What changed in this filing

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2023-05-09 compared with 2022-11-09 · 166 added, 248 removed, 280 unchanged (60% of the section changed)

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In addition, any statements that refer to projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth and trends in our businesses, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements.

Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict, including the continuing impact of the coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic on our business, results of operations and financial condition and governmental and our further responses to it, and those identified below, under “Part II, Item 1A.

Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict, including increasing inflation and interest rates and other macro-economic impacts on our business, results of operations and financial condition and governmental and our responses to such events, including those identified below, under “Part II, Item 1A.

Risk Factors,” and elsewhere herein.

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1) Consumer Services, 2) Business to Business ("B2B") Services, and 3) Money Movement Services.

Net interest income, certain other investment income earned by our bank, interest profit sharing arrangements with certain BaaS partners (a reduction of revenue), eliminations of intersegment revenues and expenses, and unallocated corporate expenses that are not considered when our CODM evaluates the performance of our three reportable segments are recorded in Corporate and Other expenses.

Net interest income, certain other investment income earned by our bank, interest profit sharing arrangements with certain BaaS partners (a reduction of revenue), eliminations of inter-segment revenues and expenses, and unallocated corporate expenses that are not considered when our CODM evaluates the performance of our three reportable segments are recorded in Corporate and Other expenses.

Refer to our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K "Part 1, Item 1.

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Consolidated Financial Results and Trends

Our consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

2022 2021 Change % 2022 2021 Change %

Our consolidated results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31,

2023 2022 Change %

(In thousands, except percentages)

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Net income 36,012 38,624 (2,612) (6.8) %

Refer to "Segment Results" for a summary of financial results of each of our reportable segments.

Refer to "Segment Results" below for a summary of financial results of each of our reportable segments.

Total operating revenues

Our total operating revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased $4.2 million, or 1%, and $4.8 million, or 0.4%, respectively, over the prior year comparable periods.

Net changes within each of these periods were driven by higher revenues in our B2B Services segment and higher net interest income in our Corporate and Other segment, partially offset by lower revenues earned from our Consumer Services and Money Movement Services segments.

Our deposit account programs within our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments have previously benefited from shifts in consumer behavior towards electronic payments throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, which created a higher demand and usage of our products and services.

In part, this was driven by the economic stimulus funds and incremental unemployment benefits enacted by the U.S.

federal government that were distributed to new and existing customers in 2021 as disclosed in our prior filings.

No such economic stimulus packages have been enacted to date in 2022 and as a result, our key metrics have normalized, creating more challenging year-over-year comparisons.

The timing and magnitude of these federal relief programs in the prior year, as well as our strategic decision to reduce marketing spend on GO2bank throughout this fiscal year due to higher than expected acquisition costs per account, have resulted in a decrease in our consolidated active accounts year-over-year by 19% as of September 30, 2022.

These factors have also impacted gross dollar volume, which decreased 2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and purchase volume, which decreased 12% and 24% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, over the prior year comparable periods.

Despite some of these macro environment trends, gross dollar value increased 14% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 driven by growth from certain BaaS partners.

We expect our key performance indicators to moderate on a year-over-year basis as the effect of federal and state governmental actions continues to lessen.

In our Consumer Services segment, revenues decreased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 by 19% and 17%, respectively, over the prior year comparable periods.

Gross dollar volume, the number of active accounts, the number of direct deposit active accounts and purchase volume declined year-over-year for the three months ended September 30, 2022 by 19%, 26%, 20% and 17%, respectively.

Gross dollar volume and purchase volume decreased by 29% and 26%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

We believe these decreases are attributable to several factors, including the timing of stimulus payments and other federal benefits received by our cardholders in 2021 as discussed above, and lower account acquisition from reduced marketing spend on GO2bank due to a higher than expected cost per account, as well as changes in consumer traffic within our retail locations.

These factors had a corresponding impact on the amount of revenue we earn, such as monthly maintenance fees, ATM fees and interchange.

These revenue declines in our Consumer Services segment were partially offset by the customer adoption of recent features, such as our optional overdraft protection program services made available to cardholders across our portfolios, and favorable decreases in the amount of cash back rewards on our legacy card programs due to changes in consumer behavioral trends and the estimated redemption amounts.

Within our B2B Services segment, revenues increased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 by 34% and 29%, respectively, over the prior year comparable periods.

Gross dollar volume grew overall during the three months ended September 30, 2022 by 37% year-over-year, while the number of active accounts and purchase volume decreased by 9% and 2%, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, gross dollar volume increased by 22%, while purchase volume decreased by 18% over the prior year comparable periods.

Overall, many of our BaaS partners within our B2B Services segment were impacted by similar trends seen in our Consumer Services segment;

however, growth in gross dollar volume from certain programs resulted in a net increase in segment revenue due to higher program management service fees earned from BaaS partners, despite a lower number of active accounts and lower purchase volume.

Total Money Movement Services segment revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 decreased by 17% and 6%, respectively, over the prior year comparable periods, driven primarily by a decrease in the number of cash transfers processed of 9% and 12%, respectively.

The Green Dot Network is a service provider to accountholders in our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments, as well as third-party programs.

Our total operating revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased $15.8 million, or 3.9%, over the prior year comparable period, driven primarily by higher revenues in our B2B Services segment, partially offset by lower revenues earned in our Consumer Services segment.

Our consolidated total operating revenues increased year-over-year due to the continued growth of certain BaaS partner programs, which resulted in an increase in our total gross dollar volume of 34% for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

However, our deposit account programs overall were negatively impacted by several other factors, including our strategic decision to reduce marketing spend on GO2bank in the current period due to higher than expected acquisition costs per account, our decision to de-emphasize many of our legacy cardholder programs in support of GO2bank, macro-economic factors leading to economic challenges for consumers and other trends that have impacted acquisition at retail locations, and the non-renewal of certain BaaS partner programs as previously disclosed.

Each of these factors impacted our consolidated active accounts, purchase volume and number of cash transfers, which decreased year-over-year by 22%, 15% and 2%, respectively.

In our Consumer Services segment, revenues decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 by 12%, over the prior year comparable period.

Gross dollar volume, the number of active accounts, the number of direct deposit active accounts and purchase volume declined year-over-year for the three months ended March 31, 2023 by 14%, 21%, 13% and 13%, respectively.

We believe these decreases are attributable to several factors discussed above, including lower account acquisition from reduced marketing spend on GO2bank, changes in consumer traffic within our retail locations and the non-renewal of one of our retail partner programs.

These factors had a corresponding impact on the amount of revenue we earn from accounts, including through monthly maintenance fees, ATM fees and interchange fees.

These revenue declines in our Consumer Services segment were partially offset by the continued adoption of our optional overdraft protection program services made available to accountholders across our portfolios.

Within our B2B Services segment, revenues increased by 28% during the three months ended March 31, 2023, over the prior year comparable period.

The increase was driven by year-over-year growth in our gross dollar volume by 63%, despite reductions in the number of active accounts and purchase volume of 24% and 17%, respectively, over the same period.

