What changed in this filing

/stocks — the workspaceLOADING

Item 1. Business

2025-02-05 compared with 2024-01-31 · 92 added, 105 removed, 140 unchanged (58% of the section changed)

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We report Google in two segments, Google Services and Google Cloud, and all non-Google businesses collectively as Other Bets.

Supporting these businesses, we have centralized certain AI-related research and development which is reported in Alphabet-level activities.

Alphabet's structure is about helping each of our businesses prosper through strong leaders and independence.

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Google Search helps people find information and make sense of the world in more natural and intuitive ways, with trillions of searches on Google every year.

YouTube provides people with entertainment, information, and opportunities to learn something new.

Google Assistant offers the best way to get things done seamlessly across different devices, providing intelligent help throughout a person's day, no matter where they are.

YouTube provides people with entertainment, information, and opportunities to learn something new and helps support the creator economy through the YouTube Partner Program.

Google Cloud helps customers solve today’s business challenges, improve productivity, reduce costs, and unlock new growth engines.

We are continually innovating and building new products and features that will help our users, partners, customers, and communities and have invested more than $150 billion in research and development in the last five years in support of these efforts.

We are continually innovating and building new products and features to help our users, partners, customers, and communities and have invested more than $150 billion in research and development in the last five years in support of these efforts.

Alphabet Inc.

Making AI Helpful for Everyone

AI is a transformational technology that can bring meaningful and positive change to people and societies across the world, and for our business.

We believe AI is a profound platform shift, one that can bring meaningful and positive change to people and societies across the world, and to our business.

At Google, we have been bringing AI into our products and services for more than a decade and making them available to our users.

Our journey began in 2001, when machine learning was first incorporated into Google Search to suggest better spellings to users searching the web.

Today, AI in our products is

Alphabet Inc.

used by billions of people globally through features like autocomplete suggestions in Google Search;

translation across 133 languages in Google Translate;

and organization, searching, and editing in Google Photos.

Large language models (LLMs) are an exciting aspect of our work in AI based on deep learning architectures, such as the Transformer, a neural network architecture that we introduced in 2017 that helped with language understanding.

This led to the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, or BERT, in 2019 that helped Search understand the intent of user search queries better than ever before.

Google was a company built in the cloud, and we continue to invest in our Google Cloud offerings, including Google Cloud Platform and Google Workspace, to help organizations stay at the forefront of AI innovation with our AI-optimized infrastructure, mature AI platform and world-class models, and assistive agents.

We believe AI can solve some of the hardest societal, scientific and engineering challenges of our time.

For example, in 2020, Google DeepMind’s AlphaFold system solved a 50-year-old protein folding challenge.

Since then, we have open-sourced to the scientific community 200 million of AlphaFold’s protein structures which are used to work on everything from accelerating new malaria vaccines to advancing cancer drug discovery and developing plastic-eating enzymes.

As another example, AI can also have a transformative effect on climate progress by providing helpful information, predicting climate-related events, and optimizing climate action.

Using advanced AI and geospatial analysis, Google Research has developed flood forecasting models that can provide early warning and real-time flooding information to communities and individuals.

As AI continues to improve rapidly, we are focused on giving helpful features to our users and customers as we deliver on our mission to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.

With a bold and responsible approach, we continue to take the next steps to make this technology even more helpful for everyone.

In 2023, we took a significant step on our journey to make AI more helpful for everyone with the introduction of Gemini, our natively multimodal AI model.

In 2024, we launched Gemini 2.0, our most capable model yet.

Gemini can generalize and seamlessly understand, operate across, and combine different types of information including text, code, audio, image, and video.

Gemini is powering AI features across our products and services that are helping people everyday.

Today, all seven of our two billion-user products — Android, Chrome, Gmail, Maps, Play Store, Search, and YouTube — are using Gemini.

Our Google Cloud products, including Google Cloud Platform and Google Workspace, help organizations stay at the forefront of innovation with our AI-optimized infrastructure, AI development platform, world-class models, as well as assistive agents and applications.

