−Removed: Risk Factors.
−Removed: Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk.
−Removed: You should carefully consider the risks described below together with all of the other information in this Report, including our financial statements and the related notes and the information described in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in our other filings with the SEC.
−Removed: If any of the events described below actually occurs, our business, results of operations, financial conditions, cash flows or prospects could be harmed.
−Removed: If that were to happen, you could lose all or part of your investment.
−Removed: Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business.
−Removed: Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital
−Removed: We have a limited operating history and no products approved for commercial sale.
−Removed: We have a history of significant losses, expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability .
−Removed: We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history.
−Removed: Since our founding in 2014, we have incurred significant net losses.
−Removed: Our net losses were $34.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and $21.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
−Removed: As of September 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $143.0 million.
−Removed: We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from private placements of preferred and common equity and borrowings under the 2018 Credit Facility.
−Removed: Since commencing operations, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts and financial resources to organizing and staffing our company, identifying business development opportunities, raising capital, securing intellectual property rights related to our product candidates, conducting discovery, and research and development activities for our product candidates.
−Removed: We expect that it will be several years, if ever, before we have a commercialized product.
−Removed: We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future.
−Removed: The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter.
−Removed: We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we:
−Removed: continue to advance the preclinical and clinical development of our existing product candidates and our research programs;
−Removed: leverage our research and development capabilities to advance additional product candidates into preclinical and clinical development;
−Removed: seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;
−Removed: hire additional clinical, quality control, regulatory, scientific and administrative personnel;
−Removed: expand our operational, financial and management systems and increase personnel, including to support our clinical development and our operations as a public company;
−Removed: maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
−Removed: establish a marketing, sales, distribution and medical affairs infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and commercialize, whether on our own or jointly with a partner;
−Removed: acq uire or in-license other technologies or engage in strategic partnerships;
−Removed: incur additional legal, accounting or other expenses in operating our business, including the additional costs associated with operating as a public company.
−Removed: To become and remain profitable, we must develop and eventually commercialize products with significant market potential.
−Removed: This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical studies and clinical trials, obtaining marketing approval for product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling products and satisfying any post-marketing requirements.
−Removed: We may never succeed in any or all of these activities and, even if we do, we may never generate revenue that is significant or large enough to achieve profitability.
−Removed: If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
−Removed: Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations.
−Removed: A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.
−Removed: We have never generated revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.
−Removed: Our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with our collaboration partners, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize, our product candidates.
−Removed: We do not anticipate generating revenue from product sales for the next several years, if ever.
−Removed: Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on our, or our existing or future collaborators’, success in:
−Removed: completing preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, including our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471 as a monotherapy and other clinical trials for CTX-471, CTX-8371 and CTX-8573;
−Removed: seeking and obtaining marketing approvals for any product candidates that we or our collaborators develop;
−Removed: identifying and developing new product candidates;
−Removed: launching and commercializing product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval by establishing a marketing, sales, distribution and medical affairs infrastructure or, alternatively, collaborating with a commercialization partner;
−Removed: achieving coverage and adequate reimbursement by hospitals and third-party payors, including governmental authorities, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private insurers and managed care organizations, for product candidates, if approved, that we or our collaborators develop;
−Removed: obtaining market acceptance of product candidates, if approved, that we develop as viable treatment options;
−Removed: addressing any competing technological and market developments;
−Removed: negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may enter and performing our obligations under such arrangements;
−Removed: maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how;
−Removed: defending against third-party interference or infringement claims, if any;
−Removed: attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel.
−Removed: We anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any product candidate that is approved for commercial sale.
−Removed: Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA or other regulatory agencies to perform clinical trials or studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate, or if there are any delays in establishing appropriate manufacturing arrangements for or in completing our clinical trials for the development of any of our product candidates, for example, as a result of any setbacks or delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
−Removed: Even if we are able to generate revenue from the sale of any approved products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.
−Removed: We w ill require substantial additional financing to pursue our business objectives, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.
−Removed: A failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our produc t development, commercialization efforts or other operations.
−Removed: Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception.
−Removed: We expect to continue to spend substantial amounts to continue the preclinical and clinical development of our current and future programs.
−Removed: If we receive marketing approval for any product candidates, including CTX-471, CTX-8371 and CTX-8573, we will require significant additional amounts of cash in order to launch and commercialize such product candidates.
−Removed: In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise.
−Removed: Because the designs and outcomes of our planned and anticipated clinical trials are highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development of and commercialize any product candidate we develop.
−Removed: Additionally, any COVID-19 related program setbacks or delays due to changes in federal, state, or local laws and regulations or clinical site policies could impact our programs and increase our expenditures.
−Removed: Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:
−Removed: the scope, progress, timing, results and costs of researching and developing CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and our other product candidates, including targets identified through our NKp30 innate cell engager platform, and of conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials;
−Removed: the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining marketing approval for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any future product candidates we develop, if clinical trials are successful;
−Removed: the costs of manufacturing CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any future product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials and in preparation for marketing approval and commercialization;
−Removed: the impact of COVID-19 on the initiation or completion of preclinical studies or clinical trials, the third-parties on whom we rely, and the supply of our product candidates;
−Removed: the costs of commercialization activities, including marketing, sales and distribution costs, for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any future product candidates we develop, whether alone or with a collaborator, if any of these product candidates are approved for sale;
−Removed: our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements on favorable terms, if at all;
−Removed: the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, expanding, defending and enforcing patent claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of any such litigation;
−Removed: our current collaboration and license agreements remaining in effect and our achievement of milestones and the timing and amount of milestone payments we are required to make, or that we may be eligible to receive, under those agreements;
−Removed: the timing, receipt and amount of sales of, on our future products, if any;
−Removed: the emergence of competing therapies and other adverse developments in the oncology and immunology market.
−Removed: Until we can generate sufficient product revenue to finance our cash requirements, which we may never do, we expect to finance our future cash needs through a combination of public or private equity and debt financings, marketing and distribution arrangements, other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements.
−Removed: As of September 30, 2020, we had $55.5 million in cash and cash equivalents.
−Removed: Based on our research and development plans, we expect that these cash resources will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first quarter of 2022.
−Removed: This estimate is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we expect.
−Removed: Changes may occur beyond our control that would cause us to consume our available capital before that time, including changes in, and progress of, our development activities, acquisitions of additional product candidates and changes in regulation.
−Removed: If we raise additional capital thr ough marketing, sales and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish certain valuable rights to our product candidates, future revenue streams or research p rograms, technologies or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.
−Removed: If we raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect ou r stockholders’ rights.
−Removed: Further, to the extent that we raise additional capital through additional sales of common stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, your ownership interest will be diluted.
−Removed: If we raise additional capital th rough debt financing, we would be subject to fixed payment obligations and may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.
−Removed: Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.
−Removed: If we are unable to obtain additional financing on favorable terms when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials, or other research and development activities or one or more of our development programs.
−Removed: Risks Related to the Discovery and Development of Our Product Candidates
−Removed: Our business is dependent on our ability to advance our current and future product candidates through clinical trials, obtain marketing approval and ultimately commercialize them.
−Removed: We are early in our development efforts.
−Removed: We initiated our first clinical trial for CTX-471, our lead product candidate, in July 2019.
−Removed: Our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for several years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any other current or future product candidates we develop, which may never occur.
−Removed: Our current product candidates, including CTX-471, CTX-8371 and CTX-8573, and any future product candidates we develop will require additional preclinical or clinical development, management of clinical, preclinical and manufacturing activities, marketing approval in the United States and other jurisdictions, demonstration of effectiveness to pricing and reimbursement authorities, sufficient cGMP manufacturing supply for both preclinical and clinical development and commercial production, building of a commercial organization and substantial investment and significant marketing efforts before we generate any revenues from product sales.
−Removed: The clinical and commercial success of our current and future product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:
−Removed: timely and successful completion of preclinical studies and our clinical trials;
−Removed: sufficiency of our financial and other resources to complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials;
−Removed: our plans to successfully submit IND applications with the FDA for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and or other current and future product candidates;
−Removed: our ability to complete preclinical studies for current or future product candidates;
−Removed: successful enrollment in, including maintaining or reaching target enrollment levels during the COVID-19 pandemic, and completion of clinical trials;
−Removed: successful data from our clinical program that supports an acceptable risk-benefit profile of our product candidates in the intended patient populations;
−Removed: our ability to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers on a timely and cost efficient manner;
−Removed: whether we are required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to conduct additional clinical trials or other studies beyond those planned or anticipated to support approval of our product candidates;
−Removed: acceptance of our proposed indications and the primary endpoint assessments evaluated in the clinical trials of our product candidates by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities;
−Removed: receipt and maintenance of timely marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;
−Removed: successfully launching commercial sales of our product candidates, if approved;
−Removed: the prevalence, duration and severity of potential side effects or other safety issues experienced with our product candidates, if approved;
−Removed: entry into collaborations to further the development of our product candidates;
−Removed: obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection or regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;
−Removed: acceptance of the benefits and uses of our product candidates, if approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;
−Removed: maintaining a continued acceptable safety, tolerability and efficacy profile of the product candidates following approval;
−Removed: our compliance with any post-approval requirements imposed on our products, such as post-marketing studies, a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, or additional requirements that might limit the promotion, advertising, distribution or sales of our products or make the products cost prohibitive;
−Removed: competing effectively with other therapies;
−Removed: obtaining and maintaining healthcare coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors;
−Removed: our ability to identify bispecifics through our NKp30 platform or otherwise;
−Removed: enforcing and defending intellectual property rights and claims.
−Removed: These factors, many of which are beyond our control, could cause us to experience significant delays or an inability to obtain regulatory approvals or commercialize our current or future product candidates, and could otherwise materially harm our business.
−Removed: Successful completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials does not mean that CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 or any other current or future product candidates we develop will receive regulatory approval.
−Removed: Even if regulatory approvals are obtained, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize our current and any future product candidates we develop, which would materially harm our business.
−Removed: If we are not able to generate sufficient revenue through the sale of any current or future product candidate, we may not be able to continue our business operations or achieve profitability.
−Removed: Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with uncertain outcomes.
−Removed: We may incur additional costs and experience delays in developing and commercializing or be unable to develop or commercialize our current and future product candidates.
−Removed: To obtain the requisite regulatory approvals to commercialize any of our product candidates, we must demonstrate through extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials that our product candidates are safe, pure and potent in humans.
−Removed: Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is highly uncertain.
−Removed: Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process and our future clinical trial results may not be successful.
−Removed: We may experience delays in completing our clinical trials or preclinical studies and initiating or completing additional clinical trials.
−Removed: Although we initiated a Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471 in July 2019, we may experience delays in completing this trial or in initiating any planned clinical trials and development efforts.
−Removed: Additionally, we cannot be certain the ongoing and planned preclinical studies or clinical trials for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 or any other current or future product candidates will begin on time, not require redesign, enroll an adequate number of subjects on time or be completed on schedule, if at all.
−Removed: We may also experience numerous unforeseen events during our clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize the product candidates we develop, including:
−Removed: results from preclinical studies or clinical trials may not be predictive of results from later clinical trials of any product candidate;
−Removed: the FDA or other regulatory authorities, Institutional Review Boards, or IRBs, or independent ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;
−Removed: the FDA or other regulatory authorities may require us to submit additional data such as long-term toxicology studies, or impose other requirements on us, before permitting us to initiate a clinical trial;
−Removed: we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective trial sites and prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, as the terms of these agreements can be subject to extensive negotiation and vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;
−Removed: clinical trials of any product candidate may fail to show safety, purity or potency, or may produce negative or inconclusive results, which may cause us to decide, or regulators to require us, to conduct additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials or which may cause us to decide to abandon product candidate development programs;
−Removed: the number of patients required for clinical trials may be larger than we anticipate, or we may have difficulty in recruiting and enrolling patients to participate in clinical trials, including as a result of the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical trial sites, eligibility criteria for the clinical trial, the nature of the clinical trial protocol, the availability of approved effective treatments for the relevant disease and competition from other clinical trial programs for similar indications and clinical trial subjects;
−Removed: even though, as of June 1, 2020, we have not experienced challenges in enrolling patients into our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter such challenges in the future for this trial or other trials.
−Removed: It may be difficult to enroll a sufficient number of patients, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials or may fail to return for post-treatment follow-up at a higher rate than we anticipate;
−Removed: our CROs and other third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, or may deviate from the clinical trial protocol or drop out of the trial, which may require that we add new clinical trial sites or investigators;
−Removed: we may elect to, or regulators, IRBs or ethics committees may require that we or our investigators, suspend or terminate clinical research or trials for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;
−Removed: any of our product candidates could cause undesirable side effects that could result in significant negative consequences, including the inability to enter clinical development or receive regulatory approval;
−Removed: the cost of preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies and clinical trials of any product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;
−Removed: we may face hurdles in addressing subject safety concerns that arise during the course of a trial, causing us or our investigators, regulators, IRBs or ethics committees to suspend or terminate trials, or reports may arise from nonclinical or clinical testing of other cancer therapies that raise safety or efficacy concerns about our product candidates;
−Removed: the supply, quality or timeliness of delivery of materials for product candidates we develop or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials may be insufficient or inadequate;
−Removed: we may need to change the manufacturing site and potentially the CMO for our product candidates from those that are able to produce clinical supply for our Phase 1 clinical trials to those with the capacity and ability to perform commercial manufacturing and/or the production of clinical material for our later stage clinical trials.
−Removed: We could encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, or by the IRBs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, ethics committees or the Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, for such trial or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities.
−Removed: Such authorities may impose such a suspension or termination due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product candidate, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.
−Removed: Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of our product candidates.
−Removed: The FDA or other regulatory authorities may change the requirements for approval even after they have reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials.
−Removed: Further, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation of data from clinical trials.
−Removed: For example, we are conducting and may in the future conduct “open-label”
−Removed: clinical trials .
−Removed: An “open-label” clinical trial is one where both the patient and investigator know whether the patient is receiving the investigational product candidate or either an existing approved drug or placebo.
−Removed: Most typically, open-label clinical trials test only the investigational product candidate and sometimes may do so at different dose levels.
−Removed: Open-label clinical trials are subject to various limitations that may exaggerate any therapeutic effect as patients may be subject to a “patient bias” where patients perceive their symptoms to have improved merely due to their awareness of receiving an experimental treatment.
−Removed: Moreover, patients selected for early clinical studies often include the most severe sufferers and their symptoms may have been bound to improve notwithstanding the new treatment.
−Removed: In addition, open-label clinical trials may be subject to an “investigator bias” where those assessing and reviewing the physiological outcomes of the clinical trials are aware of which patients have received treatment an d may interpret the information of the treated group more favorably given this knowledge.
−Removed: Principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and may receive cash or equity compensation in connection with such services.
−Removed: If these relationships and any related compensation result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or a regulatory authority concludes that the financial relationship may have affected the interpretation of the trial, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which could result in the delay or rejection of the marketing application we submit.
−Removed: Any such delay or rejection could prevent or delay us from commercializing our current or future product candidates.
−Removed: If we experience delays in the completion, or termination, of any clinical trial of our product candidates, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the commercial prospects of our product candidates will be harmed and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates will be delayed.