Growth in gross dollar volume concentrated from certain BaaS programs resulted in a net increase in segment revenue due to higher program management service fees earned from these BaaS partners, partially offset by the non-renewals of other BaaS partners as previously disclosed.

Money Movement Services segment revenues increased by 1% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, over the prior year comparable period.

The increase in our Money Movement Services was primarily attributable to an increase in the number of tax refunds processed, which increased by 3% compared with the prior year period, partially offset by a decrease in the number of cash transfers processed, which decreased by 2% year-over-year.

The decrease in cash transfers was the result of fewer active accounts within our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments discussed above.

Our tax processing revenues also decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as a result of a timing shift in the number of tax refunds processed by the IRS during the comparable periods.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, our tax processing revenues increased year-over-year, driven by a 20% increase in the number of tax refunds processed for the comparable periods.

Net interest income earned by Green Dot Bank, a component of our Corporate and Other segment, increased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 by 217% and 150%, respectively.

The increase in net interest income was attributable to the increase in the overall size of our investment securities portfolio, as well as

an increase in short-term interest rates by the Federal Reserve, which have resulted in an increase in net interest income compared to the prior year.

The Green Dot Network is a service provider to accountholders in our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments, as well as third-party programs.

Net interest income earned by Green Dot Bank, a component of our Corporate and Other segment, increased by 20% during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The increase in net interest income was attributable to the increase in the overall size of our investment securities portfolio, as well as an increase in short-term interest rates by the Federal Reserve, which have resulted in an increase in net interest income compared to the prior year.

Revenues within our Corporate and Other segment was offset by the interest we share with certain BaaS partners.

Total operating expenses

Our total operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2022 increased $2.3 million, or 1%, and decreased by $6.9 million, or 1%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 year-over-year.

The net changes in total operating expenses for the comparable periods was a result of several factors, including lower sales and marketing expenses principally due to a decrease in sales commissions from lower revenues on products subject to revenue-sharing agreements and reduced marketing spend associated with GO2bank, and lower compensation and benefits expenses principally due to lower employee stock-based compensation, accrued bonus compensation and third-party call center support costs within our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments, partially offset by an increase in processing expenses within our B2B Services segment associated with the growth of certain BaaS account programs.

Our third-party call center support costs have decreased in part due to a decline in active accounts, but also as a result of our efforts to improve our customer service over the course of 2021.

In 2021, we increased our third-party call center support costs to meet the increased demand in our customer service center in an effort to improve our customers' overall experience.

Benefits from these improvements with our customers included reduced third-party call center costs throughout 2022.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we have also continued to see meaningful improvements in overall transaction losses (a component within other general and administrative expenses) compared to the prior year period, in part as a result of decreases in gross dollar volume across the enterprise, but also from improvements in operational efficiencies to more effectively manage customer disputes and fraud.

Although we have seen reduced costs associated with disputes and fraud, other general and administrative expenses in total have increased on a year to date basis as a result of a $13 million legal settlement earlier this year.

Our income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased $0.9 million, or 5%, on a year-over-year basis.

The increase in our income tax expense was primarily due to an increase in our taxable income and an increase in our effective tax rate.

Our effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was 24.3%, compared to 23.6% for the prior year period.

The increase in our effective rate was primarily due to a decline in excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation, partially offset by a decrease in state income taxes expense and a reduction in the amount of compensation expense that was subject to the Internal Revenue Code (the "IRC") Section 162(m) limitation on the deductibility of certain executive compensation.

Our total operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $16.4 million, or 5%, over the prior year comparable period.

The increase in our total operating expenses for the comparable periods was primarily driven by an increase in processing expenses within our B2B Services segment associated with the growth of certain BaaS account programs discussed above, and to a lesser extent, an increase in compensation and benefits expenses.

Our compensation and benefits expenses increased primarily due to an increase in third-party call center support costs associated with the growth of certain programs also within our B2B Services segment, partially offset by a reduction in stock-based compensation expense, primarily due to forfeited awards associated with certain former executive officers and employees and the timing of awards granted in the current period versus the comparable prior year period.

The increase in total operating expenses was partially offset by lower sales and marketing expenses principally due to a decrease in sales commissions from lower revenues on products subject to tiered revenue-sharing agreements, as well as reduced marketing spend associated with GO2bank, and lower other general and

administrative expenses.

Other general and administrative expenses decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 in part due to lower overall transaction losses as a result of lower purchase volume and continued operational efficiencies in managing customer disputes and fraud, as well as reductions in professional services fees and certain impairment charges of internal-use software that did not recur in the current year period.

Our income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased $1.8 million, or 15%, on a year-over-year basis.

The decrease in our income tax expense was primarily due to a decrease in our taxable income and a decrease in our effective tax rate.

Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 22.3%, compared to 23.9% for the prior year period, primarily due to the impact of general business credits, tax benefits from bank owned life insurance policies, a decrease in state income taxes expense net of federal benefits, and a reduction in the amount of compensation expense that was subject to the Internal Revenue Code (the "IRC") Section 162(m) limitation on the deductibility of certain executive compensation.

These favorable decreases to our effective tax rate were partially offset by an increase in tax expense associated with shortfalls from stock-based compensation.

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "IRA") was signed into law.

The IRA contains a number of revisions to the IRC, including a 15% corporate minimum income tax and a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases in tax years beginning after December 31, 2022.

These tax law changes have no immediate effect and we do not expect that they will have a material impact on our results of operations in future periods.

To date, these tax law changes have had no immediate effect and we do not expect that they will have a material impact on our results of operations in future periods.

Outlook and Other Trends Affecting Our Business

We intend to continue to make growth-oriented investments and incur other expenditures that will benefit our long-term financial results.

Our growth-oriented investments are focused on re-engaging in marketing initiatives in support of our GO2bank product and building a modern and scalable core banking and card management platform that reduces our reliance on third-party processors and increases our ability to innovate and preserve margins.

To support our efforts in building a modern banking platform, we expect our software license and hosting costs, a component of other general and administrative expenses, and salary and wage expenses, a component of compensation and benefits expenses to increase year-over-year for the remainder of 2022.

In 2023, we expect to continue to incur duplicative costs associated with the implementation of our modern banking platform.

We intend to continue to make growth-oriented investments and incur other expenditures that we believe will benefit our long-term financial results.

Our growth-oriented investments are focused on cost-effectively re-engaging in marketing initiatives in support of our GO2bank product and building a modern and scalable core banking and card management platform that reduces our reliance on third-party processors and increases our ability to innovate and preserve margins.

To support our efforts in building a modern banking platform, we expect our hosting costs and software licenses, a component of other general and administrative expenses, and salary and wage expenses, a component of compensation and benefits expenses to increase year-over-year in 2023.

We also expect to continue to incur duplicative processing and other costs associated with the implementation of our modern banking platform as we expect to continue to operate redundant platforms until our technology transformation is completed.

Once the implementation is completed, we expect a portion of our processing expenses to reduce and have a favorable impact to our margins.

In addition, we expect to invest in and incur additional expenses in connection with our anti-money laundering program, including improvements to our compliance controls, policies and procedures for the remainder of 2022 and throughout 2023.

