What changed in this filing

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Item 1. Business

2023-03-31 compared with 2022-03-31 · 73 added, 89 removed, 247 unchanged (40% of the section changed)

4 unchanged sentences

We have earned nominal revenue since inception in 2008.

Our combustion technology has been successfully deployed in commercial projects such as down-stream refining, upstream oil production and industrial boiler installations.

Our combustion technology has been successfully deployed in commercial projects such as down-stream refining and upstream oil production.

These applications include both our process burner and boiler burner technologies.

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Our boiler burner technology, which has been proven to achieve ground-breaking low air pollutant emissions, has been deployed in the US and is currently undergoing commercialization in China.

We believe that combustion equipment utilizing ClearSign Core technology is more effective and cost-efficient than current industry-standard air pollution control technologies, which reduce NOx down to the levels required by new emission regulations.

Due to the “zero tolerance” SARS-COV-2 virus (“coronavirus” or “COVID-19”) regulations enacted by Chinese authorities during 2022, our commercialization efforts in China were significantly delayed.

We believe that combustion equipment utilizing ClearSign Core technology is more effective and cost-efficient than current industry-standard air pollution control technologies, and can reduce NOx down to the levels required by new stringent emission regulations.

NOx is a regulated greenhouse gas pollutant comprised of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide.

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We believe that our ClearSign Core technology can provide value to our customers not only by helping them meet current and possible future legislative mandates to reduce pollutant emissions, but also by improving operating efficiency and increasing overall return on investment.

Based on the operating data we have obtained from our installed products, burners utilizing ClearSign Core technology can provide increased heat transfer efficiency as compared to standard burner designs.

This is consistent with the physics of heat transfer and the mechanisms by which the technology functions.

10 unchanged sentences

The flame sensing products are applicable to all installed burners that use a pilot for ignition, including in markets and regions beyond those where reducing emissions is a high priority.

Like our burner technology, our burner sensing technology is being developed to provide convenient replacement and retrofit solutions for existing equipment as well as for inclusion in newly built equipment.

We expect our flame sensing technology products to replace existing flame sensing technology.

Like our burner technology, our burner sensing

technology is being developed to provide convenient replacement and retrofit solutions for existing equipment as well as for inclusion in newly built equipment.

The secondary potential market for our sensing technology is outside of the typical combustion industry and includes transportation industries.

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Overall, our sensing technologies could provide future diversification as well as the opportunity for continued business expansion and growth beyond the maturation of our combustion-related businesses.

Corporate History

We were incorporated in the State of Washington on January 23, 2008.

The address of our corporate headquarters is 8023 East 63rd Place, Suite 101, Tulsa, OK and our telephone number is (206) 673-4848.

Our website can be accessed at www.clearsign.com .

The information contained on our website is not a part of this report.

We currently operate in the United States, People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong.

The combustion and emissions control systems markets are significant, both with respect to the wide array of industries in which the systems are used and the amount of capital spent installing and upgrading the systems.

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Although we believe that there are many potential markets for our ClearSign Core technology, to date we have limited the introduction of this technology to petroleum refining process heaters, energy infrastructure process heaters, boilers for steam and hot water generation, boilers for building heating systems, and enclosed flares.

Our initial target markets centers on the energy sector, including downstream oil refineries through the use of process heaters and boilers as well as upstream crude oil production through the use of Once Through Steam Generator (OTSGs) and wellhead enclosed flares.

In recent years, the energy sector has been significantly affected by the volatile market price of crude oil and marginal economic growth.

Crude oil prices stabilized during 2016 and 2017 and enjoyed appreciation with the general post 2016 upswing in certain commodities and improved economic outlook.

Prices plunged with the economic uncertainties that emerged from the pandemic in the spring of 2020 but stabilized through the summer and returned to pricing that is close to the five-year average by the end of 2020 and has now experienced increased prices during 2021.

While oil price levels and volatility impact the planning of capital expenditure in the oil processing industry, based upon our experience and feedback from current and prospective customers, we believe that the value, and anticipated demand for our technology continues to be validated notwithstanding energy sector market conditions.

This validation is grounded in our technology’s ability to cost-effectively lower emissions to meet new air pollution requirements, and potentially deliver operational efficiencies by increasing overall throughput for a more attractive return on investment.

We have initially targeted these markets for various reasons, such as, but not limited to:

(i) environmental regulations imposed on these markets, (ii) total available market size, (iii) this technology being the most readily adapted to the needs of these industries and (iv) management experience and expertise.