−Removed: In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down the development and approval process for our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues.
−Removed: Significant clinical trial delays could also allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do or shorten any periods during which we have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates.
−Removed: Any such events would impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations.
−Removed: Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.
−Removed: In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates or result in the development of our product candidates stopping early.
−Removed: Preclinical development is uncertain.
−Removed: Our preclinical programs may experience delays or may never advance to clinical trials, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals or commercialize these programs on a timely basis or at all.
−Removed: With the exception of CTX-471, all of our product candidates are still in the preclinical stage, and the risk of failure for such product candidates is high.
−Removed: In order to obtain FDA approval to market a new biologic we must demonstrate proof of safety, purity and potency, including efficacy, in humans.
−Removed: To meet these requirements we will have to conduct adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
−Removed: Before we can commence clinical trials for a product candidate, we must complete extensive preclinical testing and studies that support our planned clinical trials in humans.
−Removed: We cannot be certain of the timely completion or outcome of our preclinical testing and studies and cannot predict if the FDA will accept our proposed clinical programs or if the outcome of our preclinical testing and studies will ultimately support the further development of our current or future product candidates.
−Removed: As a result, we cannot be sure that we will be able to submit INDs or similar applications for our preclinical programs on the timelines we expect, if at all, and we cannot be sure that submission of INDs or similar applications will result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities allowing clinical trials to begin.
−Removed: Conducting preclinical testing is a lengthy, time-consuming and expensive process.
−Removed: The length of time of such testing may vary substantially according to the type, complexity and novelty of the program, and often can be several years or more per program.
−Removed: Delays associated with programs for which we are conducting preclinical testing and studies may cause us to incur additional operating expenses.
−Removed: The commencement and rate of completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials for a product candidate may be delayed by many factors, including but not limited to:
−Removed: an inability to generate sufficient preclinical or other in vivo or in vitro data to support the initiation of clinical studies;
−Removed: delays in reaching a consensus with regulatory agencies on study design;
−Removed: any setbacks or delays on account of the COVID-19 pandemic;
−Removed: the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities not permitting the reliance on preclinical or other data from published scientific literature.
−Removed: Positive results from preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials may not be predictive of future results.
−Removed: Initial positive results in any of our clinical trials may not be indicative of results obtained when the trial is completed or in later stage trials.
−Removed: The results of preclinical studies may not be predictive of the results of clinical trials.
−Removed: Preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials are primarily designed to test safety, to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and to understand the side effects of product candidates at various doses and schedules, and the results of any early-stage clinical trials may not be predictive of the results of later-stage, large-scale efficacy clinical trials.
−Removed: In addition, initial success in clinical trials may not be indicative of results obtained when such trials are completed.
−Removed: There can be no assurance that any of our current or future clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development of any of our product candidates.
−Removed: There is a high failure rate for drugs and biological products proceeding through clinical trials.
−Removed: A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical development even after achieving promising results in earlier studies, and any such setbacks in our clinical development could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
−Removed: Even if our clinical trials are completed, the results may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates.
−Removed: Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are subject to varying interpretations, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval.
−Removed: In addition, the results of our preclinical studies may not be predictive of the results of outcomes in human clinical trials.
−Removed: For example, our current or future product candidates may demonstrate different chemical, biological and pharmacological properties in patients than they do in laboratory studies or may interact with human biological systems in unforeseen or harmful ways.
−Removed: Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show desired pharmacological properties or produce the necessary safety and efficacy results despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials.
−Removed: Even if we are able to initiate and complete clinical trials, the results may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates.
−Removed: In addition, we may experience regulatory delays or rejections as a result of many factors, including changes in regulatory policy during the period of our product candidate development.
−Removed: Any such delays could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
−Removed: Interim and preliminary results from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit, validation and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.
−Removed: From time to time, we may publish interim data, including interim top-line results or preliminary results from our clinical trials.
−Removed: Interim data and results from our clinical trials are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available.
−Removed: Preliminary or top-line results also remain subject to audit, validation and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the interim and preliminary data we previously published.
−Removed: As a result, interim and preliminary data may not be predictive of final results and should be viewed with caution until the final data are available.
−Removed: Differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects and may cause the trading price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly.
−Removed: Our approach to the discovery and development of product candidates using our NKp30 platform is unproven and may not result in marketable products.
−Removed: The success of our business depends in part upon our ability to identify targets based on our proprietary NKp30 platform and to develop and commercialize therapeutic antibodies.
−Removed: Our approach to the discovery of targets using the NKp30 platform is novel.
−Removed: We have not yet completed a clinical trial of any product candidate developed for a target identified from the NKp30 platform.
−Removed: Even if we are able to identify targets from the NKp30 platform and to develop corresponding product candidates, we cannot assure that such product candidates will achieve marketing approval to safely and effectively treat the indications we target.
−Removed: NKp30 is a novel target for drug development.
−Removed: No therapeutic targeting NKp30 has ever been approved, and to our knowledge no drug targeting NKp30 has ever been tested in humans.
−Removed: If we uncover any previously unknown risks related to our NKp30 platform, or if we experience unanticipated problems or delays in developing our NKp30 product candid ates, we may be unable to achieve our strategy of building a platform of NKp30 innate cell engagers for oncology and autoimmune disease.
−Removed: Our agonist monoclonal antibody product candidates are a new potential class of therapeutics, which makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of development and of subsequently obtaining regulatory approval, if at all.
−Removed: Our agonist monoclonal antibody technology is relatively new and no agonist monoclonal antibodies to any target have been approved to date.
−Removed: As such it is difficult to accurately predict the developmental challenges we may incur for our product candidates as they proceed through product discovery or identification, preclinical studies and clinical trials.
−Removed: In addition, because we have not completed clinical trials, we have not yet been able to meaningfully assess safety in humans, and there may be short-term or long-term effects from treatment with any product candidates that we develop that we cannot predict at this time.
−Removed: Also, animal models may not exist for some of the diseases we choose to pursue in our programs.
−Removed: Furthermore, agonist antibodies have demonstrated substantial toxicity in humans and there is no assurance that our product candidates will not have the same adverse side effects.
−Removed: As a result of these factors, it is more difficult for us to predict the time and cost of product candidate development, and we cannot predict whether the application of our antibody therapeutics and our bispecifics, or any similar or competitive technologies, will result in the identification, development, and regulatory approval of any products.
−Removed: There can be no assurance that any development problems we experience in the future related to our agonist antibodies or any of our research programs will not cause significant delays or unanticipated costs, or that such development problems can be solved.
−Removed: Any of these factors may prevent us from completing our preclinical studies or any clinical trials that we may initiate or commercializing any product candidates we may develop on a timely or profitable basis, if at all.
−Removed: The clinical trial requirements of the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use and market of the product candidate.
−Removed: No products based on agonist antibodies have been approved to date by regulators.
−Removed: As a result, the regulatory approval process for product candidates such as ours is uncertain and may be more expensive and take longer than the approval process for product candidates based on other, better known or more extensively studied technologies.
−Removed: It is difficult to determine how long it will take or how much it will cost to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates in either the United States or the European Union or other regions of the world or how long it will take to commercialize our product candidates.
−Removed: Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a potential product candidate to market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient product revenue, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be harmed.
−Removed: Our current or future product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties when used alone or in combination with other approved products or investigational new drugs that could halt their clinical development, delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.
−Removed: Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of our product candidates, we must demonstrate through lengthy, complex and expensive preclinical testing and clinical trials that our product candidates are safe, pure and potent for use in each target indication, and failures can occur at any stage of testing.
−Removed: As with most biological products, use of our current or future product candidates could be associated with side effects or adverse events which can vary in severity from minor reactions to death and in frequency from infrequent to prevalent.
−Removed: There have been serious adverse side effects reported in response to antibody therapeutics and bispecifics in oncology.
−Removed: Immuno-oncology drugs have been observed to cause side effects, generally related to over activation of the immune system.
−Removed: These include colitis, diabetes, pituitary inflammation, thyroiditis, myocarditis, liver inflammation, thrombocytopenia, among others.
−Removed: Our immune-oncology product candidates, including our lead candidate, CTX-471, may have similar or additional side effects.
−Removed: As of May 24, 2020, 19 patients have been enrolled in our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471 and received at least one dose of CTX-471.
−Removed: There have been six serious adverse events reported, two of which in two patients were considered treatment-related.
−Removed: The two treatment-related serious adverse events are hypoxia, which resolved, and thrombocytopenia purpura that also resolved.
−Removed: Two dose-limiting toxicities of immune-related thrombocytopenia have been reported.
−Removed: In addition to any potential side effects caused by the product or product candidate, the administration process or related procedures also can cause adverse side effects.
−Removed: If unacceptable adverse events occur, our clinical trials or any future marketing authorization could be suspended or terminated.
−Removed: We are developing CTX-8371 as potential a bispecific antibody that simultaneously targets both PD-1 and PD-L1, the targets of well-known and widely used checkpoint inhibitor antibodies.
−Removed: While we have observed so far in preclinical testing that simultaneous targeting of both PD-1 and PD-L1 has been associated with less toxicity than targeting either PD-1 alone or PD-L1 alone, there can be no assurance that CTX-8371 will not demonstrate unacceptable toxicities in later testing that may render it unsafe or intolerable.
−Removed: If unacceptable side effects arise in the development of our product candidates, we, the FDA, the IRBs at the institutions in which our studies are conducted or the DSMB could suspend or terminate our clinical trials or the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease clinical trials or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications.
−Removed: Treatment-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete any of our clinical trials or result in potential product liability claims.
−Removed: In addition, these side effects may not be appropriately recognized or managed by the treating medical staff.
−Removed: We expect to have to train medical personnel using our product candidates to understand the side effect profiles for our clinical trials and upon any commercialization of any of our product candidates.
−Removed: Inadequate training in recognizing or managing the potential side effects of our product candidates could result in patient injury or death.
−Removed: Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.
−Removed: Although our current and future product candidates have undergone and will undergo safety testing to the extent possible and, where applicable, under such conditions discussed with regulatory authorities, not all adverse effects of drugs can be predicted or anticipated.
−Removed: Antibody therapeutics and bispecifics and their method of action of harnessing the body’s immune system are powerful and could lead to serious side effects that we only discover in clinical trials or during commercial marketing.
−Removed: Unforeseen side effects could arise either during clinical development or after our product candidates have been approved by regulatory authorities and the approved product has been marketed, resulting in the exposure of additional patients.
−Removed: So far, we have not demonstrated that CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 or any other product candidate is safe in humans, and we cannot predict if ongoing or future clinical trials will do so.
−Removed: If any of our current or future product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical trials or do not gain marketing approval, we will not be able to generate revenue and our business will be harmed.
−Removed: In addition, we intend to pursue CTX-471 in part in combination with other therapies and may develop CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and future product candidates in combination with other therapies, which exposes us to additional risks relating to undesirable side effects or other properties.
−Removed: For example, the other therapies may lead to toxicities that are improperly attributed to our product candidates or the combination of our product candidates with other therapies may result in toxicities that the product candidate or other therapy does not produce when used alone.
−Removed: The other therapies we are using in combination may be removed from the market, or we may not be able to secure adequate quantities of such materials for which we have no guaranteed supply contract, and thus be unavailable for testing or commercial use with any of our approved products.
−Removed: The other therapies we may use in combination with our product candidates may also be supplanted in the market by newer, safer or more efficacious products or combinations of products.
−Removed: Even if we successfully advance one of our product candidates through clinical trials, such trials will likely only include a limited number of subjects and limited duration of exposure to our product candidates.
−Removed: As a result, we cannot be assured that adverse effects of our product candidates will not be uncovered when a significantly larger number of patients are exposed to the product candidate.
−Removed: Further, any clinical trial may not be sufficient to determine the effect and safety consequences of taking our product candidates over a multi-year period.
−Removed: If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:
−Removed: regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product;
−Removed: we may be required to recall a product or change the way such product is administered to patients;
−Removed: additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of the particular product or the manufacturing processes for the product or any component thereof;
−Removed: regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a contraindication;
−Removed: we may be required to implement a REMS or create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;
−Removed: we could be sued and h eld liable for harm caused to patients;
−Removed: the product may become less competitive;
−Removed: our reputation may suffer.
−Removed: Any of the foregoing events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and result in the loss of significant revenues, which would materially harm our business.
−Removed: In addition, if one or more of our product candidates or our antibody therapeutic development approach generally prove to be unsafe, our entire technology platform and pipeline could be affected, which would also materially harm our business.
−Removed: As an organization, we have limited experience designing and implementing clinical trials and we have never conducted pivotal clinical trials.
−Removed: Failure to adequately design a trial, or incorrect assumptions about the design of the trial, could adversely affect the ability to initiate the trial, enroll patients, complete the trial, or obtain regulatory approval on the basis of the trial results, as well as lead to increased or unexpected costs and in delayed timelines.
−Removed: The design and implementation of clinical trials is a complex process.
−Removed: We have limited experience designing and implementing clinical trials, and we may not successfully or cost-effectively design and implement clinical trials that achieve our desired clinical endpoints efficiently, or at all.
−Removed: A clinical trial that is not well designed may delay or even prevent initiation of the trial, can lead to increased difficulty in enrolling patients, may make it more difficult to obtain regulatory approval for the product candidate on the basis of the study results, or, even if a product candidate is approved, could make it more difficult to commercialize the product successfully or obtain reimbursement from third-party payors.
−Removed: Additionally, a trial that is not well-designed could be inefficient or more expensive than it otherwise would have been, or we may incorrectly estimate the costs to implement the clinical trial, which could lead to a shortfall in funding.
−Removed: We also expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials.
−Removed: See “— Risks Related to Reliance on Third Parties—We rely or will rely on third parties to help conduct our ongoing and planned preclinical studies and clinical trials for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any future product candidates we develop.
−Removed: If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain marketing approval for or commercialize CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any current or future product candidates we develop and our business could be materially harmed .” Consequently, we may be unable to successfully and efficiently execute and complete clinical trials that are required for BLA submission and FDA approval of CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 or current or future product candidates.
−Removed: We may require more time and incur greater costs than our competitors and may not succeed in obtaining regulatory approvals of product candidates that we develop.
−Removed: If we or our collaborators encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise be adversely affected.
−Removed: The successful and timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends on, among other things, our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the trial until the trial’s conclusion, including any follow-up period.
−Removed: We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons.
−Removed: The enrollment of patients depends on many factors, including:
−Removed: the patient eligibility criteria defined in the protocol;
−Removed: the nature and size of the patient population required for analysis of the trial’s primary endpoints and the process for identifying patients;
−Removed: the number and location of participating clinical sites or patients;
−Removed: the design of the trial;
−Removed: our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;
−Removed: clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages and risks of the product candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new products that may be approved for the indications we are investigating;
−Removed: the av ailability of competing commercially available therapies and other competing drug candidates’ clinical trials;
−Removed: our ability to obtain and maintain patient informed consents for participation in our clinical trials;
−Removed: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics or similar events on patients’ willingness and ability to participate in clinical trials or on study site policies;
−Removed: the risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will drop out of the trials before completion or, because they may be late-stage cancer patients, will not survive the full terms of the clinical trials.