During the second quarter of 2022, we announced contract renewal negotiations, but after extensive negotiations, could not agree upon terms that would best serve the long-term interests of both us and our partners.

These non-renewals have had only a modest impact on our key metrics and financial results during the third quarter of 2022, and we do not expect the impact to change during the fourth quarter of 2022.

However, we expect these

non-renewals to negatively impact our key metrics and financial results in our Consumer Services and B2B segments in 2023.

In addition, while we expect to continue to invest in and incur additional expenses in connection with our anti-money laundering ("AML") program, including improvements to our compliance controls, policies and procedures throughout 2023, we believe these investments will ultimately help mitigate and reduce our fraud losses over the long term.

In response to the economic impact caused by COVID-19, the Federal Reserve announced reductions in short-term interest rates in March 2020, which in recent years has impacted the yields on our cash and investment balances.

Over the past year, the Federal Reserve has announced several increases in the federal funds rate, resulting in a range currently of 3.75% to 4.00%.

It is widely expected that the Federal Reserve will continue to increase interest rates until the effects of economic inflation are abated.

Since then, the Federal Reserve has announced a number of increases in the federal funds rate, resulting in a current range of 5.00% to 5.25%.

It is widely expected that the Federal Reserve will continue to maintain elevated interest rates until the effects of economic inflation are abated.

The Federal Reserve's decision-making policies for short-term interest rates will continue to impact the amount of net interest income we earn in the future.

Meanwhile, yields on our investment portfolio increase but at a slower rate as securities mature and proceeds are reinvested.

As a result, despite an environment of rising interest rates, the net effect on our consolidated financial statements will be lesser in magnitude.

Based on the overall macro-economic environment, interest rates, our commitment to making growth-oriented investments and the timing of the related expense savings from our technology transformation, the non-renewals in our Consumer Services and B2B segments, and trends occurring within our retail channel in our Consumer Services segment, we believe our consolidated operating profit will decline year-over-year in fiscal year 2023.

Further, the duration and magnitude of the continuing effects of COVID-19 remain uncertain and dependent on various factors.

See Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors , for an additional discussion of risk related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In general, while increases in short-term interest rates benefit the yield we earn on our cash, certain of our BaaS partner arrangements allow for the BaaS partner to share in a significant portion of the interest earned from accountholder deposits (which are recorded as a reduction of revenue in our consolidated financial statements), and yields on our investment portfolio tend to lag interest rate increases as securities mature and proceeds are reinvested.

Accordingly, we expect the net effect to have a negative impact on our consolidated financial statements in 2023 compared to 2022.

Based on the overall macro-economic environment, expected interest rate impacts, our commitment to making growth-oriented investments and the timing of the related expense savings from our technology transformation, the non-renewals in our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments, and trends occurring within our retail channel in our Consumer Services segment, we believe our consolidated operating profit will decline year-over-year in fiscal year 2023.

Further, the duration and magnitude of the continuing effects of macro-economic factors remain uncertain and dependent on various factors.

See Part II, Item 1A, "Risk Factors," for an additional discussion of risks related to macro-economic factors.

Consolidated Key Metrics

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We believe the following measures are the primary indicators of our quarterly and annual revenues:

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

2022 2021 Change % 2022 2021 Change %

Three Months Ended March 31,

2023 2022 Change %

(In millions, except percentages)

Gross dollar volume $ 23,289 $ 17,436 $ 5,853 33.6 %

Number of Active Accounts* 4.33 5.37 (1.04) (19.4) % n/a n/a n/a n/a

Number of active accounts* 3.84 4.93 (1.09) (22.1) %

Purchase volume $ 6,145 $ 7,192 $ (1,047) (14.6) %

Cash Transfers 9.16 10.05 (0.89) (8.9) % 27.03 30.56 (3.53) (11.6) %

Tax Refunds Processed 0.28 0.43 (0.15) (34.9) % 14.37 12.02 2.35 19.6 %

* Represents the number of active accounts as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Number of cash transfers 8.70 8.87 (0.17) (1.9) %

Number of tax refunds processed 9.91 9.61 0.3 3.1 %

* Represents the number of active accounts as of March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

See “Segment Results” for additional information and discussion regarding key metrics performance by segment.

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We use this metric to analyze the overall size of our active customer base and to analyze multiple metrics expressed as an average across this active account base.

Our direct deposit active accounts within our Consumer Services segment, on average, have the longest tenure and generate the majority of our gross dollar volume in any period and thus, generate more revenue over their

lifetime than other active accounts.

Refer to sub-section entitled Consumer Services under “Segment Results” below for key metric results for direct deposit active accounts.

Purchase Volume — Represents the total dollar volume of purchase transactions made by our account holders.

This metric excludes the dollar volume of ATM withdrawals and volume generated by certain BaaS programs where the BaaS partner receives interchange and we earn a platform fee.

This metric excludes the dollar volume of ATM withdrawals and volume generated by certain BaaS programs where the BaaS partner receives interchange fees and we earn a platform fee.

We use this metric to analyze interchange revenue, which is a key component of our financial performance.

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Our aggregate cash transfer revenues vary based upon the mix of locations where reload transactions occur, since reload fees vary by location.

We earn tax refund processing service revenues at the point in time when a customer of a third-party tax preparation company chooses to pay his or her tax preparation fee through the use of our tax

refund processing services.

We earn tax refund processing service revenues at the point in time when a customer of a third-party tax preparation company chooses to pay his or her tax preparation fee through the use of our tax refund processing services.

We earn Simply Paid disbursement fees from our business partners at the point in time payment disbursements are made.

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We classify our operating expenses into the following four categories:

Sales and Marketing Expenses — Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of the commissions we pay to our retail distributors, brokers and partners, advertising and marketing expenses, and the costs of manufacturing and distributing card packages, placards and promotional materials to our retail distributors and personalized debit cards to consumers who have activated their cards.

and distributing card packages, placards and promotional materials to our retail distributors and personalized debit cards to consumers who have activated their cards.

We generally establish commission percentages in long-term distribution agreements with our retail distributors and partners.

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Bank fees generally vary based on the total number of tax refund transfers processed and gateway and network fees vary based on the numbers of disbursements made.

Other General and Administrative Expenses — Other general and administrative expenses consist primarily of professional service fees, telephone and communication costs, depreciation and amortization of our property and equipment, amortization of our intangible assets, impairment charges of long-lived assets, transaction losses (losses from customer disputed transactions, unrecovered customer purchase transaction overdrafts and fraud), rent and utilities, and insurance.

Other General and Administrative Expenses — Other general and administrative expenses consist primarily of professional services fees, telephone and communication costs, depreciation and amortization of our property and equipment, amortization of our intangible assets, impairment charges of long-lived assets, transaction losses (losses from customer disputed transactions, unrecovered customer purchase transaction overdrafts and fraud), rent and utilities, and insurance.

We incur telephone and communication costs primarily from customers contacting us through our toll-free telephone numbers.

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Our income tax expense consists of the federal and state corporate income taxes accrued on income resulting from the sale of our products and services.

As discussed above, while the recently enacted IRA includes a number of revisions to the IRC, these tax law revisions have no immediate effect and we do not expect that they will have a material impact on our results of operations going forward.