We believe AI has the potential to solve important societal, scientific, and engineering challenges.

For example, in 2020, Google DeepMind’s AlphaFold system solved a 50-year-old protein folding challenge, and in 2024, we introduced AlphaFold 3, built on the previous models, to predict the structure and interactions of all the molecules in life's processes.

We are focused on transforming our products to provide the most helpful tools to our users and customers as we deliver on our mission to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.

Deliver the Most Advanced, Safe, and Responsible AI

We aim to build the most advanced, safe, and responsible AI with models that are developed, trained, and rigorously tested at scale powered by our continued investment in AI technical infrastructure.

In December 2023, we launched Gemini, our most capable and general model.

It was built from the ground up to be multimodal, which means it can generalize and seamlessly understand, operate across, and combine different types of information, including text, code, audio, images, and video.

Our teams across Alphabet will leverage Gemini, as well as other AI models we have previously developed and announced, across our business to deliver the best product and service experiences for our users, advertisers, partners, customers, and developers.

We aim to build the most advanced, safe, and responsible AI through a full stack of robust AI-optimized infrastructure, including data centers, chips, and a global fiber network;

world class research teams;

and a broad global reach through products and platforms that touch billions of people and customers around the world.

We are driving efficiencies in our data centers, while making significant hardware and model improvements.

For example, since we started serving AI Overviews to our users, we have significantly lowered machine costs and latency through hardware, engineering, and technical breakthroughs.

Our AI-optimized infrastructure allows us to use, and offer our customers, a range of AI accelerator options, including our own custom-built Tensor Processing Units (TPUs).

Our teams across Alphabet leverage Gemini, as well as other AI models we have previously developed and announced, to deliver the best product and service experiences for our users, advertisers, partners, customers, and developers.

We are using Gemini 2.0 in new research prototypes, including Project Astra, which explores the future capabilities of a universal AI assistant and Project Mariner, an early prototype capable of taking actions in Chrome as an experimental extension.

We believe our approach to AI must be both bold and responsible.

That means developing AI in a way that maximizes the positive benefits to society while addressing the challenges, guided by our AI Principles.

We published these in 2018, as one of the first companies to articulate principles that put beneficial use, users, safety, and avoidance of harms above business considerations.

While there is natural tension between being bold and being responsible, we believe it is possible — and in fact critical — to embrace that tension productively.

That means developing AI in a way that maximizes the positive benefits to society while addressing its potential challenges, guided by our AI Principles.

Enable Organizations and Developers to Innovate on Google Cloud

AI is not only a powerful enabler, it is also a major platform shift.

AI is a major technology shift for enterprises.

Globally, businesses from startups to large enterprises, and the public sector are thinking about how to drive transformation.

That is why we are focused on making it easy and scalable for others to innovate, and grow, with AI.

That means providing the most advanced computing infrastructure and expanding access to Google’s latest AI models that have been rigorously tested in our own products.

Our Vertex AI platform gives developers the ability to train, tune, augment, and deploy applications using generative AI models and services such as Enterprise Search and Conversations.

Duet AI for Google Cloud provides pre-packaged AI agents that assist developers to write, test, document, and operate software.

That means providing advanced computing infrastructure and expanding access to Google’s latest AI models.

Our Vertex AI platform gives developers the ability to train, tune, augment, test, and deploy applications using Gemini, Imagen, Veo, and other generative AI models.

Gemini for Google Cloud provides pre-packaged AI agents that can assist developers to write, document, test, and operate software as well as assist cybersecurity teams to analyze, detect, protect, and respond to threats.

Improve Knowledge, Learning, Creativity, and Productivity

Things that we now consider routine – like spell check, mobile check deposit, or Google Search, Google Translate, and Google Maps – all use AI.

As AI continues to improve rapidly, we are focused on giving helpful features to our users as we continue to deliver on our mission to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.

While we have been integrating AI into our products for years, we are now embedding the power of generative AI to continue helping our users express themselves and get things done.