−Removed: In addition, our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that are in the same therapeutic areas as our current and potential future product candidates.
−Removed: This competition will reduce the number and types of patients available to us, because some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial conducted by one of our competitors.
−Removed: Since the number of qualified clinical investigators is limited, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials at such sites.
−Removed: Moreover, because our current and potential future product candidates may represent a departure from more commonly used methods for cancer treatment, potential patients and their doctors may be inclined to use conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy, rather than enroll patients in our ongoing or any future clinical trial.
−Removed: Additionally, the recent COVID-19 pandemic may have an impact on our ability to recruit and follow-up with patients either due to continued or renewed restrictions on travel or shelter-in-place orders or policies, or due to changes in patient willingness to participate in trials or travel to study sites in the wake of the pandemic.
−Removed: Additionally, COVID-19 related study site policies may create delays or setbacks in our ability to continue to enroll or to dose patients.
−Removed: Delays of difficulties in patient enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing, outcome or completion of clinical trials, which would adversely affect our ability to advance the development of the product candidates we develop.
−Removed: Because the number of subjects in our Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471 is small, the results from this trial, once completed, may be less reliable than results achieved in larger clinical trials.
−Removed: A study design that is considered appropriate includes a sufficiently large sample size with appropriate statistical power, as well as proper control of bias, to allow a meaningful interpretation of the results.
−Removed: The preliminary results of studies with smaller sample sizes and heterogeneous patient populations, such as our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471, can be disproportionately influenced by the impact the treatment had on a few individuals, which limits the ability to generalize the results across a broader community, thus making the study results less reliable than studies with a larger number of subjects and with more homogeneous patient populations.
−Removed: As a result, there may be less certainty that CTX-471 would achieve a statistically significant effect in any future clinical trials.
−Removed: If we conduct any future clinical trials of CTX-471, we may not achieve a statistically significant result or the same level of statistical significance seen, if any, in our Phase 1 clinical trial.
−Removed: Similarly, if we conduct a clinical trial of any other product candidate we develop, including CTX-471, with a smaller sample size, the results of any such trial may be less reliable than results achieved in larger clinical trials and may provide less certainty of achieving statistically significant effects in any future clinical trials.
−Removed: We have chosen to prioritize development of CTX-471, CTX-8371 and CTX-8573.
−Removed: We may expend our limited resources on product candidates or indications that do not yield a successful product and fail to capitalize on other candidates or indications for which there may be a greater likelihood of success or may be more profitable .
−Removed: Because we have limited resources, we have strategically determined to prioritize development of CTX-471, CTX-8371 and CTX-8573 rather than other product candidates based, in part, on the significant resources required for developing and manufacturing antibody therapeutics and bispecifics.
−Removed: To date, no regulatory authority has granted approval for an antibody therapeutic targeting CD137, also known as 4-1BB, as well as the target of CTX-471.
−Removed: Of note, several drugs targeting CD137 have been tested in early stage clinical trials.
−Removed: At least one of these drugs had severe side effects.
−Removed: It is possible that CTX-471 may have similar adverse effects, including toxicity, in humans.
−Removed: In addition, no drug targeting NKp30 has ever been tested in humans, so the effects and safety profile of CTX-8573 is unpredictable.
−Removed: As a result, we may be foregoing other potentially more profitable antibody therapies or drugs with a greater likelihood of success.
−Removed: Our decisions concerning the allocation of research, development, collaboration, management and financial resources toward particular product candidates or therapeutic areas may not lead to the development of any viable commercial product and may divert resources away from better opportunities.
−Removed: Similarly, our potential decisions to delay,
−Removed: terminate or collaborate with third parties with respect to certain programs may subsequently also prove to be suboptimal and could cau se us to miss valuable opportunities.
−Removed: If we make incorrect determinations regarding the viability or market potential of any of our current or future product candidates or misread trends in the oncology, autoimmunology or biopharmaceutical industry, our bu siness, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
−Removed: As a result, we may fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities, be required to forego or delay pursuit of opportunities w ith other product candidates or other diseases and disease pathways that may later prove to have greater commercial potential than those we choose to pursue, or relinquish valuable rights to such product candidates through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been advantageous for us to invest additional resources to retain development and commercialization rights.
−Removed: Regulatory Risks
−Removed: The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business will be materially harmed.
−Removed: The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities.
−Removed: In addition, approval policies, regulations or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions.
−Removed: We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate.
−Removed: Neither we nor any future collaborator is permitted to market any biological product in the United States until we or the future collaborator receives regulatory approval of a biologics license application, or BLA, from the FDA.
−Removed: It is possible that none of our current or future product candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.
−Removed: Our current and future product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:
−Removed: the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials;
−Removed: we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate has an acceptable risk-benefit profile in the proposed indication;
−Removed: we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that the facility in which a product candidate is manufactured meets standards designed to assure that the product candidate continues to be safe, pure, and potent;
−Removed: the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for approval;
−Removed: we may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;
−Removed: the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from clinical trials or preclinical studies;
−Removed: the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to support the submission of a BLA to the FDA or regulatory submissions to comparable regulatory authorities to obtain regulatory approval in such jurisdiction;
−Removed: the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may find deficiencies with or fail to approve our manufacturing processes or facility or the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies.
−Removed: This lengthy approval process as well as the unpredictability of clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market any product candidate we develop, which would significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.
−Removed: The FDA and other comparable foreign authorities have substantial discretion in the approval
−Removed: process and in determining when or whether regulatory approval will be granted for any product candidate that we develop.
−Removed: Even if we believe th e data collected from future clinical trials of our product candidates are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA or any other regulatory authority.
−Removed: In addition, even if we were to obtain approval, the FDA may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications, or a more limited patient population, than we request, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly clinical trials or other post-marketing requirements, or may approve a product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims we believe are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of such product candidates.
−Removed: In addition, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may change their policies, promulgate additional regulations, revise existing regulations or take other actions that may prevent or delay approval of our future products under development on a timely basis.
−Removed: Such policy or regulatory changes could impose additional requirements upon us that could delay our ability to obtain approvals, increase the costs of compliance or restrict our ability to maintain any marketing authorizations we may have obtained.
−Removed: Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates.
−Removed: We may be unable to obtain FDA approval of our product candidates under applicable regulatory requirements.
−Removed: The denial or delay of any such approval would prevent or delay commercialization of our product candidates and adversely impact our potential to generate revenue, our business and our results of operations.
−Removed: To gain approval to market our product candidates in the United States, we must provide the FDA with clinical data that adequately demonstrate the safety, purity and potency, including efficacy, of the product candidate for the proposed indication or indications in a BLA submission.
−Removed: Product development is a long, expensive and uncertain process, and delay or failure can occur at any stage of any of our clinical development programs.
−Removed: A number of companies in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after promising results in earlier preclinical studies or clinical trials.
−Removed: These setbacks have been caused by, among other things, preclinical findings made while clinical trials were underway and safety or efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including previously unreported adverse events.
−Removed: Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and the results of clinical trials by other parties may not be indicative of the results in trials we may conduct.
−Removed: We have not previously submitted a BLA or any other marketing application to the FDA or similar filings to comparable foreign regulatory authorities.
−Removed: A BLA or other similar regulatory filing requesting approval to market a product candidate must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish that the product candidate is safe, pure and potent for each desired indication.
−Removed: The BLA or other similar regulatory filing must also include significant information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing and controls for the product.
−Removed: The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, marketing, sale and distribution of biological products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, and such regulations differ from country to country.
−Removed: We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States or in any foreign countries until they receive the requisite approval from the applicable regulatory authorities of such jurisdictions.
−Removed: The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities can delay, limit or deny approval of our product candidates for many reasons, including:
−Removed: our inability to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority that our product candidates are safe and effective for the requested indication;
−Removed: the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority’s disagreement with our trial protocol or the interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;
−Removed: our inability to demonstrate that the clinical and other benefits of our product candidates outweigh any safety or other perceived risks;
−Removed: the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority’s requirement for additional preclinical studies or clinical trials;
−Removed: the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory au thority’s non-approval of the formulation, labeling, or specifications of our product candidates;
−Removed: the FDA or a comparable regulatory authority’s failure to approve our manufacturing processes and facilities or the manufacturing processes and facilities of third-party manufacturers upon which we rely;
−Removed: potential for approval policies or regulations of the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority to significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.
−Removed: Even if we eventually complete clinical testing and receive approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for any of our product candidates, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly additional clinical trials which may be required after approval.
−Removed: The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities also may approve any of our product candidates for a more limited indication or a narrower patient population than we originally requested, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not approve any of our product candidates with the labeling that we believe is necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of any such product candidates.
−Removed: Of the large number of biopharmaceutical products in development, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA or other regulatory bodies’ approval processes and are commercialized.
−Removed: Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approval would delay or prevent commercialization of our product candidates and would materially harm our business.
−Removed: Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, approved, or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business.
−Removed: The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory, and policy changes, the FDA’s ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the FDA’s ability to perform routine functions.
−Removed: Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result.
−Removed: In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.
−Removed: Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for biological products or modifications to approved biological products to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business.
−Removed: For example, over the last several years, including for 35 days beginning on December 22, 2018, the U.S.
−Removed: government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities.
−Removed: Separately, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, on March 10, 2020 the FDA announced its intention to postpone most foreign inspections of manufacturing facilities and products, and subsequently, on March 18, 2020, the FDA announced its intention to temporarily postpone routine surveillance inspections of domestic manufacturing facilities.
−Removed: Regulatory authorities outside the United States may adopt similar restrictions or other policy measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
−Removed: If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, or if global health concerns prevents the FDA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
−Removed: For example, on April 16, 2020, the FDA announced that it was continuing to meet key review program user fee performance goals, approve applications and communicate with applicants.
−Removed: However, the FDA noted that it may not be able to sustain its current level of performance indefinitely during the COVID-19 pandemic.
−Removed: If the FDA becomes unable to continue its current level of performance, we could experience delays and setbacks for our product candidates and for any approvals we may seek which could adversely affect our business.
−Removed: We may be required to suspend, repeat or terminate our clinical trials if they are not conducted in accordance with regulatory requirements, the results are negative or inconclusive or the trials are not well designed.
−Removed: Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s current good clinical practices requirements, or cGCP, or analogous requirements of applicable foreign regulatory authorities.
−Removed: Clinical trials are subject to oversight by the FDA, other foreign governmental agencies and IRBs or ethical committees at the study sites where the clinical trials are conducted.
−Removed: In addition, clinical trials must be conducted with product candidates manufactured in accordance with
−Removed: applicable cGMP.
−Removed: Clinical trials may be suspended by the FDA, other foreign regulatory au thorities, us, or by an IRB or ethics committee with respect to a particular clinical trial site, for various reasons, including:
−Removed: deficiencies in the conduct of the clinical trials, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or study protocols;
−Removed: deficiencies in the clinical trial operations or trial sites;
−Removed: unforeseen adverse side effects or the emergence of undue risks to study subjects;
−Removed: deficiencies in the trial design necessary to demonstrate efficacy;
−Removed: the product candidate may not appear to offer benefits over current therapies;
−Removed: the quality or stability of the product candidate may fall below acceptable standards.
−Removed: We intend to develop CTX-471 in part in combination with other therapies and may develop CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and future product candidates in combination with other therapies, which exposes us to additional regulatory risks.
−Removed: We intend to develop CTX-471 in part in combination with other therapies, such as trastuzumab, and may develop CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and future product candidates in combination with one or more currently approved cancer therapies.
−Removed: These combinations have not been previously tested in the clinic and may, among other things, fail to demonstrate synergistic activity, may fail to achieve superior outcomes relative to the use of single agents or other combination therapies, or may fail to demonstrate sufficient safety or efficacy traits in clinical trials to enable us to complete those clinical trials or obtain marketing approval for the combination therapy.
−Removed: In addition, we did not develop or obtain regulatory approval for, and we do not manufacture or sell, any of these approved therapeutics.
−Removed: Therefore, even if any product candidate we develop were to receive marketing approval or be commercialized for use in combination with other existing therapies, we would continue to be subject to the risk that the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could revoke approval of the therapy used in combination with our product candidate or that safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues could arise with these existing therapies.
−Removed: This could result in our own products being removed from the market or being less successful commercially.
−Removed: Combination therapies are commonly used for the treatment of cancer diseases, and we would be subject to similar risks if we develop any of our product candidates for use in combination with other drugs or for indications other than cancer.
−Removed: We may also evaluate CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 or any future product candidate in combination with one or more other cancer therapies that have not yet been approved for marketing by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.
−Removed: We will not be able to market and sell CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 or any product candidate we develop in combination with any such unapproved cancer therapies that do not ultimately obtain marketing approval.
−Removed: If the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities do not approve these other biological products or revoke their approval of, or if safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues arise with, the biological products we choose to evaluate in combination with CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 or any product candidate we develop, we may be unable to obtain approval of or market any such product candidate.
−Removed: Even if we receive marketing approval of a product candidate, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense.
−Removed: If we fail to comply or experience unanticipated problems with our products, we may be subject to administrative and judicial enforcement, including monetary penalties, for non-compliance and our approved products, if any, could be deemed misbranded or adulterated and prohibited from continued distribution.
−Removed: Any marketing approvals that we receive for any current or future product candidate may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-market testing and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate.
−Removed: The FDA may also require implementation of a REMS as a condition of approval of any product candidate, which could include requirements for a medication guide, physician communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools.
−Removed: In addition, if the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves a product candidate, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution,
−Removed: adverse event and deviation reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import and export and record keeping for the product candidate will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements.
−Removed: These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMP and cGCP, for any clinical trials that we may conduct post-approval.
−Removed: Later discovery of previously unknown problems with any approved candidate, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our or our third-party manufacturers’ manufacturing processes or facilities, or failure to c omply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:
−Removed: suspension of, or imposition of restrictions on, the marketing or manufacturing of the product, withdrawal of the product from the market, or product recalls;
−Removed: Warning Letters or Untitled Letters, or holds on clinical trials;
−Removed: refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications we file, or suspension or revocation of approved biologics licenses;
−Removed: product seizure or detention, monetary penalties, refusal to permit the import or export of the product, or placement on Import Alert;
−Removed: permanent injunctions and consent decrees including the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.
−Removed: Given the nature of biological products manufacturing, there is a risk of contamination.
−Removed: Any contamination could materially adversely affect our ability to produce product candidates on schedule and could, therefore, harm our results of operations and cause reputational damage.
−Removed: Some of the raw materials and other components required in our manufacturing process are derived from biologic sources.
−Removed: Such raw materials are difficult to procure and may be subject to contamination or recall.
−Removed: A material shortage, contamination, recall or restriction on the use of biologically derived substances in the manufacture of our product or product candidates could adversely impact or disrupt the commercial manufacturing or the production of clinical material, which could materially and adversely affect our development and commercialization timelines and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects and could adversely affect our ability to meet our supply obligations.
−Removed: Moreover, the FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about drug and biological products.
−Removed: In particular, an approved product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA as reflected in the product’s approved labeling, or off-label uses.
−Removed: The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses.