As discussed above, while the IRA includes a number of revisions to the IRC, to date, these tax law revisions have had no immediate effect and we do not expect that they will have a material impact on our results of operations going forward.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Reference is made to the critical accounting estimates disclosed in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Comparison of Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

Comparison of Three-Month Periods Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

Operating Revenues

The following table presents a breakdown of our operating revenues among card revenues and other fees, cash processing revenues, interchange revenues and net interest income:

Three Months Ended September 30,

Three Months Ended March 31,

Amount % of Total

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Total operating revenues $ 416,380 100.0 % $ 400,617 100.0 %

Card Revenues and Other Fees — Card revenues and other fees totaled $219.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $17.1 million, or 8.4%, from the comparable prior year period.

Card revenues and other fees increased primarily due to growth in gross dollar volume in our B2B Services segment programs, which resulted in higher program management service fees earned from BaaS partners.

In addition, card revenues and other fees also increased due to customer adoption of optional features launched on our card programs, such as our overdraft protection program, as well as a favorable decrease in the estimated accrual of cash back rewards, which we record as a reduction to revenue.

Our estimate of cash back rewards varies based on multiple factors including the terms and conditions of the cash back program currently in effect, customer activity and customer redemption rates.

These increases were partially offset by decreases in cardholder fees, such as monthly maintenance fees and ATM fees for the reasons discussed above in our "Overview."

Cash Processing Revenues — Cash processing revenues totaled $41.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $6.2 million, or 13%, from the comparable prior year period.

The decrease is primarily due to the decline in the number of cash transfers processed as a result of fewer active accounts within our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments, and lower overall tax processing revenues.

Interchange Revenues — Interchange revenues totaled $71.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $14.5 million, or 17%, from the comparable prior year period.

The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in purchase volume during the three months ended September 30, 2022, as well as a lower effective interchange rate earned for the comparable periods.

Card Revenues and Other Fees — Card revenues and other fees totaled $239.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase of $27.1 million, or 12.7%, from the comparable prior year period.

In addition, card revenues and other fees also increased due to customer adoption of optional features launched on our card programs, such as our overdraft protection program.

These increases were partially offset by decreases in cardholder fees, such as monthly maintenance fees and ATM fees for the reasons discussed above in "Overview."

Cash Processing Revenues — Cash processing revenues totaled $101.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase of $1.8 million, or 2%, from the comparable prior year period.

The increase is primarily due to higher overall tax processing revenues due to a 3% increase in the number of tax refunds processed, partially offset by a decline in the number of cash transfers processed as a result of fewer active accounts within our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments discussed above in "Overview."

Interchange Revenues — Interchange revenues totaled $64.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, a decrease of $14.9 million, or 19%, from the comparable prior year period.

The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in purchase volume during the three months ended March 31, 2023, as well as a lower effective interchange rate earned for the comparable periods.

Our interchange fees have both fixed and variable components, and as a result, the effective rate we earn may vary based on the size of transactions, among other factors.

The effective interchange rate earned on purchase volume also declined year-over-year as a result of a higher concentration in customer spend to merchant categories that carry a lower interchange rate (e.g., necessity goods such as fuel and groceries).

Interest Income, net — Net interest income totaled $11.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $7.8 million, or 217%, from the comparable prior year period.

The increase in net interest income earned was the result of an increase in the size of our investment securities portfolio, funded primarily from the use of our cardholder deposit account programs.

In addition, the Federal Reserve has instituted several increases in interest rates in 2022 to manage the effects of recent economic inflation, which has also increased the amount of interest income we earn on our deposits and recent investments.

Interest Income, net — Net interest income totaled $10.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase of $1.8 million, or 20%, from the comparable prior year period.

The increase in net interest income earned was the result of an increase in the overall size of our investment securities portfolio, funded primarily from the use of our cardholder deposit account programs.

In addition, the Federal Reserve has instituted several increases in short-term interest rates in 2022 and 2023 to manage the effects of inflation, which also increased the amount of interest income we earned on our deposits and recent investments.

Operating Expenses

The following table presents a breakdown of our operating expenses among sales and marketing, compensation and benefits, processing, and other general and administrative expenses:

Three Months Ended September 30,

Three Months Ended March 31,

Amount % of Total

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Total operating expenses $ 365,385 87.7 % $ 349,025 87.1 %

Sales and Marketing Expenses — Sales and marketing expenses totaled $67.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $17.0 million, or 20% from the comparable prior year period.

This decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in sales commissions due to lower revenues generated from certain products that are subject to revenue-sharing agreements and lower supply chain expenses, which consists of debit card plastics and related materials, as a result of a lower number of active accounts for the comparable periods.

In addition, our marketing expenses decreased as a result of our strategic decision to reduce marketing spend on GO2bank due to higher than expected acquisition costs per account.

Compensation and Benefits Expenses — Compensation and benefits expenses totaled $61.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $3.1 million or 5% from the comparable prior year period.

The decrease was primarily driven by a reduction in third-party call center support costs due to a decline in active accounts and our efforts to improve customer service over the course of 2021.

In addition, accrued bonus compensation and employee stock-based compensation decreased driven by fluctuations in the expected achievement of certain performance targets.

These decreases were partially offset by an increase in salary and wage expenses and related benefits as a result of our growth-oriented investments discussed above in our "Overview."

Processing Expenses — Processing expenses totaled $125.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $29.6 million or 31% from the comparable prior year period.

Sales and Marketing Expenses — Sales and marketing expenses totaled $75.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, a decrease of $8.3 million, or 10% from the comparable prior year period.

This decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in sales commissions due to lower revenues generated from certain products that are subject to tiered revenue-sharing agreements and our strategic decision to reduce marketing spend on GO2bank in our Direct channel to manage our acquisition costs per account.

Compensation and Benefits Expenses — Compensation and benefits expenses totaled $68.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase of $2.5 million or 4% from the comparable prior year period.

The increase was primarily driven by an increase in third-party call center support costs associated with the growth of certain programs within our B2B Services segment.

These increases were partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation expense principally due to forfeited awards associated with certain former executive officers and employees and the timing of awards granted in the current period versus the comparable prior year period.

Processing Expenses — Processing expenses totaled $145.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase of $33.0 million or 29% from the comparable prior year period.

This increase was principally due to growth in certain BaaS account programs within our B2B Services segment and overall volume of transactions processed through our consolidated platform.

Other General and Administrative Expenses — Other general and administrative expenses totaled $78.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $7.0 million or 8%, from the comparable prior year period.

The decrease in other general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease in transaction losses as a result of lower incoming dispute volume and improvements in operational efficiencies over how we manage customer disputes and fraud, as well as lower professional services expense and amortization of intangible assets.

The following table presents a breakdown of our effective tax rate among federal, state, and other:

Three Months Ended September 30,

federal statutory tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 %

State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit 2.7 (1.4)

General business credits (3.8) (2.0)

Employee stock-based compensation 10.4 0.2

IRC 162(m) limitation (1.2) 6.2

Banked owned life insurance (1.5) —

Nondeductible expenses 1.3 0.1

Other (1.3) (0.2)

Effective tax rate 27.6 % 23.9 %

Our income tax expense totaled $1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $0.5 million or 22% from the prior year comparable period, primarily due to a decrease in taxable income and our effective tax rate.