Our initial target markets center on the energy sector, including downstream oil refineries through the use of process heaters and boilers as well as upstream crude oil production through the use of Once Through Steam Generator (OTSGs) and wellhead enclosed flares.

We believe operators in our domestic target markets are under pressure to meet current and proposed federal, state and local pollution emissions standards.

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As a result, these standards are a significant driver for our development and sales efforts.

We believe that our ClearSign Core technology can provide a unique, cost-effective pollution control solution for operators in comparison to all known competing products.

In the US, emissions standards largely emanate from the Clean Air Act, which is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and regulates six common criteria air pollutants, including ground-level ozone.

We believe that our ClearSign Core technology can provide a unique, cost-effective pollution control solution for operators in comparison to known competing products.

In the U.S., emissions standards largely emanate from the Clean Air Act, which is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and regulates six common criteria air pollutants, including ground-level ozone.

These regulations are enforced by state and local air quality districts as part of their compliance plans.

As a precursor to ground-level ozone, NOx is a pollutant that is regulated by local air quality districts in order to achieve the EPA limits.

The 8-hour ground-level ozone regulations

have been reduced from 80 parts per billion (ppb) in 1997, to 75 ppb in 2008, and 70 ppb in 2015, with the requirement of realizing these levels approximately 20 years following the year of legislation.

The 8-hour ground-level ozone regulations have been reduced from 80 parts per billion (ppb) in 1997, to 75 ppb in 2008, and 70 ppb in 2015, with the requirement of realizing these levels approximately 20 years following the year of legislation.

We have noted that local air quality districts designated by the EPA as “severe non-attainment zones” in California and Texas have undertaken a review of their air pollutant emissions regulations.

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The greater Los Angeles area also revised its regulations in November of 2021.

Under these revised regulations, it abandoned a decades old cap and trade system and instituted a new command and control system that regulates each individual emissions source.

It also substantially reduced target emissions for process heaters, boilers and other similar equipment in accordance with a new and comprehensive Best Available Retrofit Control Technology (BARCT) analysis.

Under these revised regulations, it substantially reduced target emissions for process heaters, boilers and other similar equipment in accordance with a new and comprehensive Best Available Retrofit Control Technology (BARCT) analysis, which we believe will result in an increased demand for our services and products.

In addition, new regulations are starting to be adopted with respect to the NOx emissions of enclosed ground flares, which historically have not been viewed as a source of NOx emissions or subject to the same level of regulation.

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ClearSign Core Burner Technology

The name “ClearSign Core” was adopted to describe the inclusion of ClearSign’s burner technology in the products of original equipment burner manufacturers (OEM).

Including our technology in OEM burner products enables us to leverage our technology by providing OEMs with the ability to offer a new product range with our technologies’ unique capabilities and distinctively differentiated product performance in combination with their global manufacturing, order fulfillment and service capabilities.

The name “ClearSign Core” was adopted to describe the inclusion of ClearSign’s burner technology in the products of original equipment manufacturers (OEM).

Our ClearSign Core burner technology consists of an industrial burner body and a downstream flame stabilizing structure made of either porous ceramic or metal.

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The ability to modify the flame stabilizing structure enables a high level of control over the flame shape for optimization in a wide range of different applications.

For example, we believe our ClearSign Core products, without any external fans or associated power, can significantly reduce the harmful emission of NOx to levels of 5 ppm or below, depending on the application, while improving system efficiency.

The shorter flame in a ClearSign Core product can also potentially allow a furnace to operate at a higher capacity.

We believe that heaters using the ClearSign Core will be able to remain in operation for an extended time before the need for maintenance as its flame structure and heat transfer profile minimize the possibility of flame impingement, reduce the likelihood of carbon deposits forming on the inside surfaces of the process tubes (coking) and reduce the likelihood of process tube failure all while operating with enhanced thermal efficiency.

Refinery and Petrochemical

Heater Technology

Boiler Technology

ClearSign Core Plug & Play Burners

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We believe that this product minimizes the customized engineering associated with retrofits and lends itself to mass production.

The product was designed to enable quick and easy installation while operating in a multi-burner heater or furnace, rather than shutting it down.

We believe that the simplicity of the actions required to retrofit refinery process heaters with the ClearSign Core Plug & Play, and the potential ability to install the ClearSign Core Plug & Play while the remaining burner system is operational, will potentially contribute to demand for our ClearSign Core Plug & Play burners.