For example, Duet AI in Google Workspace helps users write, organize, visualize, accelerate workflows, and have richer meetings.

Bard allows users to collaborate with experimental AI with new features that include image capabilities, coding support, and app integration.

Dream Screen, a new experimental feature in YouTube, allows for the creation of AI-generated video or image backgrounds to Shorts by typing an idea into a prompt.

As AI continues to improve rapidly, we are focused on transforming our products to provide our users the most helpful tools.

Examples include AI Overviews, which allow users to ask their most complex questions, break down concepts in a format that is useful for them, or take a video and ask a question out loud, and NotebookLM, which helps users understand complex information by summarizing sources and providing relevant quotes.

We are embedding the power of generative AI to continue helping our users express themselves and get things done.

For example, the Gemini app allows users to collaborate with new AI features that include image generation capabilities, coding support, and app integration.

Gemini for Google Workspace helps users write, organize, visualize, accelerate workflows, and have richer meetings.

Additionally, we are using Gemini to improve recommendations on YouTube.

We also know businesses of all sizes around the world rely on Google Ads to find customers and grow their businesses — and we

Alphabet Inc.

We also know businesses of all sizes around the world rely on Google Ads to find customers and grow their businesses — and we make that even easier with AI.

With Performance Max, advertisers simply tell us their campaign goals and share their creative assets, and AI will automatically produce and run a highly effective ad campaign across all of Google’s properties, to meet their budget.

Product Studio brings the benefits of AI to businesses of all sizes, helping them easily create uniquely-tailored imagery featuring their products — for free.

Additionally, we are experimenting with Search and Shopping ads that are directly integrated into the AI-powered snapshot and conversational mode in Search Generative Experience.

make that even easier with AI.

For example, advertisers are able to use our updated image generation in Google Ads to produce high-quality imagery for their campaigns, and Demand Gen helps them reach their target audiences.

Build the Most Helpful Personal Computing Platforms and Devices

Over the years, our Pixel phones have incorporated AI compute directly into the device and built experiences on top of it.

Our latest Pixel devices were built around AI, bringing the best AI-assistive experiences to our users, such as Best Take, Magic Editor, and Audio Magic Eraser.

As we look ahead, we are designing our Android and Chrome operating systems with new AI-forward user experiences.

Our latest Pixel devices were built with Gemini Nano, bringing the best AI-assistive experiences to our users, such as Gemini on Pixel, Pixel Screenshots, and Pixel Studio.

Our Android and Chrome operating systems enable users to access Gemini, and other Google AI features throughout their day.

For example, with Circle to Search built directly into the Android experience, users can search anything they see on their phone using a simple gesture.

Many companies get comfortable doing what they have always done, making only incremental changes.

This incrementalism leads to irrelevance over time, especially in technology, where change tends to be revolutionary, not evolutionary.

People thought we were crazy when we acquired YouTube and Android and when we launched Chrome, but those efforts have matured into major platforms for digital video and mobile devices and a safer, popular browser.

Our acquisitions of YouTube and Android and subsequent launch of Chrome have matured into major platforms for digital video and mobile devices and a safer, popular browser.

In Other Bets, our fully autonomous driving technology company, Waymo, is now providing fully autonomous, paid ride-hailing services to customers in multiple cities.

Our early investments in AI started out as moonshots but are now incorporated into our core products and central to future developments.

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and building easy-to-use settings that put people in control.

We are continually enhancing these efforts over time, whether by enabling users to auto-delete their data, giving them tools, such as My Ad Center, to control their ad experience, or advancing anti-malware, anti-phishing, and password security features.

We are continually enhancing these efforts over time, whether by enabling users to auto-delete their data, applying privacy technologies like on-device processing, giving people tools to control their experience, or advancing anti-malware, anti-phishing, and password security features.

For reporting purposes Google comprises two segments:

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We took that a step further with multisearch, which lets people search with text and images at the same time.