The increase in our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021 is primarily due to a decline in excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and an increase in state income taxes expense, net of federal benefits.

These increases were partially offset by the impact of general business credits and a reduction in the amount of compensation expense that was subject to the IRC 162(m) limitation on the deductibility of certain executive compensation.

The "Other" category in our effective tax rate consists of a variety of permanent differences, none of which were individually significant.

Comparison of Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

Operating Revenues

The following table presents a breakdown of our operating revenues among card revenues and other fees, cash processing revenues, interchange revenues and net interest income:

Nine Months Ended September 30,

Amount % of Total

Operating Revenues Amount % of Total

Operating Revenues

(In thousands, except percentages)

Operating revenues:

Card revenues and other fees $ 650,979 58.8 % $ 586,431 53.2 %

Cash processing revenues 198,813 18.0 205,256 18.6

Interchange revenues 226,301 20.4 298,229 27.1

Interest income, net 31,041 2.8 12,442 1.1

Total operating revenues $ 1,107,134 100.0 % $ 1,102,358 100.0 %

Card Revenues and Other Fees — Card revenues and other fees totaled $651.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $64.6 million, or 11%, from the comparable prior year period.

This increase was driven principally by the same factors discussed above under “Comparison of Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021—Operating Revenues—Card Revenues and Other Fees."

Cash Processing Revenues — Cash processing revenues totaled $198.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $6.5 million, or 3% from the comparable prior year period.

Cash processing revenues decreased as a result of a decline in the number of cash transfers processed due to lower active accounts within our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments, partially offset by an increase in the number of tax refunds processed.

Interchange Revenues — Interchange revenues totaled $226.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $71.9 million, or 24%, from the comparable prior year period.

The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in purchase volume during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest Income, net — Net interest income totaled $31.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $18.6 million, or 150%, from the comparable prior year period.

This increase was driven principally by the same factors discussed above under “Comparison of Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021—Operating Revenues—Interest Income, net."

Operating Expenses

The following table presents a breakdown of our operating expenses among sales and marketing, compensation and benefits, processing, and other general and administrative expenses:

Nine Months Ended September 30,

Amount % of Total

Operating Revenues Amount % of Total

Operating Revenues

(In thousands, except percentages)

Operating expenses:

Sales and marketing expenses $ 227,898 20.6 % $ 299,412 27.2 %

Compensation and benefits expenses 185,743 16.8 199,996 18.1

Processing expenses 349,741 31.6 287,716 26.1

Other general and administrative expenses 257,456 23.3 240,616 21.8

Total operating expenses $ 1,020,838 92.3 % $ 1,027,740 93.2 %

Sales and Marketing Expenses — Sales and marketing expenses totaled $227.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $71.5 million, or 24% from the comparable prior year period.

This decrease was driven by the same factors as discussed above under “Comparison of Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021—Operating Expenses—Sales and Marketing Expenses."

Compensation and Benefits Expenses — Compensation and benefits expenses totaled $185.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $14.3 million or 7% from the comparable prior year period.

This decrease was driven by the same factors as discussed above under “Comparison of Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021—Operating Expenses—Compensation and Benefits Expenses."

Processing Expenses — Processing expenses totaled $349.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $62.0 million or 22% from the comparable prior year period.

This increase was driven by the same factors as discussed above under “Comparison of Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021—Operating Expenses—Processing Expenses."

Other General and Administrative Expenses — Other general and administrative expenses totaled $257.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $16.9 million or 7%, from the comparable prior year period.

This increase was primarily due to the $13 million legal settlement earlier in the year, as well as higher software license expenses as a result of our investments in our modern banking platform and higher impairment charges associated with certain capitalized internal-use software.

These increases were partially offset by lower telephone and communication expenses as a result of decreases in third-party call center support, lower transaction losses as a result of lower incoming dispute volume and improvements in operational efficiencies over how we manage customer disputes and fraud, and lower amortization of intangible assets.

Other General and Administrative Expenses — Other general and administrative expenses totaled $76.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, a decrease of $10.8 million or 12%, from the comparable prior year period.

The decrease in other general and administrative expenses was primarily due to lower overall transaction losses compared to the prior year period due to lower purchase volume and continued operational efficiencies in managing customer disputes and fraud, as well as reductions in professional services fees and certain impairment charges of internal-use software that did not recur in the current year period.

The following table presents a breakdown of our effective tax rate among federal, state, and other:

Nine Months Ended September 30,

Three Months Ended March 31,

federal statutory tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 %

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General business credits (3.4) (1.6)

Employee stock-based compensation 2.4 (2.5)

Stock-based compensation 3.7 1.2

IRC 162(m) limitation 1.6 2.5

Bank owned life insurance (1.6) (0.7)

Nondeductible expenses 0.6 0.3

1 unchanged sentence

Effective tax rate 22.3 % 23.9 %

Our income tax expense totaled $18.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $0.9 million or 5% from the prior year comparable period, primarily due to an increase in taxable income and our effective tax rate.

The increase in the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021 is primarily due to a decline in excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and an increase in state income taxes expense, net of federal benefits.

Our income tax expense totaled $10.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, a decrease of $1.8 million or 15% from the prior year comparable period, primarily due to a decrease in taxable income and our effective tax rate.

The decrease in our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 was primarily due to the impact of general business credits, tax benefits

from bank owned life insurance policies, a decrease in state income taxes expense net of federal benefits, and a reduction in the amount of compensation expense that was subject to the IRC Section 162(m) limitation on the deductibility of certain executive compensation.

These favorable decreases to our effective tax rate were partially offset by an increase in tax expense associated with shortfalls from stock-based compensation.

The "Other" category in our effective tax rate consists of a variety of permanent differences, none of which were individually significant.

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Consumer Services

The results of operations and key metrics of our Consumer Services segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

2022 2021 Change % 2022 2021 Change %

The results of operations and key metrics of our Consumer Services segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31,

2023 2022 Change %

(In thousands, except percentages)

5 unchanged sentences

Gross dollar volume $ 5,677 $ 6,621 $ (944) (14.3) %

Active Accounts* 2.51 3.38 (0.87) (25.7) % n/a n/a n/a n/a

Direct Deposit Active Accounts* 0.66 0.83 (0.17) (20.5) % n/a n/a n/a n/a

Number of active accounts* 2.41 3.04 (0.63) (20.7) %

Direct deposit active accounts* 0.60 0.69 (0.09) (13.0) %

Purchase volume $ 4,344 $ 5,017 $ (673) (13.4) %

* Represents number of active and direct deposit active accounts as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

* Represents total number of active and direct deposit active accounts as of March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As additional supplemental information, our key metrics within our Consumer Services segment is presented on a quarterly basis as follows:

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1

Q1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1

(In millions)

3 unchanged sentences

Purchase volume $ 4,344 $ 4,229 $ 4,302 $ 4,588 $ 5,017

Segment revenues within Consumer Services for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 decreased $31.7 million, or 19%, and $88.4 million, or 17%, respectively, compared to the prior year comparable periods, while our segment expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 decreased $25.5 million, or 24%, and $87.6 million, or 24%, respectively.