The product was designed to enable quick and easy installation in single burner or multi-burner heaters or furnaces.

We believe that the simplicity of the actions required to retrofit refinery process heaters with the ClearSign Core Plug & Play, and the potential ability to install the ClearSign Core Plug & Play will potentially contribute to demand for our ClearSign Core Plug & Play burners.

ClearSign Core Boiler Burner Technology

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The ClearSign Eye™ flame sensor is an electrical flame sensor for industrial applications.

Unlike flame rods, the ClearSign Eye sensing electrodes do not need to make contact with the flame.

Unlike the traditional technology, called “flame rods”, the ClearSign Eye sensing electrodes do not need to make contact with the flame.

We are continuing to pursue “first adopter” installation opportunities for this patent pending sensing technology.

We have multiple options open to us as channels to market one of which includes manufacturing the sensors ourselves as an OEM and selling them to customers either directly or indirectly through intermediaries.

We have multiple options open to us as channels to market, one of which includes manufacturing the sensors ourselves as an OEM and selling them to customers either directly or indirectly through intermediaries, and another being licensing.

We believe our sensing technology is valuable because it potentially provides a very reliable alternative or replacement technology for critical industrial burner safety equipment.

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This was the case with the old “Duplex” technology, which we no longer promote although we continue servicing installed units.

Our replacement products have become more attractive since the 2017 introduction our Plug & Play technology and the 2019 introduction of our start up and flame initiation system, which simplifies the control and operation of our products.

By developing our ClearSign Core technology into a replacement product, we have been able to standardize our designs and simplify inventory.

In addition, by removing the need to individually engineer every application, we have enabled collaboration with other commercial equipment suppliers to incorporate our ClearSign Core technology into their standard product lines.

Our replacement

products have become more attractive since the 2017 introduction of our Plug & Play technology and the 2019 introduction of our start up and flame initiation system, which simplifies the control and operation of our products.

By developing our ClearSign Core technology into a replacement product, we have been able to standardize our designs and simplify supply-chain demands.

In addition, by removing the need to individually engineer every application, we have enabled collaboration with other commercial equipment suppliers with the intent to incorporate our ClearSign Core technology into their standard product lines.

We believe that this further development of our products has greatly increased our ability to collaborate with partners to extend our potential market reach and the resources we make available to our prospective customers.

Process Heaters in the Oil Refining, Petrochemical and Gas Processing Industries

To date, we have retrofitted four process heaters with our new ClearSign Core burners for major global oil refineries and at refineries owned by Fortune 500 companies.

To date, we have retrofitted five process heaters with our new ClearSign Core burners for refineries and fuel distributors some of which are owned by global supermajor companies and Fortune 500 companies.

Sites include three locations in California and one in Europe.

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In 2021, we received our first international purchase order for a ClearSign Core refining process heater from a global supermajor refining company.

This marked the second order we received from a global supermajor.

This marked the second order we received from a global supermajor company.

This international order was installed in 2021 and successfully placed it into full operation by the customer in January 2022.

We also received in 2021 a purchase order from a national Fortune 500 refiner.

This order marks the first phase of a multi-phase opportunity to supply sixteen burners to retrofit two heaters in a Midwest refinery.

In addition, we fulfilled a multi-burner order for a Fortune 500 infrastructure company that continues to consistently meet all performance requirements including compliance with the California site’s air quality permit.

We also received a purchase order in 2022 from a California refinery for our ClearSign Core “Plug & Play” burners.

To date, this purchase order is the largest received by ClearSign with the total order quantity amounting to twenty ClearSign Core “Plug & Play” burners.

As we seek to expand the markets into which we can sell our products, we plan to continue extending the range of ClearSign Core Plug & Play products to enable the replacement of other burner shapes and configurations, as well as for use in alternate process applications.

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In our target markets, boilers exist in two different industry-standard forms:

water tube, which tend to be larger and in which the water or steam flows through a series of tubes that surround the capacity in which the flame forms;

water tube, which tend to be larger and in which the water or steam flows through a series of tubes that surround the space in which the flame forms;

or fire tube in which the flame is formed inside a large tube that passes through the outer vessel holding the water.

We are currently actively working on commercial boiler applications for fire tube and water tube boilers.

For fire tube products, we have recently developed our own prototype burner replacement product that is similar in concept to our ClearSign Core Plug & Play device for process heaters.

