard to be exercised by the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee as a whole. The Board has adopted a written charter for the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee, which the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee has reviewed and determined to be in compliance with the rules prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and which is available at tucows.com .   Our executive officers do not play a formal role in determining their compensation. However, our People Team reviews (i) information the Company purchased from Payscales (formerly known as Payfactor) and (ii) published trends for the year from a variety of public sources, and, after consulting with Mr. Noss, our Chief Executive Officer, provides consolidated information outlining management’s recommendation regarding executive officer compensation based on title to the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee then reviews and discusses the information provided with our CEO and Chief People Officer and then determines the total compensation for each named executive office, as it deems appropriate.   Board Leadership Structure and Responsibilities   Our Board of Directors oversees management’s performance on behalf of our shareholders. Our Board's primary responsibilities are to (1) monitor management’s performance to assess whether we are operating in an effective, efficient and ethical manner to create value for our shareholders, (2) periodically review our long-range plans, business initiatives, capital projects and budget matters and (3) approve compensation for our President and Chief Executive Officer who, with senior management, manages our day-to-day operations.     Our Board and its committees meet throughout the year on a set schedule, and also hold special meetings and act by written consent from time to time as appropriate. The independent directors meet without management present at regularly scheduled executive sessions at each quarterly Board meeting and some special Board meetings. Our Board has delegated certain responsibilities and authority to its Audit Committee and Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee. The Audit Committee periodically discusses with management the Company's policies and guidelines regarding risk assessment and risk management, as well as the Company's major financial risk exposures and the steps that management has taken to monitor and control such exposures. The Audit Committee also reviews, evaluates and recommends changes to the Company’s financial reporting policies and procedures. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee reviews and evaluates the risks underlying the Company’s compensation policies and plans and recommends changes to these policies and plans accordingly. Our Board believes that risk oversight actions taken by our Board and its committees are appropriate and effective at this time.   We believe it is beneficial to separate the roles of Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson to facilitate their differing roles in the leadership of our company. The role of the Chairperson includes setting the agenda for, and presiding over, all meetings of our Board of Directors, including executive sessions of independent directors, providing input regarding information sent to our Board of Directors, serving as liaison between the Chief Executive Officer and the independent directors and providing advice and assistance to the Chief Executive Officer. The Chairperson is also a key participant in establishing performance objectives and overseeing the process for the annual evaluation of our Chief Executive Officer’s performance. In addition, under our Bylaws, our Chairperson has the authority to call special meetings of our Board and shareholders. In contrast, our Chief Executive Officer is responsible for handling our day-to-day management and direction, serving as a leader to the management team and formulating corporate strategy.   Currently our Chairperson is Ms. Chase, while Mr. Noss serves as our Chief Executive Officer.  Ms. Chase is an independent director. Ms. Chase has extensive executive leadership skills, long-standing senior management and board experience, and a strong ethics and compliance focus.   We believe that this leadership structure for our Board provides us with the most effective level of oversight over the Company’s business operations while at the same time enhancing our Board’s ability to oversee our enterprise-wide approach to risk management and corporate governance and best serves the interests of our shareholders. It allows for a balanced corporate vision and strategy, which is necessary to address the challenges and opportunities we face at this time and demonstrates our commitment to good corporate governance. In addition, it allows for appropriate oversight of the Company by our Board, fosters appropriate accountability of management and provides a clear delineation of responsibilities for each position.   Board Diversity   We believe it is important that our Board is composed of individuals reflecting the diversity represented by our employees, our customers, and our communities. With the addition of Marlene Carl in 2021, we have expanded the diversity of our Board.  Below, we provide an enhanced disclosure regarding the diversity of our Board as required by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market.     Board Diversity Matrix (As of March 15, 2023) Total Number of Directors 7   Female Male Non- Binary Did Not Disclose Gender Part I: Gender Identify   Directors 2 5 0 0 Part II: Demographic Background   African American or Black 0 0 0 0 Alaskan Native or Native American 0 0 0 0 Asian 0 0 0 0 Hispanic or Latinx 0 0 0 0 Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 0 0 0 0 White 2 5 0 0 Two or More Races or Ethnicities 0 0 0 0 LGBTQ+ 0 Did Not Disclose Demographic Background 0   62 Table of Contents   Role of the Board in Risk Oversight   One of our Board’s key functions is providing oversight of our risk management process. Our Board does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through our Board as a whole, as well as through Board of Directors standing committees that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our Audit Committee has the responsibility to consider and discuss our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee assesses and monitors whether any of our compensation policies and programs has the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking, monitors our major legal compliance risk exposures and our program for promoting and monitoring compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements, and our Board is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure and other risks not covered by our committees.   The full Board (or the appropriate committee in the case of risks that are under the purview of a particular committee) receives reports on the risks we face from our Chief Executive Officer or other members of management to enable us to understand our risk identification, risk management and risk mitigation strategies. When a committee receives the report, the chairperson of the relevant committee reports on the discussion to the full Board during that committee’s reports portion of the next Board meeting. However, it is the responsibility of the committee chairs to report findings regarding material risk exposures to our Board as quickly as possible.   Director Nomination   Our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee is responsible for identifying potential nominees to our Board. In considering candidates for nomination, our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee seeks individuals who evidence strength of character, mature judgment, career specialization, relevant technical skills or financial acumen, diversity of viewpoint and industry knowledge. As set forth in the charter of our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee, our Board endeavors to have directors who collectively possess a broad range of skills, expertise, industry and other knowledge and business and other experience useful to the effective oversight of our business. In addition, our Board also seeks members from diverse backgrounds so that our Board consists of members w