Our gross dollar volume, purchase volume, total number of active accounts and direct deposit active accounts decreased during the three months ended September 30, 2022 by 19%, 17%, 26% and 20%, respectively, from the comparable prior year period primarily due to the timing of stimulus payments and other federal benefits received by our cardholders in 2021.

No such economic stimulus packages have been enacted to date in 2022.

In addition, we have reduced marketing spend on GO2bank due to a higher than expected cost per account and observed changes in consumer traffic within our retail locations, both of which have negatively impacted account acquisition.

For similar reasons, gross dollar volume and purchase volume decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 from the prior year comparable period.

Segment revenues within Consumer Services for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased $18.9 million, or 12%, compared to the prior year comparable period, while our segment expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased $17.4 million, or 17%.

Our gross dollar volume, purchase volume, total number of active accounts and direct deposit active accounts decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 by 14%, 13%, 21% and 13%, respectively, primarily from several factors discussed above, including reduced marketing spend on GO2bank and observed changes in consumer traffic within our retail locations, both of which have negatively impacted account acquisition, as well as the non-renewal of one of our partner programs.

Our monthly maintenance fees, ATM revenue and interchange revenues decreased as a result of the decreases in each of our key metrics stated above.

These decreases were partially offset by increasing customer adoption of optional features recently launched on our card programs, such as our overdraft protection program, as well as a favorable decrease in the estimated accrual of cash back rewards, which we record as a reduction to revenue.

Consumer Services expenses decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 from the comparable prior year period due to several factors, including a decrease in sales commissions from lower revenues on products subject to revenue-sharing agreements, a decrease in third-party call center support costs in part due to a decline in active accounts, but also as a result of our efforts to improve our customer service over the course of 2021, a decrease in transactions losses due to lower gross dollar volume and improvement in loss rates, and a decrease in marketing and supply chain expenses in connection with GO2bank.

As a result, our segment profit decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 by 10% and 0.5%, respectively.

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

2022 2021 Change % 2022 2021 Change %

These decreases were partially offset by continued customer adoption of optional features on our card programs, such as our overdraft protection program.

Consumer Services expenses decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2023 from the comparable prior year period due to several factors, including a decrease in sales commissions from lower revenues on products subject to tiered revenue-sharing agreements, a decrease in marketing spend on GO2bank as discussed above, and a decrease in transactions losses due to both lower transaction volumes and improvement in loss rates.

As a result of each of these multiple factors, our segment profit decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2023 by approximately 3%.

The results of operations and key metrics of our B2B Services segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31,

2023 2022 Change %

(In thousands, except percentages)

5 unchanged sentences

Gross dollar volume $ 17,612 $ 10,815 $ 6,797 62.8 %

Active Accounts* 1.82 1.99 (0.17) (8.5) % n/a n/a n/a n/a

Number of active accounts* 1.43 1.89 (0.46) (24.3) %

Purchase volume $ 1,801 $ 2,175 $ (374) (17.2) %

* Represents number of active accounts as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

* Represents total number of active accounts as of March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As additional supplemental information, our key metrics within our B2B Services segment is presented on a quarterly basis as follows:

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1

Q1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1

(In millions)

2 unchanged sentences

Purchase volume $ 1,801 $ 2,063 $ 2,141 $ 2,172 $ 2,175

Segment revenues within our B2B Services for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased $40.1 million, or 34%, and $98.9 million, or 29%, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, while our segment expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased $36.2 million, or 36% and $85.7 million, or 30%, respectively.

Our total gross dollar volume during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased 37% and 22% respectively, from the comparable prior year periods as we continued to experience organic growth from both new and existing users in certain BaaS programs as the demand for digital payments remains prevalent.

Total gross dollar volume increased despite the number of active accounts decreasing within this segment by 9% year-over-year, which is attributable to growth in certain BaaS programs that tend to yield higher gross dollar volume per active user.

Purchase volume decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 by approximately 2% and 18% respectively, from the comparable prior year periods.

Overall, many of our BaaS partners within our B2B Services segment were impacted by similar trends seen in our Consumer Services segment, however, growth in gross dollar volume from certain programs resulted in a net increase in segment revenue due to higher program management service fees earned from BaaS partners, despite a lower number of active accounts and lower purchase volume.

This increase was partially offset by a decrease in the amount of interchange revenue earned associated with the decrease in purchase volume.

B2B Services expenses increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 from the comparable prior year period, principally due to higher processing expenses with the growth of certain BaaS account programs and higher overall transaction losses as a result of the increase in gross dollar volume.

* Represents total number of active accounts as of the end of each quarter.

Segment revenues within our B2B Services for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased $37.4 million, or 28%, compared to the prior year period, while our segment expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased $37.4 million, or 34%.

Our gross dollar volume during the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased 63% from the comparable prior year period despite the number of active accounts within this segment decreasing by 24% year-over-year.

We have continued to experience organic growth from both new and existing users concentrated in certain BaaS programs that tend to yield higher gross dollar volume per active user.

The growth in gross dollar volume from these programs resulted in a net increase in segment revenue due to higher program management service fees earned from these BaaS partners.

This increase was partially offset by a decrease in active accounts and the associated purchase volume due to the non-renewals of certain BaaS partners as previously disclosed, resulting in a lower amount of interchange revenue earned from the comparable prior year period .

B2B Services expenses increased for the three months ended March 31, 2023 from the comparable prior year period, principally due to higher processing expenses with the growth of certain BaaS account programs and higher third-party call center support costs as a result of the increase in gross dollar volume.

This segment also experienced margin compression because certain BaaS partnerships were structured based on a fixed profit and, therefore, our segment profit for certain arrangements will not scale with revenue growth.

Money Movement Services

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

2022 2021 Change % 2022 2021 Change %

The results of operations and key metrics of our Money Movement Services segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31,

2023 2022 Change %

(In thousands, except percentages)

4 unchanged sentences

Key Metrics (In millions, except percentages)

Cash Transfers 9.16 10.05 (0.89) (8.9) % 27.03 30.56 (3.53) (11.6) %

Tax Refunds Processed 0.28 0.43 (0.15) (34.9) % 14.37 12.02 2.35 19.6 %

Number of cash transfers 8.70 8.87 (0.17) (1.9) %

Number of tax refunds processed 9.91 9.61 0.3 3.1 %

As additional supplemental information, our key metrics within our Money Movement Services segment is presented on a quarterly basis as follows:

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1

Q1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1

(In millions)

1 unchanged sentence

Number of tax refunds processed 9.91 0.20 0.28 4.48 9.61

Segment revenues within our Money Movement services for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 decreased $7.9 million, or 17%, and $12.9 million, or 6%, respectively, from the comparable prior year periods, and segment expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 decreased $3.9 million, or 14%, and $13.4 million, or 14%, respectively.

The decrease in segment revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was driven primarily by a lower number of cash transfers processed, which decreased by 9% and 12%, respectively, from the prior year comparable periods.