This fire tube boiler product has achieved excellent results after being tested in a typical commercial fire tube boiler produced by one of the industry’s largest suppliers in the USA.

We have a collaboration agreement in place with California Boiler to sell, deliver, install and service fire tube boiler burners in the USA.

This collaboration has enabled us to access larger sizes of fire tube boilers in order to verify the function of a full size range of fire tube boiler burners.

If the testing is successful in China, our goal will be to sell the boiler burner technology into the very large Chinese market through our Chinese subsidiary in collaboration with strategic partners in China.

Water tube boilers are larger and more varied in their designs and verification projects are ongoing.

We anticipate being able to make continued progress during 2022 with respect to testing and installing this equipment, although progress has been delayed with respect to fire tube and water tube boilers in China by the effects of the SARS-COV-2 virus (coronavirus or COVID-19).

Our “Core” boiler burner technology has been developed to enable it to be used in a complete range of consistently designed sizes ranging from small fire tube boilers up to large industrial water tube boilers.

These boiler burners have achieved excellent results, including meeting the most stringent new California NOx regulations, in standard commercial boilers.

We demonstrated the operation of our small fire tube burner for Chinese officials, who subsequently certified it for sale in China.

Our “Core” boiler burner technology has been developed to enable it to be used in a series of consistently designed sizes ranging from small fire tube boilers up to large industrial water tube boilers.

For fire tube products, we have developed our own patent protected burner replacement product that is similar in concept to our ClearSign Core Plug & Play device for process heaters.

These boiler burners have achieved performance levels meeting the most stringent new California NOx regulations, in a typical commercial fire tube boiler produced by one of the industry’s largest suppliers in the U.S.

For instance, through our collaboration agreement in place with California Boiler to sell, deliver, install and service fire tube boiler burners in the U.S., we were able access larger sizes of fire tube boilers in order to verify the function of a range of fire tube boiler burners.

Additionally, we demonstrated the operation of our small fire tube burner for Chinese officials, who subsequently certified it for sale in China.

We plan to seek certification of larger fire tube and water tube boiler burners with our collaborative partner Jiangsu Shuang Liang Boiler Co.

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Ltd and one of China's top 500 enterprises.

We anticipate making continued progress during 2022 both demonstrating and commercializing this equipment, although our progress may continue to be delayed by the effects of the SARS-COV-2 virus (coronavirus or COVID-19).

Water tube boiler burners are particularly important in China because the government-run heating districts that provide heat in the northern regions of China utilize thousands of them.

Successfully testing and certifying our products in China will enable us to sell our boiler burner technology into this very large market through our Chinese subsidiary in collaboration with our strategic partners in China.

If further testing and certification is successful in China, our goal will be to sell the boiler burner technology into the very large Chinese

market through our collaborative partnership.

Water tube boilers are larger and more varied in their designs and verification projects are ongoing.

We anticipate making continued progress during 2023 both demonstrating and commercializing such equipment, although our progress may continue to be delayed by the effects of the COVID-19.

Water tube boiler burners are particularly important in China because of the extensive network of government-run heating districts that provide heat in the northern regions of China.

Wellhead Enclosed Flares

3 unchanged sentences

Our collaboration agreement with the field engineering and servicing company California Boiler includes flare sales and installation.

To date, we have five flare units installed and operating in California resulting from this collaboration agreement.

To date, we have four flare units installed and operating in California resulting from this California Boiler collaboration agreement.

OTSGs for the Enhanced Oil Recovery Industry

We have successfully installed our Duplex technology in three OTSG projects in the enhanced oil recovery industry in California.

We believe that these successful installations are gaining acceptance by the Southern California regulatory authorities and, as a result, market acceptance as well.

Field data reported by our customers indicates significant efficiency improvements resulting from the installation of the ClearSign technology.

We believe our new standardized boiler burner range of products is also well suited to this application.

Technical Components of our ClearSign Core Technology

Our ClearSign Core burner technology consists of an industrial burner exterior body with our ClearSign Core technology in the interior.

With our patented technology, the ClearSign Core replaces the traditional burner internal elements that control flame structure and formation, including the gas tips, flame stabilization device and refractory tile.

Our ClearSign Core technology consists of a series of gas tips arranged inside the combustion air stream at the point it passes the boundary into a heater.

Some distance

downstream is a primary or ignition device followed by a ceramic or metal flame stabilizing structure.