−Removed: The FDA has issued guidance on the factors that it will consider in determining whether a firm’s product communication is consistent with the FDA-required labeling for that product, and those factors contain complexity and potential for overlap and misinterpretation.
−Removed: A company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses of their products may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties.
−Removed: The FDA and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay marketing approval of a product.
−Removed: We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad.
−Removed: If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.
−Removed: Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response, and could generate negative publicity.
−Removed: Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to commercialize and generate revenue from our products.
−Removed: If regulatory sanctions are applied or if regulatory approval is withdrawn, the value of our company and our operating results will be adversely affected.
−Removed: Certain policies of the Trump Administration may impact our business and industry.
−Removed: President Trump has taken several executive actions, including the issuance of a number of Executive Orders, that could impose significant burdens on, or otherwise materially delay, the FDA’s ability to engage in routine oversight activities such as implementing statutes through rulemaking, issuance of guidance, and review and approval of marketing applications.
−Removed: It is difficult to predict how these orders will be implemented, and the extent to which they will impact the FDA’s ability to exercise its regulatory authority.
−Removed: If these executive actions impose restrictions on the FDA’s ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course, our business may be negatively impacted.
−Removed: In addition, if we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain reg ulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.
−Removed: Risks Related to the Commercialization of Our Product Candidates
−Removed: Even if a current or future product candidate receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.
−Removed: If any current or future product candidate we develop receives marketing approval, whether as a single agent or in combination with other therapies, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community.
−Removed: For example, current approved antibody therapeutics, and other cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy, are well established in the medical community, and doctors may continue to rely on these therapies.
−Removed: Our approach to targeting different components of the tumor microenvironment is novel and unproven.
−Removed: For example, NKp30 is a novel target for drug development, and no therapeutic targeting NKp30 has ever been approved nor, to our knowledge, has any drug targeting NKp30 ever been tested in humans.
−Removed: In addition, adverse events in clinical trials testing our product candidates or in clinical trials of others developing similar product candidates and the resulting publicity, as well as any other adverse events in the field of immuno-oncology that may occur in the future, could result in a decrease in demand for our current or future product candidates.
−Removed: Furthermore, to date, only a few bispecific products have received marketing approval and only a few have advanced to late-stage clinical development.
−Removed: Future adverse events in immuno-oncology or the biopharmaceutical industry could also result in greater governmental regulation, stricter labeling requirements and potential regulatory delays in the testing or approvals of our products.
−Removed: Similarly, the use of agonist antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases is novel and there can be no assurance that our product candidates for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, if approved, would gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community.
−Removed: If our current and any future product candidates we develop do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenues and we may not become profitable.
−Removed: The degree of market acceptance of our current and any future product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:
−Removed: efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments, including those that are not yet approved;
−Removed: the ability to offer our products, if approved, for sale at competitive prices;
−Removed: convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;
−Removed: the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;
−Removed: the strength of marketing, sales and distribution support;
−Removed: the ability to obtain sufficient third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement, including with respect to the use of the approved product as a combination therapy;
−Removed: the prevalence and severity of any side effects.
−Removed: The market opportunities for any current or future product candidate we develop, if approved, may be limited to those patients who are ineligible for established therapies or for whom prior therapies have failed, and may be small.
−Removed: Any revenue we are able to generate in the future from product sales will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the market in the United States and any other jurisdiction for which we gain regulatory approval and have commercial rights.
−Removed: If the markets or patient subsets that we are targeting are not as significant as we estimate, we may not generate significant revenues from sales of such products, even if approved.
−Removed: Cancer therapies are sometimes characterized as first-line, second-line or third-line, and the FDA often approves new therapies initially only for third-line use.
−Removed: When cancer is detected early enough, first-line therapy, usually chemotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, radiation therapy or a combination of these, is sometimes adequate to cure the cancer or prolong life without a cure.
−Removed: Second- and third-line therapies are administered to patients when prior therapy is not effective.
−Removed: The number of patients who receive second- and third-line treatment is significantly smaller than the number of patients who receive first-line treatment, and the prognosis of patients who receive second- or third-line treatment is often poorer than that of patients who receive first-line treatment.
−Removed: We may initially seek approval for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any other product candidates we develop as second- or third-line therapies.
−Removed: If we do so, for those products that prove to be sufficiently beneficial, if any, we would expect potentially to seek approval as a first-line therapy, but there is no guarantee that any product candidate we develop, even if approved, would be approved for first-line therapy, and, prior to any such approvals, we may have to conduct additional clinical trials.
−Removed: The number of patients who have the types of cancer or autoimmune diseases we are targeting may turn out to be lower than expected.
−Removed: Additionally, the potentially addressable patient population for our current or future product candidates may be limited, if and when approved.
−Removed: Even if we obtain significant market share for any product candidate, if and when approved, if the potential target populations are small, we may never achieve profitability without obtaining marketing approval for additional indications, including to be used as first- or second-line therapy.
−Removed: Obtaining and maintaining marketing approval of our current and future product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining and maintaining marketing approval of our current and future product candidates in other jurisdictions.
−Removed: Obtaining and maintaining marketing approval of our current and future product candidates in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain marketing approval in any other jurisdiction, while a failure or delay in obtaining marketing approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the marketing approval process in others.
−Removed: For example, even if the FDA grants marketing approval of a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the product candidate in those countries.
−Removed: Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions.
−Removed: In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction.
−Removed: In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval.
−Removed: We may also submit marketing applications in other countries.
−Removed: Regulatory authorities in jurisdictions outside of the United States have requirements for approval of product candidates with which we must comply prior to marketing in those jurisdictions.
−Removed: Obtaining foreign marketing approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries.
−Removed: If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets or fail to receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be harmed.
−Removed: If we are unable to establish marketing, sales and distribution capabilities for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 or any other product candidate that may receive regulatory approval, we may not be successful in commercializing those product candidates if and when they are approved.
−Removed: We do not have sales or marketing infrastructure.
−Removed: To achieve commercial success for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any other product candidate for which we may obtain marketing approval, we will need to establish a sales and marketing organization.
−Removed: In the future, we expect to build a focused sales and marketing infrastructure to market some of our product candidates in the United States, if and when they are approved.
−Removed: There are risks involved with establishing our own marketing, sales and distribution capabilities.
−Removed: For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch.
−Removed: If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses.
−Removed: This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.
−Removed: Factors that may inhibit our efforts to market our products on our own include:
−Removed: our inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;
−Removed: the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians in order to educate physicians about our product candidates, once approved;
−Removed: the lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines;
−Removed: unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.
−Removed: If we are unable to establish our own marketing, sales and distribution capabilities and are forced to enter into arrangements with, and rely on, third parties to perform these services, our revenue and our profitability, if any, are likely to be lower than if we had developed such capabilities ourselves.
−Removed: In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to sell, market and distribute our product candidates or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us.
−Removed: We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively.
−Removed: If we do not establish marketing, sales and distribution capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our product candidates.
−Removed: Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of our product candidates.
−Removed: We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human trials and may face greater risk if we commercialize any products that we develop.
−Removed: Product liability claims may be brought against us by subjects enrolled in our trials, patients, healthcare providers or others using, administering or selling our products.
−Removed: If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against such claims, we could incur substantial liabilities.
−Removed: Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:
−Removed: decreased demand for any product candidate we may develop;
−Removed: withdrawal of trial participants;
−Removed: termination of clinical trial sites or entire trial programs;
−Removed: injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;
−Removed: initiation of investigations by regulators;
−Removed: significant time and costs to defend the related litigation;
−Removed: substantial monetary awards to trial subjects or patients;
−Removed: diversion of management and scientific resources from our business operations;
−Removed: the inability to commercialize any product candidates that we may develop.
−Removed: While we currently hold trial liability insurance coverage consistent with industry standards, the amount of coverage may not adequately cover all liabilities that we may incur.
−Removed: We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.
−Removed: We intend to expand our insurance coverage for products to include the sale of commercial products if we obtain marketing approval for our product candidates, but we may be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product liability insurance.
−Removed: A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
−Removed: Healthcare, Insurance and Other Legal Risks
−Removed: The successful commercialization of our product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which third-party payors, including governmental authorities and private health insurers, provide coverage and adequate reimbursement levels, as well as implement pricing policies favorable for our product candidates.
−Removed: Failure to obtain or maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved, could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.
−Removed: In the United States and markets in other countries, patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs.
−Removed: The availability of coverage and adequacy of reimbursement by third-party payors, including government healthcare programs (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid), managed care providers, private health insurers, health maintenance organizations, and other organizations is essential for most patients to be able to afford medical services and pharmaceutical products such as our product candidates.
−Removed: Third-party payors decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels.
−Removed: The availability of coverage and extent of reimbursement by governmental and other third-party payors is essential for most patients to be able to afford treatments such as antibody-based therapies.
−Removed: In the United States, the principal decisions about reimbursement for new medicines are typically made by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, an agency within the U.S.
−Removed: Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS.
−Removed: CMS decides whether and to what extent our products will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare and private payors tend to follow CMS to a substantial degree.
−Removed: Factors payors consider in determining reimbursement are based on whether the product is:
−Removed: a covered benefit under its health plan;
−Removed: safe, effective and medically necessary;
−Removed: appropriate for the specific patient;
−Removed: cost-effective;
−Removed: neither experimental nor investigational.
−Removed: Our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, whether as a single agent or combination therapy, will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for our products and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, including government healthcare programs (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid), managed care providers, private health insurers, health maintenance organizations, and other organizations.
−Removed: Moreover, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved.
−Removed: If coverage and adequate reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates.
−Removed: Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a sufficient return on our investment.
−Removed: Further, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of individuals have lost/will be losing employer-based insurance coverage, which may adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products.
−Removed: No uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement for products exist among third-party payors in the United States.
−Removed: Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor.
−Removed: The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product.
−Removed: One payor’s determination to provide coverage for a product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage and reimbursement for the product, and the level of coverage and reimbursement can differ significantly from payor to payor.
−Removed: Third-party payors may also limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication.
−Removed: A decision by a third-party payor not to cover or not to separately reimburse for our products or procedures using our products could reduce physician utilization of our products once approved.
−Removed: Assuming there is coverage for our product candidates, or procedures using our product candidates by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high.
−Removed: We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement in the United States, will be available for our current or future product candidates, or for any procedures using such product candidates, and any reimbursement that may become available may not be adequate or may be decreased or eliminated in the future.
−Removed: Further, if we or our collaborators develop companion diagnostic tests for use with our product candidates, we, or our collaborators, will be required to obtain coverage and reimbursement for these tests separate and apart from the coverage and reimbursement we seek for our product candidates, once approved.
−Removed: Further, increasing efforts by third-party payors in the United States and abroad to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause such organizations to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for newly approved products and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our product cand idates.
−Removed: In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, we may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of our products, in additi on to the costs required to obtain FDA or comparable regulatory approvals.
−Removed: Additionally, we may also need to provide discounts to purchasers, private health plans or government healthcare programs.
−Removed: Our product candidates may nonetheless not be considered m edically necessary or cost-effective.
−Removed: If third-party payors do not consider a product to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover the product after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of paym ent may not be sufficient to allow a company to sell its products at a profit.
−Removed: A decision by a third-party payor not to cover a product could reduce physician utilization once the product is approved and have a material adverse effect on sales, our operati ons and financial condition.
−Removed: We expect to experience pricing pressures from third-party payors in connection with the potential sale of any of our product candidates.
−Removed: Lastly, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed.
−Removed: The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country.
−Removed: For example, in the European Union Member States can restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and they can control the prices of medicinal products for human use.
−Removed: To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies.
−Removed: A Member State may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the Company placing the medicinal product on the market.
−Removed: Approaches between Member States are diverging.
−Removed: For example, in France, effective market access will be supported by agreements with hospitals and products may be reimbursed by the Social Security Fund.
−Removed: The price of medicines is negotiated with the Economic Committee for Health Products, or CEPS.
−Removed: There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our product candidates.
−Removed: Historically, products launched in the European Union do not follow price structures of the United States and generally prices tend to be significantly lower.
−Removed: Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor.
−Removed: Enacted healthcare legislation, changes in healthcare law and implementation of regulations, as well as changes in healthcare policy, may increase the difficulty and cost for us to commercialize our product candidates, may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict, could affect the prices we may set, and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
−Removed: In the United States and in some foreign jurisdictions, there have been and likely will continue to be a number of legislative and regulatory changes regarding the healthcare system directed at broadening the availability of healthcare, improving the quality of healthcare, and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare.
−Removed: For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or, collectively, the ACA, was passed, which substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts the U.S.
−Removed: pharmaceutical industry.
−Removed: The ACA, among other things, subjects biological products to potential competition by lower-cost biosimilars, expands the types of entities eligible for the 340B drug discount program, addresses a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected, increases the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, extends the rebate program to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, establishes annual fees and taxes on manufacturers of certain branded prescription drugs, and creates a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program in which, as a condition of coverage of its products under Medicare Part D, manufacturers must now agree to offer 50% (increased to 70% pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, or BBA, effective as of 2019) point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period.
−Removed: Since its enactment, there have been numerous judicial, administrative, executive, and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future.
−Removed: Various portions of the ACA are currently undergoing legal and constitutional challenges in the United States Supreme Court;
−Removed: the Trump Administration has issued various Executive Orders which eliminated cost sharing subsidies and various provisions that would impose a fiscal burden on states or a cost, fee, tax, penalty or regulatory burden on individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices;
−Removed: and Congress has introduced several pieces of legislation aimed at significantly revising or repealing the ACA.
−Removed: Also, in December 2018, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, issued a final rule permitting further collections and payments to
−Removed: and from certain ACA qualified health plans and health insurance issuers under the ACA risk adjustment program.
−Removed: It is unclear whether the ACA will be overturned, repealed, replaced, or further amended.
−Removed: We cannot predict what affect further changes to the ACA would have on our business.
−Removed: In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted.
−Removed: For example, on August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress.
−Removed: A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs.
−Removed: This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year.
−Removed: These reductions went into effect on April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2030 unless additional congressional action is taken.
−Removed: However, the Medicare sequester reductions under the BCA will be suspended from May 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
−Removed: On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.
−Removed: Additionally, the BBA, among other things, amended the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, to increase the point-of-sale discount (from 50% under the ACA to 70%) that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and, closed the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole”.
−Removed: Moreover, payment methodologies may be subject to changes in healthcare legislation and regulatory initiatives.
−Removed: For example, CMS may develop new payment and delivery models, such as bundled payment models.
−Removed: Recently, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products.
−Removed: Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent U.S.
−Removed: Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the cost of drugs under Medicare and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products.
−Removed: For example, at the federal level, the Trump administration’s budget proposal for fiscal year 2021 includes a $135 billion allowance to support legislative proposals seeking to reduce drug prices, increase competition, lower out-of-pocket drug costs for patients, and increase patient access to lower-cost generic and biosimilar drugs.
−Removed: On March 10, 2020, the Trump administration sent “principles” for drug pricing to Congress, calling for legislation that would, among other things, cap Medicare Part D beneficiary out-of-pocket pharmacy expenses, provide an option to cap Medicare Part D beneficiary monthly out-of-pocket expenses, and place limits on pharmaceutical price increases.