Large language models like BERT and Multitask Unified Models, or MUMs, have made it possible to express more natural language queries, vastly improving the quality of results.

Large language models have made it possible to express more natural language queries, vastly improving the types of questions users can ask, and the quality of results.

Each advancement has made it easier and more natural for people to find what they are looking for.

We are now using Gemini customized for Google Search to provide our users an improved Search experience, and AI Overviews has been released in more than one hundred countries, reaching more than one billion users.

This drive to make information more accessible and helpful has led us over the years to improve the discovery and creation of digital content both on the web and through platforms like Google Play and YouTube.

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Fueling all of these great digital experiences are extraordinary platforms and devices.

That is why we continue to invest in platforms like our Android mobile operating system, Chrome browser, and Chrome operating system, as well as growing our family of devices.

That is why we continue to invest in platforms like our Android mobile operating system, Chrome browser, and Chrome operating system, as well as our family of devices.

We see tremendous potential for devices to be helpful and make people's lives easier by combining the best of our AI, software, and hardware.

This potential is reflected in our latest generation of devices, such as the new Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro, and the Pixel Watch 2.

This potential is reflected in our latest generation of devices, such as the new Pixel 9 series and the Pixel Watch 3.

Creating products and services that people rely on every day is a journey that we are investing in for the long-term.

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AI has been foundational to our advertising business for more than a decade.

Products like Performance Max and Product Studio use the full power of our AI to help advertisers find untapped and incremental conversion opportunities.

Products like Demand Gen, Performance Max, and Product Studio use the full power of our AI to help advertisers find untapped and incremental conversion opportunities.

Google Services generates revenues primarily by delivering both performance and brand advertising that appears on Google Search & other properties, YouTube, and Google Network partners' properties ("Google Network properties").

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• consumer subscriptions, which primarily include revenues from YouTube services, such as YouTube TV, YouTube Music and Premium, and NFL Sunday Ticket, as well as Google One;

• platforms , which primarily include revenues from Google Play from the sales of apps and in-app purchases;

• platforms , which primarily include revenues from Google Play sales of apps and in-app purchases;

• devices, which primarily include sales of the Pixel family of devices.

Through our Google Cloud Platform and Google Workspace offerings, Google Cloud generates revenues primarily from consumption-based fees and subscriptions for infrastructure, platform, collaboration tools and other cloud services.

Customers use five key capabilities from Google Cloud.

Customers use Google Cloud in multiple ways such as:

• AI-optimized Infrastructure:

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It can be used to migrate and modernize IT systems and to train and serve various types of AI models.

• Developer Platform:

provides developers, through the Vertex AI platform, the ability to train, tune, augment, test, and deploy applications using Gemini and other leading generative AI models.

We offer widely used first-party, third-party, and open models along with services such as vector search, grounding, and distillation to further improve the cost and quality of models.

• Cybersecurity:

helps customers detect, protect, and respond to a broad range of cybersecurity threats, with AI integrated to further strengthen security outcomes, prioritize which threats to investigate, and identify attack paths, as well as accelerate resolution of cybersecurity threats.

• Databases and Analytics:

provides a variety of different types of databases — relational, key-value, in-memory — to store and manage data for different types of applications.

Our Data Cloud also unifies data lakes, data warehouses, data governance, and advanced machine learning into a single platform that can analyze data across any cloud.

provides AI powered cybersecurity solutions to help customers analyze, detect, protect, and respond to a broad range of cybersecurity threats, to further strengthen security outcomes, prioritize which threats to investigate, and identify attack paths, as well as accelerate resolution of cybersecurity threats.

Alphabet Inc.

• Collaboration Tools:

Google Workspace and Duet AI in Google Workspace provide easy-to-use, secure communication and collaboration tools, including apps like Gmail, Docs, Drive, Calendar, Meet, and more.

These tools enable secure hybrid and remote work, boosting productivity and collaboration.

• Data and Analytics:

provides a variety of different types of databases — relational, key-value, and in-memory — to store and manage data for different types of applications and deliver data to AI agents.