Between the injection point of the fuel gas, and the primary or ignition device, is a support structure and mixing tube or tubes that optimize the flow of the fuel and air mixture onto the primary or ignition device and the flame stabilizing device.

When the unreacted mix of gaseous fuel and air is directed at the flame stabilizing structure, the mixture ignites and burns within or immediately downstream of the structure.

Because the fuel, air and any entrained flue gas have more time to mix in the ClearSign Core, the homogeneous mixture greatly reduces hot spots that are typically produced with existing technology and form NOx.

The premixing of the fuel and combustion air in combination with the accelerated ignition and flame formation created by the downstream flame stabilization device also results in a dramatically shorter flame.

In addition, NOx is greatly reduced, often to levels of 5ppm or below, depending on the specific application, without any external fans or associated power, thereby minimizing harmful emissions while improving system efficiency.

A shorter flame also allows for consistent operation of a furnace at a higher capacity.

As noted above, we believe the heat transfer profile of ClearSign’s burner technology both increases a heater’s and boiler’s productivity and operational run time and reduces heater maintenance costs by:

(i) enhancing thermal efficiency, (ii) reducing the probability of flame impingement and the likelihood that carbon deposits form on the inside surfaces of heater process tubes (coking), and (iii) reducing the likelihood of heater process tube failures.

Refinery and Petrochemical

Heater Technology

Boiler Technology

ClearSign Core Performance

We currently have ClearSign Core burners operating in multiple boilers, heaters and flares.

These operating burners meet new compliance standards enacted by California air authority.

We also have products in commercial use in Europe and that are certified for sale in the Chinese boiler market.

Our principal technologies have been developed into standardized designs and our business development activities are now focused on developing customer acceptance and adoption, and efficient channels to market.

The industries using our technology take a conservative approach to adopting new technology and place significant reliance on references from existing customers when selecting new equipment.

A major focus of our current business development activities is to make early sales and build our reference list.

We also seek to provide comprehensive technical support to our sales efforts as well as demonstrate our technology and products in operation.

Currently, we have the ability to demonstrate our products in rental boilers, industrial scale process burner test furnaces, and, where permissible, in operational installations at customer locations.

Our Target Markets

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These industries are highly competitive and currently dominated by companies that have comparatively more established products and substantially greater infrastructure, customer support networks, and financial resources.

Based on testing and completed field installations to date, however, we believe that our ClearSign Core technology provides a unique and powerful combination of an overall cost-effective installation, energy efficiency, operational performance, and significantly reduced emissions.

Further, we believe that our technology is well-suited to create substantial synergistic value by incorporating it into mainstream commercial offerings of the market incumbents as a “ClearSign Core”, thus leveraging the ClearSign technology and the established breadth and capabilities of collaborating companies.

Based on testing and completed field installations to date, however, we believe that our ClearSign Core technology provides several unique and powerful business solutions for our customers, including, but not limited to:

(i) overall cost-effective installation, (ii) energy efficiency, (iii) operational performance and (iv) significantly reduced emissions.

Further, we believe that our technology is well-suited to create substantial synergistic value by incorporating it into mainstream commercial offerings with the market incumbents, thus leveraging the “ClearSign Core” technology along with the established breadth and capabilities of collaborating companies, such as Zeeco and California Boiler.

We are targeting the following segments of the combustion market for adoption of our ClearSign Core technology:

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These suppliers possess resources that are substantially greater than ours.

Worldwide, suppliers of burners and air pollution control equipment include but are not limited to companies such as Callidus, Eclipse and Maxon (all three are subsidiaries of Honeywell), John Zink Hamworthy Combustion (a subsidiary of Koch Industries and including Coen), General Electric, Haldor Topsøe, Hitachi, Linde, Zeeco, Fives Group, Cleaver Brooks, Power Flame (a subsidiary of Aztec Inc.), and others.

Worldwide, suppliers of burners and air pollution control equipment include but are not limited to companies such as Callidus, Eclipse and Maxon

(all three are subsidiaries of Honeywell), John Zink Hamworthy Combustion (a subsidiary of Koch Industries and including Coen), General Electric, Haldor Topsøe, Hitachi, Linde, Zeeco, Fives Group, Cleaver Brooks, Power Flame (a subsidiary of Aztec Inc.), and others.

These companies provide systems that include low and ultra-low NOx burners, selective and non-selective catalytic reduction systems, and other pollution control technologies.