−Removed: Additionally, he Trump Administration previously released a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers.
−Removed: HHS has started soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same, is implementing others under its existing authority.
−Removed: For example, in May 2019, CMS issued a final rule to allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option of using step therapy, a type of prior authorization, for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2020.
−Removed: This final rule codified CMS’s policy change that was effective January 1, 2019.
−Removed: Although a number of these and other proposed measures may require additional authorization to become effective, Congress and the Trump Administration have each indicated that they will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs.
−Removed: At the state level, legislatures are increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.
−Removed: Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions on coverage or access could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
−Removed: In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs.
−Removed: This could reduce the ultimate demand for our product candidates that we successfully commercialize or put pressure on our product pricing.
−Removed: We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the extent to which state and federal governments cover particular healthcare products and services and could limit the amounts that the federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services.
−Removed: This could result in reduced demand for any product candidate or complementary or companion diagnostics we develop or could result in additional pricing pressures.
−Removed: We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action in the United States.
−Removed: If we or any third parties we may engage are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or such third parties are not able to maintain regulatory compl iance, our product candidates may lose any regulatory approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.
−Removed: Our relationships with customers, third-party payors and others may be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens and diminished profits and future earnings.
−Removed: Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.
−Removed: Our current and future arrangements with healthcare providers, third-party payors, customers, and others may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research, as well as, sell, market and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval.
−Removed: The applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:
−Removed: The federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under the Medicare and Medicaid programs or other federal healthcare programs.
−Removed: A person or entity can be found guilty of violating the statute without actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it.
−Removed: The term remuneration has been interpreted broadly to include anything of value.
−Removed: The federal Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers, among others, on the other.
−Removed: A person or entity need not have actual knowledge of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.
−Removed: Violations are subject to significant civil and criminal fines and penalties for each violation, plus up to three times the remuneration involved, imprisonment, and exclusion from government healthcare programs.
−Removed: In addition, a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act, or FCA;
−Removed: The federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, including the FCA, which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment of government funds that are false or fraudulent, or knowingly making, or using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false, fictitious, or fraudulent claim or obligation to pay or transmit money or property to the federal government, or to knowingly avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government.
−Removed: Manufacturers can be held liable under the FCA even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims.
−Removed: Private individuals, commonly known as “whistleblowers”, can bring FCA qui tam actions, on behalf of the federal government and such individuals and may share in amounts paid by the entity to the government in recovery or settlement;
−Removed: The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which prohibits knowingly and willfully executing a scheme, or attempting to execute a scheme, to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor, and further prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or representation, or making or using any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any materially false fictitious or fraudulent statement or entry in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.
−Removed: Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity can be found guilty of violating the HIPAA fraud provisions without actual knowledge of the statutes or specific intent to violate them;
−Removed: HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, imposes, among other things, certain requirements relating t o the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information on covered entities and their business associates, those independent contractors or agents of covered entities that create, receive, maintain, transmit or obtain prote cted health information in connection with providing a service on behalf of a covered entity.
−Removed: HITECH also created new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce HIPAA and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.
−Removed: In addition, there may be additional federal, state and non-U.S.
−Removed: laws which govern the privacy and security of health and other personal information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts;
−Removed: The federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, being implemented as the Open Payments Program, which requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to CMS information related to direct or indirect payments and other transfers of value to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held in a company by physicians and their immediate family members.
−Removed: Effective January 1, 2022, these reporting obligations will extend to include transfers of value made to certain non-physician providers such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners;
−Removed: Analogous U.S.
−Removed: state and local laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third-party payors, including private insurers;
−Removed: state and local marketing and/or transparency laws applicable to manufacturers that may be broader in scope than the federal requirements;
−Removed: state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources;
−Removed: state laws that restrict the ability of manufacturers to offer co-pay support to patients for certain prescription drugs;
−Removed: state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to clinical trials, or information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures;
−Removed: state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information on the pricing of certain drugs;
−Removed: state laws and local ordinances that require identification or licensing of sales representatives;
−Removed: and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.
−Removed: It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations.
−Removed: If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other government regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant sanctions, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, reputational harm, exclusion from participation in federal and state funded healthcare programs, contractual damages and the curtailment or restricting of our operations, as well as additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws.
−Removed: Further, if the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to similar penalties.
−Removed: In addition, the approval and commercialization of any product candidate we develop outside the United States will also likely subject us to foreign equivalents of the healthcare laws mentioned above, among other foreign laws.
−Removed: All of these could harm our ability to operate our business and our financial results.
−Removed: Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs.
−Removed: Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.
−Removed: The shifting compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust and expandable systems to comply with multiple jurisdictions with different compliance or reporting requirements increases the possibility that a healthcare company may run afoul of one or more of the requirements.
−Removed: We are subject to certain U.S.
−Removed: and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions and other trade laws and regulations.
−Removed: We can face serious consequences for violations.
−Removed: Among other matters, U.S.
−Removed: and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions and other trade laws and regulations, or, collectively, Trade Laws, prohibit companies and their employees, agents, clinical research organizations, legal counsel, accountants, consultants, contractors and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting, or receiving directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to or from recipients in the public or private sector.
−Removed: Violations of Trade Laws can result in substantial criminal fines and civil penalties, imprisonment, the loss of trade privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences.
−Removed: Our business is heavily regulated and therefore involves significant interaction with public officials.
−Removed: We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities and other organizations.
−Removed: We also expect our non-U.S.
−Removed: activities to increase in time.
−Removed: Additionally, in many other countries, the healthcare providers who prescribe pharmaceuticals are employed by their government, and the purchasers of pharmaceuticals are government entities;
−Removed: therefore, our dealings with these prescribers and purchasers are subject to regulation under the U.S.
−Removed: Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or FCPA.
−Removed: We plan to engage third parties for clinical trials and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our personnel, agents, or partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have prior knowledge of such activities.
−Removed: In particular, our operations will be subject to FCPA, which prohibits, among other things, U.S.
−Removed: companies and their employees and agents from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to foreign government officials, employees of public international organizations and foreign government-owned or affiliated entities, candidates for foreign political office, and foreign political parties or officials thereof.
−Removed: Recently, the SEC and Department of Justice have increased their FCPA enforcement activities with respect to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.
−Removed: There is no certainty that all of our employees, agents, suppliers, manufacturers, contractors, or collaborators, or those of our affiliates, will comply with all applicable laws and regulations, particularly given the high level of complexity of these laws.
−Removed: Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, the closing down of facilities, including those of our suppliers and manufacturers, requirements to obtain export licenses, cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries, implementation of compliance programs and prohibitions on the conduct of our business.
−Removed: Any such violations could also result in prohibitions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries as well as difficulties in manufacturing or continuing to develop our products, and could materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees and our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.
−Removed: If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
−Removed: We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes.
−Removed: Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials.
−Removed: Our operations also produce hazardous waste products.
−Removed: We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes.
−Removed: We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials.
−Removed: In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources.
−Removed: We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.
−Removed: Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities.
−Removed: We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological or hazardous materials.
−Removed: Manufacturing Risks
−Removed: The loss of our third-party manufacturing partners or our, or our partners’, failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements or to supply sufficient quantities at acceptable quality levels or prices, or at all, would materially and adversely affect our business.
−Removed: We have contracted with qualified third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, to manufacture our product candidates for preclinical and clinical trials.
−Removed: If approved, commercial supply of CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any future product candidates may also be manufactured at one or more CMOs.
−Removed: The facilities used by our CMOs to manufacture our product candidates are subject to various regulatory requirements and may be subject to the inspection of the FDA or other regulatory authorities.
−Removed: We do not control the manufacturing process at our CMOs, and are completely dependent on them for compliance with current regulatory requirements.
−Removed: If we or our CMOs cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions, we may not be able to rely on their manufacturing facilities for the manufacture of elements of our product candidates.
−Removed: In addition, we have limited control over the ability of our CMOs to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel.
−Removed: If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority finds our facilities or those of our CMOs inadequate for the manufacture of our product candidates or if such facilities are subject to enforcement action in the future or are otherwise inadequate, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates.
−Removed: Additionally, our CMOs may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints or as a result of labor disputes or unstable political environments or on account of global pandemics or similar events, including the COVID-19 pandemic.
−Removed: If our CMOs were to encounter any of these difficulties, our ability to provide our product candidate to patients in clinical trials, or to provide product for the treatment of patients once approved, would be jeopardized.
−Removed: Changes in methods of product candidate manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.
−Removed: As product candidates proceed through preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials towards potential approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize processes and results.
−Removed: In addition, we will likely need to change our CMO for CTX-471 manufacturing to one that can support commercial-scale manufacturing.
−Removed: Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives.
−Removed: Any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the materials manufactured using altered processes.
−Removed: Such changes may also require additional testing, FDA notification or FDA approval.
−Removed: This could delay completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commence sales and generate revenue.
−Removed: We are subject to multiple manufacturing risks, any of which could substantially increase our costs and limit supply of our product candidates.
−Removed: The process of manufacturing antibody therapeutics and bispecifics, including our product candidates, is complex, time-consuming, highly regulated and subject to several risks, including:
−Removed: product loss during the manufacturing process, including loss caused by contamination, equipment failure or improper installation or operation of equipment, or operator error.
−Removed: Even minor deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production yields, product defects and other supply disruptions.
−Removed: If microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our products or in the manufacturing facilities in which our products are made, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination;
−Removed: we will likely need to change our CMO for CTX-471 manufacturing to one that can support large-scale manufacturing for later stage clinical trials as well as commercial supply needs;
−Removed: the manufacturing facilities in which our pro ducts are made could be adversely affected by equipment failures, labor and raw material shortages, natural disasters, power failures and numerous other factors;
−Removed: any adverse developments affecting manufacturing operations for our products may result in shipment delays, inventory shortages, lot failures, product withdrawals or recalls, or other interruptions in the supply of our products.
−Removed: We may also have to take inventory write-offs and incur other charges and expenses for products that fail to meet specifications, undertake costly remediation efforts or seek more costly manufacturing alternatives.
−Removed: We may also make changes to our manufacturing processes at various points during development, for a number of reasons, such as controlling costs, achieving scale, decreasing processing time, increasing manufacturing success rate or other reasons.
−Removed: Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve their intended objectives, and any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of our ongoing or future clinical trials.
−Removed: In some circumstances, changes in the manufacturing process may require us to perform ex vivo comparability studies and to collect additional data from patients prior to undertaking more advanced clinical trials.
−Removed: For instance, changes in our process during the course of clinical development may require us to show the comparability of the product used in earlier clinical phases or at earlier portions of a trial to the product used in later clinical phases or later portions of the trial.
−Removed: Risks Related to Intellectual Property
−Removed: If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our product candidates, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad or robust, our competitors could develop and commercialize products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates may be adversely affected.
−Removed: Our success depends, in large part, on our and in a few cases, our licensors’ ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our product candidates and platform.
−Removed: We and our licensors have sought, and intend to seek, to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our product candidates and technology that are important to our business.
−Removed: No patent has yet issued from our patent applications.
−Removed: The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has, in recent years, been the subject of much litigation.
−Removed: As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain.
−Removed: Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued that protect our technology or product candidates or that effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and product candidates.
−Removed: In particular, during prosecution of any patent application, the issuance of any patents based on the application may depend upon our ability to generate additional preclinical or clinical data that support the patentability of our proposed claims.
−Removed: We may not be able to generate sufficient additional data on a timely basis, or at all.
−Removed: Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized.
−Removed: As a result, our intellectual property may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.
−Removed: We may not be aware of all third-party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our product candidates.
−Removed: Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing or, in some cases, only upon issuance or not at all.
−Removed: Therefore, we cannot be certain that we, or a licensor, were the first to make the inventions claimed in any owned or any licensed patents or pending patent applications, respectively, or which entity was the first to file for patent protection until such patent application publishes or issues as a patent.
−Removed: Databases for patents and publications, and methods for searching them, are inherently limited, so it is not practical to review and know the full scope of all issued and pending patent applications.
−Removed: As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability, and commercial value of our and our licensed patent rights are uncertain.
−Removed: Furthermore, if third parties have filed such patent applications, we may challenge their ownership, for example in a derivation proceeding before the U.S.
−Removed: Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, to determine who has the right to the claimed subject matter in the applications.
−Removed: Similarly, if our patent applications are challenged in a derivation proceeding, the USPTO may hold that a third-party is entitled to certain patent ownership rights instead of us.
−Removed: We may then be forced to seek a license from the third party that may not be available on commercially favorable terms, or at all.
−Removed: The patent prosecution process is expensive, time consuming and complex, and we may not have and may not in the future be able to file, prosecute, maintain, enforce, defend or license all necessary or desirable patent applications in some or all relevant jurisdictions at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner.
−Removed: For example, in some cases, the work of certain academic researchers in the field has entered the public domain, which may compromise our ability to obtain patent protection for cert ain inventions related to or building upon such prior work.
−Removed: Consequently, we may not be able to obtain any such patents to prevent others from using our technology for, and developing and marketing competing products to treat, these indications.
−Removed: It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.
−Removed: In some cases, we may be able to obtain patent protection, but such protections may expire before we commer cialize the product protected by those rights, leaving us no meaningful protection for our products.
−Removed: In other cases, where our intellectual property is being managed by a third-party collaborator, licensee or partner, that third party may fail to act dilig ently in prosecuting, maintaining, defending or enforcing our patents.
−Removed: Such conduct may result in the failure to maintain or obtain protections, loss of rights, loss of patent term or, in cases where a third party has acted negligently or inequitably, pate nts being found unenforceable.
−Removed: Even if the patent applications we license or own do issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other third parties from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage.
−Removed: Our competitors or other third parties may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.
−Removed: In spite of a legal presumption of validity, the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, ownership, scope, validity, or enforceability which may be challenged in the courts and patent offices in the United States and abroad.
−Removed: Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and product candidates.
−Removed: Our intellectual property agreements with third parties may be subject to disagreements over contract interpretation, which could narrow the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, resulting in termination of our access to such intellectual property or increase our financial or other obligations to our licensors.
−Removed: The agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in our intellectual property agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations.
−Removed: The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could affect the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or affect financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
−Removed: Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates.
−Removed: Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by government patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.
−Removed: Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other government fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various government patent agencies outside of the United States over the lifetime of our licensed patents and/or applications and any patent rights we own or may own in the future.
−Removed: We rely, in part, on our outside counsel or our licensing partners to pay these fees due to the USPTO and to non-U.S.
−Removed: patent agencies.
−Removed: The USPTO and various non-U.S.
−Removed: government patent agencies require compliance with several procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process.
−Removed: We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply and we are also dependent on our licensors to take the necessary action to comply with these requirements with respect to our licensed intellectual property.
−Removed: In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules.
−Removed: There are situations, however, in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction and may compromise the strength of other intellectual property in our portfolio.
−Removed: In such an event, potential competitors might be able to enter the market and this circumstance could have a material adverse effect on our business.
−Removed: On February 1, 2019 the government of Venezuela, in respon se to certain U.S.