Our data platform also unifies data lakes, data warehouses, data governance, and advanced machine learning into a single platform that helps users analyze data using AI models across any cloud.

• Applications:

offers a broad applications portfolio, including Gemini for Google Cloud and Gemini for Google Workspace, as well as purpose-built agents for Search and our Customer Engagement Suite.

AI has been used in Google Workspace for years to improve grammar, efficiency, security, and more with features like Smart Reply, Smart Compose, and malware and phishing protection in Gmail.

Duet AI in Google Workspace helps users write, organize, visualize, accelerate workflows, and have richer meetings.

• AI Platform and Duet AI for Google Cloud:

Our Vertex AI platform gives developers the ability to train, tune, augment, and deploy applications using generative AI models and services such as Enterprise Search and Conversations.

Duet AI for Google Cloud provides pre-packaged AI agents that assist developers to write, test, document, and operate software.

Across Alphabet, we are also using technology to try to solve big problems that affect a wide variety of industries from improving transportation and health technology to exploring solutions to address climate change.

Now, Gemini for Google Workspace brings our AI-powered agents into Gmail, Docs, Sheets and more to help users write, organize, visualize, accelerate workflows, and have richer meetings.

Across Alphabet, we are also using technology to try to solve big problems that affect a wide variety of industries, including transportation and health technology.

Alphabet’s investment in the portfolio of Other Bets includes businesses that are at various stages of development, ranging from those in the R&D phase to those that are in the beginning stages of commercialization.

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Our business is characterized by rapid change as well as new and disruptive technologies.

We face formidable competition in every aspect of our business, including, among others, from:

We face formidable competition in every aspect of our business, including but not limited to, from:

• general purpose search engines and information services;

• vertical search engines and e-commerce providers for queries related to travel, jobs, and health, which users may navigate directly to rather than go through Google;

• online advertising platforms and networks;

• vertical search engines and e-commerce providers for queries on topics such as those related to travel, jobs, and health, which users may navigate directly to rather than go through Google;

• online advertising platforms and networks, i ncluding online shopping and streaming services;

• other forms of advertising, such as billboards, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television as our advertisers typically advertise in multiple media, both online and offline;

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Ongoing Commitment to Sustainability

We believe that every business has the opportunity and obligation to protect our planet.

Sustainability is one of our core values at Google, and we strive to build sustainability into everything we do.

We have been a leader on sustainability and climate change since Google’s founding more than 25 years ago.

Our sustainability work is focused on empowering individuals to take action, working together with our partners and customers, and working to reduce our carbon footprint across our operations and supply chain.

In 2020, we shared our aspiration to help individuals, cities, and other partners collectively reduce one gigaton of their carbon equivalent emissions annually by 2030.

This is an ambitious vision that we have set to push us to contribute meaningfully to helping with climate solutions beyond our own operations and value chain.

In 2021, we set an ambitious goal to achieve net-zero emissions across all of our operations and value chain, by 2030.

To accomplish this, we aim to reduce 50% of our combined Scope 1, Scope 2 (market-based), and Scope 3 absolute emissions (versus our 2019 baseline) before 2030, and plan to invest in nature-based and technology-based carbon removal solutions to neutralize our remaining emissions.

We have formally committed to the Science Based Targets initiative to seek their validation of our absolute emissions reduction target.

One of the key levers for reducing emissions from our operations is transitioning to clean energy.

Since 2017, we have matched 100% of the electricity consumption of our global operations with purchases of renewable energy on an annual basis.

However, because of differences in the availability of renewable energy sources like solar and wind across the regions where we operate—and because of the variable supply of these resources—we still need to rely on carbon-emitting energy sources that power local grids.

That is why we set a goal to run on 24/7 carbon-free energy (CFE) on every grid where we operate by 2030.

Our environmental strat egy has two key pillars, supported by our dedication to accessible information and technological innovation:

• Our products:

We are empowering people with information about the environmental impacts of their choices.