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Unlike most other kinds of capital equipment that provide an economic return through enhanced productivity or efficiency, we believe customers of traditional emissions control equipment do not expect any positive return on emissions control investments other than the ability to continue to operate or avoid fines.

We believe the ClearSign Core suite of products are further differentiated from its competitors because they give prospective customers the unique opportunity to greatly reduce capital investment and to realize a return on investment through increased efficiency and/or increased productivity.

We believe the ClearSign Core suite of products are further differentiated from its competitors because they give prospective customers the opportunity to greatly reduce capital investment and, in certain cases, realize a return on investment through increased efficiency and/or increased productivity.

As indicated above, we are seeking to develop our business in the combustion and emissions control market and to establish ourselves in a highly competitive industry among companies that have substantial financial resources, a well-developed infrastructure and established products.

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We expect that developing strategically chosen collaborative partnerships will result in supplying ClearSign Core technology to major global customers in large quantities together with the attendant engineering, quality control, customer support and project management services required by these sophisticated customers.

We also believe that our collaborative partnerships will enable our OEM partners

to offer a unique product in the marketplace and provide both parties with a potentially significant commercial opportunity.

We also believe that our collaborative partnerships will enable our OEM partners to offer a unique product in the marketplace and provide both parties with a potentially significant commercial opportunity.

Forming such alliances is expected to dramatically accelerate the global sales and market adoption of our technology.

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We are assessing the possibility of manufacturing the sensing products ourselves as well as partnering with one or more established OEM suppliers.

Demonstration units have been manufactured and we are currently planning to manufacture the sensor ourselves for the foreseeable future.

We are also exploring alternative paths to monetize the technology.

Demonstration units have been manufactured and we currently have the ability to manufacture the sensor ourselves for the foreseeable future.

We are also exploring alternative paths to monetize the technology, including opportunities to license our technology.

The fundamental technology for the sensors envisioned for transport applications is the same as for the flame sensors, but the application and form of the final product will be very different.

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The interest we have received to date, however, suggests that this could potentially be a significant future business opportunity for ClearSign.

Suppliers and Subcontractors

Due to our “asset light” model, we use subcontractors to source, warehouse and manufacture our products.

allows us to maximize the value of our limited resources while minimizing capital investment.

Our subcontractor, for the process burner product line, is intentionally single sourced through a collaborative agreement with a well-known and established industry leader, Zeeco.

Our boiler burner product line is not dependent upon a single-sourced subcontractor.

While we continuously assess, for any improvements in productivity and supply chain efficiency, there can be no assurance that our subcontractors will not experience supply interruptions, production capacity constraints or working capital limitations, which could adversely affect our business.

Raw steel and fabricated steel parts are a major component of our product cost, purchases of which are subject to the needs and specifications of our customers or subcontractors.

Periodic changes in the price of steel may affect our final product pricing to customers.

In addition, increases in the costs of raw steel or other supplies may also increase our working capital requirements, warranty obligations and product profitability.

Supply interruptions, tariffs or price increases may slow production, delay shipments to our customers or increase production costs in the future, any of which could adversely affect our financial results;

however, we intend to pass along production cost increases to customers to the extent we deem appropriate.

We expect that delays, interruptions or non-optimal scheduling of production related to interruptions in raw materials supplies would result in an increase to our costs.

We can give no assurance that the COVID-19 pandemic, global supply-chain constraints or geopolitical conflicts will not adversely affect our ability or our subcontractors’ ability to procure raw materials and components necessary to build our products.

Research and Development Program

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Field evaluation agreements, research agreements, and memoranda of understanding with potential development partners, customers and research institutions support this process.

Our research and development activities make use of employees and consultants who are experts in the areas of industrial combustion, statistical experimental design, gas turbines, fluid mechanics and heat transfer.

Our research and development activities make use of employees and consultants who are experts in the areas of industrial combustion, statistical experimental design, fluid mechanics and heat transfer.

With the maturation of our ClearSign Core technology, our development process has transitioned from research to commercialization.

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Our employees are not covered by collective bargaining agreements, and we believe our relationship with our employees is good.

Corporate History

We were incorporated in the State of Washington on January 23, 2008.

The address of our corporate headquarters is 8023

East 63rd Place, Suite 101, Tulsa, OK and our telephone number is (918) 236-6461.

Our website can be accessed at www.clearsign.com.

The information contained on our website is not a part of this report.

We currently operate in the United States, People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 1. Business