−Removed: sanctions, began to require that foreign entities pay all official fees, including patent fees (either for pending matters or new petitions), in PETRO, a “cryptocurrency” created by the Nicolás Maduro administration in February 2018 as a way to collect U.S.
−Removed: dollars while avoiding American financial sanctions issued under an Executive Order of President Trump on March 19, 2018.
−Removed: The Executive Order banned transactions involving “any digital currency, digital coin, or digital token, that was issued by, for, or on behalf of the Government of Venezuela on or after January 9, 2018.” The prohibition is applicable to any U.S.
−Removed: entity unless exempted by license.
−Removed: We do not hold such a license and therefore may not be able to secure patents in Venezue la.
−Removed: A presidential decree dated January 14, 2020 formally established the PETRO as a mandatory means of payment.
−Removed: In response, the Venezuelan Patent Office established an alternative payment method allowing the receipt of deposits with the value of correspo nding Official fees in U.S.
−Removed: Dollars and Euros in cash at a non-sanctioned governmental bank.
−Removed: While this has been an adequate course of action to proceed in compliance, there is no guarantee it will remain so.
−Removed: We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
−Removed: Filing, prosecuting and enforcing patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States are and could remain less extensive than those in the United States.
−Removed: In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States.
−Removed: Consequently, we may be less likely to be able to prevent third parties from infringing our patents in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products that infringe our patents in and into the United States or other jurisdictions.
−Removed: Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States.
−Removed: These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.
−Removed: Many companies have encountered significant problems protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions.
−Removed: The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products or methods of treatment, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally.
−Removed: For example, with “Brexit”, there is uncertainty associated with obtaining, defending, and enforcing intellectual property rights in the United Kingdom.
−Removed: International treaties and regulations promulgated as a result of this transition could impede or eliminate our ability to obtain or maintain meaningful intellectual property rights in the United Kingdom.
−Removed: Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us.
−Removed: We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.
−Removed: Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.
−Removed: Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties.
−Removed: In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors.
−Removed: In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent.
−Removed: If we or any of our licensors is forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.
−Removed: Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.
−Removed: Patents have a limited lifespan.
−Removed: In most countries, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest national filing date.
−Removed: Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited.
−Removed: Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products.
−Removed: Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, it is possible that patents protecting our product candidates might expire before or shortly after we commercialize those candidates.
−Removed: Further, if we encounter delays in our clinical trials, the period of time during which we could market our product candidates under patent protection would be reduced.
−Removed: As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.
−Removed: If we do not obtain patent term extension and data exclusivity for our product candidates, our business may be harmed.
−Removed: Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, one or more of our U.S.
−Removed: patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, or the Hatch Waxman Act.
−Removed: The Hatch Waxman Act permits a patent extension term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process.
−Removed: A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended per FDA-approved product, and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended.
−Removed: Further, certain of our licenses currently or in the future may not provide us with the right to control decisions the licensor or its other licensees on Orange Book listings or patent term extension decisions under the Hatch-Waxman Act.
−Removed: Thus, if one of our important licensed patents is eligible for a patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Act, and it covers a product of another licensee in addition to our own product candidate, we may not be able to obtain that extension if the other licensee seeks and obtains that extension first.
−Removed: However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements.
−Removed: The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 provides up to 12 years of market exclusivity for a reference biological product.
−Removed: We may not be able to obtain such exclusivity for our products.
−Removed: Moreover, the applicable time-period or the scope of patent protection afforded during any such extension could be less than we request.
−Removed: If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the scope of term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively market our product may be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be materially reduced.
−Removed: Changes in U.S.
−Removed: patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.
−Removed: Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents.
−Removed: Assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent.
−Removed: After March 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, enacted in September 2011, or the America Invents Act, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention.
−Removed: The America Invents Act also includes several significant changes that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation.
−Removed: These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity or ownership of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review and derivation proceedings.
−Removed: The America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
−Removed: We may be subject to such third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO or become involved in other contested proceedings such as opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, or post-grant review proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others.
−Removed: An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights.
−Removed: In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future products.
−Removed: In addition, the patent positions of companies in the development and commercialization of biological product s and pharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain.
−Removed: Recent rulings from the U.S.
−Removed: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the U.S.
−Removed: Supreme Court have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of pa tent owners in certain situations.
−Removed: This combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents.
−Removed: Depending on future actions by the U.S.
−Removed: Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations g overning patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a material adverse effect on our existing patent portfolio and our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property in the future.
−Removed: Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.
−Removed: Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors, or we may be required to defend against claims of infringement.
−Removed: Countering infringement or unauthorized use claims or defending against claims of infringement can be expensive and time-consuming.
−Removed: Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities.
−Removed: In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.
−Removed: Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future marketing, sales or distribution activities.
−Removed: We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings.
−Removed: Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios.
−Removed: Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.
−Removed: In addition, many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions.
−Removed: The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally.
−Removed: Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us.
−Removed: We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.
−Removed: Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we own, develop or license.
−Removed: Issued patents covering our product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court.
−Removed: We may not be able to protect our trade secrets in court.
−Removed: If we or one of our licensing partners initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce any patent that is issued covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid or unenforceable.
−Removed: In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace.
−Removed: Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, written description or non-enablement.
−Removed: In addition, patent validity challenges may, under certain circumstances, be based upon non-statutory obviousness-type double patenting, which, if successful, could result in a finding that the claims are invalid for obviousness-type double patenting or the loss of patent term, including a patent term adjustment granted by the USPTO, if a terminal disclaimer is filed to obviate a finding of obviousness-type double patenting.
−Removed: Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld information material to patentability from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution.
−Removed: Third parties also may raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation.
−Removed: Such mechanisms include re-examination, post grant review, inter partes review and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions.
−Removed: Such proceedings could result in the revocation or cancellation of or amendment to our patents in such a way that they no longer cover our product candidates.
−Removed: The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable.
−Removed: We cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art of which the patent examiner and we or our licensing partners were unaware during prosecution.
−Removed: If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we could lose part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on one or more of our product candidates.
−Removed: Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business.
−Removed: In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our product candidate discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, informat ion or technology that is not covered by patents.
−Removed: However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect, and some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets.
−Removed: Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.
−Removed: Patents have a limited lifespan.
−Removed: In most countries, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest national filing date.
−Removed: Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited.
−Removed: Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products.
−Removed: Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, it is possible that patents protecting our product candidates might expire before or shortly after we commercialize those candidates.
−Removed: Further, if we encounter delays in our clinical trials, the period of time during which we could market our product candidates under patent protection would be reduced.
−Removed: As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.
−Removed: If we do not obtain patent term extension for any product candidates we may develop, our business may be materially harmed.
−Removed: Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of any product candidates we may develop, one or more U.S.
−Removed: patents that we license or may own in the future may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Action of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Amendments.
−Removed: The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent extension term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process.
−Removed: A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent per product may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended.
−Removed: However, even if we were to seek a patent term extension, it may not be granted because of, for example, the failure to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, the failure to apply within applicable deadlines, the failure to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or the failure to otherwise satisfy applicable requirements.
−Removed: Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded under an extension request could be less than we request.
−Removed: In addition, to the extent we wish to pursue patent term extension based on a patent that we in-license from a third party, we would need the cooperation of that third party.
−Removed: If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or if the term of any requested extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, be able to enter the market sooner, and our revenue could be reduced, and our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations could be materially harmed.
−Removed: Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business and financial condition.
−Removed: Our commercial success depends upon our ability and the ability of any collaborators to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights and intellectual property of third parties.
−Removed: We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist which might be enforced against our current manufacturing methods, product candidates or future methods or products, resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our manufacture or sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation to third parties.
−Removed: The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive and complex litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights.
−Removed: We may in the future become party to, or be threatened with, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our product candidates and technology, including post grant review and inter partes review before the USPTO.
−Removed: The risks of being involved in such litigation and proceedings may also increase as our product candidates approach commercialization and as we gain greater visibility as a public company.
−Removed: Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future, regardless of their merit.
−Removed: There is a risk that third parties may choose to engage in litigation with us to enforce or to otherwise assert their patent rights against us.
−Removed: Even if we believe such claims are without merit, a court of competent jurisdiction could hold that these third-party patents are valid, enforceable and infringed, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to commercialize any of our product candidates or technologies covered by the asserted third-party patents.
−Removed: If we are found to infringe a third party’s valid and enforceable intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing, manufacturing and marketing our product candidates and technology.
−Removed: However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
−Removed: Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments.
−Removed: We could be forced, including b y court order, to cease developing, manufacturing and commercializing the infringing technology or product candidates.
−Removed: In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willful ly infringed a patent or other intellectual property right.
−Removed: A finding of infringement could prevent us from manufacturing and commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our busin ess.
−Removed: Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
−Removed: Others may claim an ownership interest in our intellectual property and our product candidates, which could expose us to litigation and have a significant adverse effect on our prospects.
−Removed: While we are presently unaware of any claims or assertions by third parties with respect to our patents or other intellectual property, we cannot guarantee that a third party will not assert a claim or an interest in any of such patents or intellectual property.
−Removed: For example, a third party may claim an ownership interest in one or more of our, or our licensors’, patents or other proprietary or intellectual property rights.
−Removed: A third party could bring legal actions against us to seek monetary damages or enjoin clinical testing, manufacturing or marketing of the affected product candidate or product.
−Removed: If we become involved in any litigation, it could consume a substantial portion of our resources and cause a significant diversion of effort by our technical and management personnel.
−Removed: If any such action is successful, in addition to any potential liability for damages, we could be required to obtain a license to continue to manufacture or market the affected product candidate or product, in which case we could be required to pay substantial royalties or grant cross-licenses to patents.
−Removed: We cannot, however, assure you that any such license would be available on acceptable terms, if at all.
−Removed: Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product, or forced to cease some aspect of our business operations as a result of claims of patent infringement or violation of other intellectual property rights.
−Removed: Further, the outcome of intellectual property litigation is subject to uncertainties that cannot be adequately quantified in advance, including the demeanor and credibility of witnesses and the identity of any adverse party.
−Removed: This is especially true in intellectual property cases, which may turn on the testimony of experts as to technical facts upon which experts may reasonably disagree.
−Removed: Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.
−Removed: If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.
−Removed: Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect.
−Removed: To maintain the confidentiality of trade secrets and proprietary information, we enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, collaborators and others upon the commencement of their relationships with us.
−Removed: These agreements require that all confidential information developed by the individual or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual’s relationship with us be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties.
−Removed: Our agreements with employees and our personnel policies also provide that any inventions conceived by the individual in the course of rendering services to us shall be our exclusive property.
−Removed: However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes, and individuals with whom we have these agreements may not comply with their terms.
−Removed: Thus, despite such agreement, there can be no assurance that such inventions will not be assigned to third parties.
−Removed: In the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets or proprietary information, these agreements, even if obtained, may not provide meaningful protection, particularly for our trade secrets or other confidential information.
−Removed: To the extent that our employees, consultants or contractors use technology or know-how owned by third parties in their work for us, disputes may arise between us and those third parties as to the rights in related inventions.
−Removed: To the extent that an individual who is not obligated to assign rights in intellectual property to us is rightfully an inventor of intellectual property, we may need to obtain an assignment or a license to that intellectual property from that individual, or a third party or from that individual’s assignee.
−Removed: Such assignment or license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
−Removed: We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our trade secrets by other means, including maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems.
−Removed: However, these security measures may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.
−Removed: Adequate remedies may not exist in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary information.
−Removed: The disclosure of our trade secrets would impair our competitive position and ma y materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
−Removed: Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to maintain trade secret protection could adver sely affect our competitive business position.
−Removed: In addition, others may independently discover or develop our trade secrets and proprietary information, and the existence of our own trade secrets affords no protection against such independent discovery.
−Removed: For example, a public presentation in the scientific or popular press on the properties of our product candidates could motivate a third party, despite any perceived difficulty, to assemble a team of scientists having backgrounds similar to those of our emplo yees to attempt to independently reverse engineer or otherwise duplicate our antibody technologies to replicate our success.
−Removed: We may be subject to claims asserting that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employers or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.
−Removed: Many of our directors, employees, consultants, and advisors are currently, or were previously, employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors.
−Removed: Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these individuals, or we, have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s current or former employer, or that patents and applications we have filed to protect inventions of these employees, even those related to one or more of our product candidates, are rightfully owned by their former or current employer.
−Removed: Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims.
−Removed: If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel.
−Removed: Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.
−Removed: In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees, consultants, advisors and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own.
−Removed: The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.
−Removed: If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel.
−Removed: Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.
−Removed: If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.
−Removed: Any registered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks.
−Removed: We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential partners or customers in our markets of interest.
−Removed: At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion.
−Removed: In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names.
−Removed: Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.
−Removed: Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.
−Removed: Collaborations with third parties, including academic collaborations, may limit our ability to obtain, maintain, enforce or defend intellectual property necessary to conduct our business.
−Removed: We may sometimes collaborate with non-profit and academic institutions to accelerate our preclinical research or development under written agreements with these institutions.
−Removed: Typically, these institutions provide us with an option to negotiate a license to any of the institution’s rights in technology resulting from the collaboration.
−Removed: Regardless of such option, we may be unable to negotiate a license within the specified timeframe or under terms that are acceptable to us.
−Removed: If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual property rights to other parties, potentially blocking our ability to develop our program.
−Removed: In some circumstances, particularly in-licenses with academic inst itutions, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain, enforce or defend the patents, covering technology that we license from third parties.
−Removed: Therefore, we cannot be certain that these patents and applications will be prosecuted, maintained and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business.
−Removed: If our licensors fail to maintain such patents, or lose rights to those patents or patent applications, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated and our right to develop and commercialize any of our products that are the subject of such licensed rights could be adversely affected.
−Removed: In certain circumstances, we have or may license technology from third parties o n a non-exclusive basis.
−Removed: In such instances, other licensees may have the right to enforce our licensed patents in their respective fields, without our oversight or control.
−Removed: Those other licensees may choose to enforce our licensed patents in a way that harm s our interest, for example, by advocating for claim interpretations or agreeing on invalidity positions that conflict with our positions or our interest.
−Removed: In addition to the foregoing, the risks associated with patent rights that we license from third part ies will also apply to patent rights we own or may own in the future.
−Removed: Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats.
−Removed: The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage.
−Removed: others may be able to make products that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or license or may own in the future;
−Removed: we, or any partners or collaborators, might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patent or pending patent application that we license or may own in the future;
−Removed: we, or any partners or collaborators, might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our or their inventions;
−Removed: others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our owned or licensed intellectual property rights;
−Removed: it is possible that our pending licensed patent applications or those that we may own in the future will not lead to issued patents;
−Removed: issued patents that we hold rights to may be held invalid or unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;
−Removed: our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;
−Removed: we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;
−Removed: the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business;
−Removed: we may choose not to file a patent for certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property.
−Removed: Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
−Removed: Changes to national patent laws and diminished or limited access to U.S.
−Removed: and/or foreign patent counsel and the courts in response to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic may compromise our ability to pursue, obtain, enforce or defend our intellectual property patent protections throughout the world.