• Our operations:

We are working to drive sustainability and efficiency across our operations and value chain.

Through our products, we have an aspiration to help individuals, cities, and other partners collectively reduce one gigaton of their carbon equivalent emissions annually by 2030.

In 2021, we set an ambitious goal to reach net-zero emissions across all of our operations and value chain by 2030.

To make progress toward this effort, we aim to reduce 50% of our combined Scope 1, Scope 2 (market-based), and Scope 3 absolute emissions (compared to our 2019 base year) by 2030, and we plan to invest in nature-based and technology-based carbon removal solutions to neutralize our remaining emissions.

Our primary approach to reducing our Scope 2 emissions is through the procurement of carbon-free energy (CFE).

In 2020, we set a goal to run on 24/7 CFE every hour of every day on every grid where we operate by 2030.

In 2023, we began implementing our carbon removals strategy, and we have begun establishing impactful partnerships and have started contracting for carbon removal credits.

Achieving net-zero emissions and 24/7 CFE by 2030 are extremely ambitious goals.

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Some of our plans may take years to deliver results, particularly where they involve building new large-scale infrastructure with long lead times.

So as our business continues to evolve, we expect our emissions to rise before dropping towards our absolute emissions reduction target.

To benefit the people and places where we operate, we have set goals to replenish 120% of the freshwater volume we consume, on average, across our offices and data centers by 2030 and to help restore and improve the quality of water and health of ecosystems in the communities where we operate.

We also aim to maximize the reuse of finite resources across our operations, products, and supply chains.

Our circularity principles focus on designing out waste from the start, keeping materials in use for as long as possible, and promoting healthy materials—for our data centers, workplaces, and products.

More information on our approach to sustainability can be found in our annual sustainability reports, including Google’s Environmental Report.

The contents of our sustainability reports are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document we file with the SEC.

For additional information about risks and uncertainties applicable to our commitments to attain certain sustainability goals, see Item 1A Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our approach will continue to evolve and will require us to navigate significant uncertainty, including the uncertainty around the future environmental impact of AI, which is complex and difficult to predict.

In addition, solutions for some key global challenges do not currently exist, and will depend heavily on the development and improvement of new technologies by us and by the energy sector.

As our business and industry continue to evolve, we expect our total GHG emissions to rise before dropping toward our absolute emissions reduction target.

For additional information about risks and uncertainties applicable to our work on sustainability and efficiency, see Item 1A Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Culture and Workforce

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We embrace collaboration and creativity, and encourage the iteration of ideas to address complex challenges in technology and society.

Our people are critical for our continued success, so we work hard to create an environment where employees can have fulfilling careers, and be happy, healthy, and productive.

Our people are critical for our continued success, so we work hard to create an environment where employees can have fulfilling careers, and be happy, healthy, and perform at a high level.

We offer industry-leading benefits and programs to take care of the diverse needs of our employees and their families, including opportunities for career growth and development, resources to support their financial health, and access to excellent healthcare choices.

Our competitive compensation programs help us to attract and retain top candidates, and we will continue to invest in recruiting talented people to technical and non-technical roles, and rewarding them well.

Our competitive compensation programs help us to attract and retain key talent, and we will continue to invest in recruiting talented people to technical and non-technical roles, and rewarding them well.

We provide a variety of high quality training and support to managers to build and strengthen their capabilities-–ranging from courses for new managers, to learning resources that help them provide feedback and manage performance, to coaching and individual support.

At Alphabet, we are committed to making diversity, equity, and inclusion part of everything we do and to growing a workforce that is representative of the users we serve.

More information on Google’s approach to diversity can be found in our annual diversity reports, available publicly at diversity.google.

The contents of our diversity reports are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document we file with the SEC.

Alphabet Inc.

As of December 31, 2024, Alphabet had 183,323 employees.

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Supporting healthy and open dialogue is central to how we work, and we communicate information about the company through multiple internal channels to our employees.