Segment revenues within our Money Movement services for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased $0.9 million, or 1%, from the comparable prior year period, and segment expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased $1.4 million, or 4%.

The increase in segment revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was driven primarily by our tax processing revenues, which increased as a result of a 3% increase in the number of tax refunds processed compared to the prior year period.

This increase was partially offset by a lower number of cash transfers processed, which decreased by 2%, from the prior year comparable period.

The Green Dot Network is a service provider to accountholders in our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments, as well as third-party programs.

The decrease in cash transfers was the result of lower active accounts within our Consumer Services and B2B Services segments discussed above.

Our tax processing revenues also decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as a result of a timing shift in the number of tax refunds processed during the prior year comparable period.

Segment revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 also decreased from the prior year comparable period as a result of lower cash transfers, partially offset by the number of tax refunds processed.

The decrease in cash transfers was for the same reasons discussed above.

For the nine months ended September 30,

2022, our tax processing revenues increased primarily as a result of a 20% increase in the number of tax refunds processed.

Segment expenses decreased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in sales commissions from lower cash transfer revenues and lower third-party costs in support of our tax refund processing services.

Money Movement expenses increased during the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in third-party costs in support the volume growth of our tax refund processing services, partially offset by a decrease in sales commissions from lower cash transfer revenues.

Corporate and Other

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

2022 2021 Change % 2022 2021 Change %

The results of operations and key metrics of our Corporate and Other segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Three Months Ended March 31,

2023 2022 Change %

(In thousands, except percentages)

Financial Results

Unallocated revenue and intersegment eliminations $ 5,542 $ (2,298) $ 7,840 (341.2) % $ 16,732 $ (5,939) $ 22,671 (381.7) %

Unallocated corporate expenses and intersegment eliminations 51,055 48,759 2,296 4.7 % 155,685 140,864 14,821 10.5 %

Unallocated revenue and inter-segment eliminations $ 2,997 $ 4,705 $ (1,708) (36.3) %

Unallocated corporate expenses and inter-segment eliminations 56,451 52,391 4,060 7.7 %

Total $ (53,454) $ (47,686) $ (5,768) 12.1 %

Revenues within Corporate and Other are comprised of net interest income, other investment income earned by our bank, interest profit sharing arrangements with certain BaaS partners (a reduction of revenue) and eliminations of intersegment revenues.

Unallocated corporate expenses include our fixed expenses such as salaries, wages and related benefits for our employees, professional service fees, software licenses, telephone and communication costs, rent, utilities, insurance and eliminations of intersegment expenses.

Revenues within Corporate and Other are comprised of net interest income, certain other investment income earned by our bank, interest profit sharing arrangements with certain BaaS partners (a reduction of revenue) and eliminations of inter-segment revenues.

Unallocated corporate expenses include our fixed expenses such as salaries, wages and related benefits for our employees, professional services fees, software licenses, telephone

and communication costs, rent, utilities, insurance and eliminations of inter-segment expenses.

These costs are not considered when our CODM evaluates the performance of our three reportable segments since they are not directly attributable to any reporting segment.

1 unchanged sentence

Refer to Note 19—Segment Information to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for a summary reconciliation.

Net interest income increased year-over-year for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 as a result of an increase in the size of our investment securities portfolio and recent increases in interest rates by the Federal Reserve.

This increase was partially offset by a portion of the interest we share with certain BaaS partners.

Unallocated corporate expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased year-over-year by approximately 5% and 11%, respectively, as a result of higher salaries and wages, professional services expenses and software licenses, each in support of our investments to build a modern and scalable core banking and card management platform, as well as other growth initiatives.

Total net interest income increased year-over-year for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as a result of an increase in the overall size of our investment securities portfolio and recent increases in interest rates by the Federal Reserve.

This increase was offset by the interest we share with certain BaaS partners.

Unallocated corporate expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased year-over-year by approximately 8%, as a result of higher software licenses, and to a lesser extent, an increase in salary and wage expenses and related benefits, each in support of our investments to build a modern and scalable core banking and card management platform, as well as other growth initiatives as discussed above in "Overview."

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table summarizes our major sources and uses of cash for the periods presented:

Nine Months Ended September 30,

Three Months Ended March 31,

(In thousands)

4 unchanged sentences

(Decrease) increase in unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ (93,836) $ 1,002

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we financed our operations primarily through our cash flows generated from operations.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we financed our operations primarily through our cash flows generated from operations.

From time to time, we may also finance short-term working capital activities through our borrowings under our credit facility.

As of September 30, 2022, our primary source of liquidity was unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaling $813.2 million.

As of March 31, 2023, our primary source of liquidity was unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaling $722.0 million.

We also consider our $2.4 billion of available-for-sale investment securities to be highly liquid instruments.

We use trend and variance analysis as well as our detailed budgets and forecasts to project future cash needs, making adjustments to the projections when needed.

We believe that our current unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations and borrowing capacity under our credit facility will be sufficient to meet our

working capital, capital expenditures, equity method investee capital commitments, and any other capital needs for at least the next 12 months.

We believe that our current unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations and borrowing capacity under our credit facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital, capital expenditures, equity method investee capital commitments, and any other capital needs for at least the next 12 months.

We are currently not aware of any trends or demands, commitments, events or uncertainties that will result in or that are reasonably likely to result in our liquidity increasing or decreasing in any material way that will impact our capital needs during or beyond the next 12 months.

1 unchanged sentence

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Our $252.1 million of net cash provided by operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was the result of $58.3 million of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash operating items of $141.1 million and increases in net changes in our working capital assets and liabilities of $52.7 million.

Our $147.2 million of net cash provided by operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was the result of $58.0 million of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash operating items of $134.5 million and decreases in net changes in our working capital assets and liabilities of $45.2 million.

Our $100.5 million of net cash provided by operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was the result of $36.0 million of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash operating items of $42.5 million and increases in net changes in our working capital assets and liabilities of $22.0 million.

Our $115.6 million of net cash provided by operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 was the result of $38.6 million of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash operating items of $53.5 million and net changes in our working capital assets and liabilities of $23.5 million.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Our $828.1 million of net cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to purchases of available-for-sale investment securities, net of proceeds from sales and maturities, of $673.6 million, the purchase of other bank investments of $31.9 million, capital contributions related to our investment in TailFin Labs, LLC of $35.0 million, and the acquisition of property and equipment of $60.6 million.

Our $399.7 million of net cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily due to purchases of available-for-sale investment securities, net of proceeds from sales and maturities of $243.4 million, the purchase of bank-owned life insurance policies of $55.0 million, capital contributions related to our investment in TailFin Labs, LLC of $35.0 million, and the acquisition of property and equipment of $39.6 million.

Our $32.7 million of net cash used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to capital contributions related to our investment in TailFin Labs, LLC of $35.0 million, the acquisition of property and equipment of $19.5 million and net changes in loans of $15.1 million, partially offset by proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities of $37.1 million.