−Removed: Following the discovery of a novel strain of coronavirus in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and the subsequent spread of the virus around the world, including the declaration of a public health emergency in January 2020 by the World Health Organization, many national patent offices promulgated emergency measures and alternative procedures for filing, prosecuting and adjudicating disputes regarding intellectual property.
−Removed: While some of these new rules involve the provision of extensions for certain filing deadlines, none of these emergency-situation rules have been tested in a litigation setting or for their harmonization with the laws of other countries.
−Removed: Access to the USPTO and other patent offices has b een restricted by government mandated shelter-in-place or stay-home orders thereby limiting our ability to appear before any tribunal in support of our intellectual property.
−Removed: Should the remaining electronic access to these tribunals be interrupted or non-e xistent, we may not be able to secure, defend or enforce patent protections in all jurisdictions.
−Removed: We also rely on U.S.
−Removed: and foreign patent counsel in the management of our intellectual property.
−Removed: Should our access to counsel be diminished or lost due to effects of COVID-19 on these service providers and their organizations, we may not be able to manage, maintain or secure our intellectual property position.
−Removed: Information Technology and Data Privacy Risks
−Removed: We depend on our information technology systems, and any failure of these systems could harm our business.
−Removed: Security breaches, loss of data, and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
−Removed: We collect and maintain information in digital form that is necessary to conduct our business, and we are dependent on our information technology systems and those of third parties to operate our business.
−Removed: In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information, and data to comply with cGMP and data integrity requirements.
−Removed: It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain data security and data integrity of such information.
−Removed: We have established physical, electronic and organizational measures to safeguard and secure our systems to prevent a data compromise.
−Removed: We have also outsourced elements of our information technology infrastructure, and as a result a number of third-party vendors may or could have access to our confidential information.
−Removed: Our internal information technology systems and infrastructure, and those of our current and any future collaborators, contractors and consultants and other third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, malware, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions, phishing, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization.
−Removed: The risk of a security breach or disruption or data loss, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased.
−Removed: In addition, the prevalent use of mobile devices that access confidential information increases the risk of data security breaches, which could lead to the loss of confidential information or other intellectual property.
−Removed: The costs to us to mitigate network security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities could be significant, and while we have implemented security measures to protect our data security and information technology systems, our efforts to address these problems may not be successful, and these problems could result in unexpected interruptions, delays, cessation of service and other harm to our business and our competitive position.
−Removed: If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our product development programs.
−Removed: For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data.
−Removed: Likewise, we rely on third parties to conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business.
−Removed: Moreover, if a computer security breach affects our systems or results in the unauthorized release of personally identifiable information, our reputation could be materially damaged.
−Removed: In addition, such a breach may require notification to governmental agencies, the media or individuals pursuant to various federal and state privacy and security laws, if applicable, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended, or HIPAA, and its implementing rules and regulations, as well as regulations promulgated by the Federal Trade Commission and state breach notification laws.
−Removed: We would also be exposed to a risk of loss or litigation and potential liability, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
−Removed: European data collection is governed by restrictive regulations governing the use, processing and cross-border transfer of personal information.
−Removed: In the event we decide to conduct clinical trials or enroll subjects in our future clinical trials, we may be subject to additional privacy restrictions.
−Removed: The collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer, or other processing of personal data regarding individuals in the European Economic Area, or EEA, including personal health data, is subject to the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which became effective on May 25, 2018.
−Removed: The GDPR is wide-ranging in scope and imposes numerous requirements on companies that process personal data, including requirements relating to processing health and other sensitive data, obtaining consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, providing information to individuals regarding data processing activities, implementing safeguards to protect the security
−Removed: and confidentiality of personal data, providing notification of data breaches, and taking certain measures when engagin g third-party processors.
−Removed: The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data to countries outside the EEA, including the United States, and permits data protection authorities to impose large penalties for violations of the GDPR, including potential fines of up to €20 million or 4% of annual global revenues, whichever is greater.
−Removed: The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies , and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR.
−Removed: In addition, the GDPR includes restrictions on cross-border data transfers.
−Removed: The GDPR may increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process whe re such processing is subject to the GDPR, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR, including as implemented by individual countries.
−Removed: Compliance with the GDPR will be a rigorous and time-intensive pro cess that may increase our cost of doing business or require us to change our business practices, and despite those efforts, there is a risk that we may be subject to fines and penalties, litigation, and reputational harm in connection with our European ac tivities.
−Removed: Further, the United Kingdom’s decision to leave the EU, often referred to as Brexit, has created uncertainty with regard to data protection regulation in the United Kingdom.
−Removed: In particular, it is unclear how data transfers to and from the United K ingdom will be regulated now that the United Kingdom has left the EU.
−Removed: Risks Related to Our Collaborations
−Removed: We rely or will rely on third parties to help conduct our ongoing and planned preclinical studies and clinical trials for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any future product candidates we develop.
−Removed: If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain marketing approval for or commercialize CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any current or future product candidates we develop and our business could be materially harmed.
−Removed: We currently do not have the ability to independently conduct preclinical studies that comply with the regulatory requirements known as current good laboratory practice, or GLP, requirements.
−Removed: We also do not currently have the ability to independently conduct any clinical trials.
−Removed: The FDA and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions require us to comply with regulations and standards, including cGCP, or requirements for conducting, monitoring, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials, in order to ensure that the data and results are scientifically credible and accurate and that the trial subjects are adequately informed of the potential risks of participating in clinical trials.
−Removed: We rely on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract laboratories and other third parties, such as CROs, to conduct GLP-compliant preclinical studies and cGCP-compliant clinical trials on our product candidates properly and on time.
−Removed: While we have agreements governing their activities, we control only certain aspects of their activities and have limited influence over their actual performance.
−Removed: The third parties with whom we contract for execution of our GLP-compliant preclinical studies and our cGCP-compliant clinical trials play a significant role in the conduct of these studies and trials and the subsequent collection and analysis of data.
−Removed: These third parties are not our employees and, except for restrictions imposed by our contracts with such third parties, we have limited ability to control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our current or future product candidates.
−Removed: Although we rely on these third parties to conduct our GLP-compliant preclinical studies and cGCP-compliant clinical trials, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our preclinical studies and clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its investigational plan and protocol and applicable laws and regulations, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.
−Removed: Many of the third parties with whom we contract may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other drug development activities that could harm our competitive position.
−Removed: Further, under certain circumstances, these third parties may unilaterally terminate their agreements with us.
−Removed: If the third parties conducting our preclinical studies or our clinical trials do not adequately perform their contractual duties or obligations, experience significant business challenges, disruptions or failures, do not meet expected deadlines, including on account of the COVID-19 pandemic, terminate their agreements with us or need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to their failure to adhere to our protocols or to GLP and cGCP, or for any other reason, we may need to enter into new arrangements with alternative third parties.
−Removed: This could be difficult, costly or impossible, and our preclinical studies or clinical trials may need to be extended, delayed, terminated or repeated.
−Removed: As a result, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval in a timely fashion, or at all, for the applicable product candidate, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.
−Removed: We may depend on other third-party collaborators for the discovery, development and commercialization of certain of our current and future product candidates.
−Removed: If our collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the ma rket potential of these product candidates.
−Removed: In the future, we may form or seek other strategic alliances, joint ventures or collaborations, or enter into licensing arrangements with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our development and commercialization efforts with respect to product candidates we develop.
−Removed: Such potential future collaborations involving our product candidates may pose various risks to us, including:
−Removed: collaborators may have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations;
−Removed: collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our products or product candidates;
−Removed: collaborators may not properly enforce, maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in a way that gives rise to actual or threatened litigation or that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information, exposing us to potential litigation or other intellectual property proceedings;
−Removed: collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;
−Removed: disputes may arise between a collaborator and us that cause the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of the product candidate, or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources;
−Removed: a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more of our product candidates that achieve regulatory approval may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such products;
−Removed: if a present or future collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program under such collaboration could be delayed, diminished or terminated;
−Removed: collaboration agreements may restrict our right to independently pursue new product candidates.
−Removed: If we enter into collaboration agreements and strategic partnerships or license our intellectual property, products or businesses, we may not be able to realize the benefit of such transactions if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations, which could delay our timelines or otherwise adversely affect our business.
−Removed: We also cannot be certain that, following a strategic transaction or license, we will achieve the revenue or net income that justifies such transaction.
−Removed: Any of the factors set forth above, among others, could delay the development and commercialization of our product candidates, which would harm our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
−Removed: We may seek to establish collaborations, and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.
−Removed: The advancement of our product candidates and development programs and the potential commercialization of our current and future product candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses.
−Removed: For some of our current or future product candidates, we may decide to collaborate with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with respect to development and potential commercialization.
−Removed: Any of these relationships may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges, increase our near and long term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing stockholders, or disrupt our management and business.
−Removed: We face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex.
−Removed: Whether we reach a definitive agreement for other collaborations will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors.
−Removed: Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the progress of our clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of
−Removed: manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge and industry and market cond itions generally.
−Removed: The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our produ ct candidate.
−Removed: Further, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic partnership or other alternative arrangements for future product candidates because they may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort and third parties may not view them as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy.
−Removed: We may also be restricted under existing collaboration agreements from entering into future agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators.
−Removed: Such exclusivity could limit our ability to enter into strategic collaborations with future collaborators.
−Removed: In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators.
−Removed: We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all.
−Removed: If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of the product candidate for which we are seeking to collaborate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any marketing or sales activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense.
−Removed: If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.
−Removed: If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue.
−Removed: Risks Related to Our Business
−Removed: We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.
−Removed: The biotechnology industry is intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change.
−Removed: Our current or future product candidates may face competition from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, universities and other research institutions and from products and therapies that currently exist or are being developed, some of which products and therapies we may not currently know about.
−Removed: Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, manufacturing, marketing, product development, technical and human resources than we do.
−Removed: Large pharmaceutical companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining marketing approvals, recruiting patients and manufacturing pharmaceutical products, and they may also have products that have been approved or are in late stages of development, and collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions.
−Removed: Established pharmaceutical companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make the product candidates that we develop obsolete.
−Removed: Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors.
−Removed: As a result of all of these factors, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection and/or FDA or other regulatory approval or discovering, developing and commercializing products in our field before we do, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.
−Removed: Our competitors may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval of their product candidates more rapidly than we may or may obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit our ability to develop or commercialize our product candidates or platform technologies.
−Removed: Our competitors may also develop drugs or discovery platforms that are more effective, more convenient, more widely used or less costly than our product candidates or our NKp30 platform or, in the case of drugs, have a better safety profile than our product candidates.
−Removed: These competitors may also be more successful than us in manufacturing and marketing their products, and have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development.
−Removed: There are a large number of companies developing or marketing treatments for cancer, including many major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
−Removed: Currently marketed oncology drugs and therapeutics range from traditional cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, to antibody-drug conjugates, such as Genentech’s Kadcyla, to immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4, such as BMS’ Yervoy, and PD-1/PD-L1, such as BMS’ Opdivo, Merck & Co.’s Keytruda and Genentech’s Tecentriq, to T cell-engager antibody therapeutics, such as Amgen’s Blincyto.
−Removed: In addition, numerous compounds are in clinical development for cancer treatment.
−Removed: Many of these companies are well-capitalized and
−Removed: have significant clinical experience.
−Removed: In addition, we are exploring CTX-8573 for the treatment of sev ere autoimmune indications, for which there are several approved and marketed products that CTX-8573 may compete with, if approved , including Alexion’s Soliris and Roche’s Rituxan.
−Removed: Smaller and other early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors.
−Removed: These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our current and future product candidates.
−Removed: In addition, the biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapid technological change.
−Removed: If we fail to stay at the forefront of technological change, we may be unable to compete effectively.
−Removed: Technological advances or products developed by our competitors may render our product candidates obsolete, less competitive or not economical.
−Removed: Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient, have a broader label, are marketed more effectively, are reimbursed or are less expensive than any products that we may develop.
−Removed: Our competitors may also obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit our ability to develop or commercialize our product candidates or platform technologies.
−Removed: Even if our product candidates achieve marketing approval, they may be priced at a significant premium over competitive products if any have been approved by then, resulting in reduced competitiveness.
−Removed: If we do not compete successfully, we may not generate or derive sufficient revenue from any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval and may not become or remain profitable.
−Removed: We will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.
−Removed: As our development plans and strategies develop, and as we transition into operating as a public company, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, marketing, sales, financial and other personnel.
−Removed: Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:
−Removed: identifying, recruiting, integrating, maintaining and motivating additional employees;
−Removed: managing our internal development efforts effectively, including the clinical and FDA review process for CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any other current or future product candidates we develop, while complying with our contractual obligations to contractors and other third parties;
−Removed: improving our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.
−Removed: Our future financial performance and our ability to advance development of and, if approved, commercialize CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any current or future product candidates we develop will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth, and our management may have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities.
−Removed: We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain independent organizations, advisors and consultants to provide certain services.
−Removed: We cannot assure you that the services of independent organizations, advisors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a timely basis when needed, or that we can find qualified replacements.
−Removed: In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by consultants is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain marketing approval of any current or future product candidates or otherwise advance our business.
−Removed: We cannot assure you that we will be able to manage our existing consultants or find other competent outside contractors and consultants on economically reasonable terms, or at all.
−Removed: If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and expanding our groups of consultants and contractors, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize CTX-471, CTX-8371, CTX-8573 and any current or future product candidates we develop and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.
−Removed: We have broad discretion in the use of our cash resources and may not use them effectively.
−Removed: We currently intend to use our cash resources for continuing clinical development of CTX-471, including the continuation of our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial and the preparation for and initiation of the Phase 2 trials, the advancement of our second product candidate, CTX-8371, into IND-enabling studies in the third quarter of 2020, the
−Removed: advancement of our third product candidate, CTX-8573, into IND-enabling studies in the first half of 2021 (and for which we are targeting our sec ond IND submission for CTX-8371 in the third quarter of 2021) and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.
−Removed: Although we currently intend to use our cash resources in such a manner, we will have broad discretion in their application.
−Removed: Our failure to apply these funds effectively could affect our ability to continue to develop and commercialize our product candidates.
−Removed: Pending their use, we may invest our cash resources in a manner that does not produce income or loses value.
−Removed: We are highly dependent on our key personnel, and if we are not successful in attracting, motivating and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.
−Removed: We are highly dependent on members of our executive team.
−Removed: The loss of the services of any of them may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives.
−Removed: Any of our executive officers—Thomas J.
−Removed: Schuetz, our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, and Vered Bisker-Leib, our Chief Operating Officer—could leave our employment at any time, as all of our employees are “at-will” employees.
−Removed: The loss of the services of Dr.
−Removed: Schuetz or Dr.
−Removed: Bisker-Leib could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives.
−Removed: Historically, we have experienced significant turnover in our research and development workforce and have operated with a limited team of scientific and technical personnel.
−Removed: We have had difficulty attracting and retaining qualified personnel for certain positions in our research and development groups and we may not be able to attract and retain such personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and academic institutions for skilled individuals.
−Removed: Recruiting and retaining qualified employees for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success.
−Removed: In addition, failure to succeed in preclinical studies, clinical trials or applications for marketing approval may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified scientific and technical personnel.
−Removed: The inability to recruit, or the loss of services of certain executives, key employees, consultants or advisors, may impede the progress of our research, development and commercialization objectives and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
−Removed: Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.
−Removed: We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act.
−Removed: We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC.
−Removed: We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
−Removed: These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes.
−Removed: Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls.
−Removed: Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
−Removed: We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company and our management expects to devote substantial time to public company compliance efforts.
−Removed: As a public company, we will incur significant legal, insurance, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company.
−Removed: In addition, our administrative staff will be required to perform additional tasks.
−Removed: We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment will result in increased general and administrative expenses and may divert management’s time and attention from product development activities.
−Removed: If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.
−Removed: In connection with the reverse merger, we are increasing our directors’ and officers’ insurance coverage, which will increase our insurance cost.
−Removed: In the future, it will be more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage.
−Removed: These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.
−Removed: In addition, in order to comply with the requirements of being a public company, we may need to undertake various actions, including implementing new internal controls and procedures and hiring new accounting or internal audit staff.
−Removed: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting.
−Removed: We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are
−Removed: designed to ensure that information requir ed to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended, or the Exchange Act, is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers.
−Removed: Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluat ions.
−Removed: In the event that we are not able to demonstrate compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, that our internal control over financial reporting is perceived as inadequate, or that we are unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investor s may lose confidence in our operating results and the price of our ordinary shares could decline.
−Removed: In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to obtain listing on a national securities exchange.
−Removed: Our management team and board of directors will need to devote significant efforts to maintaining adequate and effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting in order to comply with applicable regulations, which may include hiring additional legal, financial reporting and other finance and accounting staff and engaging consultants to assist in designing and implementing such procedures.
−Removed: Additionally, any of our efforts to improve our internal controls and design, implement and maintain an adequate system of disclosure controls may not be successful and will require that we expend significant cash and other resources.
−Removed: In addition, our management will be required to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
−Removed: This assessment will need to include the disclosure of any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting identified by our management or our independent registered public accounting firm.
−Removed: To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging.
−Removed: In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting.
−Removed: Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe or at all, that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404.
−Removed: If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statement.
−Removed: Our business, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
−Removed: Due to the evolving and uncertain global impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, we cannot precisely determine or quantify the impact this pandemic will have on our business operations for the remainder of our fiscal year ending December 31, 2020 or beyond.
−Removed: The extent to which COVID-19 may impact our business, results of operations and future growth prospects will depend on a variety of factors and future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration, scope and severity of the pandemic, the duration and extent of travel restrictions and social distancing in the U.S.
−Removed: and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the U.S.
−Removed: and other countries to contain and treat COVID-19.
−Removed: For example, public health actions being undertaken globally in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including quarantines, stay-at-home, executive and similar government orders and the prioritization of healthcare resources, could adversely impact our business, results of operations and future growth prospects.
−Removed: For ongoing and planned clinical trials, we anticipate and have experienced some temporary delays or disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including limited or reduced patient access to trial investigators, hospitals and trial sites, delayed initiation of new clinical trial sites and limited on-site personnel support at various trial sites, which could adversely impact our development plans, including the initiation of planned clinical trials and our ability to conduct ongoing clinical trials.
−Removed: There may also be local orders affecting one or more trial sites, which may trigger mandated changes to our clinical trial protocols or temporary suspensions in the affected trial sites.
−Removed: In addition, quarantines, stay-at-home, executive and similar government orders, or the perception that such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions on the conduct of business operations have occurred and could continue to occur or be expanded in scope or duration, which could adversely impact ongoing and planned clinical trials, our employees and business operations, personnel at our third-party suppliers and other vendors in the U.S.
−Removed: and other countries, the availability, cost or supply of materials, which may cause delays or disruptions to development plans for our product candidates, and sales and marketing activities for any product candidates for which we may receive marketing approval in the U.S.
−Removed: or other geographies in the future.
−Removed: To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business, results of operations and future growth prospects, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “ Risk Factors ” section.
−Removed: Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
−Removed: We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.
−Removed: We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act.
−Removed: For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.
−Removed: We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) December 31, 2024, (ii) the last day of the first fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of at least $1.07 billion, (iii) the last day of the first fiscal year in which the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million on September 30th and (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.
−Removed: We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions.
−Removed: If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
−Removed: Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.
−Removed: We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS act.
−Removed: As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
−Removed: There is currently no market for our common stock and there can be no assurance that any market will ever develop.
−Removed: You may therefore be unable to re-sell shares of our common stock at times and prices that you believe are appropriate.
−Removed: Our common stock is not listed on a national securities exchange or any other exchange, or quoted on an over-the-counter market.
−Removed: Therefore, there is no trading market, active or otherwise, for our common stock and our common stock may never be included for trading on any stock exchange, automated quotation system or any over-the-counter market.
−Removed: Accordingly, our common stock is highly illiquid and you will likely experience difficulty in re-selling such shares at times and prices that you may desire.
−Removed: Our common stock may not be eligible for listing or quotation on any securities exchange.
−Removed: Our common stock is not currently listed any national securities exchange or quoted for trading on any over-the-counter trading system.
−Removed: We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet the initial listing standards of any national securities exchange, or, if we do meet such initial listing standards, that we will be able to maintain any such listing.
−Removed: Further, the national securities exchanges have adopted so-called “seasoning” rules that will require that we meet certain requirements, including prescribed periods of time trading over-the-counter and minimum filings of periodic reports with the SEC, before we are eligible to apply for listing on such national securities exchanges.
−Removed: We intend to contact an authorized market maker for an over-the-counter quotation system for sponsorship of our common stock, but we cannot guarantee that such sponsorship will be approved and our common stock listed and quoted for sale.
−Removed: Even if our common stock is quoted for sale on an over-the-counter quotation system, buyers may be insufficient in numbers to allow for a robust market and it may prove impossible to sell your shares.
−Removed: In addition, an investor may find it difficult to obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our common stock.
−Removed: In addition, if we fail to meet the criteria set forth in SEC regulations, various requirements would be imposed by law on broker-dealers who sell our securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors.
−Removed: Consequently, such regulations may deter broker-dealers from recommending or selling our common stock, which may further affect its liquidity.
−Removed: This would also make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital.
−Removed: The designation of our common stock as “penny stock” would limit the liquidity of our common stock.
−Removed: Our common stock may be deemed a “penny stock” (as that term is defined under Rule 3a51-1 of the Exchange Act) in any market that may develop in the future.
−Removed: Generally, a “penny stock” is a common stock that is not listed on a securities exchange and trades for less than $5.00 a share.
−Removed: Prices often are not available to buyers and sellers and the market may be very limited.
−Removed: Penny stock in start-up companies is among the riskiest equity investments.
−Removed: Broker-dealers who sell penny stock must provide purchasers with a standardized risk-disclosure document prepared by the SEC.
−Removed: The document provides information about penny stock and the nature and level of risks involved in investing in the penny stock market.
−Removed: A broker must also provide purchasers with bid and offer quotations and information regarding broker and salesperson compensation and make a written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and obtain the purchaser’s written agreement to the purchase.
−Removed: Many brokers choose not to participate in penny stock transactions.
−Removed: If our common stock is deemed “penny stock”, because of penny stock rules, there may be less trading activity in any market that develops for our common stock in the future and stockholders are likely to have difficulty selling their shares.
−Removed: FINRA sales practice requirements may limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our common stock.
−Removed: The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, has adopted rules requiring that, in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer.
−Removed: Prior to recommending speculative or low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information.
−Removed: Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA has indicated its belief that there is a high probability that speculative or low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers.
−Removed: If these FINRA requirements are applicable to us or our securities, they may make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that at least some of their customers buy our common stock, which may limit the ability of our stockholders to buy and sell our common stock and could have an adverse effect on the market for and price of our common stock.
−Removed: The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile, and may be influenced by numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control.
−Removed: If a market for our common stock develops, its market price could fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors, including market perception of our ability to meet our growth projections and expectations, quarterly operating results of other companies in the same industry, trading volume in our common stock, changes in general conditions in the economy and the financial markets or other developments affecting our business and the business of others in our industry.
−Removed: In addition, the stock market itself is subject to extreme price and volume fluctuations.
−Removed: This volatility has had a significant effect on the market price of securities issued by many companies for reasons related and unrelated to their operating performance and could have the same effect on our common stock.
−Removed: The market price of shares of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:
−Removed: results of clinical trials of our product candidates;
−Removed: the timing of the release of results of our clinical trials;
−Removed: results of clinical trials of our competitors’ products;
−Removed: safety issues with respect to our products or our competitors’ products;
−Removed: regulatory actions with respect to our products or our competitors’ products;
−Removed: actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;
−Removed: publication of research reports by securities analysts about us or our competitors or our industry;
−Removed: our failure or the failure of our competitors to meet analysts’ projections or guidance that we or our competitors may give to the market;
−Removed: additions and departures of key personnel;
−Removed: strategic decisions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestitures, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments or changes in business strategy;
−Removed: the passage of legislation or other regulatory developments affecting us or our industry;
−Removed: fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;
−Removed: sales of our common stock by us, our insiders or our other stockholders;
−Removed: speculation in the press or investment community;
−Removed: announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;
−Removed: changes in accounting principles;
−Removed: terrorist acts, acts of war or periods of widespread civil unrest;
−Removed: natural disasters and other calamities;
−Removed: changes in market conditions for biopharmaceutical stocks;
−Removed: changes in general market and economic conditions.
−Removed: In addition, the stock market has recently experienced significant volatility, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and particularly with respect to pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other life sciences company stocks.
−Removed: The volatility of pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other life sciences company stocks often does not relate to the operating performance of the companies represented by the stock.
−Removed: As we operate in a single industry, we are especially vulnerable to these factors to the extent that they affect our industry or our products, or to a lesser extent our markets.
−Removed: In the past, securities class action litigation has often been initiated against companies following periods of volatility in their stock price.
−Removed: This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, and could also require us to make substantial payments to satisfy judgments or to settle litigation.
−Removed: Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exercise significant influence over matters subject to stockholder approval.
−Removed: As of September 30, 2020, our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders, together with their respective affiliates, beneficially owned approximately 82.6% of our common stock.
−Removed: Accordingly, these stockholders will be able to exert a significant degree of influence over our management and affairs and over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of our board of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions.
−Removed: This concentration of ownership could have the effect of entrenching our management and/or the board of directors, delaying or preventing a change in our control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on the fair market value of our common stock.
−Removed: Because we became a reporting company under the Exchange Act by means other than a traditional underwritten initial public offering, we may not be able to attract the attention of research analysts at major brokerage firms.
−Removed: Because we did not become a reporting company by conducting an underwritten initial public offering of our common stock, and because we will not be listed on a national securities exchange, security analysts of brokerage firms may not provide coverage of our company.
−Removed: In addition, investment banks may be less likely to agree to underwrite secondary offerings on our behalf than they might if we became a public reporting company by means of an underwritten initial public offering, because they may be less familiar with our company as a result of more limited coverage by analysts and the media, and because we became public at an early stage in our development.
−Removed: The failure to receive research coverage or support in the market for our shares will have an adverse effect on our ability to develop a liquid market for our common stock.
−Removed: The resale of shares covered by out effective resale registration statement could adversely affect the market price of our common stock in the public market, should one develop, which result would in turn negatively affect our ability to raise additional equity capital.
−Removed: The sale, or availability for sale, of our common stock in the public market may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and may impair our ability to raise additional capital by selling equity or equity-linked securities.
−Removed: We filed a registration statement with the SEC registering the resale of 52,151,798 shares of our common stock issued in connection with the reverse merger and the private placement offering, which was declared effective by the SEC on September 25, 2020.
−Removed: The resale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock registered under the registration statement in the public market could adversely affect the market price for our common stock and make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell shares of our common stock at times and prices that they feel are appropriate.
−Removed: Furthermore, we expect that, because the large number of shares registered pursuant to the registration statement, selling stockholders will continue to offer shares covered by such registration statement for a significant period of time, the precise duration of which cannot be predicted.
−Removed: Accordingly, the adverse market and price pressures resulting from sales under the registration statement may continue for an extended period of time and continued negative pressure on the market price of our common stock could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional equity capital.
−Removed: Future issuances of common or preferred stock to fund our operations may substantially dilute your investment and reduce your equity interest in our company.
−Removed: We may need to raise capital in the future through issuances of common or preferred stock to fund the development of our drug candidates or for other purposes.
−Removed: At its sole discretion, our board of directors may issue additional securities without seeking stockholder approval.
−Removed: Any future issuances of common or preferred stock to fund our operations may substantially dilute your investment and reduce your equity interest in our company.
−Removed: Provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders, and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
−Removed: Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that we have adopted in connection with the reverse contain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of us or changes in our management.
−Removed: These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock.
−Removed: In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors.
−Removed: Some of these provisions include:
−Removed: a board of directors divided into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, such that not all members of the board will be elected at one time;
−Removed: a prohibition on stockholder action through written consent, which requires that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
−Removed: a requirement that special meetings of stockholders be called only by the board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office;
−Removed: advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations for election to our board of directors;
−Removed: a requirement that no member of our board of directors may be removed from office by our stockholders except for cause and, in addition to any other vote required by law, upon the approval of not less than two-thirds of all outstanding shares of our voting stock then entitled to vote in the election of directors;
−Removed: a requirement of approval of not less than two-thirds of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to amend any bylaws by stockholder action or to amend specific provisions of our certificate of incorporation;
−Removed: the authority of the board of directors to issue preferred stock on terms determined by the board of directors without stockholder approval and which preferred stock may include rights superior to the rights of the holders of common stock.
−Removed: In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, or DGCL, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock.
−Removed: These antitakeover provisions and other provisions in o ur amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current b oard of directors and could also delay or impede a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company.
−Removed: These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choos ing or cause us to take other corporate actions you desire.
−Removed: Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
−Removed: Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.
−Removed: Our amended and restated bylaws designate certain courts as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
−Removed: Our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claims for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers and employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our bylaws (in each case, as they may be amended form time to time) or (iv) any action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein;
−Removed: provided, however, that this exclusive forum provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or the Exchange Act.
−Removed: Our bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.
−Removed: We have chosen the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts as the exclusive forum for such Securities Act causes of action because our principal executive offices are located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
−Removed: In addition, our amended and restated bylaws will provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provisions.
−Removed: We recognize that the forum selection clause in our bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware or the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as applicable.
−Removed: Additionally, the forum selection clause in our bylaws may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders.
−Removed: The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.
−Removed: Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.
−Removed: You should not rely on an investment in our common stock to provide dividend income.
−Removed: We do not anticipate that we will pay any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future.
−Removed: Instead, we plan to retain any earnings to maintain and expand our operations.
−Removed: In addition, our 2018 Credit Facility contains, and any future debt financing arrangement we enter into may contain, terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock.
−Removed: Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any return on their investment.
−Removed: As a result, investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.
+Added: In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 , which could materially affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
+Added: There have been no material changes in or additions to the risk factors referred to in the previous sentence.
+Added: Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
+Added: Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
+Added: Mine Safety Disclosures.
+Added: Not applicable.
Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.