When necessary we contract with businesses around the world to provide specialized services where we do not have appropriate in-house expertise or resources, often in fields that require specialized training like cafe operations, content moderation, customer support, and physical security.

We also contract with temporary staffing agencies when we need to cover short-term leaves, when we have spikes in business needs, or when we need to quickly incubate special projects.

When appropriate we partner with outside companies on a contractual basis to provide a specialized service or to temporarily cover a short-term need.

The employees of our suppliers and staffing partners — vendors and temporary staff, respectively — and independent contractors who are self-employed, make up our extended workforce.

We choose our partners and staffing agencies carefully, and review their compliance with Google’s Supplier Code of Conduct.

We continually make improvements to promote a respectful and positive working environment for everyone — employees, vendors, and temporary staff alike.

Government Regulation

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Like other companies in the technology industry, we face increasingly heightened scrutiny from both U.S.

and foreign governments with respect to our compliance with laws and regulations.

and foreign governments with respect to our compliance with laws and

Alphabet Inc.

Many of these laws and regulations are evolving and their applicability and scope, as interpreted by the courts, remain uncertain.

Particularly with regard to AI;

climate change and sustainability;

consumer protection;

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news publications;

and reporting on human capital and diversity, we have seen an increase in new and evolving laws and regulations, as well as related enforcement actions and investigations, being proposed and implemented in recent years by legislative and regulatory bodies around the world.

Our compliance with these laws and regulations may be onerous and could, individually or in the aggregate, increase our cost of doing business, make our products and services less useful, limit our ability to pursue certain business models, cause us to change our business practices, affect our competitive position relative to our peers, and/or otherwise harm our business, reputation, financial condition, and operating results.

For additional information about government regulation applicable to our business, see Item 1A Risk Factors;

and sustainability and other social matters, we have seen an increase in new and evolving laws and regulations, as well as related enforcement actions and investigations, being proposed and implemented in recent years by legislative and regulatory bodies around the world.

As we have seen in recent years, different laws and regulations on the same topic may not always have the same requirements, and even when requirements overlap, the rules are not always consistently implemented, interpreted, and enforced from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

Our compliance with these laws and regulations may be onerous and could, individually or in the aggregate, increase our cost of doing business, make our products and services less useful, limit our ability to pursue certain business practices or offer certain products and services, cause us to change our business models and operations, affect our competitive position relative to our peers, and/or otherwise harm our business, reputation, financial condition, and operating results.

F or additional information about government regulation applicable to our business, see Item 1A Risk Factors;

Trends in Our Business and Financial Effect in Part II, Item 7;

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Access to our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and our Proxy Statements, and any amendments to these reports, is available on our investor relations website, free of charge, after we file or furnish them with the SEC and they are available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

We webcast via our investor relations website our earnings calls and certain events we participate in or host with members of the investment community.

We webcast via our investor relations YouTube channel and website our earnings calls and certain events we participate in or host with members of the investment community.

Our investor relations website also provides notifications of news or announcements regarding our financial performance and other items that may be material or of interest to our investors, including SEC filings, investor events, press and earnings releases, and blogs.

We also share Google news and product updates on Google's Keyword blog at https://www.blog.google/, which may be of interest or material to our investors.

Further, corporate governance information, including our certificate of incorporation, bylaws, governance guidelines, board committee charters, and code of conduct, is also available on our investor relations website under the heading "Governance." The content of our websites are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document we file with the SEC, and any references to our websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.

Alphabet Inc.

We also share Google news and product updates on Google's Keyword blog at https://www.blog.google/ and News From Google page on X at x.com/NewsFromGoogle, and our executive officers may also use certain social media channels, such as X and LinkedIn, to communicate information about earnings results and company updates, which may be of interest or material to our investors.

Further, corporate governance information, including our certificate of incorporation, bylaws, governance guidelines, board committee charters, and code of conduct, is also available on our investor relations website under the heading "Governance." The information contained on, or that may be accessed through our websites or our executive officers' social media channels, is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document we file with the SEC, and any references to our websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 1. Business