Our $300.6 million of net cash used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 was primarily due to purchases of available-for-sale investment securities, net of proceeds from sales and maturities, of $200.0 million, the purchase of other bank

investments of $31.9 million, capital contributions related to our investment in TailFin Labs, LLC of $35.0 million, and the acquisition of property and equipment of $19.0 million and net changes in loans of $15.0 million.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Our $69.5 million of net cash provided from financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was principally the result of a net increase in customer deposits of $182.7 million, partially offset by a decrease of $36.3 million in obligations to customers and share repurchases of our Class A common stock of $74.1 million.

We also borrowed and have repaid $50.0 million on our revolving line of credit during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Our $564.7 million of net cash provided from financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was principally the result of a net increase in customer deposits of $221.0 million and a net increase of $351.8 million in obligations to customers.

Our $161.6 million of net cash used in financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was principally the result of a net decrease in customer deposits of $104.4 million and a decrease of $19.9 million in obligations to customers.

We also repaid $35.0 million, net of borrowings, on our revolving line of credit during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Our $186.0 million of net cash provided from financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 was principally the result of a net increase in customer deposits of $318.3 million, partially offset by a decrease of $104.7 million in obligations to customers and share repurchases of our Class A common stock of $25.0 million.

We also borrowed and repaid $50.0 million on our revolving line of credit during the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Other Sources of Liquidity:

2019 Revolving Facility

In October 2019, we entered into a revolving credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and other lenders party thereto.

The credit agreement provides for a $100.0 million five-year revolving facility and matures in October 2024.

At our election, loans made under the credit agreement bear interest at 1) a LIBOR rate (the “LIBOR Rate") or 2) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the United States federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (b) the Wells Fargo prime rate, and (c) one-month LIBOR rate plus 1.0% (the “Base Rate"), plus in either case an applicable margin.

The applicable margin for borrowings depends on our total leverage ratio and varies from 1.25% to 2.00% for LIBOR Rate loans and 0.25% to 1.00% for Base Rate loans.

The terms of our existing agreement also provide for a method to determine an alternative benchmark interest rate in anticipation of the discontinuation of LIBOR under reference rate reform.

This alternative benchmark rate will be selected between the parties taking into consideration recommendations from regulatory bodies or based on prevailing market conventions at the time the alternative rate is established, and may include the Secured Overnight Financing Rate.

In October 2019, we entered into a secured credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and other lenders party thereto.

The credit agreement provides for a $100.0 million five-year revolving line of credit (the "2019 Revolving Facility"), maturing in October 2024.

In March 2023, we amended the terms of our agreement to replace LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR").

At our election, loans made under the credit agreement bear interest at 1) an adjusted SOFR rate (the “SOFR Rate") or 2) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the United States federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (b) the Wells Fargo prime rate, and (c) an adjusted SOFR rate plus 1.0% (the “Base Rate"), plus in either case, an applicable margin.

The applicable margin for borrowings depends on our total leverage ratio and varies from 1.25% to 2.00% for SOFR Rate loans and 0.25% to 1.00% for Base Rate loans.

As of March 31, 2023, we had no borrowings outstanding on the 2019 Revolving Facility and had the full amount available for use.

We are also subject to certain financial covenants, which include maintaining a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio at the end of each fiscal quarter, as defined in the agreement.

At September 30, 2022, we were in compliance with all such covenants.

At March 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all such covenants.

Material Cash Requirements

While the effect of COVID-19 and other world events has created economic uncertainty and impacted how we manage our liquidity and capital resources, we anticipate that we will continue to develop and invest in property and equipment as necessary in the normal course of our business.

The amount and timing of these payments and the related cash outflows in future periods is difficult to predict and is dependent on a number of factors including the hiring of new employees, the rate of change of computer hardware and software used in our business and our business outlook as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

We intend to continue to invest in new products and

programs, including GO2bank, new features for our existing products and IT infrastructure such as our core banking and card management systems in order to scale and operate effectively to meet our strategic objectives.

While these capital expenditures will exceed the amount of our capital expenditures in 2021, we expect to fund these capital expenditures primarily through our cash flows provided by operating activities.

While the effect of COVID-19, increasing inflation and interest rates and other macro-economic factors have created economic uncertainty and impacted how we manage our liquidity and capital resources, we anticipate that we will continue to develop and invest in property and equipment as necessary in the normal course of our business.

We intend to continue to invest in new products and programs, including GO2bank, new features for our existing products and IT infrastructure such as our core banking and card management systems in order to scale and operate effectively to meet our strategic objectives.

While we expect these capital expenditures in 2023 will be at similar levels to our capital expenditures in 2022, we expect to fund these capital expenditures primarily through our cash flows provided by operating activities.

We have used cash to acquire businesses and technologies and we anticipate that we may continue to do so in the future.

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If another economic relief package is signed into law that provides for substantial additional direct payments and unemployment benefits, we may need to increase the size of our cash contributions to Green Dot Bank to maintain its capital, leverage and other financial commitments.

We also have certain contractual payment obligations, in each case, as described in more detail below.

Contractual Obligations

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Basel III rules provided that it has a Tier 1 leverage ratio greater than 9% and satisfies other applicable conditions.

In 2021, Green Dot Corporation and Green Dot Bank qualified for (including, in the case of Green Dot Bank, through grace periods) and opted to use the community bank leverage ratio framework.

Going forward, we expect that Green Dot Corporation will continue to qualify for and use the community bank leverage ratio framework, and that Green Dot Bank will calculate and disclose its risk-based capital ratios and Tier 1 leverage ratio under standardized approach of the U.S.

Commencing in 2021, Green Dot Corporation and Green Dot Bank qualified for (including, in the case of Green Dot Bank, through grace periods) and opted to use the community bank leverage ratio framework.

We expect that Green Dot Corporation will continue to qualify for and use the community bank leverage ratio framework, and that Green Dot Bank will calculate and disclose its risk-based capital ratios and Tier 1 leverage ratio under standardized approach of the U.S.

Basel III Rules.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we and Green Dot Bank were categorized as "well capitalized" under applicable regulatory standards.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we and Green Dot Bank were categorized as "well capitalized" under applicable regulatory standards.

To be categorized as "well capitalized," we and Green Dot Bank must maintain specific total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table below.

There were no conditions or events since September 30, 2022 which management believes would have changed our category as "well capitalized."

There were no conditions or events since March 31, 2023 which management believes would have changed our category as "well capitalized."

The definitions associated with the amounts and ratios below are as follows:

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Tier 1 capital and

Common equity Tier 1 capital Primarily includes common stock, retained earnings and accumulated OCI, net of deductions and adjustments primarily related to goodwill, deferred tax assets and intangibles.

Common equity Tier 1 capital Includes common stock and retained earnings, adjusted for items primarily related to accumulated OCI, goodwill, deferred tax assets and intangibles.

Total capital

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The standardized risk weights are prescribed in the bank capital rules and reflect regulatory judgment regarding the riskiness of a type of asset or exposure

The actual amounts and ratios, and required "well capitalized" minimum capital amounts and ratios at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:

September 30, 2022

The actual amounts and ratios, and required "well capitalized" minimum capital amounts and ratios at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

March 31, 2023

Amount Ratio Regulatory Minimum "Well-capitalized" Minimum

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Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis